考研英语新题型练习题

Text 1Directions: You are going to read a text about the steps to ask for a raise, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41- 45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use.So you’ve been with your company for a while and have been exceeding all of your manager’s expectations. You work hard, are a great team player, come up with new ideas to take the business further and are an all-around joy in the workplace.If you haven’t been promoted or been bumped up in salary automatically, it might be time to take the bull by the horns and approach this topic yourself. While asking for a raise makes many people uncomfortable and nervous, the situation can be a breeze if handled correctly.The following are a few steps to follow to make sure your request does not fall on deaf ears：41. Do your research.Like any other element of your career, it all starts with research. In order to present your manager with a compelling case in your favor, you need to know what the going rate is for someone with your experience and in your position.42. Outline a case for yourself.When going into any kind of negotiation session, you need to be equipped with the right amount of ammunition. Before you walk into your meeting, look back at your time with the company and highlight your accomplishments. Come up with a list of specific examples of ways you have been a valuable asset to the business. Find facts and figures that demonstrate what you have excelled, using numbers whenever possible.If you really want to knock their socks off, put your accomplishments into a formal presentation, albeit brief, that outlines each of your goals and how you have achieved them. This will demonstrate that you are professional, willing to go the extra mile, and have thought about your request thoroughly.43. Know what’s going on in your neighborhood.There are good times and bad times to ask for a raise at any company.Schedule ample time to present your case, and make sure your timing is right.Asking for a raise on the fly after just after walking into your manager’s office to chat will not benefit you or impress your boss.Make sure you have time to present your case, and that your manager has time to think about your presentation. Request a meeting with your supervisor, at least a half-hour long. Think about your timing when you schedule the meeting, too. If your department has a bevy of deadlines t0 meet at the end of each month, don’t schedule your meeting on the 29th.Pick a time when your manager will be sure to be in a good mood and not overly stressed.44. Avoid threats or demands.The last thing you want to do is to put your supervisor on the defensive.Be professional and, if your job is worth keeping, willing to listen to the other side. Keep the meeting positive and your outcome will be more positive.45. Remember that not all perks are monetary.Don’t fall into the trap of thinking you are not valued if you do not get exactly what you had expected.[A] If you approach your manager for a raise in a time of downsizing and cost-cutting, you willnot only be denied, but will also show that you are not in tune with the company’s needs.Make sure you understand your company’s overall financial situation.[B] For example, if you developed a marketing plan that helped increase sales, make sure youhave those sales figures on hand, as well as your role in the plan and its execution. Be sure to tie your own success into the overall success of the company.[C] If your company is strapped financially but you and your manager still come to the conclusionthat it is time for you to be rewarded for your performance, you might be able to negotiate for stock options, more vacation time or other non-monetary benefits.[D] When you come up with your desired raise in your base salary, go over 2%. If you want 8%then ask for 10%.[E] You can find out what others in your industry, and in comparable positions are raking in bylooking at online resources, through the Bureau of Labor Statistics, or in books like “The American Almanac of Jobs and Salaries” by John W. Wright (Quill).[F] Going into a meeting with the “if I don’t get it, I’m leaving”attitude will only tell yourcompany you are uncompromising and only out for number one.Text 2Directions: You are going to read a text about doubt followed by a list of example. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Doubt is an emotion typical of self-aware organisms. In order to relieve doubt, human beings seek verification of their uncertainties, and as the questioning mind looks to find answers, we can deduce that without the discomfort of doubt no progress would be made.(41) Skepticism as a powerful wellspring for science and progressIf science is to forge through the headwaters of discovery，it requires a driving force that springs from the inquiring mind of man. Without doubt, we may still have been under the impression that the sun is in orbit around the earth, and not, as was found centuries ago, vice versa.(42) Doubt should lead one to seek clarificationDoubt alone will break no ground if action does not come one step behind. Doubt without immediate follow-up will leave one with nothing but consternation.(43) Doubt originates from basic understandingThose who remain entirely in the dark about what they doubt are unqualified to doubt. If one does not know the first thing about his subject, if he is only casually acquainted with what he questions, he will have no foundation from which to continue his quest and will have no grasp of the causes or effects of the subject matter therein. One should avoid assumption and supposition without a solid infrastructure from which to begin.(44) The right way to doubtHave the courage to doubt and the integrity to maintain your own opinion regardless of how influential or highly-esteemed the subject of your incredulity may be.(45) The proper attitude towards doubtWhen others express doubt about your theories or actions, do not be dismissive but rather introspective, and give some time over to assessing the validity of their doubt. Is their supporting evidence sound? Why is it that others doubt when you do not? Try to put yourself in their shoes and embrace varying points of view.Doubt, though at times distressing, can propel us to new heights. We should learn to listen to our doubt and manage it with conscious aplomb.[A] I am in recovery from a serious disease and can barely run 10,000 meters. I am unsure whetherI can complete my marathon or not.[B] In the recent Enron scandal, a humble accountant brought a multi-national corporation to itsknees when she turned up errors in doctored financial records that she refused to reason away.[C] Acclaimed British novelist Agatha Christie describes Poirot, a Belgium detective whotemerariously held everyone in suspicion, whose daring doubt and reasoning allowed him to clearly examine only solid evidence and finger the offender through the process of elimination.[D] Bill believed his wife was hard of hearing, and repeatedly called her name from behind:“Mary!”, each time moving closer to her. When finally he has her attention, he said, “Darling, I’ve called for you three times and received no reply.” To this his wife said, “I have answered you three times, and yet each time you did not listen. Who do you think is hard of hearing? ”[E] M, one of my classmates in college, is an avid opponent of the Theory of Relativity. Hisdeclaration that he had valuable contributions to make to the natural sciences was met with dubiety, being that he had not yet understood the relationship between time and space.[F] In the late 1890’s, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen conducted experiment that focused on lightphenomena and other emissions generated by discharging electrical current in highly-evacuated glass tubes. The scientist was interested primarily in cathode rays and in assessing their range outside of charged tubes. Several other scientists of the period, Dr. Henry Louis Smith in particular, though all observed the cathode ray’s effect on a sealed negative, ignored important evidence through a series of inaccurate analysis. Roentgen, however, did nor and in 1901, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for discovering the X-ray.Text 3Directions: You are going to read a text about cheating, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list [A]～[F] for each numbered subheading(41~45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Just as the teacher hands out the spelling test, you see Megan pull out a small piece of paper with a lot of little scribbling on it. Megan tucks the note into her closed fist, but soon takes it out again. While she’s taking the test, you see her looking back and forth between the teacher and her paper. There’s no mistaking it—she’ s cheating.(41) What exactly is cheating?Cheating is when a person misleads, deceives, or acts dishonestly on purpose. For kids, cheating may happen at school, at home.(42) How do people cheat?It’s tempting to cheat because it makes difficult things seem easy, like getting all the right answers on the test. But it doesn’t solve the problem of not knowing the material and it won’t help on the next test—unless the person cheats again.Sometimes it may seem like cheaters have it all figured out. They can watch TV instead of studying for the test, But other people lose respect for cheaters and think less of them. The cheaters themselves may feel bad because they know they are not really earning that good grade. And, if they get caught cheating．they will be in trouble at school, and maybe at home, too. (43) Why kids cheat?Some kids cheat because they’re busy or lazy and they want to get good g rades without spending the time studying. Other kids might feel like they can’t pass the test without cheating. Even when there seems to be a “good reason” for cheating, cheating isn’t a good idea.A kid who thinks cheating is the only way to pass a test needs to talk with the teacher and his or her parents so they can find some solutions together. Talking about these problems and working them out will feel better than cheating.(44) Truth and consequences.Many kids feel tempted to cheat once in a while. Most resist and do the work instead. Some kids cheat once and feel so bad that they never do it again. Others get caught and decide it isn’t worth it. Unfortunately, some kids start cheating and feel like they can’t stop.Kids who cheat may feel worried about getting caught. Whether they are caught or not, these kids may feel guilty, or embarrassed, or ashamed—or all three. Even if the cheater feels fine or doesn’t get caught, that doesn’t mean it’s OK. If you see someone cheating, or if someone asks to copy your work, you can tell a teacher or another grown-up.(45) Making a comeback.There are plenty of reasons why a kid shouldn’t cheat, but some kids have already cheated. If that’s you, it’s never too late to stop cheating. Cheating can become a habit. It might help to talk the problem over with a parent, teacher, or counselor. Choosing to play fair and be honest again can help a kid feel relieved and proud.[A] Cheaters cheat themselves in a way because they don’t make an honest atte mpt to learn asmuch as they can. For instance, if you cheat your way through spelling tests, you won’t learn how to spell. That can catch—I mean catch—up with you when you get older! And adults who cheat—at work, sports, or in their relationships—get into serious trouble, far more serious thana bad grade on a spelling test.[B] At school, in addition to cheating on a test, a kid might cheat by stealing someone else’s ideafor a science project or by copying a book report off the Internet and turning it i n as if it’s his or her original work. Copying someone else’s words or work and saying they’re yours is a type of cheating called plagiarizing (say: play-jeh-rise-ing) .[C] If you were sick or upset about something the night before and couldn’t study, it would bebetter to talk with the teacher about this. And if you don’t have enough time to study for a test because of swim practice, you need to talk with your parents about how to balance swimmingand school.[D] Cheating can happen in a lot of different ways. Megan is doing it by sneaking answers to a test,but it’s also cheating to break the rules of a game or contest or to pretend something is yours when it isn’t. When people cheat, it's not fair to other people, like the kids who studied for the test or who were the true winners of a game or contest.[E] Karen McCalley, an English teacher in New Jersey says, “It is always disappointing whenstudents cheat because it makes me think the student doesn’t believe in himself. I expect students to do their very best and am sad when they don’t put their best foot forward.”[F] There’s an old saying that cheaters never win and winners never cheat．This may soundconfusing because sometimes it seems like cheaters do win—at least for the moment. But kids who don’t cheat are true winners because, when they win, they do it fair and square.Text 4Directions: You are going to read a text about some tips on how to get along with brothers and sisters, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example choice from the list[A]～E F]for each numbered subheading(41~45). There is one example choice which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.In a house with more than one kid, there are bound to be some problems. Brothers and sisters borrow stuff, and don’t always return it in top condition. Younger kids sometimes feel like the older kids get to do whatever they want. Older brothers and sisters think that the baby of the family gets more attention. These are typical problems found throughout the ages, everywhere in the world.When brothers and sisters don’t get along, it’s called sibling rivalry. A sibling is a brother or sister and rivalry means competition. It’s normal, but too much competition can make for an unhappy home life. Let’s talk about getting along with brothers and sisters. And following these tips, you and your brothers will probably always have a good time at home.(41) What is sibling rivalry?A little competition isn’t a bad thing. Sometimes it can keep you working hard—like when you and your brother spend time shooting hoops. If he’s good at it, it may make you want to improve, too.(42) The green-eyed monster.Have you ever heard of the green-eyed monster called jealousy? Sometimes brothers and sisters are jealous of one another. For instance, if your sister always does well at school, it may be frustrating for you, especially if your grades are lower.All kids want attention from their parents, but sometimes you need to take turns. If you’re feeling ignored or like your sibling is always in the spotlight, talk to your mom or dad. This can really make a difference. according to one family therapist who said, “Sometimes just talking about the problem is the biggest step in solving it. Your parent may not realize how you feel and once he or she knows, positive changes can be made to make you feel cared in the family life again”If a parent knows you’re feeling left out, together you can figure out ways to help you feel better again.(43) Don’t lose your coolSometimes when you’re frustrated, it’s easy to lose your temper. Try to follow these tips toavoid getting into a fight with your brother or sister:●Remind yourself that you have special talents.●Try to congratulate your siblings on their achievements and share their happiness. If you dothis for them, they’ll be more likely to do it for you.(44) How to stop fightingIf the situation gets out of control and you and your brother or sister start fighting a lot, you may need to talk to someone.(45) Future friendsIt may be hard to believe now, but your brother or sister may turn out to be your best friend someday. As you grow up, your friends might change, but your family is your family and may be your best friends forever.[A] Mean words can lead to hitting and physical fighting. If this is going on with you and yoursibling, talk to a parent or another trusted adult.[B] Although you’re probably proud of your sibling or siblings, it’s normal to be a little jealous,too. It may make you feel better to focus more on doing your own personal best, rather than comparing your self to a brother or sister.[C] You and your sibling might be able to make things better by talking to seeing a professional,like a psychologist, psychiatrist, therapist, or social worker, who understands your rivalry problems.[D] But some sibling rivalry involves arguing, like when you think your brother is hogging theball. People who love each other might argue sometimes, but too much fighting is unpleasant for everyone.[E] Take a deep breath and think a bit. Try to figure out if you are angry with the person or justfrustrated with the situation.[F] Many brothers and sisters fight and compete with each other while growing up but becomevery close when they get older.Text 5Directions: You are going to read a text about the tips for cover letter writing，followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list [A]~[F] for each numbered subheading(41~45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use.Cover letters are simply a letter of introduction. In these letters you are explaining who you are and why you are writing to the resume reader. It is a matter of courtesy that you introduce yourself when you are requesting something of them, in this case, an interview.(41)What instances require a cover letter?Our rule is－if you are not shaking hands with the hiring decision maker and introducing yourself, then you need a cover letter to introduce you. If you are shaking hands with the hiring manager, you are introducing yourself verbally and requesting an interview. In this case, hand them your resume without a cover letter.What makes a good cover letter?When writing your cover letter, keep in mind that the reviewer is only interested in one thing: the facts. Do not think of your cover letter as an autobiography; it should be brief and to the point.(42)Cover letters should be brief and simple.Hiring managers only glance at cover letters. They have many resumes to read out of which they will select a few candidates for interviews. I recommend letters be 3～4 paragraphs.(43)Address it to the person who can hire you.Resumes sent to the personnel department have a tougher time of it. If you can find out(through networking and researching)exactly who is making the hiring decision, address the letter to that person. Be sure the name is spelled correctly and the title is correct.(44)Try to avoid negatives.When writing the cover letter, avoid negatives.Try to avoid a salary history in the cover letter.Even if the position specifically asks for your salary history, providing this information will more likely cost you a job than not. If the job ad specifically says that resumes without a salary history will not be considered, give a historical salary range, and state that your salary requirements are flexible based on the opportunity the position will provide.(45)Spend time thinking about the layout of your letter.You should make sure that it’s easy on the eyes. It should be easy to scan the letter, and have a logical progression.Remember, your cover letter is not a summary of your resume; instead, it’s an introduction of yourself, and an argument for why you are the best candidate for their company and the specific position. Above all, avoid the generic cover letter that you get from books. Do not follow the advice of poorly written resume and cover letter books and websites that advise on using platitudes and clichés in your cover letter. Resume reviewers do this for a living. The point here is to be different and stand out. The goal is to demonstrate your written communication skills by writing a good cover letter—Cutting and pasting a phrase from a cover letter/resume book is not impressive.[A] A cover letter is not the place to explain why you left or are leaving an employer, why thereare gaps in your employment dates, etc. These can be better delivered in person during the interview so that your personality can counter them.[B] Keep in mind, the reviewer of your cover letter and resume has hundreds(if not thousands)ofcover 1etters and resumes to look at, so make it easy for him／her to find the information you want to highlight.[C] On the other hand, if you are sending a resume by mail, if you give your resume to a friend tohand in, or if you leave your resume with the hiring manager’s secretary then you are not shaking the hiring manager’s hand and you need to have a cover letter enclosed with your resume.[D] Your cover letter should be sent to a specific person—avoid the “Dear Sir or Madam”. Formletters insult the reviewer’s intelligence and indicate that you, the writer, are broadcasting his/her resume to every employer in the area. Or you have not made an effort to learn more about the company.[E] Don’t go overboard-just make it clear that you didn’t pick this company out of the phone book.You know who they are, what they do, and you have chosen them![F] Many people provide lengthy autobiographies in the cover letter. They regurgitate their resumeand then some. This is a waste of the writer’s and reader’s time.Text 6Directions: You are going to read a text about great books, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list[A],[F] for each numbered subheading(41~45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)There is no end to the making of books. Nor does there seem to be any end to the making of lists of “great books.” There have always been more books than anyone could read. And as they have multiplied through the centuries, more and more blue-ribbon lists have had to be made.What are the signs by which we may recognize a great book? The following that I will mention may not be all there are, but they are the ones I’ve found most useful in explaining my choices over the years.(41)Great books are probably the most widely read.They are not best sellers for a year or two. They are enduring best sellers.(42)A great book need not even be a best seller in its own day.It may take time for it to accumulate its ultimate audience.(43)Great books are popular, not pedantic.They are not written by specialists about specialties for specialists.Great books are always contemporary.In contrast, the books we call “contemporary”, because they are currently popular, last only for a year or two, or ten at the most. You probably cannot recall the names of many earlier best sellers, and you probably would not be interested in reading them. But the great books are never outmoded by the movement of thought or the shifting winds of doctrine and opinion.People regard the “classics”as the great has-beens. the great books of other times. “Our times are different,” they say. On the contrary, the great books are not dusty remains for scholars to investigate, they are, rather, the most potent civilizing forces in the world today.(44)The fundamental human problems remain the same in all ages.The fundamental human problems remain the same in all ages. Great books will not 1et you down if you try to read them well. They have more ideas per page than most books have in their entirety. That is why you can read a great book over and over again and never exhaust its contents.(45)There can be a variety of interpretations.They can be read at many different levels of understanding. as well as with a great diversity of interpretations.It is almost unnecessary to add that the great books are the most influential books.In the tradition of learning, they have been most discussed by readers who have also been writers. These are the books about which there are many other books—countless and, for the most part, forgotten.Great books deal with the persistently unsolved problems of human life. There are genuine mysteries in the world that mark the limits of human knowing and thinking. Inquiry not only begins with wonder, but usually ends with it also. Great minds acknowledge mysteries honestly. Wisdom is fortified not destroyed, by understanding its limitations.It is our privilege, as readers, to belong to the larger brotherhood of man which recognizes no national boundaries. I do not know how to escape from the strait-jacket of political nationalism. I do know how we become friends of the human spirit in all its manifestations, regardless of time and place. It is by reading the great books.[A]The astronomer Kepler, whose work on the planetary motions is now a classic, is reported tohave said of his book that “It may wait a century for a reader. as God has waited 6 000 years for an observer.”[B]Anyone who reads the speeches of Demosthenes and the letters of Cicero, or the essays of Bacon and Montaigne, will find how constant is the preoccupation of men with happiness and justice, with virtue and truth and even with stability and change itself. We may accelerate the motions of life, but we can not seem to change the routes that are available to its goals.[C]Whether they be philosophy or science, or history or poetry, they treat of human, not academic problems. They are written for men, not professors. To read a textbook for advanced students, you have to read an elementary textbook first. But the great books can be considered elementary in the sense that they treat the elements of any subject matter. They are not related to one another as a series of textbooks, graded in difficulty or in the technicality of the problems with which they deal.[D]Whether you ultimately agree or disagree with what they say, these are the primary teachers of mankind; they have made the basic contributions to human thought.[E]Obvious examples are Gulliver's Travels，Robinson Crusoe and the Odyssey. Children can read them with enjoyment, but fail to find therein all the beauty and significance which delight an adult mind.[F]It would be reasonable to estimate that Homer’s Iliad has been read by at least 25 000 000 people in the last 3 000 years.Text 7Directions：You are going to read a text about oil price, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list[A],[F] for each numbered subheading(41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.“The oil price is very high, it’s crazy.” The sentiment seems reasonable enough. After all, the price of a barrel of oil shot above $44, a record in nominal terms, on the New York Mercantile Exchange this week. But why does the oil price go that high? Here are some reasons.(41)The observation that the market was “crazy”:That is because those words were spoken on August 3rd by Purnomo Yusgiantoro, Indonesia’s oil minister and the president of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC).(42)High market needs:When there is need, there is market.(43)Stretched supply:That points to higher prices, but not necessarily a shock. For a start, even $50 a barrel would, in inflation-adjusted terms, still be below historic peaks. Also, the American market may be loosening a little. Official data released on August 4th showed a sharp rise in gasoline inventories last week, of 2.4 million barrels to 210 million barrels, the highest stock in a year and a half. Experts had expected inventories to fall by 500，000 barrels. Futures prices receded on the news.。