终版英语文学导论.ppt

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终版英语文学导论.ppt

there.
课件
The ladies in Jefferson
ß the curious women(p.9) ß "only a woman could have believed
it"(p.9) ß ladies with mixed feelings(p.14/15) ß ladies as invaders(p.16/17) ß Do they really care about their
课件
ß Female gaze: women look at themselves
through the eyes of men/male gaze as a manifestation示威 of unequal power
between gazer and gazed, or as an attempt to develop that inequality不平等的/ a woman who welcomes an
课件
ß His concerns: southern aristocratic 贵族 families/American South/human situation/ spiritual deterioration心灵的恶化/ loss of love/want of emotional response情绪反应
课件
Close reading
课件
ß Miss Emily's father ß her appearance 外貌and character ß the women in her town ß the attitude of her townspeople ß her house ß visual 看得见的violence: Emily vs.

英美文学选读课件PPT课件

总结词
培养人文素养
详细描述
通过对英美文学作品的主题和思想内涵的分析，可以培养我们的人文素养，提高对文学、文化和社会的认识和理解。
探讨作品的艺术手法和语言特色
总结词
欣赏文学技巧
详细描述
艺术手法和语言特色是文学作品的重要组成部分，通过探讨作品的艺术手法和语言特色，可以更好地欣赏文学的技巧和魅力。
总结词
增强审美能力
详细描述
通过对作品艺术手法和语言特色的探讨，可以增强我们的审美能力，提高对文学作品的鉴赏水平。
总结词
学习语言表达
详细描述
英美文学作品的语言表达富有特色，通过学习作品的艺术手法和语言特色，可以学习到地道的语言表达方式，提高英语语言表达能力。
04
英美文学作品在当代的影响和价值
对当代文学的影响
英美文学选读课件ppt课件
• 英美文学概述 • 英美文学作品选读 • 英美文学作品的赏析方法 • 英美文学作品在当代的影响和价值 • 总结与思考
01
英美文学概述
英美文学的发展历程
早期文学
当代文学
从盎格鲁-撒克逊时期到文艺复兴时期，英美文学逐渐形成和发展，涌现出许多杰出的作家和作品。
从20世纪末至今，英美文学呈现出多元化的发展趋势，涵盖了各种文学流派和风格，如后现代主义、魔幻现实主义等。
通过阅读英美文学作品，人们可以拓展视野、丰富内心世界，增强自我认知和自我成长的能力。同时，文学作品中所蕴含的人生哲理和智慧，也能为人们在生活中提供指导和启示。
05
总结与思考
对英美文学的总体评价和思考
英美文学在世界文学中的地位
英美文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，具有深远的影响力和独特的魅力。通过学习和研究英美文学，可以深入了解西方文化、历史和社会背景，拓宽视野，提高跨文化交流的能力。

文学导论英语知识点总结

文学导论英语知识点总结Literary studies, as an academic discipline, encompasses various aspects of the English language and its application in the context of literature. This comprehensive summary aims to provide a detailed overview of the key knowledge points in literary studies, covering areas such as literary history, literary theory, critical analysis, and literary genres. By examining these key knowledge points, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the English language and its role in shaping literary works.Literary HistoryLiterary history is an essential component of literary studies, as it provides the foundation for understanding the development of literature in the English language. This knowledge area encompasses the study of different periods and literary movements, as well as the works and writers that have shaped the literary landscape over time.Key knowledge points in literary history include:- The major periods of English literature, such as the Old English period, the Middle English period, the Renaissance period, the Romantic period, the Victorian period, and the Modernist period.- The characteristics and key works of major literary movements, such as medieval literature, the Elizabethan era, the Romantic movement, the Victorian novel, and modernist literature.- The influential writers and their works from different periods, such as Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John Milton, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Virginia Woolf.By studying literary history, readers can gain insight into the evolution of English literature, as well as the social, cultural, and historical contexts that have influenced literary works. Literary TheoryLiterary theory is another crucial aspect of literary studies, as it provides the tools and frameworks for interpreting and analyzing literature. This knowledge area encompasses a range of theoretical approaches and methods for understanding literary works, as well as the various schools of thought that have emerged in the field of literary criticism.Key knowledge points in literary theory include:- The major schools of literary theory, such as formalism, structuralism, post-structuralism, psychoanalytic theory, feminist theory, Marxist criticism, and cultural studies.- The key concepts and principles of literary theory, such as textuality, intertextuality, the author-function, the reader-response, and the role of ideology in literature.- The application of different theoretical approaches in analyzing literary works, such as the use of structuralist methods in understanding narrative structure, or the application of feminist theory in examining gender representation in literature.By understanding literary theory, readers can develop the critical tools and frameworks for interpreting and analyzing literature from various perspectives.Critical AnalysisCritical analysis is a fundamental skill in literary studies, as it involves the evaluation and interpretation of literary works through a critical lens. This knowledge area encompasses the methods and techniques for analyzing different elements of literature, as well as the approaches for writing critical essays and papers.Key knowledge points in critical analysis include:- The analysis of narrative elements, such as plot, character, setting, and point of view, and their significance in shaping the meaning and message of a literary work.- The examination of literary devices and techniques, such as imagery, symbolism, metaphor, and irony, and their role in conveying themes and ideas in literature.- The evaluation of thematic elements, such as the representation of love, death, power, or justice, and their cultural and philosophical implications in literary works.- The development of critical writing skills, such as formulating a thesis statement, providing textual evidence, and constructing a cohesive argument in a critical essay.By mastering critical analysis, readers can deepen their understanding of literary works and develop the skills for effectively interpreting and evaluating literature.Literary GenresLiterary genres are a key aspect of literary studies, as they encompass the different categories and types of literary works that exist within the English language. This knowledge area encompasses the study of various genres, such as poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction, as well as the conventions and characteristics that define each genre.Key knowledge points in literary genres include:- The characteristics of different genres, such as the use of verse and poetic language in poetry, the elements of dramatic structure and dialogue in drama, and the narrative techniques and storytelling conventions in fiction.- The examination of sub-genres within each category, such as epic poetry, lyric poetry, tragedy, comedy, the novel, the short story, and the essay, and their unique features and conventions.- The analysis of genre conventions and their historical and cultural significance, such as the development of the novel as a literary form, or the evolution of dramatic genres in different historical periods.By studying literary genres, readers can gain insight into the diverse forms and traditions of literary expression within the English language, as well as the conventions and techniques that have shaped the development of different genres.ConclusionIn conclusion, literary studies encompass a wide range of knowledge points related to the English language and its application in the context of literature. By examining the key knowledge areas of literary history, literary theory, critical analysis, and literary genres, readers can gain a deeper understanding of the English language and its role in shaping literary works. This comprehensive summary provides a foundation for further exploration and study in the field of literary studies, as well as the critical tools and frameworks for interpreting and analyzing literature from various perspectives.。

英美文学导论-Chapter 3 Henry Fielding

Literary Term

F. Most of his characters are compounded of both observation and imagination, of both experience and invention. Fielding insisted on the crucial importance of mixing with people and of personal experience.

C. Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel. The object of his novels is to present a faithful picture of life, while sound teaching is woven into their very texture.
4. Amelia 《爱米莉娅》，1751.
III. Fielding's Important Position in English Literature

Fielding is the founder of English realistic novels. He set up the theory of realism in literary creation. The exact observation and study of the real life was the basis of his work. He gave us genuine pictures of men and women of his own age.
3.
The History of Tom Jones, Foundling 《汤姆· 琼斯》，1749.

英语语法导论(ppt课件)

Lecture 1
Introduction 导论
Grammatical Hierarchy & Sentence Structure 语法层次与句子结构
2009-9 1
Grammatical Hierarchy
Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English language is organized in to five ranks: （五个层次）
e.g.→ boy, girl, take, school, kind…
e.g.→ kindness, unkind, unkindness, kindly
6
• 1）Free morphemes (自由词素）
• 本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”而单独使用 • •
的词素。 e.g.
boy kind girl give desk take
She spoke very clearly indeed.
21
• 5) The prepositional phrase （介词词组）
The prepositional phrase is a phrase with a preposition as its head. The general pattern of a prepositional phrase is: (modifier+) preposition + complementation
2009-9
14
b) Open Class (开放词类）开放词类指各种实义词，包括：
名词 (Noun)，如：man, Paris, drama 形容词 (Adjective), 如：old, big, cheap 副词 (Adverb), 如：here, there, late 主动词 (Main Verb),如：work, give, make

What is literature 什么是文学 ppt课件

• Such a formalist theory of
literature prevailed in the early and
mid-20th century among AngloAmerican New Critics, many of whom are represented in my lecture.
And Poe concludes that “ the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.” Poe is opposed to “the heresy of the didactic” and calls for “pure” poetry. What he seems to be saying is that art does not lie in its message; poetry does not have to inculcate a moral; the artistry of the poem lies not so much in what is being said as in the way it says it.
比如说，英美新批评注重文学性语言和有机整体性，洛伊丝·泰森如是说：
在新批评看来，文学文本形式因素的重要性源于文学性语言迥异于科学性语言和日常语言的特质。科学性语言及很大一部分日常语言依赖语词的指称意义（本义），即单词和它所表征的客体及概念之间的一一对应关系。科学性语言不优美，不煽情，不试图引人注目。它的使命不是自我指涉，而是指称它试图描述与解释的语言外物质世界。与此形成对比的是，文学性语言依赖语词的内涵意义：隐含意义、联想意义、暗示意义、引申意义和细微意义（比如说“父亲”这个词的本义指双亲中的男性，内涵意义泛指权威、庇护和责任感）。此外，文学性语言富于表现力：它传达语调、态度和情感。虽然日常语言也富于表现力且内涵意义丰富，一般来说却并非常常有意而为之，因为它的主要目的是实用性的。日常语言旨在完成交际使命。文学性语言将语言资源组合成一特殊复杂统一体，其目的在于确立一个自足的引发审美体验的世界。

【最新】英国文学ppt课件

2021/2/2
An Introduction to British and American Culture
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
佳句赏析 “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity…” 这是最好的时代，这是最坏的时代；这是智慧的时代，这是愚蠢的时代；这是信仰的时期，这是怀疑的时期……”
2021/2/2
An Introduction to British and American Culture
English Novel
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
Robinson Crusoe describes how Crusoe makes great efforts to overcome the hardships and difficulties he encounters on the island. . .
Three famous plays : 1.Tamburlaine (1587) 《帖木耳大帝》 2.The Jew Of Malta (1592) 《马耳它的犹太人》 3.The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus (1588)
《浮士德博士的悲剧》
2021/2/2
An Introduction to British and American Culture

English-Literature-英美文学总结PPT

Roman poet Virgil guides him through nine circles of the Hell.
The circles represent a gradual increase in wickedness, and culminate at the center of the earth, where Satan is held in bondage. Each circle's sinners are punished in a fashion fitting their crimes: each sinner is afflicted for all of eternity by the chief sin he committed.
The French-speaking Normans, under the leadership of Duke William, invaded and conquered England in the year 1066. After defeating the English at the battle of Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the beginning of the establishment of feudalism in England.
Furthermore, those in hell have knowledge of the past and future, but not of the present. This is a joke on them in Dante's mind because after the Final Judgment, time ends; those in Hell would then know nothing.

英美文学PPT chaucer

Chaucer’s Life
• Born to a middle class family. • His father was a wine merchant who believed his child should have a formal education. • He became a page to an important family and was so respected that when he was captured as a soldier during the Hundred Year’s war, a king paid his ransom. • He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner”.
The prologue provides a framework for the tales. It contains a group of vivid sketches of typical medieval figures. It provides a miniature of the English society of Chaucer’s time.
30 pilgrims in Tabard Inn in spring Two stories each on the way out and two on the way back, but only 24 tales finished (including 4 fragmentary incomplete tales) 30 pilgrims, would be 120 stories. But Chaucer had actually completed only 22 stories, with two more existing in fragments.

第一讲：文学翻译：导论

第一讲：文学翻译：导论
❖ 文学翻译是艺术化的翻译，是译者对原作的思想内容与艺术风格的审美把握，是用另一种文学语言恰如其分地完整地再现原作的艺术形象和艺术风格，使译文读者得到与原文读者相同的启发、感动和美的享受。（郑海凌）
第一讲：文学翻译：导论
❖ 文学翻译是文学领域内两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和（或）文化进步，它的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活映像完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。（张今、张宁）
第一讲：文学翻译：导论
❖ 3 虚指性 ❖ 虚指性，也称虚假指涉性，与语言的真值
性（即真实指涉性）相对。人们日常交流讲求说真话，讲实事，也就是真实陈述，追求生活的真实。而文学语言的表达往往指涉的是虚构的、假想的情景，追求的是艺术的真实。 ❖ 例如，李白诗句“白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。”
第一讲：文学翻译：导论
sleeps.
第一讲：文学翻译：导论
❖ 该诗节表达的语义是“希望吹拂的海风与翻滚的波涛能将孩子远行的父亲送还”，似乎并无什么特别之处。但从语音上看，清辅音[s] [f]、半元音[w]、边流音[l]等的反复出现模拟出柔风轻涛的声响；长元音[i:]、双元音[ou] [ɑi]等的不断复现暗示出徐缓、低回的诗情；诗句中抑杨格（iambic）与扬抑格（trochaic）彼此交错复现启示出波涛上下起伏的情景，诗节韵式ababaabc昭示着诗情稳定中的延展。等等。基于该诗节的语义，综而观之，诗节营造出一位母亲用徐缓、温柔、低回的声音轻轻哼唱，用手轻轻拍儿入眠，小儿渐渐睡去的情景。不难看出，语音的调配与组合大大强化了诗情表现的力度，同时也渲染了诗作表达的意境与氛围。
第一讲：文学翻译：导论

英语文学导论

Emily's house
ß
ß
ß
ß ß
"a big, squarish frame house"方木屋 /location位置 "an eyesore难看的东西 among eyesores" the attraction and focus of the town (p.11/16/) the captured house (p.16/17) What does her house symbolize?
Section 2 ß smell in Emily's house & complaints 抱怨 in the neighborhood & actions taken to do away ß death of Emily's father & her delayed disposal推迟处理
Section 5 ß death of Miss Emily with her house violently invaded ß discovery of the murder & her necrophilia(恋尸癖)
Close reading
ß ß ß ß ß ß
ß
ß
Miss Emily's father her appearance 外貌and character the women in her town the attitude of her townspeople her house visual 看得见的violence: Emily vs. townsfolk镇民 voice of Miss Emily the narrator

英美文学PPT课件

English fiction)
The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》（unfinished，24 stories）
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
5
Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯和科利西德》 the Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰罗曼史》（translation work）
2021/3/9
period of tragedies!!!
授(full of unrealistic compromises and fantasy)
Pericles 泰尔亲王里克里斯 Cymbeline 辛白林 The Winter's Tale 冬天的童话 The Tempest 暴风雨
B Piers the Plowman C Juliana D Elene
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
8
• 3 ___ is one of the best of the Middle English Romances. The poem consists of
A 2500 lines and contains 4 parts.
period of dramatic romances!!!
2021/3/9
授课：XXX
22
John Donne(约翰·邓恩)(1572－1631)
He wrote poems that were both obscene, vulgar and poems of serious philosophical thinking. These reflect his feeling of the conflict between the body and the soul. Later, the term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers wrote under the influence of him.

外国文学导论 PPT

上世纪九十年代以来，随着科学技术不断发展，经济全球化日益加深，世界文化多样性正面临前所未有的挑战,通过制订和实施文化政策以保护文化多样性，成为国际社会的主流思想。
三、《外国文学史》的编写介绍
（一）《外国文学史》2009年12月启动 2009 年 12 月，《外国文学史》教材编写工作正式启动。教材是教育部马工程办公室直接负责领导的第一批海师范大学、浙江工商大学、南京大学、北京师范大学、华东师范大学、东北师范大学、山东大学、南开大学等高校的12位专家组成。
出清样后，编写组又对清样经数次校对，通读，尽力消除可能出现的错误，并最终将印制成书的《外国文学史》教材，呈现给诸位指正。
第一首席专家是华中师范大学的聂珍钊教授，第二、三首席专家分别是上海师范大学的郑克鲁教授和浙江工商大学的蒋承勇教授。
（二）起草编写提纲课题组进行了认真和充分的准备，系统梳理了马克思主义经典作家关于外国文学史的相关论述，全面了解当前我国 “外国文学史”课程建设和教材编写使用情况，以及学术界关于外国文学史研究的相关成果，深入探讨了当前外国文学史教学和研究中的重要理论与实践问题，并在此基础上多次召开全体会议进行反复研讨，形成了编写提纲，上报教育部工程办。
这种结构虽然可以解决写作外国文学史结构上的一些麻烦和困难，但是不适合我们目前编写的马克思理论建设工程规划中的《外国文学史》的写作。
一是将外国文学史分为两个部分不合题意，二是目前东方文学史定义存在缺陷，即没有包括中国文学，因此东方文学史实际上不是严格的东方文学；三是东方文学实际上是西方中心主义的产物，是对西方中心主义的承认；四是不合马克思关于民族的文学走向世界的文学的科学论断。
二、马工程教材《外国文学史》编写思路

英语PPT-关于文学

W. William Shakespeare HaTmhleatt:Tmoakbese,caolarmnitoytotfosobelo-ngthlifaet. is the question:
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,
hamlet 哈姆雷特 Whether it's nobler in the mind to suffer
Short story
Novel
பைடு நூலகம்
Novel
• saga (river) novel 长篇小说 • short novel, long short story 中篇小说 • short story 短篇小说 • love story 爱情小说 • deterctive story 侦破小说 • mystery story 怪诞小说 • whodunit 推理小说 • humorous story 幽默小说 • historical novel 历史小说
•
plot 情节
• intrigue 错综复杂的剧情
• story 故事
• episode 逸事
• ending, denouement 结局
• model 人物原型
• leading character 主人公
• mainplot 主要情节
• prelude 序曲
• prologue 序言
• epilogue 尾声
Th' oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

英语文学导论

英语文学导论《英语文学导论》是一门以英语文学为研究对象的学科，它涵盖了从中世纪到现代的各种文学形式和流派。

本文将从英语文学的历史、文学形式、主题和影响等方面进行探讨。

一、英语文学的历史英语文学的历史可以追溯到中世纪，当时的英格兰文学主要是口头传统和宗教文学。

在14世纪，英国开始出现了一些杰出的诗人，如乔叟和兰德尔。

到了16世纪，随着文艺复兴的到来，英国的文学开始迎来了黄金时期。

莎士比亚、马洛、斯宾塞、培根等一批文学巨匠相继涌现。

17世纪则是英国文学的“启蒙时代”，约翰·洛克、弥尔顿等人成为了当时的代表性作家。

18世纪则是英国文学的“古典时代”，著名的作家包括亨利·菲尔丁、亚历山大·蒲柏等。

19世纪则是英国文学的“浪漫时代”，文学巨匠如拜伦、雪莱、济慈、狄更斯、奥斯汀等相继涌现。

20世纪以来，英国文学也有着较大的发展，包括现代主义、后现代主义等流派。

二、英语文学的文学形式英语文学的文学形式多种多样，主要包括诗歌、小说、戏剧、散文等。

在中世纪，英格兰的文学主要是口头传统和宗教文学，包括史诗、传奇、祷文等。

到了文艺复兴时期，诗歌开始成为英国文学的主要形式。

莎士比亚的戏剧不仅成为了英国文学的代表，也影响了全球文学。

19世纪以来，小说成为了英国文学的主要形式，例如狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、勃朗特姐妹的《呼啸山庄》等。

同时，英国戏剧也有着较大的发展，包括奥斯卡·王尔德、贝克特等的作品。

英语文学的散文也是其中的一大亮点，如埃梅森、赫胥黎等人的作品。

三、英语文学的主题英语文学的主题多种多样，反映了不同的时代和文化背景。

中世纪的英国文学主要是宗教题材，如《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

文艺复兴时期的英国文学主要关注人文主义和爱情，如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

17世纪的英国文学主要关注政治和社会问题，如弥尔顿的《失乐园》等。

18世纪的英国文学则主要关注自然和人性，如亨利·菲尔丁的《汤姆·琼斯》等。

文学导论第1讲

文学导论第1讲I. Introduction to the CourseII. Introduction to Literature (1)III. HomeworkI. Introduction to the Course1.1 Tasks for the MA programThe overall objective: to be trained to be researchersThe immediate objective: to be trained to write an MA paperThe Tasks of a Researcher: 1) to know the world: to find truth from facts (theoretical study); 2) to reform the world: for the interests of human beings, to solve problems (to analyze, to give predictions, or to design methods, practical study)The researching skills（details to be dealt with next term）1) Decide what to research: the topic (to find the problem to solve);2) How to research: to know the facts: 1) to collect data (search and reading); 2) to process the data: analyze, synthesize, judge, conclude, design (research and reading) (to find ways to solve the problem);3) Present the result in written form: writing the research paper.1.2 Literature and your studying area1) Literature Studies2) Literature and Translation3) Literature and Linguistics4) Literature and Culture1.3 The text book: the contentsChapters1,2,3,4, 71.4 Referential materials1) 《文学导论》，戴炜栋编，上海外语教育出版社，2002，Introducing Translation Studies，Jeremy Munday (可在湖南大学外国语学院董老师处邮购)2) Andrew Bennett, An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory 3rd Edition, Longman, ISBN13: 9780582822955; ISBN10: 0-582-82295-53)Michael Meyer, The Bedford Introduction to Literature: Reading. Thinking. Writing, Bedford/St.Martins, 2008-00-00,1.5 The teaching plan1) Content: combination of theory and research；2) Time: 8:30 – 11:50, Monday, Tuesday;3) Steps: theory ---- research --- presentation --- discussion --- summary;4) Requirement for presentation: written in paper form (digital for the teacher);II. Introduction to Literature2.1 What is literature (Text Book: Chapter 1)2.2 The function (value) of Literature2.3 Literature and your studying area2.1 What is Literature?2.1.1 DefinitionLiterature can be described as a fiction consisting of carefully arranged words designed to stir the imagination.Stories, poems, and plays are fictional. They are made up –imagined –even when based upon actual historic events.Such imaginative writing differs from other kinds of writing because its purpose is not primarily to transmit facts or ideas. Imaginative literature is a source more of pleasure than of information.Imaginative literature offers pleasure and usually attempts to convey a perspective, mood, feeling, or experience.2.1.2 Values of literature1) It nourishes our emotional lives;2) It broadens our perspectives on the world, allowing us to move beyond the inevitable boundaries of our own lives and culture because it introduces us to people different from ourselves, places remote from our neighbor-hoods, and times other than our own;3) Practical values: writing paper or passing an exam;4) Improve your value of judgments, and emotions; your sensibilities and habits of mind that you bring to your work, friends, family, and the rest of your life;5) Cultivate the analytic skills.2.1.3 Compare: Factual and Literary1) Purpose of composition:Literature: for pleasure, to convey perspective, mood, feeling, or experience;Others: to provide information;2) Nature of composition:Literature: made up; out of imagination;Others: actual description; based on facts;3) Features of language:Literature: expressive, rhetorical; figures of speechOthers: succinct(简洁), exact;表层意义科学化诗化精确A B C D E F 模糊深层意义Examples:1) Factual Description: Snake by EncyclopaediaSnake is the common name for an elongated, limbless reptile of the order Squamata (有鳞爬行目;squama 鳞squamae: pl ), which also includes the lizards. Most snakes live on the ground, but some are burrowers（洞生）, arboreal（树生）, or aquatic; one group is exclusively marine. In temperate climates they hibernate[ ]（冬眠）. They are generally solitary in their habits, although they may congregate in places offering food or shelter, and large numbers may hibernate together. Snakes range in length from about 4 in. (10 cm) to over 30 ft (9 m). Most are protectively colored.2) The Snake by Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)1 A narrow fellow in the grass2 Occasionally rides;3 Y ou may have met him, - did you not,4 His notice sudden is.5 The grass divides as with a comb,6 A spotted shaft is seen;7 And then it closes at your feet8 And opens further on.9 He likes a boggy acre,10 A floor too cool for corn.11 Y et when a child, and barefoot,12 I more than once at morn,13 Have passed, I thought, a whip-lash14 Unbraiding in the sun,15 When, stooping to secure it,16 It wrinkled, and was gone.17 Several of nature's people18 I know, and they know me;19 I feel for them a transport20 Of cordiality（[ˌkɔ:diˈæliti,ˈkɔ:diæliti]n. 诚实,郑重,诚恳）;21 But never met this fellow,22 Attended or alone,23 Without a tighter breathing,24 And zero at the bone.Directions: Compare this poem with Material No.1）. Find out the difference between literary writing and science writing(purpose and expression). Identify the literary points in the poem.3.2 Story (Novel)3.2.1 DefinitionNovel.: a novel is an extended prose fiction narrative of 50,000 words or more, broadly realistic - concerning the everyday events of ordinary people - and concerned with character. "People in significant action" is one way of describing it.Another definition might be "an extended, fictional prose narrative about realistic characters and events." It is a representation of life, experience, and learning. Action, discovery, and description are important elements, but the most important tends to be one or morecharacters--how they grow, learn, find--or don't grow, learn, or find.Novella. A prose fiction longer than a short story but shorter than a novel. The short story ends at about 20,000 words, while the novel begins at about 50,000. Thus, the novella is a fictional work of about 20,000 to 50,000 words. Examples:∙Henry James, Daisy Miller∙Robert Louis Stevenson, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde∙Henry James, Turn of the Screw3.2.2 Types of novel/storyAdventure novel. A novel where exciting events are more important than character development and sometimes theme. Examples:∙H. Rider Haggard, King Solomon's Mines∙Baroness Orczy, The Scarlet Pimpernel∙Alexandre Dumas, The Three Musketeers∙Alexandre Dumas, The Count of Monte CristoApologue（寓言故事）. A moral fable, usually featuring personified animals or inanimate objects which act like people to allow the author to comment on the human condition. Often, the apologue highlights the irrationality of mankind. The beast fable, and the fables of Aesop are examples. Some critics have called Samuel Johnson's Rasselas an apologue rather than a novel because it is more concerned with moral philosophy than with character or plot. Examples:∙George Orwell, Animal Farm∙Rudyard Kipling, The Jungle BookAutobiographical novel. A novel based on the author's life experience. Many novelists include in their books people and events from their own lives because remembrance is easier than creation from scratch. Examples:∙James Joyce, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man∙Thomas Wolfe, Look Homeward, AngelChildren's novel. A novel written for children and discerned by one or more of these: (1) a child character or a character a child can identify with, (2) a theme or themes (often didactic) aimed at children, (3) vocabulary and sentence structure available to a young reader. Many "adult" novels, such as Gulliver's Travels, are read by children. The test is that the book be interesting to and--at some level--accessible by children. Examples:∙Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer∙L. M. Montgomery, Anne of Green GablesChristian novel.A novel either explicitly or implicitly informed by Christian faith and often containing a plot revolving around the Christian life, evangelism, or conversion stories. Sometimes the plots are directly religious, and sometimes they are allegorical or symbolic. Traditionally, most Christian novels have been viewed as having less literary quality than the "great" novels of Western literature. Examples:∙Charles Sheldon, In His Steps∙Lloyd C. Douglas, The Robe∙Henryk Sienkiewicz, Quo Vadis∙Par Lagerkvist, Barabbas∙Catherine Marshall, Christy∙ C. S. Lewis, Perelandra∙G. K. Chesterton, The Man Who was Thursday∙Bodie Thoene, In My Father's HouseComing-of-age story（成长小说）A type of novel where the protagonist is initiated into adulthood through knowledge, experience, or both, often by a process of disillusionment. Understanding comes after the dropping of preconceptions, a destruction of a false sense of security, or in some way the loss of innocence. Some of the shifts that take place are these:∙ignorance to knowledge∙innocence to experience∙false view of world to correct view∙idealism to realism∙immature responses to mature responsesExample:∙Jane Austen Northanger AbbeyDetective novel. A novel focusing on the solving of a crime, often by a brilliant detective, and usually employing the elements of mystery and suspense. Examples:∙Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Hound of the Baskervilles∙Agatha Christie, Murder on the Orient Express∙Dorothy Sayers, Strong PoisonDystopian novel（反面乌托邦）. An anti-utopian novel where, instead of a paradise, everything has gone wrong in the attempt to create a perfect society. See utopian novel. Examples:∙George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four∙Aldous Huxley, Brave New WorldEpistolary novel（书信体）.A novel consisting of letters written by a character or several characters. The form allows for the use of multiple points of view toward the story and the ability to dispense with an omniscient narrator. Examples:∙Samuel Richardson, Pamela∙Samuel Richardson, Clarissa∙Fanny Burney, Evelina∙ C. S. Lewis, The Screwtape Letters∙Hannah W. Foster, The CoquetteExistentialist novel（存在主义小说）. A novel written from an existentialist viewpoint, often pointing out the absurdity and meaninglessness of existence. Example:∙Albert Camus, The StrangerFantasy novel（幻想小说）. Any novel that is disengaged from reality. Often such novels are set in nonexistent worlds, such as under the earth, in a fairyland, on the moon, etc. The characters are often something other than human or include nonhuman characters. Example:∙J. R. R. Tolkien, The HobbitGothic novel. A novel in which supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action. The setting is often a dark, mysterious castle, where ghosts and sinister humans roam menacingly. Horace Walpole invented the genre with his Castle of Otranto. Gothic elements include these:∙Ancient prophecy, especially mysterious, obscure, or hard to understand.∙Mystery and suspense∙High emotion, sentimentalism, but also pronounced anger, surprise, and especially terror ∙Supernatural events (e.g. a giant, a sighing portrait, ghosts or their apparent presence, a skeleton)∙Omens, portents, dream visions∙Fainting, frightened, screaming women∙Women threatened by powerful, impetuous male∙Setting in a castle, especially with secret passages∙The metonymy of gloom and horror (wind, rain, doors grating on rusty hinges, howls in the distance, distant sighs, footsteps approaching, lights in abandoned rooms, gusts of wind blowing out lights or blowing suddenly, characters trapped in rooms or imprisoned) ∙The vocabulary of the gothic (use of words indicating fear, mystery, etc.: apparition, devil,ghost, haunted, terror, fright)Examples:∙Horace Walpole, The Castle of Otranto∙William Beckford, Vathek∙Anne Radc liffe, The Mysteries of Udolpho∙Mary Shelley, Frankenstein∙Daphne du Maurier, RebeccaHistorical novel. A novel where fictional characters take part in actual historical events and interact with real people from the past. Examples:∙Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe∙Sir Walter Scott, Waverly∙James Fenimore Cooper, Last of the Mohicans∙Lloyd C. Douglas, The RobeHypertext novel. A novel that can be read in a nonsequential way. That is, whereas most novels flow from beginning to end in a continuous, linear fashion, a hypertext novel can branch--the reader can move from one place in the text to another nonsequential place whenever he wishes to trace an idea or follow a character. Also called hyperfiction. Most are published on CD-ROM. See also interactive novel. Examples:∙Michael Joyce, Afternoon∙Stuart Moulthrop, Victory GardenInteractive novel. A novel with more than one possible series of events or outcomes. The reader is given the opportunity at various places to choose what will happen next. It is therefore possible for several readers to experience different novels by reading the same book or for one reader to experience different novels by reading the same one twice and making different choices.Multicultural novel. A novel written by a member of or about a cultural minority group, giving insight into non-Western or non-dominant cultural experiences and values, either in the United States or abroad. Examples:∙Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart∙Amy Tan, The Kitchen God's Wife∙Forrest Carter, The Education of Little Tree∙Margaret Craven, I Heard the Owl Call My Name∙James Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain∙Chaim Potok, The Chosen∙Isaac Bashevis Singer, The Penitent∙Alice Walker, The Color PurpleMystery novel.A novel whose driving characteristic is the element of suspense or mystery. Strange, unexplained events, vague threats or terrors, unknown forces or antagonists, all may appear in a mystery novel. Gothic novels and detective novels are often also mystery novels.∙Novel of manners. A novel focusing on and describing in detail the social customs and habits of a particular social group. Usually these conventions function as shaping or even stifling controls over the behavior of the characters. Examples:∙Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice∙William Makepeace Thackeray, Vanity FairParody（仿拟小说）. A satiric imitation of a work or of an author with the idea of ridiculing the author, his ideas, or work. The parodist exploits the peculiarities of an author's expression--his propensity(倾向) to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, or whatever. The parody may also be focused on, say, an improbable plot with too many convenient events. Fielding's Shamela is, in large part, a parody of Richardson's Pamela.Picaresque novel. An episodic often autobiographical novel about a rogue or picaro (a person of low social status) wandering around and living off his wits. The wandering hero provides the author with the opportunity to connect widely different pieces of plot, since the hero can wander into any situation. Picaresque novels tend to be satiric and filled with petty detail. Examples:∙Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders∙Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote∙Henry Fielding, Jonathan WildPulp fiction（通俗小说）. Novels written for the mass market, intended to be "a good read,"--often exciting, titillating, thrilling. Historically they have been very popular but critically sneered at as being of sub-literary quality. The earliest ones were the dime novels of the nineteenth century, printed on newsprint (hence "pulp" fiction) and sold for ten cents. Westerns, stories of adventure, even the Horatio Alger novels, all were forms of pulp fiction.Regional novel. A novel faithful to a particular geographic region and its people, including behavior, customs, speech, and history. Examples:∙Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird∙Thomas Hardy, Return of the NativeRoman a clef.（纪实小说）[French for "novel with a key," pronounced roh MAHN ah CLAY] A novel in which historical events and actual people are written about under the pretense of being fiction. Examples:∙Aphra Behn, Love Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister∙Ernest Hemingway, The Sun Also RisesRomance. An extended fictional prose narrative about improbable events involving characters that are quite different from ordinary people. Knights on a quest for a magic sword and aided by characters like fairies and trolls（巨人、侏儒、怪兽）would be examples of things found in romance fiction. Examples:∙Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote∙Sir Philip Sidney, The ArcadiaIn popular use, the modern romance novel is a formulaic love story (boy meets girl, obstacles interfere, they overcome obstacles, they live happily ever after). Computer software is available for constructing these stock plots and providing stereotyped characters. Consequently, the books usually lack literary merit. Examples:∙Harlequin Romance seriesScience fiction novel. A novel in which futuristic technology or otherwise altered scientific principles contribute in a significant way to the adventures. Often the novel assumes a set of rules or principles or facts and then traces their logical consequences in some form. For example, given that a man discovers how to make himself invisible, what might happen? Examples:∙H. G. Wells, The Invisible Man∙Aldous Huxley, Brave New World∙Arthur C. Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey∙Ray Bradbury, The Martian ChroniclesSentimental novel.A type of novel, popular in the eighteenth century, that overemphasizes emotion and seeks to create emotional responses in the reader. The type also usually features an overly optimistic view of the goodness of human nature. Examples:∙Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield∙Henry Mackenzie, The Man of Feeling∙Laurence Sterne, A Sentimental Journey∙Thomas Day, The History of Sandford and MertonSequel（系列小说）. A novel incorporating the same characters and often the same setting as a previous novel. Sometimes the events and situations involve a continuation of the previous novel and sometimes only the characters are the same and the events are entirely unrelated to the previous novel. When sequels result from the popularity of an original, they are often hastily written and not of the same quality as the original. Occasionally a sequel is written by an author different from that of the original novel. See series. Examples:∙Mark Twain, Adventures of Tom Sawyer∙Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer Abroad∙Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer Detective∙Margaret Mitchell, Gone With the Wind∙Alexandra Ripley, ScarlettSeries（续集小说）. Several novels related to each other, by plot, setting, character, or all three. Book marketers like to refer to multi-volume novels as sagas（传奇）. Examples:∙Anthony Trollope, Barsetshire novels∙ C. S. Lewis, Chronicles of Narnia novels∙L. M. Montgomery, Anne of A vonlea novels∙James Fenimore Cooper, The Leatherstocking TalesUtopian novel. A novel that presents an ideal society where the problems of poverty, greed, crime, and so forth have been eliminated. Examples:∙Thomas More, Utopia∙Samuel Butler, Erewhon∙Edward Bellamy, Looking BackwardThe most common verse in English poetry is iambic pentameter. See foot for more information.Western（美国西部小说） A novel set in the western United States featuring the experiences of cowboys and frontiersmen. Many are little more than adventure novels or even pulp（低级黄色书刊）fiction, but some have literary value. Examples:∙Walter V an Tilburg Clark, The Ox-Bow IncidentOwen Wister, The VirginianIII. Homework1. Literature Studies2. Literature and Linguistic Studies3. Literature and Translation Studies4. Literature and Culture StudiesOutline:I. Introduction to the topic and the thematic statement (main points of your idea);II. Discussion of the topic: the points, argumentation: evidence and reasons;III. Conclusion: summary of the main points, judgment;(500 words)。

English-LiteratureII英国文学PPT课件

Wordsworth went to St John's College, Cambridge in 1787.
Three years later, in 1790, he visited Revolutionary France and supported the Republican movement. The following year, he graduated from Cambridge.
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Poet Laureate :
桂冠诗人（英语：）是经由政府官方任命的诗人及其称号。
Therefore, it is like a ‘national’ poet
A poet laureate is a poet officially appointed by the government of a country. He or she is responsible for writing poems for special occasions in that country
In 1783 his father, who was a lawyer died.
Although many aspects of his boyhood were positive, he remembered times of loneliness and sadness. It took him many years, and much writing, to recover from the death of his parents.
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浪漫主义重视民间艺术、自然以及传统，主张一个根基于自然的知识论，以自然的环境来解释人类的活动，包括了语言、传统、习俗。浪漫主义受到了启蒙运动的理念影响，也吸收了中世纪文化复古的艺术成分。“浪漫”一词来自于“romance”—代表了源于中世纪文学和浪漫文学里颂扬英雄的诗赋风格。