东南大学研究生学位英语试卷a
2021年6月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)
2021年6月研究生学位英语真题(附完整参考答案)2021-6PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points ) Section A (0.5 point each )21. Nothing can be more absurd than to say that human beings are doomed.A. compellingB. rationalC. ridiculousD. ambiguous 22.The Chinese government continues to uphold the principle of peaceful co-existence. A. support B. restrict C. raise D. modify 23. Patients are expected to comply with doctors' instructions forquick recovery. A. improve on B. abide by C. draw upon D. reflect on24. Scientists have achieved findings substantial enough to remove ourfear of GM foods. A. abundant B. controversial C. conducive D. convincing 25. Those students who have made adequate preparations for thetest will be better off. A. more wealthy B. less successful C.dismissed earlier D. favorably positioned 26. If you hold on to a winning attitude, you'll make a greater effort and also create positive momentum. A. influence B. strength C. outlook D. consequence 27. Academic integrity is deemed essential to those devoted to scientific researches. A. believed B. discarded C. advocated D. confirmed 28. Customers in these markets of antiques are good at slashing prices. A. assessing B. cutting C. elevating D.altering29. The public attached great importance to the news that prices ofhousing would be brought under control.A. joinedB. ascribedC. fastenedD. diverted30. Thousands of people left their rural homes and flocked into the citiesto live beside the new factories.A. dashedB. filedC. strolledD. swarmedSection B (0.5 point each)31._________this dull life, the full-time mom decided to find a part-time job.A. Tied up withB. Fed up withC. Wrapped up inD. Piled upwith32. In the letter, my friend said that he would love to have me as a guestin his _____ home. A. humble B. obscure C. inferiorD. lower33. Tom is sick of city life, so he buys some land in Alaska, as far from________ as possible. A. humidity B. humanity C. harmonyD. honesty34. As an important _______ for our emotions and ideas, music can play ahuge role in our life. A. vessel B. vest C. venture D. vehicle35. The day is past when the country can afford to give high schooldiploma to all who ___six years of instruction.A. set aboutB. run forC. sit throughD. make for36. The wages of manual laborers stay painfully low, meaningdigitalization could drive an even deeper ______between the rich and poor.A. boundaryB. differenceC. wedgeD. variation137. A farmer must learn the kinds of crops best ____ the soils on his farm.A. accustomed toB. committed toC. applied toD. suited to 38. Thesun is so large that if it were ______, it would hold a million earths. A. elegant B. immense C. hollow D. clumsy39. This patient's life could be saved only by a major operation. Thatwould _____ her to a high risk.A. exposeB. leadC. contributeD. send40. It takes a year for the earth to make each ________, or revolution,around the sun. A. tour B. travel C. visit D.tripPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Harvard University's under-graduate education is being reformed so that it includes some time spent outside the US and more science courses, the US Cable News Network (CNN) has reported. For the first time in 30 years, Harvard is 41 its under-graduate curriculum. William Kirby, dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, said this 42 what many people had said that Harvard's curriculum did not provide enough choice and encourage premature specialization.\research, and science in general are ever more important,\Particularly 44 is the idea that students need to spend time overseas, either in a traditional study-abroad program or over a summer, perhaps doing an internship or research.Students can either find the program themselves or 45 some exchange programs offered by the university.\should be spending a semester at a university in China.\It was also recommended that Harvard 47 its required \curriculum\The core curriculum was an effort created in 1978 to broaden education by requiring students to choose from a list of courses in several areas of study. Classes often focused on a highly 48 topic and emphasized \Under a new plan, the curriculum would be replaced with a set of 49\College Courses\for example, might combine molecular and evolutionary biology and psychology, rather than focusing on one of those, said Benedict Gross, Harvard College dean.41. A. inspecting 42. A. in accordance with 43. A. update 44. A. trust-worthy 45. A. turn out 46. A. In spite of 47. A. perish 48. A. appropriate 49. A. optical 50. A. sparingB. reviewing B. in line with B. uphold B. note-worthy B. turn in B. As if B. destroy B. imaginative B. optional B. spiralingC. searching C. in charge of C. upset C. praise-worthy C. turn to C. Let alone C. abolish C. special C. opposite C. spanningD. underlying D. in response to D. upward D. reward-worthy D. turn over D. Rather than D. denounce D. specific D. optimistic D. sparkling2PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage OneA report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power disaster. The report was published by the UK Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution.'? Quite a lot, it turns out.Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source--exhaust fumes(烟气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward side of the street where exposure to pollutants can be 50 percent less than on the downwind side.Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be, less toxic than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles thrown up by wheels hitting the rails. But diesel and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants.When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly.There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants. 51. What is the passage mainly about?A. How to fight air pollution in big cities.B. How to avoid air pollution in big cities.C. How to breathe fresh air in big cities.D. How serious air pollution is in big cities.52. According to the report, air pollution in big cities __________. A.can be more serious than Chernobyl nuclear disaster B. cannot be compared with the disaster in ChernobylC. can release as damaging radiation as the Chernobyl disasterD. can be more serious than we used to think53. When you walk in a busy street, you should walk on the side___________. A. where the wind is coming B. where the wind is going C. where the wind is weaker D. where the wind is stronger54. If you take a bus in a big city in China, you should sit _________.A. on the left side in the busB. on the right side in the busC. in the middle of the busD. at the back of the bus355. It is implied in the passage that ________.A. people should not take street level transportationB. tiny ironparticles will not cause health problemsC. air pollution on an underground train is less poisonousD. traveling on an underground train is better than taking the bus 56. While waiting to cross a busy street, you should ___________. A. wait a few seconds until the fumes reduce B. stay away from the traffic as far aspossibleC. hold your breath until you get to the other side of the streetD. count down for the light to changePassage TwoGlobal warming poses a threat to the earth, but humans can probably easethe climate threats brought on by rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global climate specialist Richard Alley told an audience at the University of Vermont. Alley said his research in Greenland suggested that subtle changes in atmospheric patterns leave parts of the globe susceptible to abrupt and dramatic climate shifts that can last decades or centuries.Almost all scientists agree that increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere created as humans burn fossil fuel is warming the planet. How to respond to the warming is a matter of intense political, scientific and economic debate worldwide.Alley said he was upbeat about global warming because enough clever people existed in the world to find other reliable energy sources besides fossil fuels. He said people can get rich finding marketable alternatives to fossil fuel. \piece of the action. Wouldn't it be useful if some bright students from University of Vermont were to have a piece of the action,\Alley said that Europe and parts of eastern North America could in a matter of a few years revert to a cold, windy region, like the weather in Siberia. Such shifts have occurred frequently over the millennia, Alley's research shows. A gradual change in atmospheric temperature, such as global warming, could push the climate to a threshold where such a shift suddenly occurs, he said. Alley told his audience of about 200 people in a University of Vermont lecture hall Wednesday evening that he couldn't predict if, when or where sudden shifts toward cold, heat, drought or water could occur under global warming, but it is something everyone should consider. \along with each other. But it's part of that because we're not going to get along with each other if we're not getting along with the planet,\57. According to Ally the climate threats to the earth brought by global warming _________. A. can be eased B. can be endedC. will become worseD. will last for decades58. Ally's research shows that dramatic climate changes may be caused by ___________. A. abrupt changes in atmospheric patterns B. subtle changes in atmospheric patterns C. humans' burning of fossil fuelD. increasing levels of carbon dioxide59. The word \4A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. worriedD. insensible 60. What does Ally suggest people do in order to reduce global warming? A. Tofind other energy sources besides fossil fuels. B. To start a political, scientific and economic debate. C. To take action to burn no fossil fuels.D. To call on people worldwide to protect our earth.61. Alley predicts that global warming could turn Europe and parts of eastern North America into ______.A. a region like SiberiaB. a warmer and warmer placeC. a tropical regionD. a place like North Pole62. Ally thinks the biggest problem in the world isA. lack of harmonyB. violenceC. global warmingD. climate shiftPassage ThreeWe're talking about money here, and the things you buy with it--and about what attitude we should take to spending.Across most of history and in most cultures, there has been a general agreement that we should work hard, save for the future and spend no more than we can afford. It's nice to have a comfortable life right now, but it is best to think of the future. Yet economists have long known that things don't work out that way. They point to an idea called the \you are the owner of a big business making consumer goods. You want your own staff to work hard and save their money. That way, you don't have to pay them as much. But you want everybody else to spend all the money they can. That way you make bigger profits.It's a problem on a global scale. Many people in the UK and the United States are worried about levels of personal debt. Yet if people suddenly stopped buying things and started paying back what they owe to credit card companies, all the economies of the Western world would collapse. The banks would be happy, but everybody else would be in trouble.Traditionally, economists have believed that spending money is about making rational choices. People buy things to make their life better in some way. But in recent years, they have noticed that people often do not actuallybehave in that way. We all know people who take pleasure in buying useless things. And there are many people around who won't buy things that they need.In a recent series of experiments, scientists at Stanford University inthe US confirmed something that many people have long suspected. People spend money because the act of buying gives them pleasure. And they refuse to spend when it causes them pain. The scientists discovered that different areas ofthe brain that anticipate pleasure and pain become more active when we are making a decision to buy things. People who spend a lot have their pleasure centers stimulated. People who like to save find buying things painful.If you think you really want that product because it's beautiful or useful, you are wrong, say the scientists. The desire to buy something is a product of the reaction between chemicals released by different parts of the brain whenthe eyes see a product.63. Across most of history and in most cultures, people are advised to_____________.5感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
03研究生英语水平测试A卷(含答案)
English Qualification Examination PaperFor the Postgraduates of Information Engineering UniversityPaper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 25 points)Section 1:Directions: In this section, you are going to listen to an IT professional discussing the dangers of the internet. Before you listen, look at questions one to ten. The conversation will be read only once.Questions 1--7Complete the table below. Write no more than three words for each answer.Questions 8--10Choose the correct letters A-C.8. What do email service providers do to protect you?A. issue expensive phone billsB. provide filter functionsC. provide an identity9. How do offenders avoid detection?A. They take a lot from many people.B. They take a little from one person.C. They take a little from many people.10. Who can you seek for assistance?A. the victimsB. institutions and organizationsC. an internet officeSection 2: PassagesDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.Passage 111. A. How babies differentiate between the sound of the human voice and other sounds.B. The differences between a baby’s and an adult’s ability to comprehend language.C. How babies perceive and respond to the human voice in their early stages of languagedevelopment.D. The response of a baby to sounds other than the human voice.12. A. To contrast the reactions of babies to human and nonhuman sounds.B. To give examples of sounds that will cause a baby to cry.C. To explain how babies distinguish between different nonhuman sounds.D. To give examples of typical toys that babies do not like.13. A. Babies who are exposed to more than one language can acquire language earlier than thoseto a single language.B. Mothers from different cultures speak to their babies in a similar way.C. The mothers observed by the researchers were consciously teaching their babies to speak.D. Babies ignore facial expressions in comprehending their parents’ language.14. A. They understand the rhythm.B. They enjoy the sounds of them.C. They can remember them easily.D. They focus on their parents’ work.Passage 215. A. The new system the immigration office hasB. The tips for applicants to line upC. The information immigrants have to provideD. The procedure applicants have to obey16. A. They are scared of the thieves.B. They are more careful than before.C. They are afraid of being sent back home.D. There are no thieves now.17. A. They start lining up outside the building at 6:00 p.m.B. They can finish their application in an hour.C. They have to make an appointment 15 minutes before.D. 40 applicants can be processed in an hour.Passage 318. A. It won’t have any side-effectB. It can be as effective as conventional treatmentsC. It can kill drug-resistant tumoursD. It can stop cancer cells from spreading in the body19. A. How to strengthen the body’s immune systemB. How to inject viruses directly into tumoursC. How to allow viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs doD. How to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours effectively20. A. To use it to cure 75% of the patients with malignant cancersB. To apply it to treat all kinds of cancersC. To make it accepted by the patients with incurable cancersD. To apply it to those with secondary cancersSection 3: Compound DictationDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.From a personal 21. _______, to doing searches on the Internet, to the autopilot function, simple artificial intelligence, or AI, has been around for some time, but is quickly getting more 22. _______ and more intelligent.“If we are going to make systems that are going to be more intelligent than us, it’s absolutely essential for us to understand how to absolutely 23. _______ that they only do things that we are happy with.”Computer science professor Stuart Russell says, many present-day jobs that are labor 24. _______, or require data analysis, such as in the financial industry, will be replaced by machines with artificial intelligence.“But if we replaced all the jobs that require human physical labor and then we replace all the jobs that require human mental labor, then you have to ask about what, what’s left?”Guruduth Banavar of IBM sees a future in which new jobs skills will be 25. _______.“The future will require everybody to work with these learning reasoning machines. So I think the skill set for many of these jobs will end up being different in the future.”Russell envisions that AI will change the economy and the 26. _______life.“Most people will be employed, possibly even self-employed, in providing 27. _______ personal services to other human beings, that we won’t have mass employment in manufacturing or in financial services. The kinds of scenarios where there is a giant factory or a giant office building with thousands of people doing the same thing will go away.”Artificial intelligence is already transforming the health care industry. AI can process huge 28. _______ data and have the most up-to-date research to help doctors diagnose and treat patients. IBM’s Watson 29. _______________________________________________________ in North and South America, Europe and Asia.“The difference between going to a doctor who has Wats on versus not having Watson is very big, because when you go to a doctor today you might find somebody who is 10 years out of date.”But there is also a dangerous side of artificial intelligence-autonomous weapons out of drone technology .“The risk with a utonomous weapons is that people will use them as a kind of poor man’s weapon of mass destruction-a poor man’s nuclear weapon.”Russell says 30. _______________________________________________ to ban this type of weapon.“It is a race against time because the weapons are starting to emerge, the research is moving into development, development is moving into production.”While it is up for debate whether artificial intelligence will hurt or benefit mankind, researchers say, it is a fact that 31. __________________________________________________ many aspects of life.Part II Reading Comprehension (25 minutes, 15 points)AI-spyARTIFICIAL intelligence (AI) is barging its way into business. As our special report this week explains, firms of all types are harnessing AI to forecast demand, hire workers and deal with customers. In 2017 companies spent around $22bn on AI related mergers and acquisitions, about 26 times more than in 2015. The McKinsey Global Institute, a think-tank, reckons that just applying AI to marketing, sales and supply chains could create economic value, including profits and efficiencies, of $2.7trn over the next 20 years. Google’s boss has gone so far as to declare that AI will do more for humanity than fire or electricity.Such forecasts kindle anxiety as well as hope. Many fret that AI could destroy jobs faster than it creates them. Barriers to entry from owning and generating data could lead to a handful of dominant firms in every industry.Less familiar, but just as important, is how AI will transform the workplace. Using AI, managers can gain extraordinary control over their employees. Amazon has patented a wristband that tracks the hand movements of warehouse workers and uses vibrations to make them more efficient. Workday, a software firm, sums up around 60 factors to predict which employees will leave. Humanyze, a startup, sells smart ID cards that can track employees around the office and reveal how well they interact with colleagues.Surveillance at work is nothing new. Factory workers have long clocked in and out; bosses can already see what idle workers do on their computers. But AI makes surveillance worthwhile, because every bit of data is potentially valuable. Few laws govern how data are collected at work, and many employees unguardedly consent to surveillance when they sign their employment contract. Where does all this lead?Start with the benefits. AI ought to improve productivity. Slack, a workplace messaging app, helps managers assess how quickly employees accomplish tasks. Companies will see when workers are not just dozing off but also misbehaving.Employees will gain, too. Thanks to strides in computer vision, AI can check that workers are wearing safety gear and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor. Some will appreciate more feedback on their work and welcome a sense of how to do better.Machines can help ensure that pay rises and promotions go to those who deserve them. That starts with hiring. People often have biases but algorithms, if designed correctly, can be more impartial. Software can mark patterns that people might miss. Textio, a startup that uses AI to improve job descriptions, has found that women are likelier to respond to a job that mentions “developing” a team rather than “managing” one. Algor ithms will pick up differences in pay between genders and races, as well as sexual harassment and racism that human managers consciously or unconsciously overlook.Yet AI’s benefits will come with many potential drawbacks. Algorithms may not be free of the biases of their programmers. They can also have unintended consequences. The length of a commute may predict whether an employee will quit a job, but this focus may inadvertently harm poorer applicants. Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones and could risk losing their positions if all AI looks for is productivity.And surveillance may make us feel being controlled. People have begun to question how much Facebook and other tech giants know about their private lives. Companies are starting to monitor how much time employees spend on breaks. Veriato, a software firm, goes so far as to track and log every keystroke employees make on their computers in order to judge how committed they are to their company. Firms can use AI to sift through not just employ ees’ professional communications but their social-media profiles, too.Some people are better placed than others to stop employers going too far. If your skills are in demand, you are more likely to be able to resist than if you are easy to replace. Paid-by-the-hour workers in low-wage industries such as retailing will be especially vulnerable. That could fuel a revival of labour unions seeking to represent employees’ interests and to set norms. Even then, the choice in some jobs will be between being replaced by a robot or being treated like one.As regulators and employers weigh the pros and cons of AI in the workplace, three principles ought to guide its spread. First, data should be anonymised where possible. Microsoft, for example, has a product that shows individuals how they manage their time in the office, but gives managers information only in aggregated form. Second, the use of AI ought to be transparent. Employees should be told what technologies are being used in their work places and which data are being gathered. As a matter of routine, algorithms used by firms to hire, fire and promote should be tested for bias and unintended consequences. Last, countries should let individuals request their own data, whether they are ex-workers wishing to contest a dismissal or jobseekers hoping to demonstrate their ability to prospective employers.The march of AI into the workplace calls for trade-offs between privacy and performance. A fairer, more productive workforce is a prize worth having, but not if it restricts and dehumanizes employees. Striking a balance will require thought, a willingness for both employers and employees to adapt, and a strong dose of humanity.Section A: Questions 32-36 (5×1=5 points)Directions: Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? In blanks 32-36 on your answer sheet, chooseA for TRUE if the statement agrees with the information.B for FALSE if the statement contradicts the information.C for NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this.32.Google’s boss has gone too far to declare that AI will do more for humanity than fi re orelectricity.33.People are worried that with the development of AI, every industry will be controlled by onlya few companies because obstacles exist in owning and generating data.34.Many employees disagree with the surveillance when they sign their employment contract.35.Algorithms, if designed correctly, can entirely avoid biases in workplace.bour unions seeking to represent employe es’ inte rests oppose the application of AI inworkplace.Section B: Questions 37-44 (8×1=8 points)Directions: Complete the summary below. Write ONE WORD ONL Y from the passage for each blank. Write your answers in blanks 37-44 on your answer sheet.37.Predictions on AI brought us not only _______, but also hope.38.__________ at work has existed for a long time. For example, time recorders are widely usedin factories and offices; workers are observed by their bosses on computers.39.Machines can help ensure _________ in pay rises and promotions if algorithms are designedcorrectly.40.If your skills are not in demand, you will be especially _________, and are less likely to beable to resist the surveillance.41.In ________ the pros and cons of AI in the workplace, three principles ought to be consideredto guide its spread.42.To keep personal privacy, data should be __________ where possible.43.Individuals should be allowed to _______ their own data, no matter they are ex-workers orjobseekers.44.The application of AI in the workplace calls for a _________ between privacy and efficiency.Section C: Question 45 (2 points)Directions: Paraphrase the following sentence. Write your answer in the blank 45 on your answer sheet.45. The choice in some jobs will be between being replaced by a robot or being treated like one.______________________________________________________________________________ ———————————————————————————————————————Part III. Translation (40 minutes, 20 points)Section A (20 minutes, 10 points)46.Directions: Translate the following paragraph into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on the Answer Sheet.A claim more often made by mathematicians is that mathematics is one of the finest flowerings of the human spirit, a temple of enduring knowledge built piece by piece over the ages. But if so it is a temple with few worshipers, unknown to most of humankind. Mathematics plays no role in mass culture, it cannot evoke the emotions and inspire the awe that music and sculpture do, it is not a significant companion in the lives of more than a very few. And yet it is worth asking whether mathematics is essentially remote, or merely poorly communicated. Perhaps it is a remediable ignorance, not an inability that now limits appreciation and enjoyment of mathematics by a wider audience.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)47.Directions: Translate the following paragraph into English. Write your English version on the Answer Sheet.物联网是由物理对象，例如：设备、车辆和建筑等等，连接而成的网络。
东南大学2007研究生专业英语试卷
2007年硕士研究生专业英语考试卷Part 1 Translation (60 minutes) (60%)Section A: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese (30 minutes) (30%)Managers advancing into the fog of the future tend to either cling to the fiction of prediction despite limited visibility or veer to the other extreme, relying on good luck and hustle and hoping for the best. Neither extreme is effective or necessary. Indeed, a careful examination of volatile markets over time reveals recurrent patterns. Understanding these patterns can help executives navigate a foggy future.It was only when the company began to look at customer information in a more holistic fashion - gathering, consolidating, and analyzing all of its customer interaction information in a single pool - that it was able to correct such inefficiencies. Now everyone who is delayed for, say, nine hours gets the same compensation, and when a gate agent hands a passenger a flight voucher, that transaction is reflected immediately in the customer information database. The passenger will be denied a second voucher even if he gets to a phone within a few seconds.An even bigger problem is getting past correlations in the data to be able to argue causality. If a researcher finds that highly successful companies tend to have formal knowledge management initiatives, for example, does that mean that explicit management of knowledge is a key to success? Or does it mean that knowledge management is the kind of organizational boondoggle that only a company flush with cash indulges in? Making the argument for causality in one direction or the other requires not only a sufficient data set but also a rational model for how the observed phenomena relate to known outcomes.Section B: Translate the following paragraphs into English (30 minutes) (30%)任何决策都无法回避风险。
研究生学位英语试卷及答案.docx
研究生学位英语复习EST1Part I Listening ComprehensionSection 1, Conversation (10 minutes, 10 points)Section 2, Passages (10 minutes, 10 points)Part II: Cloze Test (10 minutes, 15 points)Scientists who study the Earth's climate are convinced that volcano eruptions have a significant effect on general weather patterns. In fact, one of the many (36) which attempt to explain how an icc age begins holds that the (37) is a dramatic increase in volcanic eruptions. The volcanic explosions, besides causing local thunderstorms and lightning, inject great amounts of gas and (38)_into the stratosphere (同温层).At this (39), the volcanic material spreads all the way around the Earth・ This volcanic material (40) a certain amount of sunlight and (41) some back into space・ The net result is to (42) the planets surface・ For instance, 43 was perhaps the largest eruption occuned in 1883 when the Indonesia volcano Krakatoa exploded. The following year was (44) in Europe as the H year without summer0 because the (45) was so cool and rainy.While there is (46) scientific agreement that volcanic eruption can lead to cooling, (47) of how this happens are not clear. As a result, scientists cannot (48) whether the volcanic activity which (49) past icc ages would result (50) sufficient cooling to cause a glacial period・ Similarly, it is not possible for scientists to predict the climate effect of a future volcanic eruption with any confidence・36. A. theories B・ inventions C. judgments D. discoveries37.A. cause B. course C・means D. case38. A. petroleum B. ash C. flame D. garbage39. A. relation B. instance C・ moment D. altitude40. A. scatters B・ releases C. constitutes D・ absorbs41. A. carnes B. converts C. reflects D. gathers42. A. cool B. warm C. freeze D. heat43. A. such B. what C. there D. that44. A. known B. reported C. marked D. testified45. A. air B. temperature C. sky D. weather46. A. committed B. optimistic C・general D. absolute47. A・ indexes B・ predictions C・ details D. decisions48. A. analyze B. determine C. assure D・ assume49. A. confronted B. promoted C・ proceed D. preceded50. A. in B. from C. to D. with Part I ReadingPassage OneWe use emotive language to express our own attitudes and feelings・ We also direct emotive language at other people to persuade them to believe as we do or to do as we want them to do; and, of course, other people direct emotive language at us to get us to believe or to do what they want.We are subjected to a constant stream of persuasion day in, day out, at home and in school, on the radio and on television. It comes from parents and teachers, from preachers and politicians, from editors and commentators, but, most of all, of course, from advertisers. Most of this persuasion is expressed in emotive language and is intended to appeal to our feelings rather than to be weighed up by our powers of reasoning・Wc should look at the motives behind all this persuasion. Why do they want to persuade us? What do they want us to do? We are not thinking very clearly unless we try to see through the veil of words and realize something of the speaker's purpose.An appeal to emotion is in itself neither good or bad. Our emotions exist and they are part of our personality. On some occasions people appeal to our emotions on the highest levels and from the best of motives. A case in point is ChurchilVs wartime speeches: whatever people thought of Churchill as a politician, they were united behind him when he spoke as national leader in those dark days ― their feelings responded to his call for resolution and unity.It is a characteristic of social groups that the members have a feeling of personal attachment to the group ■一to the family in earliest childhood and extending later to the school, the team, the church, the nation, in patterns that vary from time to time. Hence a speaker from our group will find in us feelings to which he can readily and genuinely appeal, whether our reaction is favorable or not. We are at least open to the appeal and we appreciate the context in which it is made・1.The major functions of emotive language discussed in the passage are Io ・・A.extend our powers of reasoning and carry out a purposeB.advertise and produce the wanted social effectsC・ show one's feelings and appeal to those of othersD. make others believe in us and respond to our feelings2.It is suggested in the third paragraph of this passage that wcA should keep a cool head when subjected to persuasion of various kindsB need to judge whether a persuasion is made for good or badC・ have to carefully use our emotive languageD・ should avoid being easily seen through by an appeal from others3.The source from which emotive language flows upon us in its greatest amount is ・・A.the mass mediaB. the educational institutionsC.the religious circles D・ the advertising business4.Churchill is mentioned in the passage as」A.an example of how people weighed up persuasion with reasoningB・ a national leader who brought out people's best feelingsC・ a positive example of appealing to people's motionD.a politician who has been known as a good speaker5.What is NOT mentioned as relevant to our emotions in this passage?A.Social contextB. Personal experienceC. The personality of national leadersD. Religious belief6.It can be inferred from the passage that a persuasive speaker must ・A.find out what group his audience is attached toB.vary his speech patterns from time to timeC.know how to adapt his way of speaking to the needs of the audienceD.be aware whether the listeners are favorable to his opinion or notPassage TwoAs goods and services improved, people were persuaded to spend their money on changing from old to new, and found the change worth the expenses. When an airline equipped itself with jets, for example, its costs ( and therefore air fare) would go up, but the new planes meant such an improvement that the higher cost was justified. A new car ( or wireless, washing machine, electric kettle) made life so much more comfortable than the old one that the high cost of replacement was fully repaid. Manufacturers still cry their wares as persuasively as ever, but are the improvements really worth paying for? In many fields things have now reached such a high standard of performance that further progress is very limited and very expensive. Airlines, for example, go to enormous expense in buying the latest prestige jets, in which vast research costs have been spent on relatively small improvements. If we scrap these vast costs we might lose the chance of cutting minutes away from flying times, but wouldn't it be better to see air fares drop dramatically, as capital costs become relatively insignificant? Again, in the context of a 70mph limit, with platoons of cars traveling so densely as to control each other's speeds, improvements in performance are virtually iiTelevanl; improvements in handling are unnecessary, as most production cars grip the road perfectly; and comfort has now reached a very high level indeed・ Small improvements here are unlikely to be worth the thousands that anybody replacing an ordinary family car every two years may ultimately have spent on them. Let us instead have cars ■一or wireless, electric kettles, washing machines, television sets ■一which are made to last, and not to be replaced・Significant progress is obviously a good thing; but the insignificant progression from model-change to modcl-changc is not.7.The author obviously is challenging the social norm that ・•A.it is. important to improve goods and servicesB・ development of technology makes our life more comfortableC.it is reasonable that prices are going up all the timeD.slightly modified new products are worth buying8.According to this passage, air fares may rise because -rA people tend to travel by new airplanesB.the airplane has been improvedC.the change is found to be reasonableD.the service on the airplane is better than before9.According to the author, passengers would be happier if theyA.could fly in the latest model of reputable planesB・ could get tickets at much lower pricesC・ see the airlines make vital changes in their servicesD. could spend less time flying in the air10.When manufacturers have improved the performance of their products to a certain level, thenit would be_. .A.justified for them to cut the priceB.unnecessary for them to make any new changesC.difficult and costly to further better themD.insignificant for them to cut down the research costs11.In the case of cars, the author urges that we -・A.can cel the speed limitB. further improve the performanceC・ improve the durability D・ change models every two years12.The author's criticism is probably based on the fact that ・・A.we have been persuaded to live an extravagant life today B・ many products we buy turn out to be substandard or inferiorC.inflation is becoming a big problem in the world todayD.people arc wasting their money on trivial technological progressPassage ThreeRecent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women's market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is that women are concentrated in occupations — service and clerical — that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round, lifetime career or job for many reasons There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs・ Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work, but it also serves to keep them from top management positions・Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child-bearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities・ The ages of25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security・ These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman's income is more likely to be seen as secondary to her husband's・13.According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap,」A.there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB.working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC・ women's pay will still stay al a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future14.Women arc kept from top management positions partly because they - •A.decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB.are inclined to rank family second to workC.tend to have more quaiTels with their employersD・ still take an inconect attitude towards themselves15.Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women's concentration in certain occupations?A.Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against themC・ Employment laws. D. Physiological weakness・16.The worcT 伽go" in Paragraph 2 could be best replaced by - •A.give upB. drop outC.throwawayD. cut out17.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that -・A.merfs jobs are subject to changeB.women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC.men' chances of promotion are minimalD.women used to be employed all the year round18.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Women's market skills have improved greatly・B.Child care is still chiefly women's workC・ Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs・D.Domestic duties no longer conflict with women's jobs.Passage FourIt seems that the life of a television reporter is fantastically admired by many people. But this is only one side of the coin. First, he never goes deeply into anyone subject ― he may be expert at mastering a brief in a short time and M gctting up H a subject, but a week later he is on to the next subject, and a week later still he is on to the subject after that. He seldom grasps with a full-scale investigation anyone thing. He has to be able to forget what he was working on a few weeks before, otherwise his mind would become messed up.Second, a reporter does not have anything lasting to show for what he does — there is no shelf of books, no studio full of paintings・ He pours his life into something which flickers in shadows across a screen and is gone forever・ I have seen people in many television jobs turn at the end of watching one of their own programs and say something like: H Well, that's all those days/weeks/months of work. Travel and worry sunk without trace." As a way of life it conics to seem like blowing bubbles ■一entertaining to do, and the bubbles numerous and pretty to look at, and all different, but all disappearing into thin air.Third, the pace of life is too fast. Not only is it destructive of one's private life, one does not even have time to give proper consideration to the things one is professionally concerned with -not enough time to think, not enough time to read, not enough lime to write one's commentary, prepare one's interviews and so on. When one disengages from it and allows one's perceptions, thinking, reading and the rest to proceed at their natural pace one gets analtogether unfamiliar sense of solidarity and well-being・Fourth, the reporter is at the mercy of events. A revolution breaks out in Cuba so he is off there on the next plane ・ Somebody shoots President Reagan so he drops everything he is doing and flies to Washington. He is like a puppet pulled by strings ™ the strings of the world's affairs. He is not motivated from within. He does not dec ide for himself what he would like to do, where he would like to go, what he would like to work on. He is activated from without, and his whole life becomes a kind of reflex action, a series of high-pressure responses to external stimuli. He has ceased to exist as an independent personality.19. A TV reporter never makes an in-depth study of a subject becauseA.he usually gets one side of the pictureB.the subjects that he has to attend to often switch from one to anotherC.he does not know how to develop it to its full scaleD.that is the life that suits him20.A. it is implied but not stated that many people ・・A.know nothing about the work of a TV repor 1 erB.think the life of a TV reporter dull and boringC・ have a biased opinion against the job of a TV reporterD.tend to underestimate the hard part of being a TV reporter21 TV reporting, according to this passage, is something _______ ・A.profitable for a person to take upB.interesting to do but quick to fade outC・ causing a person to forget his previous workD・ producing a lasting effect22.A TV reporter is in most need of - •A. being a master of his timeB・ proper consideration of his professionC.a comfortable life of his ownD.disengaging himself from work23.The activities of a TV reporter are largely geared to ・・A. his motivationB. his working styleC.current affairsD. reflex to pressures24.The title of this passage would best be given as ・・A.What a TV Reporter Can and Cannot AccomplishB.The S OITOWS of TV ProfessionalsC.The Confession of a TV ReporterD.The Drawbacks in the Life of a TV ReporterPaper TwoPail IV Reading and Answering Questions (25 minutes, 10 points)The conflict between what in its present mood the public expects science to achieve in satisfaction of popularhopes and what is really in its power is a serious matter because・ even if the true scientists should all recognize the limitations of what they can do in the field of human affairs, so long as the public expects more there will always be some who will pretend, and perhaps honestly believe, that they can do more to meet popular demands than is really in their power. It is often difficult enough for the expert, and cel lainly in many instances impossible for the layman, to distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate claims advanced in the name of science. The enormous publicity recently given by the media to a report pronouncing in the name of science of The Limits to Growth, and the silence of the same media about the devastating criticism this report has received from the competent experts, must make one feel somewhat apprehensive about the use to which the prestige of science can be put. But it is by no means only in the field of economics that far-reaching claims arc made on behalf of a more scientific direction of all human activities and the desirability of replacing spontaneous processes by H conscious human control".If I am not mistaken, psychology, psychiatry and some branches of sociology, not to speak about the so-called philosophy of history, are even more affected by what I have called the scientistic prejudice, and by specious claims of what science can achieve・Questions :What is the main thought of the passage? What should be our correct attitude towards science?回答该项问题一般要注意，第一问主要是结合文章回答问题，可以或多或少的引用文中内容回答，第二问主要是考察我们研究生对某个现象的认识。
东南大学学位英语Unit 02 How to Write Style完整课文与答案
Section A Intensive Reading and WritingHow to Write with styleBy Kurt V onnegut[1] Newspaper reporters and technical writers are trained to reveal almost nothing about themselves in their writings. This makes them freaks in the world of writers, since almost all of the other ink-stained wretches in that world reveal a lot about themselves to readers. We call these revelations, accidental and intentional, elements of style.[2] These revelations tell us as readers what sort of person it is with whom we are spending time. Does the writer sound ignorant or informed, stupid or bright, crooked or honest, humorless or playful? And on and on.[3] Why should you examine your writing style with the idea of improving it? Do so as a mark of respect for your readers, whatever you’re writing. If you scribble your thoughts any which way, your readers will surely feel that you care nothing about them. They will mark you down as an egomaniac or a chowderhead -or, worse, they will stop reading you.[4] The most damning revelation you can make about yourself is that you do not know what is interesting and what is not. Don’t you yourself like or dislike writers mainly for what they choose to show you or make you think about? Did you ever admire an emptyheaded writer for his or her mastery of the language ? No.[5] So your own winning style must begin with ideas with ideas in your head.1. Find a subject you care about[6] Find a subject you care about and which you in your heart feel others shouldcare about. It is this genuine caring, and not your games with language , which will be the most compelling and seductive element in your style.[7] I am not urging you to write an novel, by the way – although I would not be sorry if you wrote one, provided you genuinely cared about something. A petition to the mayor about a pothole in front of your house or a love letter to the girl next door will do.2. Do not ramble, though[8] I won’t ramble on about that.3. Keep it simple[9] As for your use of language: Remember that two great masters of language, William Shakespeare and James Joyce, wrote sentences which were almost childlike when their subjects were most profound. “To be or not to be?” asks Shakespeare’s Hamlt. The longest word is three letters long. Joyce, when he was frisky, could put together a sentence as intricate and as glittering as a necklace for Cleopatra, but my favorite sentence in his short story , “Evelin”is this one: “She was tried.”At that point in the story, no other words could break the heart of a reader as those three words do.[10] Simplicity of language is not only reputable, but perhaps even sacred. The Bible opens with a sentence well within the writing skills of a lively fourteen-year-old: “In the beginning God created the neaven and the earth.”4. Have guts to cut[11] It may be that you, too, are capable of making necklaces for Cleopatra, so to speak. But your eloquence should be the servant of the ideas in your head. Your rulemight be this: If a sentence, no matter how excellent, does not illuminate your subject in some new and useful way, scratch it out.5. Sound like yourself[12] The writing style which is most natural for you is bound to echo the speech you heard when a child. English was Conrad’s third language , and much that seems piquant in his use of English was no doubt colored by his first language, which was Polish. And lucky indeed is the writer who has grown up in Ireland, for the English spoken there is so amusing and musical. I myself grew up in Indianapolis, where common speech sounds like a band saw cutting galvanized tin, and employs a vocabulary as unornamental as a monkey wrench.[13] In some of the more remote hollows of Appalachia, children still grow up hearing songs and locutions of Elizabethan times. Yes, and many Americans grow up hearing a language other than English, or an English dialect a majority of Americans cannot understand.[14] All these varieties of speech are beautiful , just as the varieties of butterflies are beautiful, No matter what your first language, you should treasure it all your life, If it happens to not be standard English, and if it shows itself when you write standard English, the result is usually delightful, like a very pretty girl with one eye that is green and one that is blue.[15] I myself find that I trust my own writing most, and others seem to trust it most , too, when I sound most like a person from Indianapolis, which is what I am. What alternatives do I have? The one most vehemently recommended by teachers has no doubt been pressed on you, as well: to write like cultivated Englishmen of acentury or more ago.6. Say what you mean[16] I used to be exasperated by exasperated by such teachers, but am no more, I understand now that all those antique essays and stories with which I was to compare my own work were not magnificent for their datedness or foreignness, but for saying precisely what their authors meant them to say. My teachers wished me to write accurately, always selecting the most effective words, and relating the words to one another unambiguously, rigidly, like parts of a machine. The teachers did not want to turn me into an Englishman after all. They hoped that I would become understandable—and therefore understood. And there went my dream of doing with words what words what Pablo Picasso did with paint or what any number of jazz idols did with music. If I broke all the rules of punctuation, has words mean whatever I wanted them to mean, and strung them together higgledy- piggledy, I would simply not be understood. So you , too, had better avoid Picasso-style writing, if you have something worth saying and wish to be understood.[17] Readers want our pages to look very muck like pages they have seen before. Why? This is because they themselves have a tough job to do, and they need all the help they can get from us.7. Pity the readers[18] They have to identify thousands of little marks on paper, and make sense of them immediately. They have to read, an art so difficult that most people don’t really master it even after having studied it all through grade school and high school–twelve long years.[19] So this discussion must finally acknowledge that out stylistic options as writers are neither numerous nor glamorous, since out readers are bound to be such imperfect artists. Our audience requires us to be sympathetic and patient readers, ever willing to simplify and clarify- whereas we would rater soar high above the crowd, singing like nightingales.[20] That is the bad news. The good news is that we Americans are governed under a unique Constitution, which allows us to write whatever we please without fear of punishment. So the most meaningful aspect of out styles, which is what we choose to write about, is utterly unlimited.8. For really detailed advice[21] For a discussion of literary style in a narrower sense, in a more technical sense, I recommend to your attention The Elements of style, by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. E. B. White is, of course, one of the most admirable literary stylists this county has so far produced. You should realize, too, that no one would care how well or badly Mr. White expressed himself, if he did not have perfectly enchanting things to say.Part I Comprehension of the Text1. What is Kurt V onnegut arguing in his writing? What’s his understanding of writing style?2. What kind of language style does he use in this essay?3. What does the author mean by mentioning “Picasso style and jazz style”?4. Does the author practice what he preaches in his writing?5. What does the author suggest at the end of this essay?Part II VocabularyA. Choose the one from the four choices that best explains the underlined word or phrase.1. He finds himself involved with a crooked businessman and a group of thugs who attempt to sabotage his invention.A. distortedB. twistedC. dishonestD. deceptive2. He remembered how proud and haughty her face was and scratched out the word he had written.A. polishedB. perishedC. deletedD. depleted3. If you choose credit counseling as a strategy for your debt, you must make sure you’re choosing a reputable company and not a scammer.A. well-knownB. professionalC. reliableD. respectable4. He added that nature gave him everything he need as a champion-unusual strength, stamina, a terrific punch, and plenty of guts.A. wisdomB. courageC. wealthD. charm5. Qualitative research strategies of interview, participant observation, and field notes were used to illuminate the topic.A. reinforceB. decorateC. paraphraseD. interpret6. He suddenly found himself exasperated by slow moving pedestrians, and, like a true New Yorker, began darting around them instead.A. provokedB. offendedC. annoyedD. disappointed7. As one moves through this colourful world of Indian handicrafts, many intricate paintings and sculptures catch the eye.A. charmingB. elegantC. delicateD. complicated8. Many judges will acknowledge that one of the most difficult aspects of a criminal case is sentencing.A. admitB. assertC. proveD. agree9. Its charming towns and picturesque landscapes provide the enchantingsurroundings for your sparkling romantic holiday treat.A. magnificentB. compellingC. genuineD. glamorous10. Circumstances beyond my control have left me with no alternative but to returnmy vehicle to lender.A. meansB. optionC. fashionD. mannerB. Choose the one from the four choices that best completes the sentence.1. The infinite beauty of a reverse navel ring ___________with dual colors in the trio of stones that fill the center of the continuous infinity design.A. twinklesB. simmersC. flashesD. glitters2. He was early _____________as a man of ability and maturity of character, a promise fully realized in his many great achievements.A. marked downB. turned downC. looked upD. agreed upon3. When he was not quite able to follow, Newton just took the pad from his friend’s hands and _____________his own remarks into the notebook.A. stumbledB. scrabbledC. scribbledD. scrupled4. There are many reports of the Prophet’s mastery of the Arabic tongue together with his _________ and fluency of speech.A. eloquenceB. sequenceC. frequencyD. delinquency5. These stories and the principles principles drawn from them are ___________toyou for your benefit and learning and enjoyment.A. commentedB. commendedC. commandedD. commenced6. Some applicants may _________ on about themselves in a manner that may appear self-indulgent and not very appealing to the committee.A. rambleB. tumbleC. complainD. chatter7. Cherry tomatoes have a strong taste and are very juicy-this makes them ideal for creating this ___________sauce.A. vehementB. friskyC. disgustingD. piquant8. To help soldiers _________ data from drones, satellites and ground sensors, the U.S. military now issues the iPod Touch.A. take advantage ofB. make sense ofC. take notice ofD. make use of9. As the same way, we need to listen to some fascinating English materials as many as possible, so that we can ___________ our interest to learn it.A. motivateB. cultivateC. advocateD. retaliate10. Her 8-year-old daughter was adorable as she got to meet her __________, Simon, whom she praises for his negativity.A. imageB. idiotC. idolD. tokenC. Complete each sentence with the proper form of the word given in theparenthesis.1. Many philosophers hold ________ about mental properties, and manyphilosophers hold humility about fundamental physical properties. ( reveal )2. By the mid 20th century, humans had achieved a ________ of technology sufficient to leave the atmosphere of the Earth for the first time and explore space. ( master )3. Despite the apparent ______ of the water molecule, liquid water is one of the mostmysterious substances in out world. ( simple )4. On this level, a common protocol to structure the data is used; the format of the information exchange is ________ defined. ( ambiguity)5. It was expected that these images will look charming and __________, but thefinal result was a bit different. ( glamour)6. I find it hard to be _________ about a man who used his wealth and power tomolest children and to then evade justice. ( sympathy)7. The question is whether or not it is possible to bottle these pheromones and use them for our own _________ advantage. ( seduce)8. Despite the gruesome images on cigarette packs, a survey shows Australiansmoker are surprisingly ________ of the dangers of the habit. ( ignore)9. In several poems the reader will encounter the plain, ________ language really used by common man, and this goes straight to the heart. ( ornament)10. Many new illustrations help to _______the text and make the book moreinstructive to students and practitioners. ( clear)Part III ClozeDirections: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one suitable word or phrase for each blank in the passage.It is very difficult to arriver at a full description of style that is acceptable to all scholars. As such there are many definitions of the word style __1_________ there are scholars yet no __2_________is reached among them on what style is. Chapman is of the view that style is the product of a common relationship between language users. He _3______ said that style is not an ornament or virtue and is not __4______ to written language, or to literature or to any single aspect of language.Language is human __5_______ and used in society. No human language is fixed, uniform, or varying; all languages show internal variation. This variation sows the _6_______ feature of individuals or a group of people which is usually referred to as style. Style is popularly _7_________ to as “dress”of thought, as a person’s method of _8_______ his thought, feelings and emotions, as the manner of speech or writing. From the definition above, one can __9_______ that style is the particular way in which an individual communicates his thought which _10______ him from others.Style can _11_______ be defined as the variation in an individual’s speech which is _12________ by the situation of use. From the definition above, style is described as the variations in language usage. In _13________, style is conditioned by the manner in which an individual makes use of language.Middleton is of the view that style refers to personal idiosyncrasy, the technique of __14______ and Chatman says that style means manner-the manner in which the from executed or the content expressed. From the definitions above, it can be deduced that style is__15______ to every individual or person and it is a product of the function of language as a means of communication.1. A. as B. because C. when D. since2. A. conscience B. consistence C. conclusion D. consensus3. A. otherwise B. further C. moreover D. besides4. A. confined B. confirmed C. confronted D. confided5. A. friendly B. concerned C. specific D. related6. A. instinct B. extinct C. district D. distinct7. A. looked B. referred C. viewed D. defined8. A. expressing B. explaining C. exploring D. exploiting9. A. seduce B. induce C. deduce D. reduce10. A. extinguishes B. separates C. distributes D. distinguishes11. A. yet B. also C. either D. only12. A. occasioned B. influenced C. determined D. demonstrated13. A. contrast B. return C. addition D. essence14. A. exposure B. exposition C. disposition D. expression15. A. subject B. accessible C. unique D. essentialPart IV WritingDirections: Develop each of he following topics into an essay of about 200 words.1. The Importance of Punctuation2. The Standards of an Essay3. Essay Writing and English LearningSection B Extensive Reading and TranslationVariety and Style in Language[1] All of us change out behaviour to fit different situations. We are festive, often noisy at weddings and birthday celebrations, sympathetic at funerals, attentive at lectures, serious and respectful at religious services. Even the clothes we wear on these different occasions may vary. Our table manners are not the same at a picnic as in a restaurant or at a formal dinner party. When we speak with close friends, we are free to interrupt them and we will not be offended if they interrupt us; when we speak to employers, however, we are inclined to hear them out before saying anything ourselves. If we don’t make such adjustments, we are likely to get into trouble, We may fail to accomplish our purpose and we are almost sure to considered ill-mannered or worse. From one point of view, language is behaviour; it is part of the we act. It builds a bridge of communication without which society could not even exist. And like every other kind of behaviour, it must be adjusted to fit different contexts or situations where it is used. When we think of all the adjustments regularly made in any on e language, we speak of language variety. When we think of the adjustments any one person makes in different situations, we use the term style. [2] Among people who are used to a writing system, there is one adjustment everyone makes, They speak one way and write another way. Most speech is in the form of ordinary conversation, where speakers can stop and repeat themselves if they sense that they are being misunderstood. They are constantly monitoring themselves as their message comes across to the listeners. But writers cannot do this. (1) They often monitor what they write, of course, going back over their writing to see that it isclear and unambiguous; but this is before the communication occurs, not while it is happening. Once writers have passed their writing on to someone else, they cannot change it.[3] Speakers can use intonation, stress, and pauses to help make their meaning clear. A simple sentence like “John kept my pencil” may, by a shift in the stress and intonation patterns, single out through contrast whether John rather than someone else kept the pencil, whether John kept rather that just borrowed the pencil, or whether it was a pencil or a pen or something else that he kept.[4] (2) It is true that writers have the special tools of various punctuation marks and sometimes typographical helps like capitals, italic letters, heavy type and the like; but these do not quite take the place of the full resources of the spoken language. The sentence “Cindy only had five dollars” is not likely to be misinterpreted when spoken with light stress and no more than level pitch on “only”, but in writing it could easily be taken to mean something else. To prevent ambiguity, skillful writers could change the word order to “Cindy had only five dollars”if they wanted “only”to modify “five”. They would shift “only” to the beginning 0f the sentence if they wanted it to modify “Cindy”.[5] This simple example shows that good writers do try to avoid ambiguity. (3) As writers, they like a structure that is compact; as speakers, thinking aloud, they produce sentences that are looser, less complex, perhaps even rather jumbled. Notice, for instance, that the first sentence in the first letter to Ann Landers reads, “You have made plenty of trouble for me and I want you to know it.” Like most letters to Ann Landers, this is really talk written down. The sentence contains two ideas and treatsthem as equals. If one is really dependent upon the other, a good writer would have written “I want you to know that you have made plenty of trouble for me.”This is not to deny the effectiveness of the original sentence in this very informal letter. [6] Speech makes more use of contracted forms. “He is” (she is) and “he has” (she has ) become “he’s”(she’s); “cannot” becomes “can’t”; “they are ” become “they’re”; “it is”becomes “’tis”or “it’s”; and with a more noticeable change, “will not”becomes “won’t”. So in the conversational letters to Ann Landers, contractions abound, but in the carefully prepared manuscript speeches of the Reverend Martin Luther King and President Kennedy, there are no contracted forms.[7] Besides the difference between speech and writing there is a difference between formality and informality. A formal message is organized and well-rounded; it usually deals with a serious and important topic. Most formal language is intended to be read. Since there is no opportunity to challenge or question the writer when it is being read, the message has to be self-contained and logically ordered.[8] At the opposite pole is the language of casual and familiar speech among friends and relatives, between people who have some kind of fellow feeling for one another. The speaker or writer is simply being him-or herself. This person knows that the others involved – rarely more than five-see and accept the speaker for what he or she is. (4) The speaker also assumes that the others know him or her well enough to make unnecessary any background information for everything that is used. The writer who signed herself “Weepers Finders”assumed that whoever read the letter would recognize the saying, “Finders keepers, losers weepers.”In contrast to the formal style, this style may be called the casual style.[9] There is also a recognizable midpoint between the formal and the casual. There are situations less rigid than the ceremonial address or the formal written message but also more structured than intimate conversation. These permit some response; there is a certain amount of give and take. Yet each speaker will feel the need to be quite clear, sometimes to explain background for the other person’s benefit or in order to prevent misunderstanding or embarrassment. This middle style is known as the consultative style. It should be noted that the consultative style can allow contractions, but rarely would use slang or the incomplete expressions of the casual style.[10] It should not be thought that speech is always informal and writing always formal. (5) The casual style is spoken more often than it is written, but it is found also in letters between friends or family members, possibly in diaries and journals, and sometimes in newspaper columns. Formal English is typically written but may also be spoken after having first been written down. Much consultative speech is spoken, but a fair amount of writing also has the same need for full explanation even if it is otherwise quite informal.[11] Of course, none of there styles or modes of communication is better than any other. The spoken word and the printed page are simply two different ways to communicate. Some people have thought that formal English is “the best”of the stylistic variants, but it is not. Of course, President Kennedy could not have substituted the quite casual “Nobody’s here today to whoop it up for the Democrats”for “We observe today not a victory of party”; but if he had ever used the formal public speaking style at a dinner table, he would have bored everyone there. Intelligent adjustment to the situation is the real key to the effective use of language.[12] In some respects the English language raises certain problems. In conversation some languages allow an easy distinction between the formal and the informal through their dual system of pronouns. In French, for example, intimacy on the one hand or social distance on the other are overtly marked by a choice between “tu” and “vous”. English lacks such a system, but it does have a complex code of choices of title, title and surname, surname alone, given name alone and nickname, as “Doctor”, “Doctor Stevens”, “Stevens ” , “Charles”, “Charley”, and “Chuck”.[13] Another problem arises because of the two-layered nature of the English vocabulary. One layer consists of short, familiar words largely of native English origin ( house, fire, red, green , make, talk); the other of much longer words, chiefly taken from Latin and French ( residence, domicile, conflagration, scarlet, verdant, manufacture, conversation). But it is an oversimplification to equate the popular words with the casual style and the learned words with the formal style. We must admit that many Americans, especially in bureaucratic contests, are fond of big, windy words-words that are often awkward and sometimes inexact.[14] Although adjustment is the key to good use of the various styles, it poses problems for the student coming to English from another language, It is hard enough to become proficient in just one of the styles without having to switch from one style to another. The causal style, in particular, is not easily acquired by the nonnative speaker. Happily, this problem is not too serious. Native speakers of English are much readier to accept the features of the consultative style in a causal situation than to accept casual features in a noncasual situation. Indeed, many Americans are likely to credit a consultative speaker with greater correctness in using English than theyhave themselves. But even if only this one style is acquired, it is important for learners to recognize the other styles when they meet them in speech or writing and to have some sense of the situations that call for their use.Part A Translate English into ChineseI.Translate the underlined sentences in the above text into Chinese.II.Translate the first and the last paragraph in the above text into Chinese.Part B Translate Chinese into EnglishI. Translate the following sentences into English with the words or phrases inthe passage in Section B.1. 在当代英语中有许多新的语言现象，这些现象并不总是符合公认的语法规则的。
2010-01-03研究生学位课英语A考试真题
AGENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TESTFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR GRADUATE STUDENTS(GETJAN0310)考试注意事项一、本考试由两份试卷组成：试卷一（Paper One）包括听力理解、词汇、完形填空与阅读理解四部分，共80题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二(Paper Two) 包括翻译与写作两部分，共3题。
二、试卷一（题号1-80）为客观评分题（听力Section C 部分除外），答案一律用2B铅笔做在机读答题纸上，在对应题号下所选的字母中间划黑道，如[A][B][C][D]。
三、试卷二为主观评分题，答案做在ANSWER SHEET II上。
答题前，请仔细阅读试卷二的注意事项。
四、试卷一、试卷二上均不得作任何记号（听力Section C部分除外），答案一律写在答题纸上，否则无效。
五、本考试全部时间为150分钟，采用试卷一与试卷二分卷计时的办法。
试卷一考试时间为90分钟，听力理解部分以放完录音带为准，大约25分钟；其余部分共计时65分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
试卷二共计时60分钟，每部分所占时间均标在试卷上，考生可自行掌握。
六、试卷一与试卷二采取分别收卷的办法。
每次终了时间一到，考生一律停笔，等候监考教师收点试卷及答题纸。
全部考试结束后，须待监考教师将全部试卷及答题纸收点无误并宣布本考试结束，方可离开考场。
PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (25 minutes, 20 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Theconversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. Nancy shouldn’t be too busy.B. Nancy should take a break from her work.C. Nancy must be under great pressure.D. Nancy must feel depressed.2. A. After class.B. The next day.C. Tonight.D. When the woman gets to the bus stop.3. A. Because her grandmother was ill.B. Because it was too late for her to go to the party.C. Because she went to her grandmother’s party.D. Because she went to visit her doctor.4. A. She expected to have a better time with Sammy.B. She didn’t get along well with Sammy.C. She was very happy together with Sammy.D. She wouldn’t go out with Sammy again.5. A. His wife is waiting for him at home.B. His wife is angry today.C. His wife is not home today.D. His wife is sick today.6. A. The man can make a random decision.B. The man should decide later.C. The man should forget about it.D. The man doesn’t have to be so serious.7. A. He has won a big lottery.B. He has passed an oral examination.C. He is going to get his driving license.D. He has been relieved from a big burden.8. A. 10 dollars.B. 15 dollars.C. 20 dollars.D. 25 dollars.9. A. The woman can only take some useful courses which are still open.B. The woman will have to wait till the next week to take useful courses.C. The woman will have to go to the registration building herself.D. It’s nothing because many students forget to register on time.Section B (1 point each)Directions:In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After eachquestion, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk one10. A. Because she likes old programs on TV.B. Because she was very bored.C. Because she had missed the program earlier.D. Because she doesn’t like outdoor activities.11. A. Because she doesn’t feel like going out today.B. Because she is very busy today.C. Because she has to meet her parents for dinner today.D. Because she doesn’t like the man.12. A. To go to a live outdoor concert.B. To have a picnic for lunch.C. To check out activities by the river.D. To go fishing in the river.Mini-talk Two13. A. Because the small diamonds in the old setting are of different color.B. Because the setting has been damaged.C. Because they want people to see it in its natural beauty.D. Because the style of the setting is too old.14. A. In India.B. In France.C. In England.D. In the U.S..15. A. Over 100 carats.B. 67 carats.C. 60 carats.D. 45 carats.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you areasked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题的答案抄写在答题纸上)16. In this age of the keyboard, some people seem to think handwriting lessons are________.17.According to a survey conducted by Prof. Graham, about 90% of teachers teachhandwriting in ________.18. In today’s thinking ________ are better for the practice of handwriting.19. Handwriting involves two skills:One is legibility, which means forming the letters so ________.20. According to Prof. Graham, most of the writing done in school is ________.PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C andD. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Those prisoners at concentration camps were exhausted from a chronic lack of food.A. recentB. acuteC. constantD. severe22. A winner achieves his goal without hurting others or compromising his beliefs andconvictions.A. changingB. endangeringC. submittingD. composing23. Failure is the direct result of poor self-esteem and the anticipation of failure.A. eliminationB. designationC. elevationD. expectation24. The government’s full public disclosure of the decision only swelled the chorus of protests.A. checkedB. diminishedC. intensifiedD. retrieved25. Their house was in close proximity to ours, so we became intimate friends in time.A. vicinityB. contactC. relationD. community26. Residents in big cities in China tend to dispose of some old furniture when moving.A. get possession ofB. get rid ofC. hold on toD. keep track of27. This is a love that sprang up from friendship and blossomed into marriage.A. divergedB. separatedC. distinguishedD. originated28. This hard-working couple was able to put their two sons through college on their own.A. by their own effortsB. in their own wayC. in their own interestsD. in their own light29. Obama’s high-profile failure to win the Olympics for Chicago could feed negative narrativesnipping at his heels.A. attitudesB. accountsC. impactsD. responses30. Individual goals have to fit in with the family or business goals as a whole.A. be converted intoB. be superior toC. be in accord withD. be different fromSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the correspondingletter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring AnswerSheet.31. I often wonder why some people won’t do what it ______ to be successful.A. involvesB. meansC. takesD. likes32. The short story about the missing personnel during the civil war was adapted into a(n)_______ movie.A. winning-awardB. award-winningC. won-awardD. award-won33. A person can explain his professional goals ______ position, prestige or income.A. in terms ofB. in case ofC. in view ofD. in honor of34. Fear is the most destructive force in the world, for it ______ motivation and creativity.A. clutchesB. cripplesC. compelsD. conceives35. There is some reason for not giving up my career and _______ a different one.A. taking inB. bringing aboutC. arising fromD. embarking on36. Finally she decided to do something ______ the thing she disliked ______ herself.A. with…inB. to…forC. about…aboutD. for…by37. The self-image controls a person’s attitudes or ______ of what happens to her.A. interpretationsB. approachesC. commitmentsD. simulations38. By the year 2040, Yale University will need over eight acres of land to ______ its library.A. manipulateB. accommodateC. illuminateD. obligate39. If you don’t know where you’re going in life, you are ______ to wind up somewhere else.A. possibleB. inevitableC. optionalD. liable40. As far as marriage is concerned, it is mutual care and love that ______.A. mountsB. discountsC. countsD. calculatesPART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank inthe passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosenwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Researchers produced evidence to support what most of us already knew -- that a cup of tea is the answer to any crisis.Dr. Malcolm Cross, a psychologist at City University London, tested the anxiety levels of a group of people following a 41 situation and revealed that even a single cup of tea has a 42 calming effect. His team gave 42 volunteers a mental arithmetic exam and 43 offered half of them a cup of tea and the other half a glass of water. The water group’s anxiety levels soared 44 25 percent compared to before the task, 45 the tea group actually reported a four percent reduction in anxiety -- despite the difficult test, they were more relaxed than when they started.According to a survey carried out for the research, 68 percent of Britons 46 tea in a dilemma, making it the nation’s most common response to trouble of 47 kind. About 60 percent said the promise of comfort and warmth was the main reason for putting the kettle on. “The 48 of making and drinking tea -- particularly during times of stress -- is at the very 49 of British culture,” Cross said.This study shows that the social psychological 50 of tea enhance the effects of its chemical make-up on our bodies and brains.41. A. light-hearted B. serious C. comfortable D. stressful42. A. significant B. rigorous C. severe D. selective43. A. previously B. afterwards C. besides D. lately44. A. on B. in C. by D. at45. A. while B. however C. meanwhile D. nevertheless46. A. give up B. owe to C. look on D. turn to47. A. whichever B. whatever C. however D. whoever48. A. ceremony B. function C. ritual D. observance49. A. beginning B. moment C. end D. core50. A. aspects B. faces C. sites D. waysPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices givenand mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets onyour machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage One （324）From the goose that laid the golden egg to the race between the tortoise and the hare, Aesop’s fables are known for teaching moral lessons rather than literally being true. But a new study says at least one such tale might really have happened.It’s the fable about a thirsty crow. The bird comes across a jar with the water level too low for him to reach. The crow raises the water level by dropping stones into the jar. The moral tells:Little by little does the trick, or in other retellings, necessity is the mother of invention.Now, scientists report that some relatives of crows called rooks used the same stone-dropping strategy to get at a floating worm. Results of experiments with three birds were published online by the journal Current Biology.Rooks, like crows, had already been shown to use tools in previous experiments. Christopher Bird of Cambridge University and a colleague exposed the rooks to a 6-inch-tall clear plastic tube containing water, with a worm on its surface. The birds used the stone-dropping trick spontaneously and appeared to estimate how many stones they would need. They learned quickly that larger stones work better.In an accompanying commentary, Alex Taylor and Russell Gray of the University of Auckland in New Zealand noted that in an earlier experiment, the same birds had dropped a single stone into a tube to get food released at the bottom. So maybe they were just following that strategy again when they saw the tube in the new experiment, the scientists suggested. But Bird’s paper argued there’s more to it: The rooks dropped multiple stones rather than just one before reaching for the worm, and they reached for it at the top of the tube rather than trying to reach the food at the bottom.The researchers also said Aesop’s crow might have actually been a rook, since both kinds of birds were called crows in the past.51. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Animals are smarter than we have expected.B. Aesop’s fables tell real morals.C. Necessity is the mother of invention.D. Some of Aesop’s fables may be true.52. Aesop’s fables have been popular for such a long time because they ________.A. tell us the truth of natureB. tell us interesting stories of animalsC. are teachings of lifeD. are scientific literature53. In the experiments, in order to eat the worm floating on the water surface, the rooks ________.A. found a way to raise the water levelB. broke the tube with larger stonesC. counted how many stones they would needD. cooperated peacefully54. According to Alex Taylor and Russell Gray, it seems that rooks ________.A. tend to follow the others’ strategyB. can remember their former strategyC. can change strategy in different situationsD. seldom use the same strategy in experiments55. According to the passage, crows and rooks ________.A. are the same kind of birds with different namesB. are very different in behaviorC. had the same name in the pastD. were both used in the experiments56. The word “spontaneously” (Paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to “________”.A. surelyB. naturallyC. voluntarilyD. quicklyPassage Two （355）Too much eating. Too many unhealthy foods. Too many advertisements for food. Too little activity.Different explanations are offered for America’s weight problem -- a problem increasingly shared by other countries. Almost one-fifth of American children and teenagers are overweight.Schools have been urged to increase physical education, an important tool for public health. And many have. Yet now comes a study showing an increase in the number of injuries in physical education class. Injuries increased 150% between 1997 and 2007.The study involved injuries treated in hospital emergency departments. Only 2% were serious. The researchers did not try to identify the causes of the increase, but they have some theories.Lara McKenzie from Ohio State University was the lead researcher. She says one possibility is a decrease in the number of school nurses during the period they studied. For example, a 2004 study showed that the number of school nurses nationally failed to meet federal guidelines. Schools without a nurse on duty may be more likely to send an injured child to a hospital.Another possible reason for more injuries is a change in the traditional idea of physical education. This “New P.E.” expands the kinds of sports that are taught. But activities that some schools offer now, like rock climbing walls and skateboarding, can also expand the risks, says Cheryl Richardson. She is with the National Association for Sport and Physical Education. Also, she says not all states require P.E. teachers to be specially trained. Untrained teachers could be less likely to recognize unsafe conditions.Cheryl Richardson also points to one of the study’s findings -- that injuries are often theresult of contact with a person or a structure. This tells her that the teachers were not giving each student enough space to move around safely.Six activities produced 70% of all injuries: running, basketball, football, volleyball, soccer and gymnastics.The researchers say larger class sizes are another possible reason for the increase in injuries. Larger classes can mean less supervision. The National Association for Sport and Physical Education says 20 to 30 students in a P.E. class should be the limit.57. Overweight problem is ________.A. not common outside the United States of AmericaB. also a headache in other countriesC. caused by too many advertisements for foodD. neglected in many countries58. The increase of physical education ________.A. has reduced the number of overweight childrenB. is the major cause of injuries of children in the U.S.C. has more disadvantages than advantagesD. has caused more injuries in school59. It is implied in Lara McKenzie’s study that ________.A. in the past some injuries were treated in schoolB. school nurses are now more irresponsibleC. students don’t have enough space to move around in schoolD. schools lack funds in hiring school nurses60. Which of the following is NOT included in the reasons for more injuries?A. More dangerous activities.B. Fewer specially trained teachers.C. Less supervision.D. More unhealthy food.61. Which of the following activities has caused more injuries?A. Rock climbing.B. Skateboarding.C. Soccer.D. Swimming.62. According to the researchers, the injury problem could be less serious if ________.A. a P.E. class had fewer studentsB. schools reduced the P.E. classesC. schools reduced the outdoor activitiesD. personal contacts were avoidedPassage Three （346）The human body contains enormous quantities of energy. In fact, the average adult has as much energy stored in fat as a one-ton battery. That energy fuels our everyday activities, but what if those actions could in turn run the electronic devices we rely on? Today, innovators around the world are banking on our potential to do just that.Movement produces kinetic energy(动能), which can be converted into power. In the past, devices that turned human kinetic energy into electricity, such as hand-cranked radios, computers and flashlights, involved a person’s full participation. But a growing field is tapping into our energy without our even noticing it.Consider, for example, a health club. With every step you take on a treadmill and with every muscle curl, you turn surplus calories into motion that could drive a generator and produce electricity. The energy from one person’s workout may not be much, but 100 people could contribute significantly to a facility’s power needs.That’s the idea behind the Green Microgym in Portland, Oregon, where machines like stationary bikes harvest energy during workouts. Pedaling turns a generator, producing electricity that helps to power the building. For now, body energy supplies only a small fraction of the gym’s needs, but the amount should increase as more machines are adapted. “By being extremely energy-efficient and combining human power, solar and someday wind, I believe we’ll be able to be net-zero for electricity sometime this year,” says the gym’s owner, Adam Boesel. His bikes, by the way, aren’t the first to put pedal power to work. In some parts of the world, cyclists have been powering safety lights for years with devices called bicycle dynamos, which use a generator to create alternating current with every turn of the wheels.Dance clubs are also getting in on the action. In the Netherlands, Rotterdam’s new Club WATT has a floor that harnesses the energy created by the dancers’steps. For now, it’s just enough to power LED lights in the floor, but in the future, more output is expected from newer technology.63. Using human body energy as power supplies ________.A. requires us to be strongB. is a great new ideaC. proves to be difficultD. is increasingly popular64. Paragraph 3 mainly describes ________.A. the contribution of body energy to power needsB. the theory behind the use of body energyC. the different ways of putting body energy to workD. the latest device turning body energy into power65. It can be learned that the Green Microgym ________.A. is using human, solar and wind power to produce electricityB. is the first to use bikes to harvest human body energyC. will be able to satisfy its power needs by using green energyD. will introduce the technology to other parts of the world66. Adam Boesel would describe the body energy use in his gym as ________.A. surprisingly advancedB. far from satisfactoryC. considerably helpfulD. truly irreplaceable67. What is the author’s most likely comment on the application of body energy?A. It is unrealistic at present.B. It has a promising future.C. Its effect is still unknown.D. It depends on the energy cost.68. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Regular physical exercise can produce additional benefits.B. The human body can be the source of alternative energy.C. Innovations using body energy may solve the energy problem.D. We are working hard to bring the human potential into full play.Passage Four （369）Severe climate change was the main driver behind the birth of civilisation, a scientist said yesterday. An increase in harsh, arid conditions across the globe around 5,000 years ago forced people to start living in stable communities around remaining water sources. “We can certainly say that the earliest civilisations arose on the backdrop of increasing dryness, which are driven by natural, global-scale changes in climate,” said Nick Brooks of the University of East Anglia. “The cultural transitions track changes in environmental conditions quite closely.”Dr. Brooks said his research turned traditional ideas of how the world’s first civilisations started - such as those in Egypt, China, the Indus Valley region and South America - on their head. Many anthropologists think that civilisation was spread gradually among populations after it began in some part of the world. “A current popular theory is that the world’s first civilisation developed because it could; the environment was relatively friendly,” said Dr. Brooks. “This is based on the argument of the last 10,000 years being climatically very stable and quite conducive to flourishing of agriculture and large, urban civilisations.”But Dr. Brooks argued that civilisation arose instead from environmental calamities. His work is focused on the Sahara region, where he says the cultural history shows that, around 5-10,000 years ago, the humid areas there abruptly changed into the Sahara desert we see today. The Garamantian tribe, which lived in what is now south-west Libya more than 3,000 years ago, emerged when the land there dried out. “After this period, we see the first stone structures, the beginnings of urbanisation, agriculture and the development of novel technologies to access ground water, such as wells,”said Dr. Brooks. “What we see here is the story of people responding to the environmental change with the drying up of the region. That leads to the emergence of the Garamantian state.”He added that the story was similar in the other cradles of civilisation around the world. Without the driving force of climate change, human societies might have evolved far more slowly, said Dr. Brooks. “Maybe we would have remained village farmers and herders, hunter-gatherers and so on,” he said. “Perhaps you’d have a less population-dense kind of civilisation.”69. According to Nick Brooks, ________.A. differences in civilizations are the result of differences in climate conditionsB. the emergence of civilizations is closely related to climate changeC. the development of civilizations has caused the world climate changeD. similar civilizations have appeared despite various climate conditions70. The phrase “turn … on their head” (Paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to ________.A. confirmB. extendC. challengeD. supplement71. The traditional theory argues that the rise of civilizations ________.A. benefited from a stable and good environmentB. was meant to improve the living environmentC. had little to do with the environmentD. was the result of environmental change72. The Garamantian tribe is mentioned to show ________.A. the relations between human activities and the emergence of desertsB. the human creativity in fighting unfavorable environment conditionsC. the importance of water resources at the beginning of human civilizationsD. the effect of environmental changes on the development of human society73. According to Dr. Brooks, without significant climate change, human civilizations would nowbe more ________.A. diverseB. predictableC. aggressiveD. primitive74. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A. analyze how climate change affects civilization levelsB. question the link between climates and civilizationsC. introduce a latest study on the rise of civilizationsD. discuss how civilizations spread throughout the worldPassage Five （404）Before the arrival of the internet, computer files were exchanged via storage media such as floppy disks (软盘) which were sent by post or delivered by foot, bike, car or train. After the appearance of the internet, a term was invented for such exchange of information: the sneakernet. Now that the internet is established, and our connections have become faster, the sneakernet sounds outmoded. Nevertheless, the opposite is true when larger files are considered. Because storage media evolve much faster than internet connections, it becomes ever more interesting to choose the route of physical transport over the internet.One of the routes is via carrier pigeon(信鸽). This may sound ridiculous (and it has been a popular joke for many years), but thanks to shrinking storage media, the speed and capacity of the pigeon internet promises to become quite amazing.A well trained contemporary carrier pigeon can maintain a speed of 50 kilometres an hour over a distance of 600 kilometres, and carry a weight of 1 gram. One gram does not seem to be much, but this weight can already contain quite some data. For instance, the Transcend Micro SD card weighing 1 gram has a capacity of 2 gigabytes.Compared to a fibre connection, the pigeon has to surrender quite fast. This internet connection only needs 2.6 minutes to send 2 gigabytes. A carrier pigeon only flies 2 kilometres far in that time. A carrier pigeon is thus faster than a fibre connection when the distance is shorter than 2 kilometres. A broadband connection needs 4 hours to send 2 gigabytes, while the pigeon can reach a distance of 200 kilometres in 4 hours. This means that sending 2 gigabytes of information from Amsterdam to Brussels goes faster by carrier pigeon than by a broadband connection. A dial-up connection needs 3.3 days to send 2 gigabytes, so in that case, the pigeon (flying 600 km per day) is faster than the internet up to a distance of about 2,000 kilometres.The bandwidth of a carrier pigeon increases faster than the bandwidth of the internet. Ten years in the future, a pigeon will be able to carry 2 terabytes (around 2,000 gigabytes). Our fibre connection will need 8.5 minutes for sending that amount of data. The carrier pigeon is then faster than a fibre connection if the distance is less than 7 kilometres – compared to 2 kilometres today.75. The term “sneakernet” is probably more related to ________.A. storing larger computer filesB. the fast speed of the internetC. sending digital data on the internetD. traditional ways of sharing digital files76. According to the author, sending digital data via carrier pigeon ________.A. is easier said than doneB. should be taken seriouslyC. has been debated for yearsD. can be dismissed as a joke77. For a distance of 500km, the second fastest way of sending 2 gigabytes is by ________.A. dial-up connectionB. a carrier pigeonC. fibreD. broadband78. The author believes that in the future a carrier pigeon ________.A. can fly faster to exchange digital informationB. can better perform the task of sending digital dataC. will be widely used to exchange digital informationD. will become an outmoded means of sending digital data79. What is the author’s tone in writing the passage?A. Ironic.B. Joking.C. Objective.D. Passionate.。
学术性硕士研究生学位英语试卷(历年真题)
AGENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORGRADUATE STUDENTS考试注意事项一、本考试分A, B两种试卷，请考生拿到试卷后在答题卡的试卷类型一栏标明。
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三、试卷一(题号1-80 )为客观评分题，答案一律用中性2B铅笔做在机读卡上, 在对应题号下所选字母中间划黑道。
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PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (15 minutes, 15 points)Section A (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause, during the pause, you must read the suggested answer marked A, B, C and D and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1. A. He can't read French novels without the help of his teacher.B. He has no problems understanding French novels.C. He cannot do away with dictionaries when he reads French novels.D. He fell on a dictionary when he is reading a French novel.2. A. She'd like to take a later flight.B. They won't arrive late.C. They should leave for the airport immediately.D. She isn't afraid to travel alone.3. A. To apply for a job.B. To find out her position in the company.C. To offer her a position in the company.D. To make an appointment with the sales manager.4. A. She has to get ready for her speech.B. She doesn't like sea food.C. She thinks the restaurant is too expensive.D. She will accompany the man to the restaurant.5. A. It's no longer of any use to her.B. She feels the man's apology is enough.C. It does have a back cover.D. She is a generous woman by nature.6. A. To a guest house.B. To the theater.C. To a hotel.D.To a restaurant.7. A. To remind him of the time for the film.B. To tell him she is busy.C. To ask him to go to the movies.D.To invite him to sing.8. A. He is curious.B .He is satisfied.C. He is exhausted.D.He is impatient.9. A. Looking for a job.B. Looking for an apartment.C. Taking a suburban excursion.D.Asking the man for his opinions.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 10~12 are based on the following passage:10.A. Intellectual challenge.B. Social challenge.C. Physical challengeD. Economic challenge..11.A. Building pyramids.B. Exploring the spaceC. Making plans for transportation.D. Painting a picture.12. A. They face them.B. They are interested in them.C. They accept and enjoy them.D. They ignore themQuestions 13 — 15 are based on the following passage:13. A. It's a new method to measure a country's production.B. It's a way to study the economies of different countries.C. It's a new system to help make economic decisions.D. It's a means to understand a country's economic changes.14. A. GDP does not include earnings of companies operating in foreign countries.B. GDP counts only goods and services produced within the nation's borders.C. GDP refers to earnings from home-made products.D. Earnings by foreign-owned companies are not included in GDP.15. A. Because economic experts generally approve GDP.B. Because most industrial countries used GDP.C. Because GDP provides a truer measure of a country's economy.D. Because GDP is easier to be understood.PART II VOCABULARY ( 15 minutes, 10 points)Section A ( 0.5 point each)Directions: In this section there are ten sentences, each with one word or phrase underlined. Choose the one from the four choices marked A, B, C and D that best keeps the meaning of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.16. Reports of torture and mass execution in the concentration camps have outragedthe world religious leaders.A. irritatedB. slashedC. ragedD. reminded17.Thousands of English words derive from Latin.A. obtainB. detectC. decodeD. originate18.I have always regarded him as a man of integrity.A. characterB. integrationC. kindnessD. uprightness19. What a tremendous party it's been! I have enjoyed every minute of it.A. humorousB. fortunateC. contentD. wonderful20. Jefferson believed in human rights. He approved of the French Revolution.A. joinedB. opposedC. devotedD. was in favor of21.People are understandably wary of the new government.A. gratefulB. hostileC. cautiousD. ironic22.She gave a cordial reception to her guest.A. welcomeB. partyC. invitationD. overcoat23. This is one of several extraordinary scenes in the movie, including the suddenmurder of a young man that triggers the suppressed desire between George and Lucy.A. activatedB. wipedC. meddledD. posed24. William E. Boeing, founder of the company that designed the 747, had to resort tomanufacturing bedroom furniture to survive some lean years.A. come toB. turn toC. add toD. apply to25. These changes have made the campus an easier place for people with handicaps.A. disabilitiesB. casualtiesC. obstaclesD. injuriesSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In this section, there are ten incomplete sentences. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.26. If you want to know the train schedule, please ______ at the booking office.A. acquireB. inquireC. requestD. require27. One of the rumors ____ at the moment is that the company is about to gobankrupt.A. evaporatingB. circulatingC. emittingD. elaborating28. This candidate has an impressively _____ range of interests and experience.A. diverseB. reverseC. adverseD. controversial29. China will continue to be the most ______ economic region in Asia.A. effectiveB. intermediateC. practicalD. dynamic30. May I _____ that if we don't leave now we shall miss the bus?A. point outB. pick outC. wipe outD. make out31. The patient condition has _______ since he had a heart attack.A. deterioratedB. decreasedB. treated D. diagnosed32.The policeman stopped him when he was driving home and ______ him ofspeeding.A. chargedB.accusedC. blamedD. weary33.The poverty of some of the districts is an _____ to good education.A. objectionB. obstacle:C. obligationD. obsession34. It has become necessary to develop new and better tools of market research inorder to _____sales with greater certainty because production and purchasing has to be adjusted to sales expectations.A. foster C. forecastB. calculate D. promote35. In the past few years the workers have_____ a lot of suggestions, some of whichare being put into practice.A. put downB. put offC. put outD. put forwardPART III CLOZE TEST ( 20 minutes 15 points)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.36. A. in charge of B. responsible for C. controlling D. accused of37. A. setbacks B. troubles C. crisis D. difficulties38. A. promote B. enhance C. raise D. speed up39. A. in line with B. according to C. based on D. depended on40. A. If B. Since C. While D. Although41. A. requirement B. demand C. necessity D. possibility42. A. lift B. boost C. develop D. accelerate43. A. versatile B. susceptible C. flexible D. fresh44. A. make B. take C. assign D. allocate45. A. items B. terms C. lists D. projects46. A. well-off B. well-being C. well-to-do D. welfare47. A. insurance B. funds C. coverage D. reports48. A. despite B. as C. supposing D. given49. A. As a result B. In a word C. Generally D. all in all50. A. instead of B. would rather C. as well as D. rather thanPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there are five short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and hen do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Gopher Prairie, in which the action of Sinclair Lewis' Main Street (1920) takes place, is a town of 3, 000 inhabitants, smug, dull people whose one idea is to get on materially. They have no use for anyone who wishes something better for them; they oppose civic（市政的）reform, cultural and educational projects. The most honored citizens are bankers. Carol, who has been to college and held a position as a librarian, comes to Gopher Prairie to live with her doctor husband. Appalled by the stagnant（停滞的）life of the town, and failing to become adjusted to it, she tries a number of cultural ideas. Her efforts to establish a little theater meet with no encouragement. Indeed, the people merely think she is putting on airs. Her affection for her husband wanes（衰落）, and she takes up with Erik Valborg, in whom she sees a spirit akin（类似的）to her own. She leaves the little town for Washington, D. C., where she works as a government clerk. Later she returns to Gopher Prairie, better equipped than before to understand the forces which shape Main Street.At the time of its first appearance, Main Street provoked a storm of protest on the ground that the novelist libeled（诽谤）good Americans. Today, no one thinks of repeating this charge. Indeed, as Lewis Gannett points out, Main Street has in no way changed except externally; it is the same Main Street; yet, doubtless it reads Sinclair Lewis' novels as eagerly as the rest of the nation. At the time when Main Street was published Lewis was accused of hating dull people. The novelist retorted that he did not hate them: he loved them. The truth is, the world of 1920 could not stand criticism. The Pulitzer Prize committee refused to award Main Street a prize. The novelist was to have his revenge six years later, when he rejected the same award for Arro w smith .51. Which of the following is the central preoccupation of the people of GopherPrairie?A. Progressive education.B. Material possessions.C. Cultural activity.D. Civic reform.52. When the people of Gopher Prairie thought that Carol was "putting on airs, " theymeant that she ______.A. talkativeB. pretentiousC. organizedD. overdressed53. In the first paragraph, Erik Valborg's spirit is said to be "akin" to Carol's, because they ______ .A. are related by marriageB. share a common religionC. have mutual interestsD. are emotional people54. According to the passage, why was there such adverse reaction to Main Street in1920?A. People were reluctant to admit their faults.B. Sinclair Lewis did not like honorable citizens.C. Gopher Prairie was portrayed inaccurately.D. The main character led an unconventional life.55. According to the passage, which of the following statements best explains whySinclair Lewis rejected the Pulitzer Prize for Arrowsmith?A. He thought Arrowsmith was not worthy of the honor.B. He disapproved of the composition of the Pulitzer Prize committee.C. He claimed that the Pulitzer Prize had no status.D. He felt the committee had unjustly overlooked his previous work.Passage 2It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, butnowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a "Be Kind to Other Drivers" campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who brakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driver, whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give rise to bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.56. According to the passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by _____.A. people's attitude towards the road-hogB. the rhythm of modern lifeC. the behavior of the driverD. traffic conditions57. The sentence "You might tolerate the odd road-hog ... the rule. " (para. 1) impliesthat ________.A. our society is unjust towards well-mannered motoristsB. rude drivers can be met only occasionallyC. the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hogD. nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists58. By "good sense", the writer means _______ .A. the driver's ability to understand and react reasonablyB. the driver's prompt response to difficult and severe conditionsC. the driver's tolerance of rude or even savage behaviorD. the driver's acknowledgement of politeness and regulations59. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership explosion,______.A. road users should make more sacrificeB. drivers should be ready to yield to each otherC. drivers should have more communication among themselvesD. drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others60. In the writer's opinion, ______.A. strict traffic regulations are badly neededB. drivers should apply road politeness properlyC. rude drivers should be punishedD. drivers should avoid traffic jamsPassage 3As a medium of exchange, money permits the separation of exchange into the two distinct acts of buying and selling, without requiring the seller to purchase goods from the person who buys his products, or vice versa（反之亦然）. Hence, producers who know they will be paid in money, can concentrate on finding the most suitable outlet for their goods, while buyers who will pay in money, can concentrate on finding cheapest market for the things they wish to purchase. Specialization, which is vital to an advanced economy, is encouraged, because people whose output is not a complete product but only a part of one in which many others are involved can be paid an amount equivalent to their share of the product.Another advantage of money is that it is a measure of value — that is, it serves as a unit in terms of which the relative values of different products can be expressed. In a barter economy（物物交换经济）it would be necessary to determine how many plates were worth one hundred weight of cotton, or how many pens should be exchanged for a ton of coal, which would be a difficult and time-consuming task. The process of establishing relative values would have to be undertaken for every act of exchange, according to what products were being offered against one another, and according to the two parties' desires and preferences. If I am trying to barter fish for bananas, for example, a lot would depend on whether the person willing to exchange bananas is or is not keen on fish.Thirdly, money acts as a store of wealth. It is difficult to image saving under a barter system. No one engaged on only one stage in the manufacture of a product could save part of his output, since he would be producing nothing complete. Even when a person actually produced a complete product the difficulties would be overwhelming. Most products deteriorate fairly rapidly, either physically or in value, as a result of long storage; even if storage were possible, the practice of storing products for years on would involve obvious disadvantages — imagine a coal-miner attempting to save enough coal, which of course is his product, to keep him for life. If wealth could not be saved, or only with great difficulty, future needs could not be provided for, or capital accumulated to raise productivity.61. Using money as a medium of exchange means that ______.A. you have to sell something in order to buy somethingB. you have to buy something in order to sell somethingC. you don't have to buy something in order to sell somethingD. the seller and the purchaser are the same person62. Specialization is encouraged because _______.A. people can use their money to buy whatever they wantB. people do not need to make a complete product for exchangeC. people make a great contribution to the manufacture of a productD. people can not use their money to buy whatever they want63. A barter economy is one in which _______.A. value is decided by weightB. value is decided by numberC. money is used and goods are not exchangedD. goods are exchanged and money is not used26164. If one had to save products instead of money, _______.A. this would need years of practiceB. coal, for example, would lose its valueC. they could not be stored for years on endD. many products would lose their value65.How many advantages of money are mentioned in this passage?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.Passage 4Kristina Mercier noticed her ten-year-old son, Brad, was becoming a nervous wreck（精神脆弱者）the closer it got to test day. A high school English teacher in Wilmington, North Carolina, says Brad was terrified he'd flunk（不及格） a state-mandated test（州统考）. "He didn't want to go to school and started crying about every little thing," she says. "For a while, he was even having nightmares. I thought I'd have to take him to a psychiatrist. Then I found out the school principal was getting on the intercom every morning and saying, ' I want you to work really hard today so you'll pass the test. ' Brad has always been a bit of a worrier. He really took it to heart."The rise of standardized tests has had some unfortunate results. Now mandated （规定）by 48 states, such tests are intended to raise standards, providing parents —and legislators — with a measuring stick of how well teachers are doing. School district budgets, teacher pay and bonuses（奖金）, and student grade advancement are tied to test performance in a growing number of communities. As educators feel the heat, so do the kids — and some can't handle it. "Kids see their teachers' anxiety over the tests and that makes them feel there's something to really worry about," says Leo Mickey Fenzel, Ph.D., associate professor of psychology at Loyola College in Maryland, and author of several studies on children's stress. "Even the best students get nervous because they're afraid they'll mess up and disappoint teachers, parents, and themselves."Devin O'Leary of Bloomington, Indiana, had a full-fledged（全面的）meltdown （垮台）, thanks to his statewide third-grade test. "For weeks, teachers let the children know that this was a very serious test — the school had placed below the state averagein the past, so everyone was uptight（紧张的）, " says Debby O'Leary, his mother. Then, on test day, Devin was scolded for leaving his chair to help another child who was whining（嘀咕）because he couldn't do the math problems. "Devin got hysterical（歇斯底里）; he was crying and shaking so much he had to be sent to the principal's office, " she says. Although her son scored in the ninety-seventh percentile, Debby is relieved to know that he won't have another such test until he's in the sixth grade.Ramirez Miller has seen kids cry, get sick to their stomachs, even wet their pants over such pressure. But she's found ways to ease the strain on the kids in her class. "We used to give the tests cold turkey, but now we teach basic test skills, like how to fill out an answer bubble, and give practice exams, so kids become comfortable with the questions, " she says."I try to make the two weeks before the test very relaxed, because if I'm showing stress, it will be transmitted to the children." The result? Relaxed children and higher scores. Which proves that, with some insight and creativity, school stress need not be a required part of the curriculum.66. Which of the following applies to the description of Kristina Mercier's son afterhis examination?A. He was completely destroyed by the horrible stated-mandated test.B. He showed certain symptoms of nervous breakdown.C. He couldn't concentrate on doing things related to the exam.D. He was brought to the hospital for advice from a psychiatrist.67. What is the purpose of the increase of standardized tests in 48 states in the USA?A. To improve the standards of teaching and help offering a reference framework.B. To help raise the school region budgets, teacher's salary and his or her bonuses.C. T o make the examination more complicated to be handled with by the students.D. To put both the teachers and students under certain pressure for furtheradvancement.68. The first sentence in the third paragraph refers to that ______.A. Devin got a perfect mark in the state-mandated test when he was in the thirdgradeB. Devin melt a full cup of ice when he participated in his third grade test in thestateC. Devin was thoroughly destroyed in his mind because of his behavior in the testD. Devin was very grateful for the statewide test in that he fled from themeltdown69. What is the probable meaning of "cold turkey" in the last paragraph?A. A large, widely domesticated North American bird with cold body.B. An uncooked cold dish provided in the test like salad.C. A retarded child who acted like a dumb cold turkey.D. A sudden or unprepared administration of certain examination.70.What's the author's attitude towards the rise of American standardized tests?A. Approval.B. Objection.C. Objectivity.D. Indifference.Passage 5Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother's back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one's gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one's conversation partner."The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.71. The author is convinced that the eyes are ______ .A. of extreme importance in expressing feeling and exchanging ideasB. something through which one can see a person's inner worldC. of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD. something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate72. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person _______ .A. whose front view is fully perceivedB. whose face is covered with a maskC. whose face is seen from the sideD. whose face is free of any covering73. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner's neck because _______.A. they don't like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB. they need not communicate through eye contactC. they don't think it polite to have eye contactD. t hey didn't have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact inbabyhood74. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down。
1月研究生学位英语真题附完整参考答案
2007-1PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.A. investmentB. resourceC. inspirationD. stimulus22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.A. bewilderingB. exasperatingC. dismayingD. upsetting23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.A. all at onceB. by and byC. to some extentD. on the whole24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.A. optimisticB. anxiousC. uncertainD. scared25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.A. enhancedB. revisedC. alternatedD. modified26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.A. arisen fromB. contributed toC. patched upD. participated in27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.A. resignedB. compromisedC. persistedD. dominated28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural.A. inclinedB. struggledC. arguedD. competed29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.A. on occasionB. at presentC. by nowD. for sure30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims' families.A. brieflyB. quicklyC. accuratelyD. earnestlySection B (0.5 point each)31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.A. neighborhoodsB. communitiesC. clustersD. assemblies32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.A. composeB. imposeC. exposeD. pose33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.A. energeticB. vigorousC. rigorousD. grave34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________.A. presentationB. instructionC. convictionD. obligation35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.A. incomprehensibleB. incomparableC. inconceivableD. incompatible36. As __________ China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A. in the light ofB. in the event ofC. in the case ofD. in the course of37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.A. end upB. take upC. put upD. turn up38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father’s.A. stood up toB. walked up toC. lived up toD. added up to39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.A. assumeB. anticipateC. assureD. wonder40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grant approvals.A. manipulateB. adjustC. regulateD. managePART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorter co-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study. "Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Florida professor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with a few 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height is something essential required for job 43 ," Judge points out.Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followed thousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work and personal lives. "If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talking about literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall person enjoys," Judge said.Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such as sales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Other people may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving theman edge in negotiating states, he says.The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary 49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.A. makes outA. casesA. performanceA. onA. deficiencyA. imaginationA. relativeA. stateA. originsA. a time inB. works inB. exceptionsB. operationB. withB. advantageB. decisionB. absoluteB. statusB. sourcesB. a hold onC. takes onC. examplesC. conditionC. overC. lossC. judgeC. objectiveC. situationC. coursesC. a work atD. matters forD. problemsD. environmentD. toD. necessityD. evaluationD. initiativeD. statueD. organizationsD. a sign ofPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage OneAt the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The university put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as much time studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper."It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃) in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writings off the Internet without attributing them.Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they're going to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the next step," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn't do."Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail deviceB. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmatesC. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision systemD. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.A. should be severely punished for their dishonestyB. didn't have much time to study before the examC. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enoughD. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.A. use many high-tech devicesB. cut off Internet access on campusC. turn to the oral exanimation formsD. cut off the use of high-tech devices54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheatingB. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writingC. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinationsD. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.A. Cheating Has Gone High-techB. Game of Cat and MouseC. A New Examination-supervision SystemD. Measures to Fight Against DishonestyPassage TwoTop marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for a particular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinical physiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold. "Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor of sports science at Britain's Brunel University.Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sports development department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique. "In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital."Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program, which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but also for "performance genes."57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' successB. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' successC. genes are more important for sportspersons' successD. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.A. environment can help determine people's body shapeB. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shapeC. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sportsD. identical twins may have different genes for different sports59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for a sportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?A. The physical strength.B. The right training conditions.C. The talent for the sports.D. The endurance for pains.60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.A. she had the talent for rowingB. her body shape was right for a rowerC. she had the performance genesD. she was a skillful rower61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .A. the most wealthyB. the most skilledC. the most industriousD. the most intelligent62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.A. the best body shapes and an iron purposeB. the extremes of the right physique and strong willsC. the right psychological conditions and sports talentsD. the right physique and genes for sportsPassage ThreeFor years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming that science of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitable corporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any other company from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobil needs to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change. But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that which maintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's its strategy?The website , using data found in the company's official documents, lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely with those that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that the science is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, and if governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering the global economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled "junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On the whole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such as the discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They will continue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, John Christy, the author of thetroposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figures were incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by many of these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of the climate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. By dominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years in which urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seeding doubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justified the money their sponsors have spent on them many times over. 63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish their position on climate change'?A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?A. Reasonable.B. Fake.C. Limitless.D. Inconsistent.65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.A. how closely these organizations work with scientistsB. how these organizations select scientific findings for their own purposeC. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveriesD. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.A. have lived up to their promisesB. have almost caused worldwide chaosC. have failed to achieve their original goalD. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandalsB. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate changeC. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warmingD. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?A. Factual.B. Praiseful.C. Biased.D. Encouraging.Passage FourWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn't prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. "From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviour switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at the moment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car."69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.A. is possible to live a longer healthy and lifeB. humans can live as long as scientists predictC. living longer is still considered a good ideaD. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.A. gave an optimistic predictionB. showed an unclear futureC. led to a pessimistic perceptionD. turned out to be a mixed blessing71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have workedB. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animalC. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior72. Richardson believes that_________.A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageingB. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageingC. stopping ageing is a dream that may come trueD. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________.A. quality life is out of reach for most peopleB. quality life can slow down the process of agingC. how long one can live depends on the genes one carriesD. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.74. The most suitable title for the passage is “___________”.A. Problems of An Ageing SocietyB. Health Care for the ElderlyC. Eating Healthier, Living LongerD.The Future of Old AgePassage FiveIn dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd ("Look up! The ceiling is falling!") to divert their attention. If they still don't stop and you can't separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?A. To please the students.B. To surprise the students.C. To get the students' attention.D. To distract the students' attention.76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior?A. Respond calmly but finny.B. Tell the student's parents immediately.C. Ask other students for help to stop the action.D. Have the student go to see the principal.77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?A. Use physical restraint.B. Give the student a time out.C. Point at the student or make threats.D. Talk with the student privately.78. What does the word "'punitively" (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?A. Surprisingly.B. Depressingly.C. Involving persuasion.D. Involving punishment.79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student?A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit.B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again.C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior.D. Persuade the student to open up to you.80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Problems in Classrooms.B. Dealing with Student Aggression.C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms.D. Settling a Student Fight.PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today - the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out. Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。
999999东南大学2004英美文学与翻译
东南大学2004年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题English and American Literature Part: (90%)Ⅰ. Identify the authorship and genre of the following works: (20%)1. Of Mice and Man2. Moby Dick4, Desire Under the Elms5. The Importance of Being Earnest6. Howl7. Pygmalion8. Finnegans Wake9. The White Peacock10. Where Angels Fear to TreadⅡ. Name two works by each of the following authors: (I0%)I. Charles Dickens2. Doris Lessing3. Virginia Woolf4. Toni Morrison5. Ernest Hemingway6. T. S. Eliot7. William Wordsworth8. Robert Frost9. William Faulkner10. Jane AustenⅢ. Choose from the given choices the one that best suits the statement: (1% × 15=15%)1. In the early stage of the Renaissance, and poetic drama were the most outstandingliterary forms.a. biographyb. fictionc. essayd. poetry2. Milton’s masterpiece and the greatest English epic is.a. Paradise Lostb. Paradise Regainedc. Samson Agonistesd. The Faerie Queene3. has been regarded as "Father of the English Novel."a. Swiftb. Defoec. Sheridand. Milton4. , Byron’s masterpiece, is a poem based on a traditional Spanish legend of a great lover and seducer of women.a. Cainb. Oriented Talesc. Don Juand. The Prisoner of Chillon5. Which of the following is not a novel by Jane Austen?a. Pride and Prejudiceb. Sense and Sensibilityc. Northanger Abbeyd. Jane Eyre6. “She stiffened a little on the kerb, waiting for Durtnall’s van to pass. A Charming woman, Scrope Purvis thought her (knowing her as one does know people who live next door to one in Westminster); a touch of the bird about her, of the jay, blue-green, light, vivacious, though she was over fifty, and grown very white since her illness. There she perched, never seeing him, waiting to cross, very, upright.”The above paragraph may be taken froma. Sons and Loversb. Blissc. Ulyssesd. Mrs. Dalloway7. Which of the following is not a novel by Mark Twain?a. The Gilded Ageb. The Adventure of Tom Sawyerc. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finnd. The Leaning Tower8. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.”The above two lines a re most probably taken from a poem bya. Ezra Poundb. Robert Frostc. Sylvia Plathd. Walt Whitman9. “Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral!”The above lines are most probably taken from .a. Ode on a Grecian Urnb. Ode to the West Windc. Ode to Libertyd. Ode to Nightingale10. “Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay,Lulled by the coil of his crystalline streams”Who does the poet refer to by saying "his summer dreams" in the first line?a. The poet himselfb. The west windc. The Mediterraneand. England11. is a typical feat ure of Swift’s writings.a. Bitter satireb. Elegant stylec. Casual narrationd. Psycho-analysis12. “My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend tobe anything extraordinary, now. When a woman has five gown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty.”The above passage is taken froma. Jane Eyreb. Wuthering Heightsc. Pride and Prejudiced. A Portrait of a Lady’s13. Mark Twain was the pseudonym of .a. Samuel Langhome Clemensb. William Sydney Porterc. Cutter Belld. Wallace Stevens14. The name of Robert Browning is often associated with the term .a. critical realismb. blank versec. oded. dramatic monologue15. has been regarded as the forerunner of the English modem poetry.a. Ezra Poundb. T.S. Eliotc. William Butler Yeatsd. Philip LarkinIV. Define the following terms: (5% x3- 15%)1. Metaphysical poetry2. Stream-of-Consciousness3. Black HumorV. Answer the following questions: (5% 12=10%)I. What is the symbolic meaning of “the west wind” in Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Ode to theWest Wind”?2. In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?1. When You Are Old by William Butler YeatsWhen you are old and grey and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read, and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false and true,But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.2. (Excerpts from "The Decay of Friendship" by Dr. Samuel Johnson)3. (Excepts from Heat of Darkness by Joseph Conrad)Part Two Translation (60)Note: Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.I. Translate the following into Chinese: ( 30 )II. Translate the following into English:(30)1.平则门外，有一道护城河。
东南大学2007年基础英语考研真题
2007年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目：基础英语Part 1 Multiple Choice (10points)Directions: beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. choose the best completes the sentences. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.1.Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially _______ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.a. oneb. the onec. thatd. such2.He is not such a man ________ would leave his work half done.a. thatb. whichc. whatd. as3. Once they had fame, fortune, secure futures; __________ is utter poverty.a. now that all is leftb. now all that is leftc. now all which is leftd. now all what is left4. __________ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.a. So clever are the construction robotsb. So clever the construction robots arec. Such more on efficiencyd. Such clever construction robots are5. Some companies have introduced flexible working hours with less emphasis on pressure ___.a. than more on efficiencyb. and more efficiencyc. and more on efficiencyd. than efficiency6. Staying in a hotel costs _______ a room in a dormitory for a week.a. twice more than to rentb. as much twice as rentingc. twice as much as rentingd. as much as twice to rent7. I will overlook ________ so rude to my sister this time but don’t let it happen again.a. you to beb. your beingc. you to have beend. you having been8. It is no use ________. She is always too strong-headed.a. you try to persuade herb. for your trying to persuade herc. to try to persuade herd. your trying to persuade her9. In the southwestern pat of the United States, ________ built in the last century.a. there are many abandoned mining townsb. where there are many abandoned mining townsc. are many abandoned mining townsd. many abandoned mining towns are10. _________ that you were out, I wouldn’t have bothered to come all this way at that time ofnight.a. Should I knowb. Had I knownc. Did I knowd. Were I to know Part II. Reading Comprehension (60 points)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading passage 1 below.Personal Time ManagementSince the early work of Halberg, the existence of human “circadian rhythms” has been well known to biologists and psychologists. Circadian rhythms dictate that there are certain times of theday when we are at our best both physically and psychologically. At its simplest, the majority of us feel most alive and creative in the mornings, while come the evenings we are fit only for collapsing with a good book or in front of the television. Others of us note that in the morning we take a great deal of time to get going physically and mentally, but by the evening are full of energy and bright ideas, while a very few of us feel most alert and vigorous in the late afternoon.Irrespective of our personal rhythms, most of us have a productive period between 10 a.m. and noon, when the stomach, pancreas, spleen and heart all appear to be in their most active phases. Conversely, the majority of us experience a low period in the hour or two after lunch (a time when people in some societies sensibly take a rest), as most of our energy is devoted to the process of digestion. The simple rules here are: don’t waste too much prime time having a coffee break around 11 a.m. when you should be doing some of your best work, and don’t make the after lunch period even less productive by overloading your digestion. A short coffee or tea break is, in fact, best taken on arrival at the office, when it helps us start the day in a positive mood, rather than mid-morning when it interrupts the flow of our activities. Lunch is best taken early, when we are just beginning to feel hungry, and we are likely to eat less than if we leave it until later. An early lunch also means that we can get back into our productive stride earlier in the afternoon.Changes in one’s attitude can also enhance personal time management. For example, the notion of proaction is eminently preferable to reaction. To proact means to anticipate events and be in a position to take appropriate action as soon as the right moment arrives. To react, on the other hand, means to have little anticipation and do something only when events force you to do so. Proactors tend to be the people who are always one step ahead of other people, who always seem to be in the right place at the right time, and who are always better informed than anyone else. Many of us like an easy life, and so we tend to be reactors. This means that we aren’t alert the challenges and opportunities coming our way, with the consequence that challenges bother us or opportunities pass us by before we’re even properly aware they’re upon us. We can train ourselves in proaction by regularly taking the time to sit down and appraise the likely immediate future, just as we sit down and review the immediate past.Psychologists recognize that we differ in the way in which ewe characteristically attribute responsibility for the various things that happen to us in life. One of the ways in which we do this is known as locus of control (Weiner, 1979), which refers to assigning responsibility. At its simplest, some individuals have a predominantly external locus of control, attributing responsibility to outside causes (for example, the faults of others or the help given by them), while with other individuals the locus of control is predominantly internal, in which responsibility is attributed to oneself (for example, one’s own abilities or lack of them, hard work, etc.) However, the picture usually isn’t as simple as this. Many people’s locus of control is more likely to be specific to a particular situation, for example internal in certain areas, such as their social lives, and external in others, such as their working lives. Or, to take another example, they may attribute certain kinds of results to themselves, such as their successes, and certain kinds of results to other people, such as their failures. Obviously the best kind of locus of control is one that is realistic and able to attribute every effect to its appropriate cause, and this is particularly important when is comes to time management. Certainly, there are occasions when other people are more responsible for our time loss that we are, but for most of us, and for most of the time, the blame must fall fairly and squarely upon ourselves.Question1-6Choose ONE phrase (A-J) from the list in the box below to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-J) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of points make by the writer.N.B. there are more phrases (A-J) than sentences, so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.Time management---key points1. A proactive person ……2. A reactive person ……3.Circadian rhythms ……4.The idea is that the best time to work ……5. A minority of people ……6.Most of us ……List of phrasesQuestions 7-13Complete the senten ces below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. “Personal Time Management”. Use NO MORE THAN THEREE WORDS for each answer.Write your answers in box 7-13 on your answer sheet.7.Our circadian rhythms influence our ___________ performance.8.We are more likely to be ____________ in the afternoon if we have an early lunch.9. A person who reacts tends not to see __________ when they are approaching.10.A assessing the immediate future aids us in becoming ___________.11.A person with a mainly ___________ of control would likely direct blame toward himself.12.A person with a mainly ___________ of control would likely direct failure toward others.13.A person with a healthy and ____________ of control would attribute a result, whethernegative or positive, to appropriate causes.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Future of the Grizzly BearA Grizzly bears (Ursus Arctos) are distributed around the Northern Hemisphere, but their major habitat is North America. There are only about 58,000 left, more than half in Alaska. There were more than twice that number living in the rest of the continent two centuries age, but by 1975 these had been reduced to fewer than 1,000, and listed as a threatened species. However, numbers in some areas appear to have stabilized and may be rebounding slightly, bringing the total to about 1,100.B Apart from not being killed, the bears’ main requirements are lots of room and lots of food. Their diet is very varied and they devour almost any source of nutrition, as they have to live on stored-up body fat for nearly half a year while hibernating in a den. So they are not fussy eaters. Salmon, which they catch with great skill in roaring rivers, is a favorite, but grizzlies also eat elk and other deer, hornet larva, roots and bulbs, gophers, horses and horse fodder, and even clams dug up on beaches.C over the winter, a large grizzly can lose 150 pounds, which needs to be replaced. Size and body fat affect how many cubs a female produces. For males, getting big means competing more successfully for mates. Observers have calculated that a grizzly can eat 2,500 moths an hour, and 40,000 a day. A month of such steady feasting could fulfill nearly half a bear’s energy requirements for a year.D Although hunting decimated the grizzly population in the past, sharp curbs have been put on both commercial and sport hunting in North America’s wilderness areas. A bigger problem for the grizzlies is the restriction of their habitats by road building, both highways and logging roads in forests. A female grizzly will ram in an area 50 to 300 square miles, while a male grizzly can forage in territory of up to 1,000 square miles. The bears will seldom cross a highway, no matter how unfrequented, and so local governments have erected special “wildlife overpasses”to encourage them to continue their normal wanderings.E Grizzlies perform a useful service for the well-being of the ecological environment, according to scientists. As they dig in the ground, their claws turn over the soil, releasing scarce nitrogen and allowing wild seeds to lodge. Vegetation such as glacier lilies grow better and produces more seeds in swaths dug by bears. The bears, too, can eat and spread seeds from as many as 70,000 berries a day. In the coastal forests of the west coasts of the U.S. and Canada, where the rivers are rich in salmon, it is grizzlies which make possible the growth of what ecologists call “salmon tree”. As the fish fight their way upstream, transporting tons of nutrients harvest from the oceans, grizzlies carry that bounty across the forest floor in the form of urine, feces and left-over fish carcasses. These nutrients, together with the nitrogen that the grizzlies scratch up from the soil, enable the “salmon trees” to grow 60 percent faster. Over the centuries, grizzlies have thus helped to produce the temperate rain forests with giant conifers, able to produce more bio-mass per acre than tropical rain forests.F to solve the problem of shrinking grizzly populations, wildlife managers are beginning to look beyond the traditional borders of the national parks. The Yellowstone to Yukon (Y2Y) Conservation Initiative is a joint effort by more than 200 U.S. and Canadian organizations. It aims to connect all the wild areas along the Rocky Mountains chain. Indeed, some scientists think that the long-term survival of isolated grizzly populations may well depend on the creation of suchlinkage zones, narrow strips of bear-friendly habitats that would restore connections between these endangered animals in North America.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs A-F. Which paragraphs contain the following information? Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.NB There are more paragraphs than summaries, so you will not include them all.14.U.S. and Canadian efforts may ensure the survival of the grizzlies.15.The present situation of the grizzly population.16.The grizzlies are an important component of the ecosystem.17.Grizzlies eat a wide range of foods.Questions 18-22Choose the appropriate letter A-D, and write them in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.18.Most grizzlies live in …a.The Northern Hemisphere.b.Ursus Arctos.c.Alaska.d.North America.19.To help solve the problem of encroachment on grizzlies’ habitats, …a.curbs have been put on hunting.b.“wildlife overpasses” have been erected.c.Roads are no longer built in forests.d.Highways are more frequented.20.Grizzlies eat whatever nutrition they can find because …a.they are not fussy eaters.b.They particularly like salmon.c.They only need to eat steadily for a month.d.They have to live on store-up body fat for nearly half a year.21.Grizzlies assist the growth of vegetation by …a.spreading seeds.b.Catching salmon.c.Eating moths.d.Refusing to cross highways.22.The function of the linkage zones is to …a.promote Canada-U.S. cooperation.b.Expand the area of Yellowstone National Park.c.Restore connections between grizzly habitats.d.Expand the horizons of wildlife managers.Questions 23-26Complete the following statements using words or phrases from the box below.NB There are more words and phrases than statements, so you will not use them all.23.By 1975, the grizzly had become …24.Size and body fat can determine the number of …25.Trees fertilized by fish remains are called …26.Y2Y will follow the …READING PASSAGE 3When Did Man and the Apes Part Company?A Even people who accept the fact that man is just another type of animal still believe that we are special because we are the only animal of which there is only one species; all other animals exist in several-sometimes hundreds of –species. But scientists have long known that the evolution of a successful animal species almost always involves trial and error, false starts and failed experiments. The human race is no exception. At just about any given moment in prehistory, our family tree included several species of hominids---erect, upright-walking primates. All were competitors in an evolutionary struggle from which only one would ultimately emerge. While we would find it bizarre to share the world with another human species, the fact that we have been alone since the Neanderthals vanished some 30,000 years ago is an evolutionary aberration.B Experts have identified several key transitions in our evolutionary chronicle. The first, which took place around the time we diverged from the apes, between six million and four million years ago, was the development of bipedalism---two-legged walking rather than locomotion using the arms, legs and tail, which characterizes the monkeys. The second, which occurred perhaps 2.5 million years ago, was the invention of tool-making-the purposeful crafting of stone implements rather than just picking up handy rocks. This led to the transition to meat eating, as tools made it easier to kill and slice up game. Then, sometime between two million and one million years ago, came the dramatic growth of the brain and our ancestors’ first emergence from Africa. Finally, just a few tens of thousands of years ago, our own species learned to use that powerful organ for abstract thought, which quickly led to art, music, language and all the other skills that have enthroned humans as the unchallenged rulers of their planet.C Scientists have calculated that the great apes and hominids branched from a common ancestor between six million and four million years ago. The technique the experts used was to measure the differences between human and chimpanzee DNA, then averaging the rate of genetic change over time and counting backwards. This, however, remained speculation until the mid-1990s, because it was only then that actual fossils of hominids dating to the period of the split were discovered, in Ethiopia and Kenya. Teams working in these countries announced that they had each found a new species of hominid, and both discoveries smashed the four-million-year barrier. All told, the scientists excavated the bones and teeth of 17 individuals. Given their age, no one was surprised that they showed a mix of chimpanzee-like and human traits. But the finds clearly show that these creatures were hominids and not apes, as they display evidence of the first two primary advances that mark the emergence of man from the animal kingdom.D Palaeoanthropologists identify bipedalism as the first significant modification separating humans from the great apes. Our ancestors learned to walk upright long before they acquired other human traits. Bipedalism gave them enormous advantages over other species. Standing and walking upright enabled them to scan the horizon for enemies and animals to prey on. It exposed less body surface to the scorching equatorial sun--- and more to the cooling wind. In addition, it freed the hands for carrying food and tools.E Animal bones dating from the same period show signs of giving been butchered with stone implements. Cut marks on one jawbone show that the hominids had used a sharp stone flake toremove the animal’s tongue. The leg bone of another animal is scarred by cuts, chop marks and signs of hammering, evidence that it was scraped clean of meat and bashed open to expose the nutritious marrow. This is not just tool use: it is the dawn of technology. Rather than just use sticks and stones as levers and hammers--- something done by plenty of animals, from chimps to otters to finches--- someone had deliberately selected and modified specific raw materials in a sophisticated and consistent way, and with careful intent.F Several species of hominid have been found who seem to have been both bipedal and toolmaking. Why did they die out, instead of evolving together with our own species, homo sapiens? The answer would seem to be that homo sapiens was capable of symbolic thought. This enabled our ancestors to develop language and art. Thus they could share thoughts, feelings and ideas. This enabled them to cooperate socially more efficiently than other species, rapid innovation became a way of life.G The domination of the world by homo sapiens has decreed that no other human species is ever likely to emerge. During prehistory, only the fittest individuals and species survived to reproduce. Now, strong and weak alike gave access to food, shelter and medicine. After millions of years, evolution by natural selection, operating blindly and randomly, has produced a creature capable of overturning evolution itself.Questions 27-30Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs A-G. From the list of headings below choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs B-E. Write the appropriate number (i-viii) in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all.27.Paragraph B28.Paragraph C29.Paragraph D30.Paragraph EQuestions 31-34In the context of the passage, for each of the following writeH if it is only applicable to humansA if it is only applicable to apesB if it applies to both humans and apes31. Capable of symbolic thought32. Capable of using tools33. Normally walks on two legs34. Exists in only one speciesQuestions 35-40Complete the following statements using words or phrases from the box below.NB There are more words and phrases than statements, so you will not sue them all.35. The fact that no human species other than homo sapiens has survived is an ……36. The approximate date when apes and man diverged from a common ancestor was achieved by measuring ……37. All species of hominids fall into the category of ……38. One factor that enabled homo sapiens to triumph over all other hominid species was his development of ……39. Man evolved through several stages away from the ……40. The evolution of a viable animal species tends to involve ……Section A (15 points)Reading the following text carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on your answer sheet.He was a Canadian, an attorney, he said, still practicing in Winnipeg. But he’d been spending Aprils in Gatlinburg for almost 50 years. He and his wife would come with their son and daughter and explore the mountains on horseback, getting to know every scenic vantage point of Mount Le Conte, every turn in the bumbling Little Pigeon River. After the son Rad died and after the daughter was grown. Mr.B and his wife had kept up their visits. And he still continued to make the annual trek even though his wife had died three years ago. The mountains and the valley were touchstones for him, sites of pleasant memories that were revived with each visit. “I’ve had v love of my own”, he said, his eyes misting. He asked detailed questions about our wedding and told us in detail of his own, some 60 year earlier. During brief periods when a conversational lapse threatened, he softly hummed “Hello, Young Lovers”, the song from The King and I. that night he sat alone during dinner, careful, he later told us, not to “get in love’s way”. But he glanced often in our direction, and we know he was not alone; he was deep in reverie, dining with his own true love.Section B. (15 points)Read the following text carefully and then translate it into English. Write your translation on your answer sheet.新中国宣告了中国妇女在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面均享有与男子平等的权利，她们和全体中国公民一样成为国家与社会的主人。
研究生英语学位课统考(GET)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
研究生英语学位课统考（GET）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.B．Paragraph 2.C．Paragraph 3.D．Paragraph 4.正确答案：C解析：文章第三段最后两句都是在讲“the destruction done by oil companies”，故选C项。
TRANSLATIONSection A Put the following paragraph into Chinese.61．The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No. 1 health problem in the U.S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don’t know how to distinguish between health and illness. We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.正确答案：一所医学院的工作人员历时十二年形成了这样的大致印象：如今美国的头号健康问题是美国人分不清健康与疾病。
这种症状比艾滋病或癌症更为严重。
我们担心会染上重病，设想自己得了重病，因此就真的染上了重病。
东南大学1999年英语专业课考研真题试卷
东南大学1999年英语专业课考研真题试卷PART I STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARYDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter. (25points)1. We shall have an opportunity to exchange _____ tomorrow.A. sightsB. meaningsC. viewsD. minds2. A man’s _____ lessens as he grows old.A. lifeB. effortC. temperD. vigor3. Will you _____ my clothes while I go for a swim?A.. watchB. noticeC. intendD. attend4. This room _____ 10 meters across.A. broadensB. measuresC. averagesD. lengthens5. Many birds _____ the island during the summer months.A. settleB. removeC. joinD. visit6. Nothing that I can see _____ what you have described.A. comparesB. resemblesC. relatesD. consists7. Now the income of the family was _____ more than one-third.A. returned toB. dropped offC. reached forD. cut down8. How far was he _____ for what had happened?A. reliableB. respectiveC. responsibleD. provided9.George took _____ of the fine weather to do a day’s work in his garden..A. advantage B. interest C. profit D. charge10.Richard _____ that his pen must have fallen from his pocket as he was runningfor the bus.A. consentedB. concludedC. contendedD. contested11.He ____ the key on the table.14.A. left B. lost C. remained D. brought up12.You have to act ____ if you are to save his life.A. rightlyB. immenselyC. immediatelyD. firstlyrry was so ____ in his novel that he forgot about his dinner cooking in theoven.A. absorbedB. drawnC. attractedD. obliged14.Her parents insisted that she ____ until she finished her degree.A. stayedB. stayC. staysD. would stay15.Watch your steps, _____ you might fall into the water.A. orB. andC. unlessD. but16.Ford proposed a system _____ each worker would have a special job to do.A.thatB. in whichC. whichD. at which17. This office ____ licenses for motor cars.A. furnishes withB. provides forC. deals inD. deals with18. The Americans and the British not only speak the same language butalso_____a largenumber of social customs.A. joinB. takeC. shareD. makeI9. I _____ swimming until Father returned.A. wentB. didn’t goC. hadn’t goneD. would go20._____ great was the destruction that the South took decades to recover.A. VeryB. TooC. SuchD. So21._____ the West End of London, the East End is a slum district where mostlythe working people live.A. By contrastB. By contrast toC. In contrastD. In contrast to22.The students _____ their thanks to Professor Davis by presenting him with aparting gift.A. revealedB. expressedC. showedD. said23. I _____ you to go to the Department of Education to ask for informationabout it.A. advertiseB. announceC. noticeD. advise24._____ the sea is rich with life, the most part of it is not nearly asproductive as the land.A. BecauseB. AlthoughC. AsD. When25. I remember my grandfather _____ me to the mountains when I was about 5 yearsof age.A. takingB. to takeC. takeD. had takenPART II CLOZEDirections: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices A, B, C and D. You should choose the answer that best fits into the passage, and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. (15 points)In recent years television has become the most popular form of entertainment. __1__ does not look as if it will be __2__ popular in the world of the future. In fact, it looks as __3__ television will become more popular __4__ ever. New systems of television have been made possibleby the __5__ of the laser. A laser is a beam of light__6__ has many strange qualities. By using a laser, it is possible to __7__ very large and very clear television pictures __8__ to a screen. These pictures __9__ as large as three meters __10__ three meters. Many people could__11__ this kind of television together.Laser beams have also __12__ very thin television sets possible. These sets can __13__ on the wall of a room. Another __14__ in the future will be three dimensional television; the picture will look more “real” __15__ it will have depth as well as height and strength.1. A. It B. That C. This D. Which2. A. few B. less C. much D. more3. A. if B. more C. so D. far4. A. for B. as C. than D. then5. A. illustration B. founding C. formatting D. discovery6. A. what B. that C. it D. as7. A. observe B. watch C. pick D. throw8. A. on B. near C. over D. in9. A. such B. about C. maybe D. may be10. A. for B. plus C. time D. by11. A. buy B. watch C. carry D. choose12. A. created B. manufactured C. made D. produced13. A. hung B. design C. hold D. devise14. A. resolution B. development C. encouragement D. condition15. A. while B. though C. because D. thereforePART III READING COMPREHENSIONDirections: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some question or unfinished statements. Each of them is given 4 suggested answers A, B, C and. You should choose the ONE best answer and mark the corresponding letter on he Answer Sheet.(30 points)(1)There are two types of people in the world. Although they have equal degrees of health and wealth and the other comforts of life, one becomes happy, the other becomes miserable. This arises form the different ways in which they consider things, persons, and events, and the resulting effects upon their minds. The people who are to be happy fix their attention on the conveniences of things, the pleasant parts of conversation, the well-prepared dishes, the goodness of the wines, the fine weather. They enjoy all the cheerful things. Those who are to be unhappy think and speak only of the contrarythings. Therefore, they are continually discontented. By their remarks, they sour the pleasures of society, offend many people and make themselves disagreeable everywhere.If this turn of mind were founded in nature, such unhappy persons would be the more to be pitied. The tendency to criticize and be disgusted is perhaps taken up originally by imitation (模仿). It grows into a habit, unknown toits possessors. The habit may be strong, but it may be cured when those who have it are convinced of its bad effects on their interests and tastes. I hope this little warning may be of service to them, and help them change this habit. Although in fact it is chiefly an act of the imagination, it has serious consequences in life, sinceit brings on deep sorrow and bad luck. Those peopleoffend many others, nobody loves them, and no one treats them with more than the most common politeness and respect, and scarcely that. This frequently puts them in bad temper and draws them into arguments. If they aim at obtaining some advantage in rank or fortune, nobodywishes them success. Nor will anyone stir a step or speak a word to favor their hopes. If they bring on themselves public disapproval, no one will defend or excuse them,and many will join to criticize their misconduct. These people should change this bad habit and condescend (俯就) to be pleased with what is pleasing, without worrying needlessly about themselves and others. If they do not,it will be good for others to avoid any contact with them. Otherwise, it can be disagreeable and sometimes veryinconvenient, especially when one becomes mixed up in their quarrels.1. People who are unhappyA. always consider things differently from others.B. usually are influenced by the results of certain things.C.can discover the unpleasant part of certain things.ually have a fault-finding habit.2. The phrase “sour the pleasures of society” most nearly meansA.“have a good taste to the pleasures of society”.B.“aren’t content with the pleasures of society”.C.“feel happy with the pleasures of society”.D.“enjoy the pleasures of society”3. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A.We should pity all such unhappy people.B.Such unhappy people are critical about everything.C.If such unhappy people recognize the bad effects of the habit on themselvesthey may get rid of it.D. Such unhappy people are also not content with themselves.4. “scarcely that” meansA. “just like that”.B. “almost not like that”.C. “more than that”.D. “not at all like that”.5. If such unhappy persons don’t change their bad behavior, the author’s solution to the problem is thatA.people should avoid contact with them.B.people should criticize their misconduct.C.people should help them recognize the bad effects of the habit.D.people should show no respect and politeness to them.(2)Shopping for clothes is not the same experience for a man as it is for a woman. A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in advance. He knows what he wants and his objective is to find it and buy it; the price is a secondary consideration. All men simply walk into a shop and ask the assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock, the salesman promptly produces it and the businessof trying it on proceeds at once. All being well, the deal can be and often is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat and to everyone’s satisfaction. For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants, or does not have exactly what he wants. In that case the salesman, as the name implies, tries to sell the customer something else. He offers the nearest he can to the article required. No good salesman brings out such a substitute bluntly; he does so with skill and polish: “I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size? It happens to be the color you ment ioned.” Few men have patience with this treatment, and the usual response is : “This is the right color and may be the right size, but I should be wasting my time and yours by trying it on.”Now how does a woman go about buying clothes? In almost every respect she does so in the opposite way. Her shopping is not often based on need. She has never fully made up her mind what she wants, and she is only “having a look round.” She is always open to persuasion; indeed she sets great store by what the sales woman tells her, even by what companions tell her. She will try on any number of things. Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her. Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent sense of valve when they buy clothes. They are always on the lookout for the unexpected bargain. Faced with aroomful of dresses, a woman may easily spend an hour going form one rail to another, to and fro, often retracing her steps, before selecting the dresses she wants to try on. It is a laborious process, but apparently an enjoyable one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting husbands.6. When a man is buying clothes,A.he buys cheap things, regardless of quality.B.he chooses things that others recommend.C.he does not mind how much he has to pay for the right things.D.he buys good quality things, so long as they are not too expensive.7. What does a man do when he cannot get exactly what he wants?A. He buys similar things of the color he wants.B.He usually does not buy anything.C.At least two of his requirements must be met before he buys.D.So long as the style is right, he buys the thing.8. In commerce a good salesman is one whoA. treats his customers sharply.B.always has in stock just what you want.C.does not waste his time on difficult customers.D.sells something a customer does particularly want.9. What does the passage tell us about women shoppers.A.They welcome suggestions from anyone.B.Women rarely consider buying cheap clothes.C.Women often buy things without giving the matter proper thought.D.They listen to advice but never take it.10.What is the most obvious difference between men and women shoppers?A.The fact that men do not try clothes on in a shop.B.Women bargain for their clothes, but men do not.C.Women stand up to shop, but men sit down.D.The time they take over buying clothes.(3)The free enterprise has produced a technology capable of providing the American consumer with the largest and most varied marketplace in the world. Technological advances, however, have come hand-in-hand with impersonal mass marketing of goods and services. Along with progress, too, have come some instances of manipulative advertising practices and a great increase of products whose reliability, safety and quality are difficult to evaluate.Today's consumers buy, enjoy, use and discard more types of goods than could possibly have been imagined even a few years ago. Yet too often consumers have no idea of the materials that have gone into the manufacturer's finished product or their own motivation in selecting one product over another.Easy credit and forceful techniques of modern marketing persuade many consumers to buy what they cannot afford. The consequent overburdening of family budgets is a problem for consumers at all economic levels. It is not unusual for families to allocate 20 percent or more of their income to debt repayments without understanding the effect this allocation has upon other choices. Some families have such tight budgets that an illness, a period of unemployment, or some other crisis finds them without adequate reserves.In addition to the growing complexity of the market, consumers are sometimes faced with unfair and deceptive practices. Although there are laws designed to protect the consumers, there is not a sufficient number of law enforcers to cover all the abuses of the marketplace.An adult in today's society should be knowledgeable in the use of credit. Heshould understand what is involved in purchasing a house, and the many pitfalls to be avoided when entering into financial agreements. He should know enough about advertising and selling techniques to enable him todiscern the honest from the deceptive. He should be knowledgeable about consumer protection laws so that he can demand his rights. When he needs help, he should know the private and public sources to which he can turn for assistance.11. This passage is concerned mostly withA. the consequences of the free enterprise system inAmerica.B. the difficulty of living on a fixed income.C. innovative techniques in food processing.D.the advances of advertising techniques.12. The author implies thatA. products are more expensive in theU.S.than anywhere else.B. credit cards are often used illegally.C. products very often do not perform as advertised.D. most Americans like to buy what they cannot afford.13. Consumers often do not knowA. the brand names of products they buy regularly.B. why they purchase certain products.C. the current interest rates on savings accounts.D. where to buy cheaper things.14. The author warns the reader to be cautious whenA. buying items on sale.B. buying items on credit .C. buying items at discount.D. buying items advertised in newswwws.15. The author points out that some familiesA. are unprepared for financial emergencies.B. forget to claim interest charges on their income tax forms.C. spend more money on food than they would like to.D. purchase a house without knowing its true value.PART IV TRANSLATIONDirections: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet. (15 points)（1）The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me. City-born and city-bred, I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasionally visit during the week-end. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always gointo raptures at the mere mention of the country. Though they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of them has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months. Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life. He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living.(2)Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs of a civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion; everything would be in a state of chaos. Only in a sparsely-populated rural community is it possible to disregard it. In ordinary living there can be some tolerance of unpunctuality. The intellectual, who is working on some abstruse problem, has everything coordinated and organized for the matter in hand. He is therefore forgiven, if late for a dinner party. But people are often reproached for unpunctuality when their only fault is cutting things fine.PART V WRITING (15 points)Directions: Word limit 100-150 words.(由研究生院从以下三个作文题目中挑选一题):(1) Should Students Do Part-Time Jobs？(2) What Makes Life Worthwhile？(3) My Father/Mother。
1月研究生学位英语真题附完好参考答案
2007-1PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive for path-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.A. investmentB. resourceC. inspirationD. stimulus22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despite the appalling working conditions.A. bewilderingB. exasperatingC. dismayingD. upsetting23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting and photography.A. all at onceB. by and byC. to some extentD. on the whole24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about the consequences.A. optimisticB. anxiousC. uncertainD. scared25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.A. enhancedB. revisedC. alternatedD. modified26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.A. arisen fromB. contributed toC. patched upD. participated in27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurors prevailed.A. resignedB. compromisedC. persistedD. dominated28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jefferson contended that the country should remain chiefly agricultural.A. inclinedB. struggledC. arguedD. competed29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.A. on occasionB. at presentC. by nowD. for sure30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifying victims' families.A. brieflyB. quicklyC. accuratelyD. earnestlySection B (0.5 point each)31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.A. neighborhoodsB. communitiesC. clustersD. assemblies32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.A. composeB. imposeC. exposeD. pose33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.A. energeticB. vigorousC. rigorousD. grave34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________.A. presentationB. instructionC. convictionD. obligation35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along with each other.A. incomprehensibleB. incomparableC. inconceivableD. incompatible36. As __________ China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthen anti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.A. in the light ofB. in the event ofC. in the case ofD. in the course of37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers than heavy drinkers or those who never drink.A. end upB. take upC. put upD. turn up38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out to be a friend of my father’s.A. stood up toB. walked up toC. lived up toD. added up to39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humans cannot.A. assumeB. anticipateC. assureD. wonder40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grant approvals.A. manipulateB. adjustC. regulateD. managePART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorter co-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study. "Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Florida professor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with a few 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height is something essential required for job 43 ," Judge points out.Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followed thousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work and personal lives. "If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talking about literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall person enjoys," Judge said.Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such as sales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Other people may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving theman edge in negotiating states, he says.The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary 49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.41.42.43.44.45.46.47.48.49.50.A. makes outA. casesA. performanceA. onA. deficiencyA. imaginationA. relativeA. stateA. originsA. a time inB. works inB. exceptionsB. operationB. withB. advantageB. decisionB. absoluteB. statusB. sourcesB. a hold onC. takes onC. examplesC. conditionC. overC. lossC. judgeC. objectiveC. situationC. coursesC. a work atD. matters forD. problemsD. environmentD. toD. necessityD. evaluationD. initiativeD. statueD. organizationsD. a sign ofPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each) Passage OneAt the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his class notes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmate turned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographed test questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. The university put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as much time studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College of Sciences of UNLV.With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. And college officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fight would-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams be taken with pens and paper."It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who just finished his third year at Pepperdine University in California. He had to take his exams on paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism (剽窃) in writing papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writings off the Internet without attributing them.Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of the mindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they're going to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the next step," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure to succeed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn't do."Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat, posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said that they rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teach students not to cheat in the first place.51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail deviceB. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmatesC. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision systemD. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.A. should be severely punished for their dishonestyB. didn't have much time to study before the examC. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enoughD. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.A. use many high-tech devicesB. cut off Internet access on campusC. turn to the oral exanimation formsD. cut off the use of high-tech devices54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheatingB. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writingC. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinationsD. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.A. Cheating Has Gone High-techB. Game of Cat and MouseC. A New Examination-supervision SystemD. Measures to Fight Against DishonestyPassage TwoTop marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs with huge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms and legs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for a particular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinical physiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the case of identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other a powerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketball player. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold. "Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment, medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor of sports science at Britain's Brunel University.Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sports development department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique. "In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, so technique is vital."Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeen years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program, which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One of their first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never picked up an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensive training, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of genetic knowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but also for "performance genes."57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' successB. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' successC. genes are more important for sportspersons' successD. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.A. environment can help determine people's body shapeB. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shapeC. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sportsD. identical twins may have different genes for different sports59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for a sportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?A. The physical strength.B. The right training conditions.C. The talent for the sports.D. The endurance for pains.60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.A. she had the talent for rowingB. her body shape was right for a rowerC. she had the performance genesD. she was a skillful rower61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .A. the most wealthyB. the most skilledC. the most industriousD. the most intelligent62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.A. the best body shapes and an iron purposeB. the extremes of the right physique and strong willsC. the right psychological conditions and sports talentsD. the right physique and genes for sportsPassage ThreeFor years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming that science of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitable corporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any other company from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobil needs to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change. But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that which maintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's its strategy?The website , using data found in the company's official documents, lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely with those that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that the science is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, and if governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering the global economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled "junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On the whole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such as the discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They will continue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, John Christy, the author of thetroposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figures were incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by many of these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of the climate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. By dominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years in which urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seeding doubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justified the money their sponsors have spent on them many times over. 63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish their position on climate change'?A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?A. Reasonable.B. Fake.C. Limitless.D. Inconsistent.65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.A. how closely these organizations work with scientistsB. how these organizations select scientific findings for their own purposeC. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveriesD. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.A. have lived up to their promisesB. have almost caused worldwide chaosC. have failed to achieve their original goalD. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandalsB. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate changeC. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warmingD. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?A. Factual.B. Praiseful.C. Biased.D. Encouraging.Passage FourWhere anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at the turn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21st century. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageing treatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue that living longer is an attractive idea, the rapid increase in the number of years begs a question: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. In the 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for every increased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. What we would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medical science couldn't prevent.But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of a study by researchers at Duke University, who had been following the health of 20,000 people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not only dropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevity research, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and other genetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give people several extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and it will live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to be physiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases. "From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the range of 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch in an animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing are temporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviour switches back.Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at the moment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related to ageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating your greens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep it going for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference between a Rolls-Royce and a cheap car."69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.A. is possible to live a longer healthy and lifeB. humans can live as long as scientists predictC. living longer is still considered a good ideaD. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.A. gave an optimistic predictionB. showed an unclear futureC. led to a pessimistic perceptionD. turned out to be a mixed blessing71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have workedB. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animalC. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eatenD.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior72. Richardson believes that_________.A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageingB. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageingC. stopping ageing is a dream that may come trueD. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________.A. quality life is out of reach for most peopleB. quality life can slow down the process of agingC. how long one can live depends on the genes one carriesD. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.74. The most suitable title for the passage is “___________”.A. Problems of An Ageing SocietyB. Health Care for the ElderlyC. Eating Healthier, Living LongerD.The Future of Old AgePassage FiveIn dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you want to send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom. In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes with his peers.If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice to stop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd ("Look up! The ceiling is falling!") to divert their attention. If they still don't stop and you can't separate them, send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that they move away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After the incident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions of what happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify the parents.Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: use physical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to your verbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow him to express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge his feelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of those actions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating him from the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits a serious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a time out in class or by sending him to the office.Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reacting supportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtful to his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control as he did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up to you, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that you understand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his anger with words rather than with his hands.You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that might fuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with the student he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid future conflicts.75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?A. To please the students.B. To surprise the students.C. To get the students' attention.D. To distract the students' attention.76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior?A. Respond calmly but finny.B. Tell the student's parents immediately.C. Ask other students for help to stop the action.D. Have the student go to see the principal.77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?A. Use physical restraint.B. Give the student a time out.C. Point at the student or make threats.D. Talk with the student privately.78. What does the word "'punitively" (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?A. Surprisingly.B. Depressingly.C. Involving persuasion.D. Involving punishment.79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student?A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit.B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again.C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior.D. Persuade the student to open up to you.80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?A. Problems in Classrooms.B. Dealing with Student Aggression.C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms.D. Settling a Student Fight.PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts different societies and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects people to people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Some cultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacy makes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which, among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world in relation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of the most devastating forces today - the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizations which have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out. Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。
2022年研究生英语学位课统考真题
6月硕士英语学位课统考真题PART ILISTENING COMPREHENSION(25 minutes, 20 points)Section A ( 1 point each)Directions:In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of eachconversation a question will be asked about whatwas said. The conversations and the questions willbe read only once. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking thecorresponding letter with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your machine-scored AnswerSheet.1. A. Beauty has advantages and disadvantages.B. Beauty has different meanings to different people.C. Beauty brings attention and opportunities.D. Beauty comes from action and good qualities.2. A. She is using the book now.B. She may give him a hand.C. She cannot lend him the book.D. She will keep the book for him.3. A. Rachel lives fairly close to her.B. Rachel visits her quite often.C. Rachel comes here once a month.D. Rachel rarely gets to see her.4. A. She forgot about the time change.B. She didn’t receive the text message.C. Her roommate forgot to give her the message.D. Her roommate was too nervous to tell her.5. A. He should have got better grades.B. The test was based on lecture material.C. She misplaced her textbook.D. Small luck plays a big role.6. A. On the 16th of June.B. On the 18th of June.C. On the 9th of June.D. On the 8th of June.7. A. Go to sleep.B. Watch the movie later.C. Change the channel.D. Set the alarm clock.8. A. Wear a formal suit.B. Wear casual clothes.C. Dress up for the party.D. Dress in a costume.9. A. She likes to drink coffee.B. She rarely wakes up early.C. She needs tea to feel alert.D. She always skips breakfast.Section B (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both thetalks and the questions will be read to you only once.After each question, there will be a pause. Duringthe pause, you must choose the best answer fromthe four choices given by marking thecorresponding letter with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your machine-scored AnswerSheet.Mini-talk One10. A. Southern Europe.B. United Arab Emirates.C. North Africa.D. The United States.11. A. The wings.B. The tail.C. The windows.D. The engines.12. A. To change the airplane industry.B. To make a trip in a tiny plane.C. To overcome weather issues.D. To prove the power of new energy sources. Mini-talk Two13. A . Feeling sleepy at work.B. Feeling sad or depressed.C. Feeling unable to think clearly.D. Feeling tired in the morning.14. A Time zone change.B. An extra hour of sleep.C. Travel by air far distances.D. Unmatched work schedule and lifestyle.15. A. Nighttime work is hard on some of the workers.B. Early risers have little improvement in wellbeing.C. A better rest can benefit employers financially.D. Workers report the same level of improvement.Section C (1 point each)Directions: In this section you will hear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about thelecture. You will hear the recording twice. After therecording you are asked to write down your answerson the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds toread the notes below.(请在录音结束后把16-20题旳答案抄写在答题纸上)16. Choose clothing that fits the employer’s ________ (2 words) and keep yourself clean and tidy.17. Leave your house in ________________ (3 words) to arrive atleast 15 minutes early for your interview.18. Firmly __________（2 words), right hand only, even if you’re left-handed.19. If the interviewer seems distracted, lighten the atmosphereby telling an_____________ (3 words) story about your qualifications.20. If you don’t understand a question or statement, ask theinterviewer to_____________ (3 words) it.PART IIVOCABULARY(10 minutes, 10 points )Section A (0.5 point each)Directions:There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phraseunderlined. Below the sentence are four words orphrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word orphrase that is closest in meaning to the underlinedone. Mark the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your machine-scoredAnswer Sheet.21. Digital technology can be used to alleviate the harmfulside effects brought about by farming.A. intensifyB. reduceC. triggerD. convert22. It is believed that any improvement in water efficiencywould be of considerable benefit.A. enormousB. marginalC. potentialD. beneficial23. Materials science is rapidly transforming the way thateverything from cars to light bulbs is made.A. enhancingB. multiplyingC. alteringD. pursuing24. The economy of the United States is probably the envy ofthe world, and its armed forces are unrivalled.A. unmatchedB. ungroundedC. undefinedD. unpurified25. The central government of China has set about boostingthe consumption of greener energy.A. discardedB. demandedC. cancelledD. initiated26. Her voice had a peculiarly engaging quality; it was deep,a little husky, and one always heard the breath vibratingbehind it.A. appealingB. disgustingC. emergingD. painstaking27. Purchase of a second-hand house is a difficult problemthat requires careful assessment.A. predictionB. evaluationC. elaborationD. assimilation28. A number of ingenious techniques are employed to makethe workmanship more delicate.A. recruitedB. hiredC. adoptedD.created29. The business will show a profit in September provided thatsales remain steady all summer.A. as soon asB. on condition thatC. in orderthat D. by the time30. The miners who had been stuck underground for days weretaken to a hospital right away.A. for the time beingB. behind the timesC. attimes D. in no timeSection B (0.5 point each)Directions:There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing.Below each sentence are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrasethat best completes the sentence. Mark thecorresponding letter with a single bar across thesquare brackets on your machine-scored AnswerSheet.31. Some infectious diseases, such as AIDS, take a heavy ______ on human immunity.A. impactB. lossC. tollD. casualty32. Because of poor grammar, some sentences in researchpapers by Chinese students seem ______ to the reviewers.A. incomprehensibleB. inedibleC. inestimableD. irreplaceable33. Almost each college student is equipped with a cell phone,laptop and other electronic______.A. galaxiesB. ornamentsC. utensilsD. gadgets34. Running for president is ______ demanding, emotionally draining, and physically taxing.A. incoherentlyB. intellectuallyC. intimatelyD. invalidly35. The common pattern of human influence on tropicalrainforest is a ______of the habitat into smaller patches.A. incorporationB. expansionC.fragmentation D. collaboration36. State leaders of each generation have to think about howto ______ complicated economic issues.A. adoreB. assembleC. addressD. alienate37. In , Sarkozy threatened to boycott the Olympic Games inBeijing, ______kowtow shortly afterwards by promising never to interfere with China’s affairs.A. only toB. so as toC. as toD. prior to38. New methods of irrigation can reduce water consumptionby roughly 30% _____conventional systems.A. but forB. compared withC. related toD. other than39. As long as you are pursuing your dream, your efforts willeventually ______.A. wear offB. pay offC. ward offD.turn off40. The younger you begin ______, the easier it is to remainphysically active throughout your life.A. setting outB. figuring outC. running outD. working outPART IIICLOZE TEST(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and chooseone suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D foreach blank in the passage. Mark the correspondingletter of the word or phrase you have chosen with asingle bar across the square brackets on yourmachine-scored Answer Sheet.A college education is completely necessary for each of us, but we have to ask what it ___41___ to get into college? High school grades and standardized tests are still the most common measurements. ___42___this information is often considered alongside other sources of information, other indicators of college potential are typically not considered if high school grades and standardized test scores don’t reach a certain ___43___.Even though standardized test scores do predict ___44___ performance and job performance, relying so heavily on these scores is problematic___45___ a number of reasons. For one, studies have found that the SAT is a better predictor of college performance for white students. ___46___ reason is that other key skills are neglected that contribute to life success, defined more ___47___ than merely the capacity for academic learning, including active learning ___48___, natural motivation, social-emotional intelligence, imagination, and creativity.Creativity and imagination are particularly important skills in this century, ___49___how quickly this world is changing. This world needs people who are not only quick learners, but also reflective learners as well as ___50___ of new knowledge.41. A. means B. takes C. seems D. likes42. A. But B. However C. While D. Yet43. A. standard B. destination C. aspect D. perspective44. A. physical B. artistic C. mechanical D. academic45. A. because of B. due to C. for D. owing to46. A. The second B. A second C. Second D. The other47. A. broadly B. narrowly C. usually D. strictly48. A. outcomes B. advantages C. qualificationsD. strategies49. A. concerning B. regarding C. considering D. involving50. A. applicants B. creators C. witnesses D. successorsPART IVREADING COMPREHENSION(45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages.Read each passage carefully, and then do thequestions that follow. Choose the best answer fromthe four choices given and mark the correspondingletter with a single bar across the square bracketson your machine-scored Answer Sheet.Passage OneA year ago, my boss announced that our large New York ad agency would be moving to an open office. After nine years as a senior writer, I was forced to trade in my private office for a seat at a long, shared table. It felt like my boss had ripped off my clothes and left me standing in my underwear.However, about 70 percent of U.S. offices now have no or low partitions. Silicon Valley has been the leader in bringing down the dividers. Google, Yahoo and American Express are all adherents. Facebook designed the largest open floor plan in the world, housing nearly 3,000 engineers.These new floor plans are ideal for maximizing a company’s space while minimizing costs. Bosses love the ability to keep a closer eye on their employees, ensuring movie-watching, constant social media-browsing and unlimited personal cellphone use isn’t occupying billing hours.While employees feel like they’re part of a relaxed, innovative enterprise, the environment ultimately damages workers’ attenti on spans, creativity and satisfaction. Furthermore, a sense of privacy boosts job performance, while the opposite can cause feelings of helplessness. In addition to the distractions, my colleagues and I have beenmore vulnerable to illness. Last flu season took down a succession of my co-workers like dominoes.As the new space intended, I’ve formed interesting, unexpected bonds with my colleagues. But my personal performance at work has hit an all-time low. Each day, my associates and I are seated at a table staring at each other, having an ongoing 12-person conversation from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Those who have worked in private offices for decades have proven to be the most noisy and tough. They haven’t had to consider how their loud habits affect others, so I can only work effectively during times when no one else is around, or if I isolate myself in one of the small, constantly sought-after, glass-windowed meeting rooms.To make the open-office model work, employers have to take measures to improve work efficiency. For one, they should create more private areas —ones without open windows. Also, they should implement rules on when interaction should be limited. And please, let’s eliminate the music that blankets our workspaces. Companies could simply join another trend — allowing employees to work from home. That model boosts productivity, with employees working more hours and taking fewer breaks. There are fewer interruptionswhen employees work remotely. At home, my greatest distraction is the refrigerator.51. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?A. The author enjoyed working in an open office.B. This open-office model has gained popularity.C. Companies are compelled to shift to an open office.D. Google and Yahoo refuse to go along with the trend.52. Large open floor plans can help bosses to______.A. reduce investment in researchB. show movies to workers in the officeC. supervise co-workers’ conversationsD. restrict the use of personal cell phones53. According to Paragraph 4, an open office______.A. can benefit workers’ mental healthB. brings no relaxation to workers at allC. adversely affects productivity and healthD. contributes to better productivity54. It can be concluded from Paragraph 5 that in an open office______.A. fellow workers are likely to spend a long time talkingB. one’s personal performance can be improved easilyC. work efficiency can be ensured amid frequent interactionD. most of the workers can easily become close friends55. The last sentence of this passage suggests that the author______.A. can hardly concentrate on his work at homeB. often suffers from the noise of the refrigeratorC. works more efficiently at home than in the open officeD. has nobody to talk to while working at home56. The central idea of this passage is that the open-office model ______.A. should be highly recommendedB. is destroying the workplaceC. is more of a blessing than a curseD. proves to be quite innovativePassage TwoThe mosquito-borne Zika virus, which has spread to 22 countries in the Americas, is terrifying to pregnant women and their partners. The virus may cause birth defects in babieswhose mothers were infected during pregnancy. In Brazil more than 4,000 have been born with abnormally small heads since last October, compared with fewer than 200 in a typical year. The response of several governments has triggered a debate about abortion and birth control which may outlast the outbreak itself.It started after some governments advised women to delay getting pregnant. Colombia, which has the second-highest number of infections after Brazil, advised women to wait six to eight months. Jamaica issued a similar recommendation, even though no cases of Zika have yet been repo rted there. El Salvador’s government suggested that women should delay pregnancy until . Panama warned women from vulnerable communities not to conceive.Some women find this advice rather bossy. Others say that governments have done little to help women control their fertility. A lobby group in New York notes that rates of teenage pregnancy in Latin America are among the world’s highest, as 56% of pregnancies in Latin America and the Caribbean are unintended.Rates of accidental pregnancy are high because sex education is inadequate and birth control is hard to come by.Health workers are reluctant to prescribe contraceptives to teenagers or to women who have not yet given birth. If women are to avoid pregnancy, governments must inform them better and provide more access to contraception for both men and women.Some argue that the Zika crisis should prompt countries to liberalize policies that severely restrict abortion. In El Salvador, which does not allow abortion even if a woman’s life is at risk, activists are stepping up their campaign for a change in the law. A Brazilian newspaper argued that Brazil should end its ban on most abortions.Rather than calling on women to delay pregnancy, Brazil is sensibly concentrating its efforts on the mosquito responsible, which also carries dengue and yellow fever. The country had stamped out the threat by 1958 but let down its guard and allowed it to return. The health minister announced that insect repellent will be distributed to 400,000 expectant mothers. Some 310,000 health workers are teaching people how to keep mosquitoes at bay. Following WHO guidelines, Brazil advises women contemplating pregnancy on how to avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes. Women need facts, not fertility targets.57. The first paragraph is primarily concerned with ______.A. the harm done by the Zika virusB. abortion and birth controlC. the response of some countriesD. the origin of the Zika virus58. The rate of infections with the Zika virus is the highest in ______.A. ColombiaB. BrazilC. JamaicaD. Panama59. Rates of accidental pregnancy are high in Latin Americabecause of the following except______.A. insufficient sex education or information on pregnancyB. the reluctance to prescribe contraceptives to teenagersC. poor accessibility of birth control for men and womenD. the extremely low rate of marriage in some countries60. Which of the following is true according to this passage?A. Abortion is strictly prohibited in the whole of Latin America.B. Activists in El Salvador are fighting for the right to abortion.C. Brazil has managed to eliminate the mosquitoresponsible.D. Most women have been convinced of the advice by governments.61. The underlined words in the last paragraph probably mean ______.A. stay away from mosquitoesB. try to make mosquitoes extinctC. confine mosquitoes to the beachD. culture some new mosquitoes62. Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A. How to Contain the Zika Virus?B. Health during Pregnancy.C. To Breed, or not to Breed.D. Measures of Birth Control.Passage ThreeAfter a jury convicted ex-Virginia Governor. Bob McDonnell, I wrote an op-ed calling attention to the “real stars” of the McDonnell case. It is easy to get distracted by the sensational details of the new case, but it would be better to focus on the big picture.American politicians face a harsh reality. The average Senate campaign costs more than $10 million! Point the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) at any elected official, and I suspect it can uncover a contributor who received special treatment: a meeting with staff here, a call to an agency there. None of it is necessarily illegal.Americans are not only allowed to give money to politicians. The Supreme Court has said they have a constitutional right to spend money on campaigns. Elected officials, in turn, have the freedom to decide which calls they answer, what meetings they arrange, how to craft legislation and whom it benefits.It could be, then, that what sets McDonnell apart from other politicians is not the alleged illegality of his conduct, but that the FBI took such a hard look at him. Thankfully, the FBI’s interest doesn’t appear to be political. More likely, agents became interested in these cases like they get interested in lots of things; they happened upon public corruption while looking into something else. The FBI reportedly was investigating Jonnie Williams’ company for securities fraud when it stumbled upon his gifts to McDonnell.There are two important lessons here, one for politicians and one for the rest of us. The politicians need to distance themselves from their rich donors. Ethics aside, it is simply too risky to take contributions and gifts from people whose interests you intend to advance. Better to lose an election than to go to federal prison.Everyone else should start thinking about prosecutorial power to act. It’s bad enough that our political system seems to be populated with criminals. We should also worry about how prosecutors choose among them to decide whom to imprison.Random selection, which appears to explain the McDonnell case, is the least of our worries. The real concern is politically motivated prosecutions, which are made all too easy in a system flush with cash and regulated by flexible public corruption laws. Sadly in a pay-to-play political system, once FBI agents direct their investigative power at a particular politician, the likelihood of a federal accusation may only depend on how hard they look.63. In the first paragraph, “the big picture” probab ly refers to______.A. the details of the McDonnell caseB. the political system in the USC. the economic situation in the USD. other officials involved in this case64. Which of the following is true about the McDonnell case?A. McDonnell has turned out to be innocent.B. He gave expensive gifts to Jonnie Williams.C. The FBI happened to find his criminality.D. The FBI’s investigation is politically motivated.65. The lesson that politicians should learn from the case of McDonnell is to______.A. stay away from wealthy donorsB. work in the interests of rich donorsC. forget about ethics when with rich donorsD. make friends with many rich donors66. The last paragraph implies that in the American political system______.A. there are few corrupt politiciansB. money plays a minor roleC. random selection is a big concernD. it is easy to spot cases of corruption67. This passage is primarily concerned with______ in the United States.A. ways to keep governance cleanB. the responsibilities of the FBIC. the political corruption problemD. the role of money in legal matters68. The attitude of the author towards the American political system is______.A. curiousB. criticalC. appreciativeD. indifferentPassage FourThe fourth and final article from Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant in The New York Times’ “Women at Work”series appeared today; it is as misguided as the previous three have been, bordering on offensive. Do we really need Sandberg telling men that if they do a load of laundry now and then, they might get lucky? Yes, that is an exact point in the article. To quote: A man was asked by his wife one night to do a load of laundry. He picked up the basket and asked hopefully, “Is this Lean In laundry?”The bigger issue with the entire New York Times series is that rather than focusing on the abilities of women, all they’ve done is offer studies and statistics pointing out how bad things are, then asking men to change that. It is so disappointing that Sandberg and Grant keep repeating the same point –“Hey, guys, help the poor girls out!” They continue to tell men that they should do more office chores, let women speak at work, use the same criteria for evaluating female managers as male ones. It’s all about men and what they need to do to boost up ladies.The tone of these articles also implies that every successful woman was somehow given a shot by some man. Most successful women I know weren’t given anything. They earned it. And when they didn’t get it even after earning it, they struggled and seized it. It is so unproductive for women to repeat that the workplace needs to change to reward us. How about if women change? Why don’t we start behaving in ways that will get us rewarded in the workplace?Whenever I speak or write about equality for women in the workplace, I never address what men need to do differently. Men have no incentive to do anything differently. This system is working for them, and if women want to compete in male-dominated fields, we need to develop the instincts and attitudes that will get us rewarded in those fields. Women don’t have to “behave like men,” but we can make the changes needed to be recognized and promoted without asking them for the scraps. We should not stamp our feet and demand that men help us get there. After all, no woman has to lean in when she’s standing at the head of the table.69. What does the author of this passage think of the article mentioned in the first paragraph?A. misleadingB. instructiveC. amusingD. paradoxical70. The author believes that the problem with this New York Times series is that it ______.A. overemphasizes mutual help between males and femalesB. elaborates on the advantages of males over femalesC. suggests the two sexes be evaluated in the same wayD. ignores what women can do for themselves71. The main idea of the third paragraph is that ______.A. women have to adapt to the work environmentB. there is a man behind each successful womanC. workplace should be changed to reward womenD. women become successful on their own72. In the last paragraph, the author of this passage suggests that ______.A. men start to do things differently for women’s sakeB. women ask men for help whenever necessaryC. women become independent and self-reliantD. women stop competing with men at work73. Which of the following can best serve as the title of this passage?A. Women - Stop ‘Leaning’ and Start Leading.B. Men – Be Helpful at Home and at Work.C. Men and Women – Who Is Superior?D. Men and Women – How Different Are They?74. The author seems to be______ these articles by Sheryl Sandberg and Adam Grant.A. interested inB. critical aboutC. convinced byD. encouraged byPassage FiveImagine a world without alcohol sponsorship of sport and without drinks ads on TV. You’re imagining France, the country with a heavy drinking rate one sixth that of Ireland. It’s a country where there is a genuinely sensible and mature approach to alcohol –with a range of regulations for the alcohol industry.To be certain, people drink in France – there is alcoholism and serious issues for public health there, just as in other societies where alcohol is available – but in France, the trend is downward and heavy drinking isn’t a group activity where getting drunk is the objective.The drinks industry in Ireland is pitilessly efficient and deeply rational – like any multi-billion euro industry, knowing how to get people to drink more, how to grow a market, how to cultivate the next generation of drinkers and how to put them on the value addition conveyor belt.The economics of drinking is strikingly obvious. A massive diversity of products at a massively wide range of prices, with a staggering diversity of lifestyle messages and marketing approaches to segment and divide the market. We start with the young drinkers, who don’t have a whole lot of money –for young men there’re the thin aluminum can beers whichpromise European sophistication and precious metals. For the ladies there are the lighter alcopops and coolers, which promise to have one laugh uncontrollably into the night with your equally attractive mid-twenties friends, often with a three-for-two offer.The next stage in the process is to get the drinker into the bottled beers and shift the ladies towards whiskey. In the summer, everyone is encouraged to dedicate time to quenching the thirst with juice – and to move on from there. At each life stage there is a higher-value drink product targeted at our aspirations and an encouragement to get some of the good life.The drinks industry reminds us to tame our animal side with a trip to their website saying that ‘enjoying a drink may be part of Irish culture…’ and, at the start of an article on the possible health benefits of cutting down on alcohol, states: “Lots of people associate moderate drinking with relaxation and fun.”The drinks industry needs young drinkers –it cultivates drinkers as early as possible, but it cultivates partners and harvests goodwill as well.75. Which of the following statements is true about France?。
东南大学10级秋学期学位英语B类班级学习要求和说明
学位英语B类班级（即普通班）学习说明研究生英语教研室 2010年9月学位英语B类班的硕士研究生必读◆关于学位英语B类班的英语学习1．B类班的英语学习安排在第一学年的两个学期内完成2. 第一学期通过网络自主学习阅读课程，同时训练听力。
期末需要参加学期考试。
3. 第二学期由教师授课，学习英语书面交流(由本校教师授课)和口语交流(由外籍教师或本校教师授课)。
4. 通过第一学期末的课程英语考试和第二学期末的考试（写作和口语的随堂考试及统一英语课程考试）取得3学分。
同时还可任选公共外语类其他选修课程1-2门（见研究生院网页的选课列表）。
◆网络英语课程的阅读学习要求和说明阅读课程网址：使用教材：《新研究生英语教程（阅读技能分册）》（李宵翔、邹长征主编，北京大学出版社），可以到前工院楼下出版社书店或教材科购买，或直接从网页上下载相关课文及其他内容（但是原教材中的有关练习要自行复印）。
学习内容：上述教材中的8个单元（即Units 1，2，3，4，5，6，8，11）中的Text A；Text B不作学习和考试要求学习进度：基本上每周2个单元学习期限：一个学期(2010年9月—2011年1月)学习方式：自学，建议每周1.5小时以上学习要求：1．认真学习每一单元的课文，正确理解全文，掌握中心思想，要能简单复述课文的大意（5分钟左右复述）。
能看懂长句难句，记忆有用的表达方法；2. 多听课文录音,要求听懂课文大意；3．完成每单元的练习，自己核对答案；4．参考教学网页上的课文译文，较准确地理解课文；通过语言重点和难点注释的学习，掌握课文中的重要词汇、短语和句型的用法。
5．要把学习中的问题和困难记下，向每周答疑的教师当面提出或通过网络交流。
【欢迎使用研究生院网络辅助教学平台与教师沟通，或进行同学之间交流】疑问解答：每周有教师到课堂解答学生学习中的疑问。
四牌楼校区答疑：第1-18周；星期三-晚上1,晚上2,晚上3 礼东201；九龙湖校区答疑：第1-18周；星期三-晚上1,晚上2,晚上3 纪忠楼Y214丁家桥校区答疑：第1-18周；星期二(双周)-下午3，下午4 实验707◆网络英语课程阅读自学的进度和答疑辅导安排说明：答疑的内容与学习进度一致。