词汇学名词解释,复习提纲.pptx
词汇学复习提纲
English LexicologyChapter 1 Introduction1. V ocabulary(1) The total number of words that make up a language.(2) All the words used in a particular historical period.(3) All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.2. Importance of V ocabulary(1) An extensive vocabulary aids expressions and communication.(2) V ocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension.(3) Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking vocabulary.(4) A person may be judged by others based on his or her vocabulary.3. LexicologyThe literal meaning is the “science of the word”. It is a branch of linguistics which deals with English words, their origin, meaning, historical development, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations, idioms, formation and application.4. WordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. (TB:p2)5. Sound and Meaning (TB:p3)There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional.6. Sound and FormThe written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the phonemic elements of the spoken language. What causes the differences between sound and form?(1)The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not employ thesystem of one single letter to stand for one sound.(2) The early scribes deliberately changed spelling of words for easier recognition.(3) Dictionaries help to fix the spelling of words, which means the stabilization of spelling, meanwhile, sounds continue to change.(4) English has borrowed many words from other languages, which may not have been assimilated. Some borrowings do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling, such as:7. Classification of Words(1)Criterion : by use frequency: Basic word stock ＆Non-basic vocabulary(2) Criterion: by notion: Content words ＆Functional words(3) Criterion : by origin: Native words ＆Borrowed words(4) Criterion: by morphology: Simple words, Compounds ＆Derived words, etc. 8. Features of Basic Word Stock(1)All national character (2) Stability (3) Productivity (4) Polysemy(5)Collocability9. Content and Functional WordsContent words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is ever growing, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. Functional words are stable and take a very small part of the vocabulary, i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles10. Native and Borrowed WordsNative words are not native, but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words.Chapter 2 Development of English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language FamilyThere are main three branches in Indo-European language family: Germantic branch, Latin branch and Slavic branch.2. Historical Influence(1) Britons: The early inhabitants of the island we now call Britain were Britons, a tribe of Celts. Their language were dialects of a small branch of the Indo-European language family— Celtic.(2) The Roman conquest: In BC 55-54 Britain was invaded by the Roman conqueror, Julius Caesar. During the 400 years of Roman occupation, the official language of government was Latin.(3) The English conquest: At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.Historical Influence(4) The Danish invasion: King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. Laying down his sword, Alfred set himself to the task of encouraging education and literature.(5) The Norman Conquest: The French-speaking Normans Duke William came in 1066. When Norman and English intermingled, many terms emloyed by Normans were adopted into English language.3. Historical Phases(1) Old English (450-1160): Old English was a highly inflected language. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowelschanges or both, which differ greatly from the language that we use today.Historical Phases(2)Middle English (1150-1500): The Middle English period was one of great changes,changes more extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since.(3)Modern English (1500 up to now): This period may be divided into two parts: the Early Modern English (1500-1700) and the Late Modern English (1700- now).Early Modern English: The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek on English was great.Late Modern English: With the rapid development of modern science and technology; social economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages, new words today sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time.4. Foreign Elements in English V ocabularyEnglish vocabulary owns most of its words from foreign language, in which Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian stand out as the major contributors. Other languages have also done their part, such as Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese and Celtic, etc.5. Characteristics of English Language(1) Receptivity, Adaptability and Heterogeneity(2) Simplicity of inflection(3)Relatively Fixed Word-order6. Modes of V ocabulary Development: Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and borrowing.Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1. MorphemeIt is the smallest meaningful unit of language, consisting of a word or part of a word that can‟t be divided without losing its meaning.2. MorphologyIt is the study of the morphemes of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words.3. Types of Morphemes(1) Free and Bound MorphemesMorphemes that can exist as individual words are free morphemes. Others which function only as a word part are bound morphemes.(2) Derivational and Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.(TB:P47)Inflectional morphemes, in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.4. Morpheme and Word-formationIn morphology, words can be analyzed into morphemes, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix in word-formation.5. Root, Stem and Base: What are the differences within them?Root is a basic form of a wor d which can‟t be f urther analyzed without total loss of identity. Root cannot be further divided and carries the fundamental meaning.Stem refers to the part after moving inflectional markers.Base is the part that can take affix of any kinds (derivational and inflectional). Chapter 4 Word Formation1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. The most productive are affixation(30%-40%), compounding(28%-30%) and conversion(26%). The rest of the new words come from shortening(8%-10%), blending(1%-5%) and other means.(P54)2. Affixation (or derivation) is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to roots to supply grammatical or lexical information. The morphological structure of an English word: (prefix) + root + (suffix)3. Prefixation: The process of adding a prefix to the root is called prefixation. English prefixes usually do not change the word class. Types of Prefix (TB:P55)4. Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix to the tail end of a stem, which usually changes the lexical category of the stem. Types of Suffix. Similar to the exception to the prefixes, some suffixes do change or modify the meaning without changing the lexical categories.5. Compounds: The process of combining two or more than two existing words together to form new lexical items is called compounding.6. Characteristics of Compounds(1) According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:1) solid 2) hyphenated 3) open(2) Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.(3) Semantically, compoun ds can often be identified as “having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts.7. Conversion is a main type of word-formation shifting the base to a different word class with no change of form. Converted words are often short, vivid and expressive,8. Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.9. Clipping refers to a word-formation process which involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.10. Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase, and initialisms are pronounced letter by letter.11. Acronymy: The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.12. Words From Proper NameIt refers to the coinage of common words from proper names. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen, trademarks, names of places, literature, TV films, movies, book titles etc.13. Analogy: A new word or a new phrase is coined by an analogy between a newly created one and an existing corresponding one.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis1. Word MeaningGenerally speaking, a word is the combination of word-formation and its meaning. …Form‟ refers to both its pronunciation and spelling. …Meaning‟ is what the form stands for. Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between form and referent.2. Semantic TriangleConcept is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person‟s mind.Reference is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.3. Motivation of MeaningMotivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, which is divided into 4 types. They are phonetic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.(1) Phonetic Motivation (or Onomatopoeic motivation) explains the words whose sounds suggest their meaning, because these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noise.(2) Morphological motivation (or grammatical motivation) concerns the words whose morphological structures suggest the meaning, such as, the meaning of a derived wordor a compound is based on the meaning of the word-building.(3) Semantic motivation is the mental associations based on the conceptual meaning of a word, i.e. the figurative sense of a word suggested by the literal sense.(4) Etymological motivation explains the words whose meanings are closely associated with their origins, i.e. the meanings of the words suggested by their sources.(5) Motivation by Analogy: Words are created in imitation of other words4. Types of Meaning(1) Grammatical & Lexical MeaningGrammatical meaning indicates all the inflectional forms of words, such as singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and so on. Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.(2) Conceptual & Associative MeaningConceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Associative meaning is a supplement to the conceptual meaning, which is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc.(3) Connotative Meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.(4)Stylistic Meaning: Apart from conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.(5) Affective Meaning expresses the speaker‟s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.5. Word Meaning and ContextWord meaning depends upon context. The context determines which meaning out of all the possible meanings is to be attached to the word. Generally speaking, when used literally, words have their original meaning; when used figuratively, words have symbolic meaning.6. Components of word meaningAll lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal. This semantic theory is called Componential Analysis (CA), such as:horse, cat, machine, chair [+/-animate]water, gas, stone, tree [+/-count]sit, cry, read, give [+/-transitive]road, house, thought, philosophy [+/-concrete]Chapter 6 Sense Relations1. Sense RelationsWords are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as spelling and pronunciation are concerned. Sense relations means all words are related in one way or another. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.2. Types of Sense Relations(1)Polysemy(2) Hyponymy---semantic inclusion(3) Synonymy---semantic similarity(4) Antonymy---semantic opposition(5) Homonymy3. PolysemyWhen a word is first coined, it is always the case that it has only one meaning (monosemic). But in the course of development, the same symbol may be used to express new meanings. The result is polysemy, which shows the economy and efficiency of human languages.4. Meanings of Polysemy(1) A word has two or more meanings in which one is the basic, original meaning (Primary meaning), and the others are derived from the basic meaning (Secondary meaning).(2) It is possible that a word is endowed with different word classes, such as noun, adj., verb.5. Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronic approach is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one word. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in one historical period of time.6. Concatenation is a process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually from its primary meaning by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the meaning that is finally developed and the primary meaning.7. Radiation is a process in which the primary meaning stands in the center, and the derived meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. All the derived meanings can be traced back to the primary meaning.8. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the general lexical item (superordinate) and the specific lexical items (subordinate). (TB:p137)9. Function of HyponymyThe hyponyms (or specific words) can make our speech and writing more vivid and expressive, while using too much general terms can result in vagueness and triteness. In reading comprehension, cohesion by hyponymy is an important key.10. Synonymy is a relationship of …sameness of meaning‟ that may hold between two words. And synonym refers to a word that means the same as another.11. Discrimination of Synonyms(1) Difference in denotation(2) Difference in connotation(3) Difference in collocation(4) Difference in distribution12. Antonymy is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold between two words. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.13. Types of Antonyms(1) Contraries: Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremesCharacteristics of Contraries1) The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.2) They can be modified by very and have comparative and superlative forms.3) The cover term is often used in daily life.(2)Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning.(3)Converses: This third type consists of relational opposites, which indicate a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other.(4) Semantic Incompatible is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold among several words.14. Function of AntonymyAntonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, and many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purposes.15. Homonymy is the relation between two words that are spelled or pronounced in the same way but differ in meaning. Homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor or irony for stylistic purposes.16. Semantic Field refers to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided semantically into related sets or fields. Most languages share same semantic fields, such as time, space, age, kinship, food, color, emotion…17. Application of Semantic Field(1) A very large number of lexemes can be grouped together into fields and subfields in a fairly clear-cut way.(2) It has proved helpful to present learners with sets of related lexemes, rather than with a series of randomly chosen items.(3) Psychology has also shown that young children learn much of their vocabulary by bringing lexemes together in this way.Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning1. Types of Change(1) Extension of Meaning (2) Narrowing of Meaning(3) Elevation of Meaning (4) Degradation of Meaning(5) Transference of Meaning (6) Euphemism2. Extension of MeaningIt is also called generalization. It‟s a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.3. Narrowing of MeaningIt is the opposite of widening, is a process by which a word or wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.4. Elevation of MeaningElevation is the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance.5. Degradation of MeaningA process whereby words of good origin fall into ill manner or non-affective words come to used in pejorative sense.6. Transference of MeaningWords which were used to refer to one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.7. Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation, such as death, toilet etc.8. Causes of Change(1)Extra-linguistic Factors1) Historical reason 2) Social reason 3) Psychological reason(2) Linguistic Factors: The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system, which occurs mainly in two ways: Ellipsis, Analogy Chapter 8 Meaning and Context1. ContextIn a narrow sense, it consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. In a broad sense, it refers to the whole passage, whole book, entire social or cultural setting.2. Types of Context(1) Linguistic Context refers to words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.1) Lexical context refers to the items combined with a given polysemous word.2) Grammatical context: In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs. (2) Extra-linguistic Context refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.1) Situational context: the actual situation in which communication occurs.2) Cultural context: the social and cultural background.3. The Role of Context(1) Elimination of ambiguity: condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations.1) Lexical ambiguity: caused by polysemy. 2) Structural ambiguity3) Implied meaning 4) Meaning of the omitted parts(2) Indication of referents(3) Providing clues for inference of meaning: In many cases, when a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints, which might help the readers to grasp the concept or comprehend the idea.。
(0057)词汇学复习大纲
（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.):Lexicology (p. 1)V ocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p. 1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantlychanging, growing and decaying, together with the development of humansociety.2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is astructural and semantic entity within the language system.3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content.4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definitesystem of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, whichdistinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach isconcerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, forinstance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changesand the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The twoapproaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3. The Division of the History of English1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional2) The Middle English periodDuration: 1150-1500The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8)(1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional3) The Modern English period (page 8)Early Modern English (1500-1700)Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English Vocabulary1. The naive elements of English V ocabulary1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11)a. all-national characterb. great stabilityc. mono-syllabic wordsd. Great word-forming abilitye. wide collocabilityf. plurality of meaningsg. high frequency valueh. stylistically neutral2. The foreign elements of English V ocabulary (pp. 11-26)1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the Englishvocabulary (p. 12)a. through oral speechb. through written speechc. through invaders2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreignelements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13)a. aliens ;b. denizens;c. translation loan;d. semantic loan3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviationsvice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f.,viz.4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words,partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33) Chapter Three Word-Building1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examplesappearing the ways of word-building)1) affixation (pp. 39-51)2) conversion (pp.51-55)3) compounding (pp.55-59)4) backformation (pp. 59-60)5) shortening (pp. 60-63)6) blending (pp. 63-64)7) imitation (p. 64)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Four Semantics1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph(p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2. important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter Five Change of Meaning1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradationof meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p.119)2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Six English Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128)2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Seven Varieties of English1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149),2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Eight American English1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162)2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Ten English Lexicography1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia(p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).（0057）《词汇学》样题Part I Definition (20 points)Directions: Defining the following terms with examples.1. aliens2. homophone3. jargon4. compounding5. bilingual dictionaryPart II True or False Decision (15 points)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false).1.Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect —written form and the inner aspect —sound.2.Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.3.Old English is a language of full inflections.4.“Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin in the English language.5.Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two words which are absolutelyidentical in meaning6.We should put our hands on the deck, when we hear “All hands on deck” on a boat.7.In the word “modify”, the root is “mod”, the stem is “modi” and the suffix is “-fy”.8.Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin and Greek.9.In the compound word “blood test”, the second part, i.e. “test”, indicates the action upon thefirst part.10.Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin —commence.11.Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech based on resemblances.12.Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first elementand secondary stress on the second element.13.Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.14.Most of the English words are polysemic.15.American English is characterized by creativeness but not conservativeness in usage.Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 wordsor phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.1. The word “question” is a word borrowed from .A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Scandinavian2. He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.A. outB. toC. throughD. over3. You should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .A. respectivelyB. respectablyC. respectfullyD. respected4. The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable5. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheersfrom it.A. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. break upon6. The scientists realized it would be too to ship all people in one boatbecause it was fragile.A. boldB. daringC. riskyD. dangerous7. The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessarychemical reactions to in his body.A. precedeB. proceedC. progressD. practise8. There is a of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment because of the coldweather.A. shortageB. wantC. needD. desire9. When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts went their way to entertainthe guests.A. in forB. overC. out ofD. back on10. Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissive towards the car.A. pushB. pullC. drawD. drag11. Which of the following usually appears in poems?A. horseB. steedC. gee-geeD. nag12. Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?A. unhorseB. unmannedC. unfrostD. unhappy13. Which of the following is formed by blending?A. popB. sightseeC. copterD. boatel14. The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.A. staleB. stuffyC. fadedD. tired15. I will take you to a most interesting ________ of nineteenth century.A. wonderB. exhibitionC. expositionD. displayPart IV Translation (10 points)Directions: Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1.The sea has smoothed down.2.Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.3.He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.4.Strike while the iron is hot.5.Most of the city families have a fridge.Part V Answer the following questions with examples (20 points)1.What are the relations between a word and its meaning? (6 points)2.What are the classifications of Homonyms? (6 points)3.What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (8 points)]（0057）《词汇学》样题答案Part I Definition (20 points)1.aliensAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, “coup d‟état”, “résumé”, “régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.2.homophonesHomophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son;piece and peace; etc.3.jargonJargon are terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession. For example, when the chemist says “Chlorophyll makes food by photosynthesis.”he is talking jargon, which in plain language means “green leaves build up food with the help of light”.poundingCompounding is the word forming process by which tow or even more words are joined to form a new entity. For example, “darkroom (meaning …a room used for photographic processing‟) is formed by joining “dark” and “room” into a new word.5. bilingual dictionaryA bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries are generally defined orexplained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc.Part II True or False Decision (15 points)1~15. FFTTT 6~10 FTTTF 11~15TTFTFPart III Multiple Choice (15 points)1~5 ACCCB 6~10 CBACA 11~15 BCDABPart IV Translation (10 points)1.大海已经平静下来了。
英语词汇学中的名词解释
英语词汇学中的名词解释一、引言语言是人类交流的重要工具，而词汇则是构建语言的基本单位。
英语作为一种全球通用语言，其词汇系统庞大且丰富多样。
而英语词汇学则是研究英语中词汇的起源、发展和使用的学科。
本文将介绍英语词汇学中的一些重要概念和名词解释，帮助读者更好地理解英语词汇学的基本原理。
二、词汇1. 词汇词汇是指语言中的词语或词组的总和。
它是语言表达的基本单位，承载着语义和语法信息。
在英语词汇学中，词汇研究的范围包括词义、词法、词族和词汇的构成等方面。
2. 词义词义是指词语或词组所携带的意义。
在英语中，一个词可能有多个词义，这取决于其上下文的使用和语境的影响。
词义也可以通过词根、词缀和上下文等途径推断或推测。
3. 词法词法是研究词语形态和构词法的学科。
它关注词语的形态变化和构成规则，包括单数复数形式、时态变化、派生、合成等方面。
词法是理解和学习英语词汇的重要基础。
4. 词族词族是指具有共同词根的一组相关词语。
这些词语在含义上有一定的联系，但在形态和语法上可能存在差异。
研究词族可以帮助我们更好地理解和记忆词汇。
5. 词汇构成词汇构成是指由词根、词缀和其他语法成分组合而成的词语。
在英语中，许多词汇都是通过加上前缀、后缀或派生词缀来构建的。
研究词汇构成可以帮助我们学习和运用更多的词汇。
三、语义1. 语义语义是研究语言意义的学科。
它关注语言符号和所表示的意义之间的关系，包括词语、句子和篇章的意义。
在英语词汇学中，研究语义可以帮助我们理解和区分词语之间的差异。
2. 同义词同义词是指在特定语境下具有类似或相同意义的词语。
在英语中，同义词的选择可以丰富语言的表达，同时也对理解和翻译起到重要作用。
3. 反义词反义词是指在意义上相对对立或相互排斥的词语。
它们可以用来表达相反的概念或情感。
在英语中，反义词常常通过前缀、后缀或词根的变化来形成。
4. 上位词与下位词上位词是指泛指概念的词语，下位词则是指具体的概念。
例如，动物是"猫"的上位词，而"猫"是动物的下位词。
2020年整理词汇学名词解释,复习提纲.doc
第一章：A word can be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function The development of English Vocabulary.①Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compounds. Some OE compounds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no longer in use.②Middle English (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and governmental administration）③Modern English (1500-the present)The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes：A. marked progress of science and technology （software, hardware）B.socio-economic, political and cultural changes（credit card, fringe benefit, pressure cooker）C. influence of other cultures and languages（maotai, sputnik）classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin：native words and loan words。
语言学概论课件——4词汇
4. 词汇•语音是语言的物质外壳，词汇是语言的建筑材料，语法是语言的结构规则。
•词汇本身既有语音属性，又有语义内容，除了自身规律外，还要受到语法规律的制约。
4.1.1 词汇•词汇是一个集合概念，指词和词的等价物—固定词组的总和。
•词汇不能用来指单个词或单个的固定词组，因为它是一个集合概念。
单个的词或固定词组只能称为词汇单位。
•汉语的词汇很丰富/英语词汇教学要循序渐进/方言词汇4.1.2 词汇学•词汇学是以词汇为研究对象的语言学学科，一般认为，词汇学研究词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质、词义的发展、词的各种关系，以及词汇的划分、关系、发展等。
•词汇学可以分为具体词汇学、一般词汇学、历史词汇学、描写词汇学、历史比较词汇学等。
4.2 语言的词汇•4.2.1 语言词汇的特点•1. 词汇的系统性•词汇的特点之一就是其系统性，词汇系统不像语音和语法系统那样清晰严密，但其内部依然是有规律的。
•词汇的系统性是潜在的，它主要通过词汇单位的聚合体现出来。
•我们可以通过不同的标准把词汇分成不同的系列。
•口语词汇/书面语词汇、常用词汇/非常用词汇•2. 词汇的绝对任意性和相对理据性•词汇的绝对任意性体现在词的音义结合是任意的、不可论证的。
•词汇的相对理据性体现在具体语素与语素的组合、词与词的组合是非任意的、相对可论证的。
•白菜/*菜白、出国/*国出•3. 词汇的普遍性和民族性•词汇的普遍性体现在相同的概念在不同民族的语言中都有相应的词。
•日、月、sun、moon•词义的民族性体现在表达相同概念的词在所指和感情色彩上往往存在差别。
•sister、uncle•狗•4. 词汇的变化性和稳定性•词汇与社会生活的关系非常密切。
在语音、词汇、语法中，词汇变化最快。
•神马、有木有、伤不起、富二代•词汇的稳定性体现在词语的声音、意义和结构形式一旦形成就固定下来，不能随意改变。
•半斤八两•新词的出现往往是根据现有的词汇、固定的词汇结构造出来的。
词汇学复习提纲
词汇学复习提纲Lecture One Introduction to English LexicologyRelation to other DisciplinesMorphology (how a word is formed through the morpheme structure),Semantics (the study of meanings),Etymology (the study of the origins and history of the meaning and form of words),Stylistics (the study of style),Lexicography (description of the origins, form, meaning and usage of words)Lecture Two Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1.1What is a word(1) a minimal free form of a language(2) a sound unity(3) a unit of meaning(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence1.2Sound and meaningArbitrary (conventional) relationship between linguistic unit and its reference1.3Sound and formTheoretically sound and form should agree with each other, but actually there are many differences between the two.Reasons: 1 alphabet was from the Romans, letters do not correspond to each sound.2 pronunciation changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.3 early casualness in spelling4 Borrowing words are not all assimilated.1.4What is V ocabulary?1.5Classification of words1.5.1Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary (classification via use frequency)1.5.2Content words/notional words and functional words/empty/form words (via notion)1.5.3Native words and borrowed words (via origin)Lecture Three Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary2.1 Indo-European language familyBalto-Slavic: Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Bulgarian, Slovenian, RussianAlbanianIndo-Iranian: Persian, HindiArmenianItalic: Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, FrenchCeltic: Irish, Breton, ScottishGermanic: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, Swedish, English, GermanHellenic: Greek2.2 A historical overview of the English vocabularyThe first inhabitant of the British Isles is the Celts. Their languages were Celtic. The second major language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. When the Roman empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes ( Angles, Saxons, and Jutes )came in.2.2.1 Old English (450-1150)Anglo-SaxonAt the end of the 6TH century, Christianity was introduced into Britain.In the 9TH century, there was the invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500)1066, the Norman conquest. Chaucer (1340-1400)Trade with Holland.2.2.3 Modern English (1500-now)Shakespeare (1564-1616)Printing.Early Modern English (1500-1700). RenaissanceThe industrial revolution and the colonization.Borrowing, word formation.( P32, ) table of English development2.3 growth of present-day English vocabulary (pp32-33)2.4 Modes of V ocabulary Developmentcreation, semantic change, borrowingLecture Four Chapter Three Word Formation I.3.1 morphemes3.2 allomorphs, mono-morphemic words3.3 types of morphemesfree morpheme: free rootbound rootmorphemebound morpheme prefixderivationalaffix suffixinflectional3.4 root and stemA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part of a word that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. (cf. Base/root/stem)Lecture Five Chapter Four Word Formation IIThe most productive means of word formation are affixation, compounding and conversion.PrefixationAffixation (derivation)SuffixationCompoundingWord formationConversionClippingShorteningAcronymyBlendingBack formationProper Names4.1 Affixationderivation, derivativesWhat is affixation? (p50)4.1.1 PrefixationWhat is prefixation? (p50)Classification of prefixes4.1.2 SuffixationWhat is suffixation?(p53)Suffixes mainly change the grammatical function of the stems.ConcreteDenominal nounsAbstract1) Noun suffixesDeverbal nounsDe-adjective nounsNoun and adjective suffixesDenominal suffices2) Adjective suffixesDeverbal suffixes3) Adverb suffixes4) Verb suffixesLecture Six Chapter Four Word Formation III4.2 CompoundingWhat is compounding? (56)Composition, compounds, solid / hyphenated / open4.2.1 Characteristics of Compoundsphonetic featuressemantic featuresgrammatical features4.2.2 Formation of Compounds1)Noun compounds2)Adjective compounds3)Verb compounds.3 ConversionAlso known as functional shift or zero derivation.1)Conversion to nounsa.Verb to nounb.Adjective to noun full conversion & partial conversionc.Miscellaneous conversion2)Conversion to verbsa.Noun to verbb.Adjective to verbc.Miscellaneous conversion4.4 Blendingblends / pormanteau words1)head + tail2)head + head3)head + word4)word + tail4.5 Clipping1)front clipping2)back clipping3)front and back clipping4)phrase clipping4.6 Acronymy: Initialisms / Acronyms4.7 Back formation4.8 Words from Proper NamesLecture Seven Chapter Five Word Meaning5.1 The Meaning of 'Meaning'Reference, Concept and Sense5.2 Motivationonomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation & etymological motivation 5.3 types of meaning5.3.1 grammatical meaning and lexical meaning5.3.2 conceptual meaning and associative meaningLecture Eight Chapter Six Sense Relation and Semantic Field6.1.Polysemy6.1.1.Two approaches to polysemy1.Diachronic approach2. Synchronic approach6.1.2.Two process of development1.Radiation2. Concatenation6.2.Homonymy:1.Perfect homonyms2. Homographs3. Homophones6.2.2. Origins of Homonyms1.Change in sound and spelling2. Borrowing3. Shortening6.2.3. Differentiation of Homonyms from PolysemantsHomonyms refers to different words which happen to share the same formPolysemants refers to the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.Etymology:Semantic relatedness:Lecture Nine Chapter Six Sense Relation and Semantic Field6.3.Synonymy6.3.1.Definition of synonyms6.3.2.Types of synonyms6.3.3.Sources of synonyms6.3.4.Discrimination of synonyms6.4.Antonymy6.4.1.Types of Antonyms1.Contradictory terms.2.Contrary terms.3.Relative terms.6.4.2.Some of the characteristics of Antonyms.6.4.3.The use of Antonyms6.5.Hyponymy.6.6.Semantic Field.Lecture Ten Chapter 7 Changes in word meaning7.1 Types of changesExtension; narrowing; degradation; elevation; transfer7.1.1 Extension is also known as generalization. It is a process by which a word which originally had aspecialized meaning has now become generalized.7.1.2 Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening in meaning.7.1.3 elevation / amelioration7.1.4 degradation / pejoration7.2 Causes of Changes7.2.1. extra-linguistic factors1.historical reason2. class reason3. psychological reason4. linguistic factorLecture Eleven Association and Collocation11.1 AssociationWords association can be handled in terms of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.If a group of words can be substituted by one another in certain linguistic structures, they are said to have paradigmatic relation.If a group of words can be joined together to form a linguistic structure, they are said to have syntagmatic relation. Syntagma: a sentence or a piece of language in use.Paradigm: all the inflectional forms of a word taken as a pattern or example.A new houseThe old carThis beautiful pictureHis small bagYou r … ……11.2 CollocationThe collocation of words refers to syntagmatic relation of words. That is to say, what words can be used together with what other words.We shall look into collocation from co-occurrence and selection restrictions.11.2.1 Co-occurrenc eCo-occurrence refers to the permitted syntagmatic combination of words. Or in Firth’s words, ―the mutual expectancy or words.‖―You shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖11.2.2 Selectional restrictionsThe collocation of words is decided by two points: grammatical rules and the semantic features of the words. The following sentences are grammatically unacceptable:He elapsed the man.He frightened that he was coming.The following sentences, though grammatically correct, is unacceptable from the perspective of semantic features: He elapsed a week ago.The man frightened the idea.Association and Collocation in English Study:Words and expressions should not be memorized in isolation from the linguistic contexts. The safest approach is to make sentences in which individual words and expressions may occur.Lecture 12 Chapter 8 Meaning and Context8.1. Types of ContextNarrow sense --- the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.(Linguistic context) a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.Broad sense ---physical situation included as well( Non-linguistic, or extra-linguistic context)8.1.1. Extra-linguistic context (pp.161-163)8.1.2. Linguistic context: a. lexical context b. grammatical context8.2. The role of context: 1. Elimination of ambiguity 2. Indication of referents 3. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaningLecture 13 Chapter 9 English Idioms9.1. Characteristics of Idiomsa.semantic unityb. structural stability9.2. Classification of Idioms1. Idioms Nominal in Nature2. Idioms Adjective in Nature3. Idioms Verbal in Nature4. Idioms Adverbial in Nature5. Sentence Idioms / proverbs9.3. Use of Idioms9.3.1. Stylistic featuresColloquialisms / Slang / Literary expressions9.3.2. Rhetorical FeaturesPhonetic manipulation: Alliteration / Rhyme / ReiterationLexical manipulation: Repetition / Juxtaposition ( of antonyms)Figures of speecha.Simileb. Metaphorc. Metonymyd.Synecdochee. Personificationf. Euphemism9.3.3. variations of idiomsReplacement / Addition or deletion / Position-shifting / Shortening / DismemberingLecture 14 Culture and VocabularyCultural Connotations of English WordsEnglish words have very rich cultural connotations, which inflect the various aspects of English and American social life.ColorRed: red is a symbol for happiness, goodness, positiveness in China, but it is a color that can often arouse feeling of blood, killing in the western culture.Pink slip: a notice of firing an employee.White and black: in English, white has a positive meaning while black means something derogative. But in the black means a company has made profit, for the profit is written in black ink. While inthe red means the business is suffering a loss, for that is written in red ink as a rule. AnimalBlack sheep: a member which brings shame to the group.To bell the cat: riskCold fish: a person who is not friendly, lacking affection, often isolated from others.A fish out of water: a person who is in a very embarrassed situationTo teach a fish how to swim:Dog: to work like a dog→ work hard.Lucky dog→ a lucky personMonkey business: unlawful or illegal business, involving cheating or fraud.Straight from the h orse’s mouth: dependable or reliable.Goose bumps: 鸡皮疙瘩。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学在英语学习和教学中，词汇是非常重要的一部分。
英语词汇学研究的是英语词汇的形成、分类、演变和使用等方面的知识。
下面是一些与英语词汇学相关的名词及其解释：1. 词汇（Vocabulary）•词汇是指某一语言系统中的全部词语的总称。
•例子：英语中的词汇包括单词（words），短语（phrases），习语（idioms）等。
2. 词义（Semantics）•词义是指词语所表示的意义或概念。
•例子：单词”apple”表示一种水果。
3. 词根（Root）•词根是构成单词的核心部分，具有词义的基本含义。
•例子：词根“tele-”表示“远程”，如单词”television”表示“远距离看”。
4. 词形（Morphology）•词形是指词语形态上的变化，包括词根的变化、词缀的添加和词语形式的变化等。
•例子：单词”run”经过词形变化可以有”running”（进行时态）和”ran”（过去时态）等形式。
5. 词汇量（Vocabulary Size）•词汇量是指一个人掌握或理解的词汇数量。
•例子：一般来说，英语水平高的人词汇量会相对较大。
6. 同义词（Synonym）•同义词是指语义相近的两个或多个词语。
•例子：“happy”和”glad”都是表示“高兴”的同义词。
7. 反义词（Antonym）•反义词是指意义相对立的两个词语。
•例子：“big”和”small”是表示“大”和“小”的反义词。
8. 多词性（Polysemy）•多词性是指一个词语具有多个不同但相关的词义。
•例子：单词”bank”可以表示“银行”或“河岸”。
9. 词汇补偿（Vocabulary Compensation）•词汇补偿是指在理解语言时，通过上下文和其他线索来推测未知词汇的意义。
•例子：如果不认识单词”obscure”，可以通过上下文来猜测它的意义是“不清楚的”。
这些名词和概念在英语词汇学中起着重要的作用，了解它们可以帮助我们更好地学习和使用英语词汇。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是研究语言中的词汇（单词）和词汇使用的学科。
在词汇学中，有很多专业术语，下面将对其中的几个常用术语进行解释。
1. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中使用的词语的集合。
2. 词（Word）：语言中的最小语言单位，具有单独的意义和语音形式。
3. 词根（Root）：词中含有全词意义的核心成分，通常是一个字母组合。
例如，“tele-”是“telephone”这个词的词根。
4. 词缀（Affix）：可以加在词根前、中或后的一个或多个字母，用于改变词的含义。
例如，“-er”是“teacher”这个词的词缀。
5. 合成词（Compound Word）：将两个或更多的词或词根组合成一个新的词。
例如，“lighthouse”（灯塔）由“light”和“house”两个词合成而成。
6. 前缀（Prefix）：位于词根前面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的含义。
例如，“re-”是“return”这个词的前缀。
7. 后缀（Suffix）：位于词根后面的一个或多个字母，可以改变词的词性或含义。
例如，“-able”是“comfortable”这个词的后缀。
8. 短语（Phrase）：由两个或多个单词组成的词组，没有主语和谓语。
例如，“in the morning”（在早晨）是一个短语。
9. 句子（Sentence）：有明确的主语和谓语，可以表达一个完整的意思。
以上是词汇学中常见的术语解释，它们有助于我们更好地理解语言中的单词和词组。
除此之外，词汇学还研究了词的来源、演变、分类和使用等方面，是一门十分重要的学科。
《名词解释》课件
逻辑清晰
解释应条理清晰，按照一点强调和突出 显示。
04
名词解释的实践与应用
实践
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定义与分类
详细解释名词的定义，明 确其内涵和外延，并根据 不同的标准对其进行分类 。
历史演变
阐述名词的历史演变过程 ，包括其起源、发展和变 化，有助于理解名词的背 景和意义。
解释。
对比名词解释
将两个或多个相关名词 进行对比，解释它们之
间的异同点。
特点
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准确性
名词解释必须准确无误，不能 有歧义或误导。
简洁明了
名词解释应简洁明了，直接点 明名词的含义或概念。
全面性
名词解释应全面覆盖名词的各 个方面，包括定义、特点、应
用等。
条理性
名词解释应条理清晰，逻辑严 密，便于学习者理解和记忆。
将复杂的内容简单化，用通俗易懂的语言 进行解释。
互动教学
利用多媒体
利用课堂讨论、问答等形式，增加师生互 动，提高学生的学习积极性。
利用PPT等多媒体工具，丰富教学方式，提 高学生的学习兴趣。
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名词解释的案例分析
案例一：经济名词解释
总结词
经济名词解释是PPT课件中常见的类型，通过对经济术语的解释，帮助学生更 好地理解经济学概念。
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名词解释的常见问题与解 决策略
问题
内容枯燥
名词解释本身较为抽象，容易让学生 感到枯燥乏味。
缺乏实例
过多的理论解释，缺乏实际例子，难 以帮助学生理解。
信息过载
信息量过大，学生难以消化吸收。
缺乏互动
（完整word版）英语词汇学复习大纲整理
（完整word版）英语词汇学复习大纲整理1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念1.1 the definition of a word（alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.）1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters thatmake up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.1.3 sound and form ：1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇nonbasic vocabulary非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇by notion 按概念分：content words and functional words实义词和功能词by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性stability 稳定性productivity 多产性polysemy 一词多义collocability 搭配性terminology 术语jargon 行话slang 俚语argon 黑话dialectal words 方言词archaism 古语词neologism 新词neutral in style 文体上中性frequent in use 使用频繁native words本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics明显的特点(Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation betweennotions, words, etc.)2D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 (some put it 5, 000 ) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.2.1 Indo-European印欧语Eastern set：东部诸语族Western set：西部诸语族Balto-Slavic 波罗的海-斯拉夫语Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语Armenian 亚美尼亚语Albanian 阿尔巴尼亚语Celtic 凯尔特语Italic 意大利语Hellenic 希腊语—Greek Germanic 日耳曼语Persian 波斯语Bengali 孟加拉国语Hindi 印地语Romany 普吉赛语Prussian 普鲁士语Lithuanian 立陶宛语Polish 波兰语Czech 捷克语Bulgarian 保加利亚语Slovenian 斯洛文尼亚语Russian 俄语Norwegian 挪威语Icelandic 冰岛语Danish 丹麦语Swedish 瑞典语German 德语Dutch 荷兰语Flemish 佛兰德语Portuguese 葡萄牙语Spanish 西班牙语French 法语Italian 意大利语Roumanian 罗马尼亚语Scottish 苏格兰语Irish 爱尔兰语Welsh 威尔士语Breton 布里多尼语Scandinavian languages 斯堪的纳维亚语Latin 拉丁语言2.2 Historical review历史概述2.3 Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 50000-60000 words 5万~6万间词汇Highly inflected 高度曲折complex endings 复杂的结尾vowel changes 元音变化French words 法语词汇leveled endings 水平结尾Early Modern English (1500-1700)早期现代英语Late Modern English (1700-up to the present)晚期现代英语Borrow 借词new words 新词no endings 无结尾（from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language。
英语词汇学名词解释
英语词汇学名词解释英语词汇学（Lexicology）是研究词汇的科学学科。
它涵盖了词汇的各个方面，包括词汇的产生、发展和变化等。
首先，词汇学研究词汇的产生。
词汇是人类语言的基本单位，是人类表达思想和交流信息的重要工具。
词汇的产生与人类的生活和社会环境密切相关。
在人类社会发展的过程中，随着新事物的出现和新概念的产生，新词汇也会随之产生。
例如，随着科技的进步，电脑、互联网、手机等新技术词汇相继产生。
其次，词汇学研究词汇的发展。
词汇的发展主要包括词汇的演变和词义的扩展。
词汇的演变是指词汇在使用过程中发生的变化。
例如，英语中的单词“nice”原本的意思是“愚蠢的”，但随着时间的推移，其词义逐渐扩展为“友好的”、“美好的”等。
词义的扩展是指词汇在使用过程中逐渐获得更广泛的意义。
例如，英语中的单词“mouse”原本指小老鼠，但在计算机领域中，它也指计算机的鼠标。
此外，词汇学还研究词汇的变化。
词汇的变化包括发音、拼写和形态等方面的变化。
发音的变化指的是词汇在不同时期和地区的发音差异。
例如，英语中的单词“knight”在古英语时期的发音是/knixt/，但在现代英语中，它的发音变为/naɪt/。
拼写的变化是指词汇在不同时期和地区的拼写方式的差异。
例如，英语中的单词“colour”在美国被拼写为“color”。
形态的变化是指词汇在不同时期和语言环境中的词形变化。
例如，英语中的单词“goose”的复数形式在古英语中为“gǣs”，而在现代英语中为“geese”。
总之，英语词汇学研究词汇的产生、发展和变化，揭示了词汇在语言中的重要地位和作用。
通过深入研究词汇，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语，提高我们的语言能力。
词汇学名词解释
词汇学名词解释词汇学是语言学的分支领域之一，研究词汇的性质、结构、意义和使用规律。
以下是对词汇学中几个关键概念的解释：1. 词汇（Lexicon）：词汇是一个语言中的全部词条，包括单词、短语和常用搭配等。
词汇是一种基本的语言单位，是语言交流和理解的基础。
2. 词性（Part of Speech）：词性指词汇中有关词的分类。
根据词的语法和语义特征，可以将词汇分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、代词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
3. 词义（Word Meaning）：词义是一个词汇所表达的概念、事物或动作的意义。
词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词以及词汇搭配等方式进行解释和理解。
4. 词根（Root）：词根是一个词汇的基本核心部分，通常带有主要的语义意义。
通过加前缀、后缀和派生等方式，可以将词根组合成更复杂的词汇形式。
5. 同义词（Synonym）：同义词是具有相同或相似词义的词汇。
同义词可以提供多种不同的方式来表达同一概念，丰富了语言的表达能力。
6. 反义词（Antonym）：反义词是在词义上相互对立或相互排斥的词汇。
通过使用反义词可以传达相反的意义和观点。
7. 语义范畴（Semantic Field）：语义范畴是一组具有相似语义关联的词汇。
这些词汇之间存在概念上的联系，并且可以通过它们之间的关系进行划分和归类。
8. 词汇搭配（Collocation）：词汇搭配指的是在不同上下文中常常一起出现的词组合。
词汇搭配可以是习语、固定搭配或者常用的短语，对于正确地理解和使用词汇是非常重要的。
9. 词法关系（Lexical Relation）：词法关系是不同词汇之间的关系，包括上下义关系、同源关系、形态关系、语法关系等。
这些关系有助于理解词汇之间的联系和共同特征。
10. 词源学（Etymology）：词源学研究词汇的起源和历史发展。
通过对词汇的来源和历史变化的研究，可以了解词汇之间的发展和演变过程。
总之，词汇学的研究有助于我们更好地理解和使用词汇，掌握词汇的形式、意义和用法，从而提高语言的表达能力和沟通效果。
2020年整理词汇学名词解释,复习提纲.pdf
A word can be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function The development of English Vocabulary.Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compounds. Some OE compounds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no longer in use.Middle English (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in w and governmental administration Modern English (1500-the present)The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes A. marked progress of science and technology software, hardware B.socio-economic, political and cultural changes credit card, fringe benefit, pressure cooker C. influence of other cultures and languages maotai, sputnik classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin native words and loan words Native words(Anglo-Saxon origin of OE) Loan words(borrowed from other language) features of basic word stock:1.National character2.Stability3.Word-forming ability4.Ability to form collocations. 2.By level of usage(1)Common words: stylistically neutral, appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech(2)Literary words:chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches .A. archaic words: They are sometimes employed in poetry, business letters, legal documents, religious speeches, and proses.B.poetical words the deep (the sea), slumber (sleep) maiden( girl), etc. (3) colloquial words mainly used in spoken English, or in informal writing.(4) slang words kick the bucket, top-notch teachers, buzz( telephone call)(5) technical words psychoanalysis, interlanguage, discovery, assault and coversation 3. By notion Function words: determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries.Content words: nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs.The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.The classification of morpheme 1.free and bound morphemes A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance. It must appear with at least one other morpheme.2. roots and affixes 1) roots: A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. A. free roots In English, many roots are free morphemes. B. bound roots Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially fromGreek and Latin.2) affixes A. inflectional affixes: plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree. B. derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)1. Derivation(1)prefixes Prefixes can be classified into the following categories by their meaning.A.mis.co.mal B.(anti.counter.pro.re)C.(super.under.over)D.(pre.post.ex.pre)E. (inter.trans.super.over.sub)F.(un.in)G.(mini.maxi)(2)suffixes(1) -ee:(2) -eer:(3-er:(4) -ism(5) -wise: (in terms of, so far as... is concerned)............2.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shift into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero –derivation. Types of conversion 1.N to V conversion A. to put in/on N ....... .....................B. to give N, to provide with NC. to deprive of ND. to ......with N ......E. to be/act as N with respect to ......F. to make/change... into N ............ .............G. to send/go by NH. to spend the period of time denoted by N Adj to ually this type of verb means "to make/become...adj.”Some adjectives can only be converted into transitive verbs. adv. to V to up. To down conjunction to V to but2. V to N have, take, give, make2) a find, a catch, a cough, etc. 3)a bore, a cheat, a sneak, a coach, a good kick A to N(1) Partial conversionA.B. -s, -sh, -se, -chC.D.E.(2) Complete conversion3. N to A..3. Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more words to form a new unit, a compound word. Classification of compounds 1. Noun compounds(1)a+n hard disk, easy chair, deadline) (2) n+n mousemat, Dream Team, information highway, etc.)3) adv+n after-effect, overburden(4) gerund+n chewing gum, reading lamp(5present participle+n ruling class, floating bridge(6) v+n swearword, driveway(7) n+v nightfall, toothpick, watersupply, snowfall(8) v+adv(show-off, put-off)(9adv+v(downfall, upset, upstart) 2. adjective compounds (1)an off-the cuff opinion((2a stand-up collar ((3take-home pay(a cross-border raid((4 a difficult-to-operate machine 3. verb compoundsAcronymy: Initialismand AcronymsInitialisms(Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name a technical term, or a phrase.BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP(Very Important Person)Three types of initialisms1.The letters represent full words: CIA=Central Intelligence Agency ofthe U.S 2.The letters represent elements in a compound or just part of a word: ID=Identification(card)3. A letter represents the complete form of the first word, while the second word is in full form.(V-Day=Victory Day) Acronyms :are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.(SAM=surface-to-air missile SALT=Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Rapid growth of acronyms and initialisms :space-saving and time-saving devicesClipping: 1. Back clippings:(ad=advertisement;gas=gasoline )2.Front clippings:(chute=parachute;)3.Front and back clippings: flu=influenza;fridge=refrigerator 4. Phrase clippings:pub=public house;pop= popular musicBlending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in it full form or both of which are not in their full forms.1. First part of the first word+the last part of the second word: botel (boat+hotel): 2. First part of the first word+ First part of the second word:psywar (psychological+warfare): 3. Whole form of the first word +last part part of the second word:viedophone (viedo+telephone))4. First part of the first word+ Whole form of the second word:helipad (helicopter +pad)1. 2. 3. Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. Words From Proper Names From names of people From names of places Fromtrdemarks From literatureWord Meaning and Semantic Features1. Conventionality and Motivation 1.1 Conventionality Most English words are conventioal, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.1.2 MotivationMotivation refers to the connection between word-symbol and its sense. Phonetic motivation: Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words,whose pronounciation suggests the meaning.They show a close relationship of sound to sense.miaow of a cat; roar of a lion; quack of a duck Morphological motivation:When a word is morphologically motivated, a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. anticancer, kilometer, etc.Semantic motivation:It refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association.20the eye of a needle(the eye of a potato(12345 salience)2.Main types of word meaning 2.1 grammatical meaning2.2Lexical meaning denotative meaning/conceptual meaning/cognitive meaningIt is the central factor in linguistic communication.The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary. It is that aspect of lexical meaning which makes communication possible.Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind Compared with conceptual meaning, connotative meaning is peripheral, and relatively unstable, that is, it may vary according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual. 2.3 Social or stylistic meaning One of the consequences of the way in which English has developed over the past1,500 years has been the emergence of different styles. This has been partly due to the influx of new words from other languages such as Latin and French and partly to the variety of social needs which English has had to fulfill. 2.4. Affective meaning2.5. Reflexive meaning R eflexive meaning is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.2.6.collocative meaning The associations a word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context are called collocative meanings. 2.7.Thematic meaning i mainly a matter of choice between alternative grammatical constructions.3.(1)When in Rome, do as the Romans do (2)(The mother longs to see her son become a dragon.)4.(1)( A cornered beast will do something desperate)(2)(red envelope matchmaker)1.Polysemy When a word has two or more meanings that are related conceptually or historically, it is said to be polysemous or polysemic.Polysemy is also an essential feature of language seconomy and efficiency. 1.1Two approaches to polysemy One is diachronic, the other is synchronic. 1.2 Processes leading to polysemy A. Concatenation B.Radiation2.1. commoncommon assurance2.3. Homonymy. Types of homonyms: Perfect homonyms: words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.Homophones: words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homographs: words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.4. The stylistic value of polysemy and homonymy :Context plays a very important role in the hearer’s interpretation of words of these two types.Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieve humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect.1. Synonymy There are also words that sound different but have the same meaning. Such words are called synonyms, and the sense relation of “sameness of meaning” is called synonymy. Two kinds of synonyms Complete (perfect) synonyms are very rare. Examples are spirants and fricatives in phonetics, word-formation and word-building in lexicology.Relative synonyms differ from complete synonyms in the following respects:(1) In degree of a given quality or in (2) In affective and stylistic meaning(3) In collocation and distribution2.Antonymy Words that are opposite in meaning are often called antonyms. And the oppositeness of meaning is called antonymy.Types of Antonyms 1 Contraries() Contraries display a type of semantic contrast, illustrated by such pairs as rich and poor, heavy and light, etc.2. Complementaries (Contradictories)() Complementaries represent a type of binary semantic contrast. In a complementary pair the contrast between the two terms is absolute, that is they are in such a relationship that “ the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other: an entity can not be both at once.”3. Conversives ()Antonyms classified on the basis of morphological structure1. Root antonyms Words like love-hate, up-down are root antonyms for they are words with different roots.2. Derivational antonyms Words with the same roots having negative affixes. Some relevant points about antonyms 1. Marked and unmarked membersAntonyms often do not have equal status with respect to markedness. In certain pairs of gradable antonyms, one word is marked and the other unmarked.2. Some words without antonyms3. Different antonyms under different circumstances1) Different circumstances give rise to different antonyms:2) Different contexts bring about different antonyms 3)Some words with different collocations have different antonyms4. Lexical antonyms vs. syntactic negation Lexical antonymy is often stronger than syntactic negation (using not).Hyponymy We know that the English words red, white, blue, etc. are “colour” terms, that is, they have the feature indicating a category to which they all belong.Semantic(Lexical) field sTwo types of context 1.Linguistic context(1) Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.(2) Grammatical context.In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word(3) Verbal context.The verbal context, in its broad sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2.Extra-linguistic context (Context of situation)(1) The actual speech situation in which a word occurs(2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event has to be set.The vital role of context in determination of word meaning 1. Eliminating ambiguities Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or a group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning 2. Conveying emotional overtone3. Indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word1.Suggested ways for the correct comprehension of word meaning 1.The use of an up-to-date and adequate monolingual dictionary2. A good knowledge of the culture of the English-speaking people3.Development of the ability to determine the meaning of a word from its contextCauses of changes in word meaning Historical cause Social cause Foreign influences Linguistic cause Psychological causeFour tendencies in semantic changeRestriction of meaning(specialization)1.specialization or narrowing1meatsweetmeat , greenmeat2room3. prophet(the Prophet4)recovery(2.Extension of meaning (generalization)1bird (-----2grasp3bullish()4sandwitch(the fourth Earl of Sandwitch)3.Degeneration of meaning (pejoration)“”“”4. Elevation of meaning (amelioration)“”“”Iconicity The idea that language is fundamentally arbitrary, and that there is no resemblance between the signs of language and the thoughts they stand for, is one of the oldest commonly held views in linguistic thought. 1.Iconicity of order2. Iconicity of distance3.Iconicity of complexity4.Iconnicity of Markedness()English Idioms 1.2Language is a system—elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles. nguage is arbitrary—means that the sound image or the form of a word and the meaning or concept the word stands for bear no intrinsic nguage is vocal—the primary medium for all language is sound. nguage is used for human communication—it is human-specific, very different from systems of animal communication. Functions of language The primary function of language is to transmit information and to convey commands, feelings and emotions. That is, language is a tool of communication. 1. Phatic function/communion Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and hearer. rmative function Language is used to tell something, to give information, or to reason things out. 3. Interrogative function Language is used to ask for information from others.4.Expressive function (emotive function)Language is used to reveal the speaker’s attitudes and feelings.5.Evocative function Languageis used to create certain feelings in the hearers.6.Performative function Language is used to do things or to perform acts.7. metalingual function It means that we can use language to talk language itself.。
词汇学名词解释,复习提纲word.doc
第一章：A word can be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a given syntactic function The development of English Vocabulary.①Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compounds. Some OE compounds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no longer in use.②Middle English (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and governmental administration）③Modern English (1500-the present)The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes：A. marked progress of science and technology （software, hardware）B.socio-economic, political and cultural changes（credit card, fringe benefit, pressure cooker）C. influence of other cultures and languages（maotai, sputnik）classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin：native words and loan words。
词汇学.ppt课件
• 1.不同语言之间的词汇关系研究 • 涉及多语种的词汇异同比较 • 日语：化粧室 • 韩语：화장실 • 汉语：？ • 汉语：信件 • 日语：？（手纸） • 文字差异带来的问题
• 日汉比较词汇
• 秦礼君
• 中国科学技术大学出 版社
• 2.纵向：同一语言的词汇发展关系研究 • 古今词汇演变、差异/词汇发展史 • “是女子不好，烦大巫妪（yu4）为入报河伯，得
词汇学在对外汉语教学中的价值
两个字把老外搞疯！
• 1.吃饭时，一人说去方便一下，老外不解，旁人 告诉他"方便"就是：上厕所；
• 2.敬酒时，另一人对老外说，希望下次出国时能 给予方便，老外纳闷不敢问；
• 3.酒席上，电视台女主持人提出，在她方便的时 候会安排老外做专访。老外愕然：怎么能在你方 便的时候？女主持人说，那在你方便时，我请你 吃饭。老外简直不敢相信！
有学生写出这样的句子：“我每天都很 忙, 白天做功课, 晚上练习生子。”
• 词汇理据与词汇教学 研究
• 吴会芹、胡海鹏、施 亚波、 等
• 浙江大学出版社
• 词汇教学研究相当薄弱， • 本体研究成果向教学的转化能力不足
期望与要求
• 读万卷书 博采众长 • 每种教材都不能覆盖所有词汇问题 • 相互参照，取长补短，丰富知识 • 养成通读教材的习惯
4.词汇学与其它领域的跨学科研究
• 我们去唱歌吧。 • *我们去歌唱吧。
• 这个不适合我。 • *这个不合适我。
• 词汇:语法50年(19602010)
• 郑定欧
• 世界图书出版公司北 京公司
• 词汇语义学与词典编纂 • 张志毅、 张庆云 • 外语教学与研究出版社
• 词汇学词典学研究 • 周荐 • 商务印书馆
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling￥c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary ——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.！1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.￥. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus |2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialect，beauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning . microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning . mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.)b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%…本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）– retained their original pronunciation and spelling. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quoloans–formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.}1）. Word translated according to the meaning. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sound. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another language. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）$It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected languageBut the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.}By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.·After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development . old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost..3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.￥3. Borrowing –to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) —— A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. . the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.]5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect –free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
语言学概论-第四章词汇
语 素 分 类
按音节多少分
单音节语素：地、民、卫、阿、子
多音节语素：葡萄、巧克力、奥林匹克
成词语素：水、行、你、又、懂、红 按构词功能分 词根 不成词语素 不定位不成词语素：伟、农
前缀：老、第 定位不成词语素 词缀 后缀：儿、头
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课堂练习
1.按要求对下列语言单位进行归类： 恍惚 法西斯 流苏 仓皇 飞翔 佳丽 氤氲 歇斯底里 啾啾
[1]一个语素的有：
[2]两个语素的有：
2.用横线划出下列句子中的语素：
[1]奥林匹克运动会。 [2]我很爱吃巧克力。 [3]吐鲁番的葡萄熟了。 [4]学生们在山上植树。
4.词的结构类型
1）单纯词：由一个语素构成的词是单纯词， 它既可以是单音节的，也可以是双音节或多 音节的，如汉语词的“山”、“蟋蟀”等。
根词：由一个词根语素构成的词是根词，如
汉语的“东、西、轻、重”。
单纯词
单音节单纯词
联绵词
双声联绵词：参差
叠韵联绵词：窈窕
非双声叠韵联绵词
多音节单纯词 叠音词：姥姥、皑皑、瑟瑟 音译外来词：葡萄、咖啡 拟声词：乒乓、滴滴答答
2019/2/18
2）合成词：由两个词根语素复合而成的词。
包括复合式、附加式和重叠式三种类型。
由运用的最小语言符号。
（1）词的语音形式
词由音节组成，有轻重音、语流音变等语音特征。
汉语：花，玫瑰花
英语：flower , rose
阿美语：hana
（2）词的语义内容 词有一定的意义，表示一个概念或概念间的关系。一般表示 不可分割的概念。 汉语：黑板，墨水 英语：blackboard , ink
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Modern English.About 85% of OE words notch teachers, buzz( telephone call)(5)
are no longer in use.②Middle English technical
words（psychoanalysis,
(1100-1500)ME is characterized by the interlanguage, discovery, assault and
泼 ，带有浓厚的口语色彩(4) -ism(5) -wise: (in terms of, so far as... is concerned)在......方面，就......来说 2.Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shift into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero –derivation. Types of conversion 1. ① N to V conversion A. to put in/on N 把 ....... 放 入.......使.......处于....... B. to give N, to provide with N 给予，提 供 C. to deprive of N 去掉 D. to ......with N 用......来做 E. to be/act as N with respect to 像 ...... 那 样 F. to make/change... into N 使......成为......， 把.......改变为......G. to send/go by N H.
writing, especially in books written in a from foreign sources, especially from
1
书山有 路
Greek and Latin. 2) affixes A. inflectional affixes: plurality, tense, comparative or superlative degree. B. derivational affixes (prefixes and suffixes)
as a complete utterance. It must appear
features of basic word stock:1.National with at least one other morpheme. 2.
character2.Stability3.Word-forming
roots and affixes 1) roots: A root is the
书山有路
第一章： A word can be defined as a more elevated style, in official
fundamental unit of speech and a documents, or in formal speeches .A. of
minimum free form; with a unity
ability4.Ability to form collocations. 2.By basic unchangeable part of a word, and
level of usage(1) Common words: it conveys the main lexical meaning of
strong influence of French following the coversation）3. By notionFunction words:
Norman Conquest in 1066.（law and determiners, conjunctions, prepositions,
指整个民族 C.表示抽象概念，指具有某 种特点的东西 D.最高级形容词转化为 名词，其中一些词用在固定词组或英语
习语词组中Leabharlann E. 过去分词构成的形容 词转化为名词。这类词前面加定冠词，
不 指 一 般 人 ， 而 指 特 定 的 人 。 (2)
Complete conversion 3. N to A. 英语中的名词可以直接用作 定语修饰另一个名词，既不需要加形容
mousemat, Dream Team, information highway, etc.) （ 3) adv+n （ aftereffect, overburden ） (4) gerund+n（ chewing gum, reading lamp）
2
书山有路
(5）present participle+n（ruling class,
stylistically neutral, appropriate in both the word. A. free roots：In English, many
formal and informal writing and roots are free morphemes. B. bound
speech(2)Literary words:chiefly used in roots：Quite a number of roots derived
chracterized by the frequent use of (3) colloquial words ： mainly used in
compounds. Some OE compounds spoken English, or in informal writing. (4)
involving alliteration have survived in slang words （ kick the bucket, top-
第 三 章 ： 1. Derivation(1)prefixes ： Prefixes can be classified into the following categories by their meaning.A. 表“方式”的前缀（mis.co.mal）B. 表 “态度”的前缀(anti.counter.pro.re) C. 表“程度”的前缀(super.under.over) D. 表“时间”的前缀(pre.post.ex.pre) E. 表 “地点”的前缀 (inter.trans.super.over.sub) F. 表“否定” 的前缀(un.in) G. 表“大小”的前缀 (mini.maxi) (2)suffixes(1) -ee:加于动词 后，表示受事者或施事者(2) -eer: 由其 构成的名词有时含有贬义，表达作者或 说话人对某人的蔑视态度(3）-er: 由其 构成的新词在现代英语中显得生动活
languages（maotai, sputnik）
and bound morphemes ： A free
classification of English words according morpheme is one that can be uttered
to different criteria 1. By origin ：native alone with meaning. It can exist on its
The development of English Vocabulary.
proses. B.poetical words（the deep (the
① Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is sea), slumber (sleep) maiden( girl), etc.）
to spend the period of time denoted by N②Adj to ually this type of verb
means "to make/become...adj.”Some
adjectives can only be converted into transitive verbs. ③adv. to V（to up. To down）④conjunction to V（to but） 2. ①V to N 这一类词常与动词 have, take, give, make 等词搭配使用形成一 个短语 2)表示行动的结果（a find, a catch, a cough, etc. ）3) 原动词表示一 种行动或行为，转化为名词后表示行为
words and loan words 。 Native own without a bound morpheme. A
words(Anglo-Saxon origin of OE) Loan
bound morpheme cannot stand by itself
words(borrowed from other language)
的主体，如：（abore, a cheat, a sneak, a coach, a good kick）②A to N(1) Partial conversionA. 表示一种类的概念，指具 有某种特点的一类人， 不指个别人。
B. 以-s, -sh, -se, -ch 结尾表示民族概念 的形容词转化为名词，与定冠词连用，
governmental administration）③Modern auxiliaries. Content words: nouns, main
English (1500-the present)
verbs, adjectives, adverbs.
The rapid growth of present-day English