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文献翻译格式参考
Quantifying the Trade Effects of Technical Barriers to Trade: Evidence from China 1. IntroductionTechnical barriers to trade（TBT）are now widespread and have increasing impacts on international trade. The spread of TBT may have some special reasons.First, it’s legitimate. The WTO members are authorized by WTO TBT/SPS Agreement to take such measures in order to protect human health, as well as animal and plant health, provided that the enforced measures are not disguised protectionism. Second, as Baldwin (1970) emphasized, ―The lowering of tariffs has, in effect, been like draining a swamp. The lower water level has revealed all the snags and stumps of non-tariff barriers that still have to be cleared away‖. Wallner (1998) considered this phenomenon as a ―law of constant protection‖, referring to perfect substitutability between tariff and none-tariff barriers in maintaining a degree of desired domestic protection.Third, with the trade liberalization process, the remaining barriers, like TBT have a more important but not a less important impact due to the ―globalization magnification effect‖, seemingly minor differences in technical norms can have an outsized effect on production and trade (Baldwin 2000). Fourth, the increasing income of importing country and consumer preference may result in a higher demand for product quality, safety and environment protection.Since the proliferation of TBT and its increasing trade-restrictive impacts, OECD (2001) drew attention to TBT and suggested more empirical research on it, becausethe quantitative analysis is an important step in the regulatory reform process and can help inform governments to define more efficient regulations. However, due to the theoretical complexity and data s carcity, TBT have been considered as ―one of the most difficult NTBs imaginable to quantify‖ （Deardorff and Stern 1997）So far, there is not a preferred quantification strategy and claims abound on both sides about―whether such restrictions tend to reduce trade by virtue of raising compliance costsor expand trade by increasing consumer confidence in the safety and quality of imported goods‖ (Maskus and Wilson 2001).Maskus and Wilson (2001), Maskus, Otsuki, and Wilson (2001), Beghin and Bureau (2001), Ferrantino (2006) and Korinek, Melatos and Rau (2008) etc provide comprehensive overviews of key economic issues relating to TBT modeling and measurement. Based on these literatures, quantification techniques can be broadly grouped into two categories. Ex-post approaches such as gravity-based econometric models tend to estimate the observed trade impact of standards. On the other hand, ex ante methods such as simulations involving the calculation of tariff equivalents are usually employed to predict the unobserved welfare impact. No approach is or can bedefinitive. Each methodology offers its own pluses and minuses, depending on a number of factors, including the nature of the technical measure, the availability of data, and the goal of measurement. (Popper et al 2004)Concerning the trade effect1, different from any other trade measures, TBT have both trade promotion and trade restriction effects. Although a unified methodology does not exist, the gravity model is most often used for the evaluation. The gravity model employs a number of different approaches to measure the TBT. The policy indices obtained by survey can be used as proxy for the severity of TBT, and direct measures based on inventory approach are incorporated too. Beghin and Bureau（2001）summarized three sources of information that can be used to assess the importance of domestic regulations as trade barriers: (i) data on regulations, such as the number of regulations, which can be used to construct various statistical indicators,or proxy variables, such as the number of pages of national regulations; (ii) data on frequency of detentions, including the number of restrictions; frequency ratios and the import coverage ratio (iii) data on complaints from the industry against discriminatory regulatory practices and notifications to international bodies about such practices. Besides the above mentioned approach, some studies try to use explicit standards requirements such as maximum residue levels too.There are a considerable number of study combined the variable for the stringency of TBT with gravity model to estimate the direction of the trade impact.Swann, Temple, and Shurmer (1996) used counts of voluntary national and international standards recognized by the UK and Germany as indicators of standard over the period1985–1991, their findings suggest that share standards positively impact exports, but had a little impact on imports; unilateral standards positively influence imports but negatively influence exports. Moenius (2004, 2006) examines the trade effect of country specific standards and bilaterally shared standards over the period 1985-1995. Both papers used the counts of binding standards in a given industry as a measure of stringency of standards.Moenius (2004) focus on 12 OECD countries and found that at aggregate level, bilaterally shared standards and country-specific standards implemented by the importing or exporting country are both trade-promoting on average. At the industry level, the only variation is that importer-specific standards have the expected negative trade effect in nonmanufacturing sectors such as agriculture. In manufacturing industries, importer-specific standards are trade promoting too. Moenius (2006) confirm the result of Moenius (2004) in that bilateral standard in EU has very strong trade promoting effect as to the trade between EU and non-EU members, but harmonization decrease the internal trade of EU. Moenius (2006) distinguish 8 EU members and 6 non-EU developed countries. So he also found that importer specific standard in EU promote trade between EU members, but depress trade between EU members and non-EU members; Exporter specific standard inside EU has little trade promoting effect ,but export specific standard of non-EU members expand their tradewith EU.The paper using frequency or coverage ratio within a gravity model framework include Fontagné, Mimouni and Pasteels (2005) and Disdier, Fontagné, and Mimouni (2007). Both of them use the frequency ratio based on notification directly extracted from the TRAINS database. Fontagné, Mimouni and Pasteels (2005) collect data on 61 product groups, including agri-food products in 2001. Their paper generalized the findings of Moenius (2004): NTMs, including standards, have a negative impact on agri-food trade but an insignificant or even positive impact on the majority of manufactured products. Moreover, they distinguish trade effects among ―suspicious products‖, ―sensitive products‖ as well as ―remaining products‖ according to the number of notifications and distinguish different country group. Based on data covering 61 exporting countries and 114 importing countries, they find that over the entire product range, LDCs, DCs and OECD countries seem to be equally affected. However, OECD agrifood exporters tend to benefit from NTMs, at the expense of exporters from DCs and LDCs. The authors account for tariff and other NTM in the model , so they also find that tariffs matter more than NTMs, particularly foragri-food products on which comparatively high tariffs are levied.Disdier, Fontagné, and Mimouni (2008) estimate the trade effect of standards and other NTMs on 690 agri-food products (HS 6-digit level). Their data covers bilateral trade between importing OECD countries and 114 exporting countries (OECD and others) in 2004. As well as a frequency index, they use a dummy variable that records whether the importing country has notified at least one NTM and ad-valorem tariff equivalent measures of NTMs as two alternative approaches to measure NTMs. They find that these measures have on the whole a negative impact on OECD imports and affect trade more than other trade policy measures such as tariffs. The tariff equivalent shows the smallest effect. When they consider different groups of exporting countries, they show that OECD exporters are not significantly affected by SPS and TBTs in their exports to other OECD countries while developing and least developed countries’ exports are negatively and significantly affected. For the subsample of EU imports, NTMs no longer influence OECD exports positively, but exports from LDCs and DCs seem to be more negatively influenced by tariffs and SPS & TBTs than that of OECD. Finally, their sectoral analysis suggests an equal distribution of negative and positive impacts of NTBs on agricultural trade.Many studies are supportive of using maximum residue levels to directly measure the severity of food safety standards within a gravity model. These studies include Otsuki, Wilson and Sewadeh (2001a, b), Wilson and Otsuki (2004b,c) Wilson,Otsuki and Majumdsar (2003), Lacovone (2003) and Metha and Nambiar（2005）. These studies tend to focus on specific cases of standards for particular products and countries. Otsuki, Wilson and Sewadeh (2001a,b) and Wilson and Otsuki (2004b) examine the trade effect of aflatoxin standards in groundnuts and other agriculturalproducts (vegetables,fruits and cereals). The first two papers covered African export data to EU members and the third paper covered 31 exporting countries (21 developing countries) and 15 importing countries(4 developing countries). All three studies show that imports are greater when the importing country imposes less stringent aflatoxin standards on foreign products. Lacovone (2003) also used MRL of aflatoxin and found that there were substantial export losses to Latin-America from the tightening of the aflatoxin standards set by Europe. Similarly, Wilson, Otsuki and Majumdsar (2003) analyze the effect of standards for tetracycline residues on beef trade and find that regardless of the exporter standards, the standards of tetracycline imposed by the importing countries have the same negative trade impact. Wilson and Otsuki (2004c) analyze MRL relating to chlorpyrifos and Metha and Nambiar（2005）analyze the impact of MRL on India’s export of four processing agri-products to 7 developed countries and yield the similar result.Since our paper focus on the trade effect of technical barrier, we will use the most suitable ex post quantification methods. Moreover, while frequency and coverage ratio can give some guidance as to the potential trade impact of a technical measure, econometric model is used to estimate its magnitude.Our paper make contributions to the current literature in the following ways: First, in contrast to the existing empirical studies which exclusively focus on developed countries TBT, this paper focuses on a developing country, China. Second, this paper has a self-constructed trade measure database based on disaggregated data covered all HS2 products, including agricultural and processing food products (HS01-24) and manufacturing products (HS25-97) so that it can identify the sectors/products with predominant negative impacts on trade. Third, tariff data, import licenses and quotas are included as additional explanatory variables, allowing the distinction between the impact of traditional trade barriers and TBT on trade. Fourth, our data covers 43 exporting countries (including 25 developing countries), it helps to distinguish the trade effect of different country groups. Fifth, in contrast to most literature relied on cross-section data1, our paper covers 9 years time series data on TBT, so we can both capture variation across products and variation within products over time, in particular the changing effects before and after China’s entry into the WTO.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we construct a TBT database from 1998 to 2006 and use inventory approach (frequency index and coverage ratio) to quantify the stringency of technical measures in China. In section 3, we present our regression model, discuss all the variables and describe the data. In section 4, we discuss our findings. We make some concluding remarks in section 5. 2. Quantification of TBT2.1 Measurement of NTM: Inventory approachThe inventory approach allows estimates of the extent of trade covered by NTMs or their frequency of application in specific sectors or against individual countries orgroups of countries. Bora etc (2002) reviews various approaches to quantify NTMs and give a detailed instruction on how to construct frequency index and coverage ratio as follows. The percentage of trade subject to NTMs for an exporting country j at a desired level of product aggregation is given by the trade coverage ratio:2.2 China’s NTM database: data description and methodologyFollowed the method described above, we will construct a Chinese NTMs database from 1998 to 2006 by using inventory approach. The data covered 96 HS2 digit level agricultural and manufacturing industries. First, we calculate a series of frequency index at 4-digit-level of the Harmonized System and then aggregate them into import coverage ratio at HS2. In this database, data are collected by tariff item on the application of a range of tariff and NTMs (TBT, license and import quota) against Chinese imports. The main source of the information on the trade control measures in the database is from Chinese government publications. ―Administrative Measures Regarding Impor t & Export Trade of the People's Republic of China‖ published bythe Ministry of Commerce and Custom General Administration of China provide detailed information at HS 8-digit-level on tariff and non-tariff measures.The code list of supporting documents subject to customs control provide detailed name of licenses or instruments of ratification, which helps to identify whether a tariff line product subject to a specific non-tariff barrier. Concerning the technical measures, it includes those government administrative measures for environmental protection, safety, national security and consumer interests. The code subject to TBT control remains almost the same during the 1998-2001. Specificly, the code subject to TBT in 1998 is IRFM, denoting for Import commodity inspection (I), Quarantine control release for animal, plant and thereof product (R), Import food inspection certificate (F) and Medicine inspection certificate (M). The code concerning TBT in 1999-2001 is AMPR, denoting for Import inspection and quarantine (A), Import commodity inspection (M), Import animal, plant and thereof product inspection (P) and Import food hygiene supervision inspection (R). Since 2002, the government revised the code list into details. Although there is some tiny difference between years, the new code list remains quite stable during 2002-2006 (See the code list in Annex1). The code subject to TBT is ACFIPQSWX during 2002-2005 and AFIPQSWX in 2006, each code stands for Certificate of inspection for goods inward (A), Certificate of inspection for goods inward: Civil commodity import inspection (C), Import licencing certificate for endangered species (F), Import or export permit for psychotropic drugs (I), Import permit for waste and scraps (P), Report of inspection of soundness on import medicines (Q), Import or export registration certificate for pesticides (S), Import or export permit for narcolic drugs (W), Environment control release noticefor poisonous chemicals (X).Note that our data on trade control measures do not have a bilateral dimension. TBT measures, import license and import quotas are enforced unilaterally by Chinese government and applicable to all exporting countries. When we calculate coverageratio and frequency ratio, Vi is the total value of imports in product i from the whole world and Mi indicates whether there are imports from the whole world of good i. Hence, in a specific year, NTM variables vary among different sectors but remain the same among different countries. Although we miss the bilateral dimension associated with such measures, still the exporters are differently affected by TBT measures depending on the structure of their exports in terms of products and markets.To be precise, the frequency ratio of TBT (FR-TBT) measures the proportion of product items covered by TBT measures within a product category, which varies between 0% (no coverage) and 100% (all products covered). We first count the number of HS items (defined at the 8 digit level of the HS) covered by the TBT measures and divide it by the maximum number of product items belonging to the product category (defined here at the 4-digit level of the HS). So we get the results of frequency ratio of TBT at HS4 digit level. For example, regarding HS2402 (Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco or of tobacco substitutes), there are 3 product items with codes 24021000 (Cigars, cheroots and cigarillos, containing tobacco), 24022000 (Cigarettes containing tobacco), 24029000(other). Only one of them (HS24022000) is covered by TBT measures, so the corresponding TBT frequency index equals 33.33% (1 / 3). Then we do the same at HS2 digit level.The import coverage ratio(IC-TBT) measures the proportion of affected import of the total import within a product category. Take HS17 (Sugars and sugar confectionery) as an example, there are 4 product items with code HS1701, 1702, 1703 and 1704 respectively. Only three of them (except HS1703) are covered by TBT measures (it means the frequency index for HS1703 equals 0, while the other three are between 0 and 100%), the import value of the TBT affected products sum up to 111.216 million US$, the import valued of HS17 is 182.244 million US$, so the corresponding TBT import coverage ratio equals 66.46% (111.216/182.244).2.3 TBT rocked sectors in ChinaBy calculating frequency index and import coverage ratio of TBT, we can examine which products are the most affected. According to the definition by UNCTAD (1997), those with a frequency ratio and coverage ratio both above 50% are TBT rocked product. In our sample, 34 products（HS01-24; HS30,31,33; HS 41;HS 44-47; HS51 and HS72）are TBT-rocked during the period from 1998-2002. In 2003, two product items (HS 42-43) become TBT-rocked. In 2004, two more products (HS 50 and HS80) added into the category. During 2005-2006, HS78 are included asTBT-rocked products but HS50 is excluded. See Annex2 for the detailed product information of TBT rocked products.There are a significant number of products, particularly agricultural products and processing food widely affected by technical measures (HS01-24). However, enforcement of TBT is not limited to those products, but is spreading to manufacturing products also. The TBT rocked manufacturing products includePharmaceutical products（HS30, Essential oils, perfumes, cosmetics, toiletries (HS33), Raw hides and skins, leather, furskins and articles thereof (HS41-43), Wood and articles of wood（HS44-46）, Base metals and articles thereof, like iron and steel, aluminium and tin.( HS72, 76 and 80) etc. They are either labor intensive products or final goods concerning consumer safety, like medicaments in particular. Although TBT rocked sectors cover about 1/3 of total number of products at HS2 digit level, the proportion of affected trade is limited: about 10-16% of total import. However technical barriers are the most frequent type of NTM, the import subject to TBT account for above 90% of Chinese total import except for the rare case in 2001 (77.29%). (see Table 1).3. Model, methodology and data3.1 Model specificationWe use gravity model to examine how TBT imposed by China influence the country’s bilateral trade. To capture the size effect, population of both countries is used as proxy for exporting country’s supply capacities and importing country’s demand capacity. Per capita income of the two countries is included because higher income countries trade more in general. Transport costs are measured using the bilateral distance countries’ cultural proximity. We therefore control for this p roximity by introducing a common language dummy variable. Based on the typical gravity model, we introduce our key variables—tariff and non-tariff trade barriers. Our basic regression model takes the following forms:4. Empirical results4.1 The whole sample resultsTable 2-1 shows the summary statistics of our key variables. Table 2-2 reports the Pearson coefficients of the trade control measure variables. For the frequency index, import license and tariff appear to be negatively correlated. For the coverage ratio, besides import license, TBT seems to be slightly negative correlated with the tariff. Except for the above rare cases, the import control policies are positively correlated to each other. In general, different kinds of import control measures in China seem to be complementary to each other. Among them, import license and import quota have the highest positive coefficient, this accords with the fact that these two measures are sometimes combined together. Normally a country will distribute quota by issuing import license.We use OLS to estimate the gravity model. Regressions are run on pooled data for 9 years (see Table 3 and 4) and on data for each year separately (see Table 5 and 6). Table 3 and 5 report the result using frequency index, while Table 4 and 6 report the result using coverage ratio, both at HS 2-digit-level. For the whole sample regression results in Table 3 and 4, column 1 shows the result of the basic gravity model, column 2 introduces tariff and non-tariff barriers, column 3 tries to identify the difference between developing and developed countries and column 4 adds WTO as an additional control variable. Year-country-product fixed effect is used for all thespecifications.The results for standard gravity explanatory variables are consistent with prior expectations except for Contig as a rare case. The effect of GDPPC, POP and dist is positive and highly significant for all regressions. It implies that a 1 percent increase in the population of exporting country yields a 1.39-1.47 percent increase in the bilateral trade, and a 1 percent increase in the per capita GDP of exporting country yields a 0.91-1.40 percent increase in the bilateral trade. A 1 percent increase in geographic distance between the two trade partners will result a 1.42-1.45 percent decrease in bilateral trade. The effect of POPchina and GDPPCchina is positive and significant in two regressions. If Chinese population or per capita GDP increase 1 percent, Chinese import will increase 10.8-14.1 percent or 2.0-2.8 percent respectively. The coefficient for Comlang is positively significant in all specifications, which implies that if the exporting country share a same language with China, Chinese import will be stimulated by 2.6-3.3 percent. If the exporting market belongs to China, it will increase Chinese import by 0.3 percent. The coefficient for Contig is significantly negative, which implies that if the exporting country and China are contiguous, Chinese import will decrease 0.76-0.99 percent. This result is not consistent to the prior expectation. But the intuition is easily understood because the most important importing markets such as the US, Japan, EU members are not contiguous with China mainland.We then discuss the key explanatory variable, Tariff have a significant negative effect on Chinese import. A 1 percent increase in the MFN tariff will decrease import value by 0.64-0.66 percent. The results of the frequency index of NTM are all significant. A 1 unit increase in FRTBT will decrease import value by 1.1%, a 1 unit increase in FRQ will decrease import value by 1.7%, a 1 unit increase in FRL will increase import value by 4.1%. The results of the coverage ration of NTM are different in some extent with that of frequency index. A 1 unit increase in ICTBT will increase import value by 0.2%, a 1 unit increase in ICL will increase the import value by 2.7%, and the coefficient for ICQ is negative but not statistically significant.Table 5 and 6 give us a clear picture about how the effect of trade control measures change yearly. Tariff remains negatively significant for all 9 years.Moreover, the elasticity for Tariff dramatically increased since 2003. The trade depressing effect of Tariff nearly doubled after China’s entry into the WTO. FRTBT is negatively significant in all year specifications, and the coefficient remains stable through the sample period. FRL is positively significant while FRQ is negatively significant except for three years. In 1998, 1999 and 2001, FRL is insignificant while FRQ is positively significant due to the multicollinearity1. The result of ICTBT is changeable during the sample period. The coefficient of ICTBT is positively significant during 1998-2002, negatively significant in 2003 and insignificant during the remaining years. ICL remains positively significant during all 9 years, plus the elasticity for ICL slightly increased since 2002. ICQ is significant during 1998-2002,but the sign of the coefficient is changeable, and ICQ becomes insignificant since 2003. So ICQ doesn’t affect bi lateral trade value in a systematic way. From the yearly result, we observe that some of the trade control measure change trade patterns in a different way. Does the trade effect change significantly before and after China entry into the WTO? Whether there is any systematic difference in the trade effect between developing and developed countries? To solve these two problems, we add two interactions. Column 5 introduces the interaction between Developing and each of frequency indices of trade measures. Column 6 adds the interaction between WTO and each of coverage ratios of trade measure. As we can see, tariff (Tariff) and import quota (FRQ and ICQ) seem to have no difference between difference country groups. The change of FRTBT will affect Chinese import from developing countries less than that from developed countries. The change of ICTBT will affect Chinese import from developing countries more than that from developed countries. The change in FRL or ICL will have less impact on Chinese import from developing countries than from developed countries. On average, tariff, license have an increasing effect but quota has a decreasing effect after China’s entry into the WTO. The effect of TBT does not change significantly.5. ConclusionThe results of current literature suggest that TBT in importing country has restrictive trade effect and exports of poor countries are affected more. The paper explores whether technical measures imposed by China have restrictive effects for the imports from main exporters all over the world. Our research confirms some of the results reported elsewhere in the literature while differences remain in some aspects.First, in general trade control measures do have import restrictive effect in China. Second, tariff plays an important r ole even after China entry into the WTO. So far it’s still the most efficient policy tool. Third, TBT is the most frequently used NTM in China and cover almost all the imports. TBT do have some trade depressing effect but the effect is relatively small compared to the effect of tariff. Fourth, in contrast to the general belief that TBT works as a substitute to tariff and traditional NTM in developed countries（Thonsbury1998, Abbott 1997 etc）, there is no obvious substitution effect between tariff and TBT in China, moreover, the TBT is complementary to tariff in some extent.定量商业作用技术贸易壁垒：证据从中国1. 介绍技术贸易壁垒TBT现在普遍并且增加了对国际贸易的冲击。
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山东建筑大学本科毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译格式模版1.doc
山东建筑大学本科毕业设计说明书外文文献及翻译格式模版1附件3：（本科毕业论文）文献、资料题目：院（部）专班姓名：张三学号：指导教师：张九光翻译日期：2005.6.30，the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information secure ．The organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms ，or data-scrambling formulas ，for the new Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fall ．The standard is slated to go into effect next year ．AES is intended to be a stronger ，more efficient successor to Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES)，which replaced the aging DES ，which was cracked in less than three days in July 1998．“Until we have the AES ，3DES will still offer protection for years to come ．So there is no need to immediately switch over ，”says Edward Roback ，acting chief of the computer security division at NIST and chairman of the AES selection committee ．“What AES will offer is a more efficient algorithm ．It will be a federal standard ，but it will be widely implemented in the IT community ．”According to Roback ，efficiency of the proposed algorithms is measured by how fast they can encrypt and decrypt information ，how fast they can present an encryption key and how much information they can encrypt ．The AES review committee is also looking at how much space the algorithm takes up on a chip and how much memory it requires ．Roback says the selection of a more efficient AES will also result in cost savings and better use of resources ．“DES w as designed for hardware implementations ，and we are now living in a world of much more efficient software ，and we have learned an awful lot about the design of algorithms ，”says Roback ．“When you start multiplying this with the billions of implementations done daily ，the saving on overhead on the networks will be enormous ．”……山东建筑大学毕业设计（或毕业论文，二选一）外文文献及译文- 1 -以确保政府的信息安全。
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参考文献中英文格式
当涉及到引用参考文献时，不同的学科领域和期刊会有不同的要求和规范。
一般来说，英文参考文献的格式遵循着作者、文章标题、期刊名、出版日期和页码等信息的排列顺序。
下面是一些常见的参考文献格式示例：
期刊文章：
英文格式，Author(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page range.
中文格式，作者. (年份). 文章标题. 期刊名称, 卷号(期号), 页码范围。
书籍：
英文格式，Author(s). (Year). Title of book. Publisher.
中文格式，作者. (年份). 书名. 出版社。
网页：
英文格式，Author(s). (Year). Title of webpage. Site name. URL (Accessed date).
中文格式，作者. (年份). 网页标题. 网站名称. 网址 (访问日期)。
这只是一些常见的引用格式示例，具体的要求可能会因期刊或学术机构的要求而有所不同。
在撰写学术论文或提交文章时，最好参考目标期刊的官方引用格式指南，以确保引用格式符合要求。
英语论文参考文献标准格式
英语论⽂参考⽂献标准格式英语论⽂参考⽂献标准格式 在各领域中，说到论⽂，⼤家肯定都不陌⽣吧，通过论⽂写作可以培养我们独⽴思考和创新的能⼒。
那么⼀般论⽂是怎么写的呢？以下是⼩编帮⼤家整理的英语论⽂参考⽂献标准格式，仅供参考，⼤家⼀起来看看吧。
⽤Times New Roman.每⼀条⽬顶格，如某⼀条⽬超过⼀⾏，从第⼆⾏起“悬挂缩进”2字符。
参考⽂献中所有标点与符号均在英⽂状态下输⼊，标点符号后空⼀格。
参考⽂献条⽬排列顺序：英⽂⽂献、中⽂⽂献、⽹络⽂献。
分别按作者姓⽒字母顺序排列。
⽂献前不⽤序号。
1）英⽂参考⽂献： （1）专著与编著 排列顺序为：作者姓、名、专著名、出版地、出版社、出版年。
例如： Brinkleyork: Knopf, 1993. 专著名中如果还包含其他著作或作品名，后者⽤斜体。
例如： Dunn, Richard J ed. Charlotte Bront: Jane EyreNew York: Norton, 1971. A、两个⾄三个作者 第⼀作者的`姓在前，名在后，中间⽤逗号隔开；其余作者名在前，姓在后，中间⽆逗号；每个作者之间⽤逗号隔开，最后⼀个作者的姓名前⽤“and”，后⽤句号。
例如： B、三个以上作者 第⼀作者姓名（姓在前，名在后，中间加逗号）后接“et al.”，其他作者姓名省略。
例如： University of Hawaii Press, 1997. C、同⼀作者同⼀年出版的不同⽂献，参照下例： Widdowson, Henry G1998a. Widdowson, Henry G. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998b. （2）论⽂集 参照下例： Thompson, Pett. “Modal Verbs in Academic Writing”. In Ben Kettlemann & York: Rodopi, 2002: 305-323. （3）百科全书等参考⽂献 参照下例： Fagan, Jeffrey. “Gangs and Drugs”. ork: Macmillan, 2001. （4）学术期刊论⽂ 参照下例： Murphy, Karen. “Meaningful Connections: Using Technology in Primary Classrooms”. （5）⽹络⽂献 参照下例： “Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About URL”. （6）专著： 参照下例： ⽪亚杰.结构主义[M] .北京:商务印书馆,1984. （7）期刊⽂章： 参照下例： 杨忠,张韶杰.认知语⾳学中的类典型论[J].外语教学与研究,1999,(2):1-3. （8）学位论⽂ 参照下例： 梁佳.⼤学英语四、六级测试试题现状的理论分析与问题研究[D].湖南⼤学,2002. （9）论⽂集 参照下例： 许⼩纯.含义和话语结构[A].李红儒.外国语⾔与⽂学研究[C].哈尔滨:⿊龙江⼈民出版社,1999:5-7. （10）附录 2）中⽂参考⽂献下载全⽂外⽂期刊⽹私⽴医院外⽂⽂献翻译⽂献期刊⽹。
外文文献翻译——参考格式
广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部经济学部专业经济学年级 2007级班级名称 07经济学6班学号 16020706001学生姓名张瑜琴指导教师陈锶2011 年05月目录1挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺 (1)2什么商业银行带给小额贷款和什么把他们留在外 (2)3 商业银行的四个模型进入小额贷款之内 (4)3.1内在的单位 (4)3.2财务子公司 (5)3.3策略的同盟 (5)3.4服务公司模型 (6)4 合法的形式和操作的结构比较 (8)5 服务的个案研究公司模型：厄瓜多尔和Haiti5 (9)1 挑战：小额贷款中的进入和商业银行的长期承诺商业银行已经是逐渐重要的运动员在拉丁美洲中的小额贷款服务的发展2到小额贷款市场是小额贷款的好消息客户因为银行能提供他们一完整类型的财务的服务，包括信用，储蓄和以费用为基础的服务。
整体而言，它也对小额贷款重要，因为与他们广泛的身体、财务的和人类。
如果商业银行变成重的运动员在小额贷款，他们能提供非常强烈的竞争到传统的小额贷款机构。
资源，银行能廉宜地发射而且扩张小额贷款服务rela tively。
如果商业广告银行在小额贷款中成为严重的运动员，他们能提出非常强烈的竞争给传统的小额贷款机构。
然而，小额贷款社区里面有知觉哪一商业银行进入进入小额贷款将会是短命或浅的。
举例来说，有知觉哪一商业银行首先可能不搬进小额贷款因为时候建立小额贷款操作到一个有利润的水平超过银行的标准投资时间地平线。
或，在进入小额贷款，银行之后可能移动在－上面藉由增加贷款数量销售取利润最大值－或者更坏的事，退出如果他们是不满意与小额贷款的收益性的水平。
这些知觉已经被特性加燃料商业银行的情形进入小额贷款和后来的出口之内。
在最极端的，一些开业者已经甚至宣布，”降低尺度死！”而且抛弃了与主意合作的商业银行。
在最 signific 看得到的地方，蚂蚁利益商业银行可能带给小额贷款，国际的ACCION 发展发射而且扩张的和一些商业银行的关系小额贷款操作。
英语参考文献格式(英文版)
•
•
*、作者编者不详的书籍
• • 格式：
书名 (□□版.). (出版年). 出版城市, 州别简称:
出版者.
• •
范例：
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993)
Springfield, MA:
Merriam Webster.
Beyond redlining: Editing software that works. Poster session
七、电子网路资料
（一）电子期刊： 1. 电子版与纸本版并行之期刊：应注明电子版或 Electronic version 及页码 • 格式： • 作者（出版年）。文章名称﹝电子版﹞。期刊名 称，卷，页码。 • 范例： • 金成隆（2002）。生产科技对财务报表质量影响 之研究﹝电子版﹞。企业管理学报，54， 33-51。 • VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123.
• After the author(s) comes the year of publication, in parentheses and followed by a period. • Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle (if any), and any proper names within a title. • The first line of the entry is flush left; hanging indents are applied starting with the second line of each reference with about 4 spaces indented. • APA 格式不采用文献编号的方式排列，
文献翻译模板
2016届本科毕业设计（论文）文献翻译题目宋体三号字，加粗学院宋体四号字专业宋体四号字班级宋体四号字学号宋体四号字姓名宋体四号字指导教师宋体四号字开题日期宋体四号字文献一：（宋体五号）英文题目(居中，Times New Roman字体，三号加粗)正文（英文不少于10000印刷符号，Times New Roman字体，五号，首行缩进2.5字符，单倍行距，两边对齐）翻译一：（宋体五号，另起一页）中文题目(居中，黑体，三号加粗)正文（中文不少于2000字，宋体，五号，单倍行距，首行缩进2字符）文献二：（宋体五号，另起一页）英文题目(居中，Times New Roman字体，三号加粗)正文（英文不少于10000印刷符号，Times New Roman字体，五号，首行缩进2.5字符，单倍行距，两边对齐）翻译二：（宋体五号，另起一页）中文题目(居中，黑体，三号加粗)正文（中文不少于2000字，宋体，五号，单倍行距，首行缩进2字符）（请参照下面模板）文献一：Research on Spillover Effect of Foreign Direct Investment1. IntroductionIn recent decades, economists have begun to identify technical progress, or more generally, knowledge creation, as the major determinant of economic growth. Until the 1970s, the analysis of economic growth was typically based on neoclassical models that explain growth with the accumulation of labor, capital, and other production factors with diminishing returns to scale. In these models, the economy converges to steady state equilibrium where the level of per capita income is determined by savings and investment, depreciation, and population growth, but where there is no permanent income growth. Any observed income growth per capita occurs because the economy is still converging towards its steady state, or because it is in transition from one steady state to another.The policies needed to achieve growth and development in the framework of these models is therefore straightforward: increases in savings and investments and reductions in the population growth rate, shift the economy to a higher steady state income level. From the view of developing countries, however, these policies are difficult to implement. Low income and development levels are not only consequences, but also causes of low savings and high population growth rates. The importance of technical progress was also recognized in the neoclassical growth models, but the determinants of the level of technology were not discussed in detail; instead, technology was seen as an exogenous factor. Yet, it was clear that convergence in income percapita levels could not occur unless technologies converged as well.From the 1980s and onwards, growth research has therefore increasingly focused on understanding and ontogenetic technical progress. Modern growth theory is largely built on models with constant or increasing returns to reproducible factors as a result of the accumulation of knowledge. Knowledge is, to some extent, a public good, and R&D, education, training, and other investments in knowledge creation may generate externalities that prevent diminishing returns to scale for labor and physical capital. Taking this into account, the economy may experience positive long-run growth instead of the neoclassical steady state where per capita incomes remain unchanged. Depending on the economic starting point, technical progress and growth can be based on creation of entirely new knowledge, or adaptation and transfer of existing foreign technology.Along with international trade, the most important vehicle for international technology transfer is foreign direct investment (FDI). It is well known that multinational corporations (MNCs) undertake a major part of the world’s private R&D efforts and production, own and control most of the world’s advanced technology. When a MNC sets up a forei gn affiliate, the affiliate receives some amount of the proprietary technology that constitutes the parent’s firm specific advantage and allows it to compete successfully with local firms that have superior knowledge of local markets, consumer preferences, and business practices. This leads to a geographical diffusion of technology, but not necessarily to any formal transfer of technology beyond the boundaries of the MNCs; the establishment of a foreign affiliate is, almost per definition, a decision to internalize the use of core technology.However, MNC technology may still leak to the surrounding economy through external effects or spillovers that raise the level of human capital in the host country and createproductivity increases in local firms. In many cases, the effects operate through forward and backward linkages, as MNCs provide training and technical assistance to their local suppliers, subcontractors, and customers. The labor market is another important channel for spillovers, as almost all MNCs train operatives and managers who may subsequently take employment in local firms or establish entirely new companies.It is therefore not surprising that attitudes towards inward FDI have changed considerably over the last couple of decades, as most countries have liberalized their policies to attract all kinds of foreign investment. Numerous governments have even introduced various forms of investment incentives to encourage foreign MNCs to invest in their jurisdiction. However, productivity and technology spillovers are not automatic consequences of FDI. Instead, FDI and human capital interact in a complex manner, where FDI inflows create a potential for spillovers of knowledge to the local labor force, at the same time as the host country’s level of human capital determines how much FDI it can attract and whether local firms are able to absorb the potential spillover benefits.2. Foreign Direct Investment and SpilloversThe earliest discussions of spillovers in the literature on foreign direct investment date back to the 1960s. The first author who systematically introduced spillovers (or external effects) among the possible consequences of FDI was MacDougall (1960), who analyzed the general welfare effects of foreign investment. The common aim of the studies was to identify the various costs and benefits of FDI.Productivity externalities were discussed together with several other indirect effects that influence the welfare assessment, such as those arising from the impact of FDI on government revenue, tax policies, terms of trade, and the balance of payments. The fact that spillovers included in the discussion was generally motivated by empirical evidence from case studies rather than by comprehensive theoretical arguments.Yet, the early analyses made clear that multinationals may improve locatives efficiency by entering into industries with high entry barriers and reducing monopolistic distortions, and induce higher technical efficiency if the increased competitive pressure or some demonstration effect spurs local firms to more efficient use of existing resources. They also proposed that the presence may lead to increases in the rate of technology transfer and diffusion. More specifically, case studies showed that foreign MNCs may:(1) Contribute to efficiency by breaking supply bottlenecks (but that the effect may become less important as the technology of the host country advances);(2) Introduce new know-how by demonstrating new technologies and training workers who later take employment in local firms;(3) Either break down monopolies and stimulate competition and efficiency or create a more monopolistic industry structure, depending on the strength and responses of the local firms;(4) Transfer techniques for inventory and quality control and standardization to their local suppliers and distribution channels;Although this diverse list gives some clues about the broad range of various spillover effects, it says little about how common or how important they are in general. Similar complaints can be made about the evidence on spillovers gauged from the numerous case studies discussing various aspects of FDI in different countries and industries. These studies often contain valuable circumstantial evidence of spillovers, but often fail to show how significant the spillover effectsare and whether the results can be generalized.For instance, many analyses of the linkages between MNCs and their local suppliers and subcontractors have documented learning and technology transfers that may make up a basis for productivity spillovers or market access spillovers. However, these studies seldom reveal whether the MNCs are able to extract all the benefits that the new technologies or information generate among their supplier firms. Hence, there is no clear proof of spillovers, but it is reasonable to assume that spillovers are positively related to the extent of linkages.Similarly, there are many works on the relation between MNCs entry and presence and market structure in host countries, and this is closely related to the possible effects of FDI on competition in the local markets. There are also case studies of demonstration effects, technology diffusion, and labor training in foreign MNCs. However, although these studies provide much detailed information about the various channels for spillovers, they say little about the overall significance of such spillovers.The statistical studies of spillovers, by contrast, may reveal the overall impact of foreign presence on the productivity of local firms, but they are generally not able to say much about how the effects come about. These studies typically estimate production functions for locally owned firms, and include the foreign share of the industry as one of the explanatory variables. They then test whether foreign presence has a significant positive impact on local productivity once other firm and industry characteristics have been accounted.Research conclude that domestic firms exhibited higher productivity in sectors with a larger foreign share, but argue that it may be wrong to conclude that spillovers have taken place if MNC affiliates systematically locate in the more productive sectors. In addition, they are also able to perform some more detailed tests of regional differences in spillovers. Examining the geographical dispersion of foreign investment, they suggest that the positive impact of FDI accrue mainly to the domestic firms located close to the MNC affiliates. However, effects seem to vary between industries.The results on the presence of spillovers seem to be mixed; recent studies suggest that there should be a systematic pattern where various host industry and host country characteristics influence the incidence of spillovers. For instance, the foreign affiliate’s levels of tech nology or technology imports seem to influence the amount of spillovers to local firms. The technology imports of MNC affiliates, in turn, have been shown to vary systematically with host country characteristics. These imports seem larger in countries and industries where the educational level of the local labor force is higher, where local competition is tougher, and where the host country imposes fewer formal requirements on the affiliates’ operations.Some recent studies have also addressed the apparent contradictions between the earlier statistical spillover studies, with the hypothesis that the host country’s level of technical development or human capital may matter as a starting point.In fact, in some cases, large foreign presence may even be a sign of a weak local industry, where local firms have not been able to absorb any productivity spillovers at all and have therefore been forced to yield market shares to the foreign MNCs.3. FDI Spillover and Human Capital DevelopmentThe transfer of technology from MNC parents to its affiliates and other host country firms is not only mbodied in machinery, equipment, patent rights, and expatriate managers and technicians,but is also realized rough the training of local employees. This training affects most levels of employees, from simple manufacturing operatives through supervisors to technically advanced professionals and top-level managers. While most recipients of training are employed in the MNCs own affiliates, the beneficiaries also include employees among the MNCs suppliers, subcontractors, and customers.Types of training ranged from on-the-job training to seminars and more formal schooling to overseas education, perhaps at the parent company, depending on the skills needed. The various skills gained through the elation with the foreign MNCs may spill over directly when the MNCs do not charge the full value of the training provided to local firms or over time, as the employees move to other firms or set up their own businesses.While the role of MNCs in primary and secondary education is marginal, there is increasingly clear evidence hat FDI may have a noticeable impact on tertiary education in their host countries. The most important effect is perhaps on the demand side. MNCs provide attractive employment opportunities to highly skilled graduates in natural sciences, engineering, and business sciences, which may be an incentive for gifted students to complete tertiary training, and MNCs demand skilled labor, which may encourage governments to invest in higher education.Many studies undertaken in developing countries have emphasized the spillovers of management skills. There is evidence of training and capacity development in technical areas, although the number of detailed studies appears smaller.While training activities in manufacturing often aim to facilitate the introduction of new technologies that are embodied in machinery and equipments, the training in service sectors is more directly focused on strengthening skills and know-how embodied in employees. This means that training and human capital development are often more important in service industries. Furthermore, many services are not tradable across international borders, which mean that service MNCs to a great extent are forced to reproduce home country technologies in their foreign affiliates. As a consequence, service companies are often forced to invest more in training, and the gap between affiliate and parent company wages tends, therefore, to be smaller than that in manufacturing.4. ConclusionThis paper has noted that the interaction of FDI and spillovers is complex and highly non-linear, and that several different outcomes are possible. FDI inflows create a potential for spillovers of knowledge to the local labor force, at the same time as the host country’s level of human capital determines how much FDI it can attract and whether local firms are able to absorb the potential spillover benefits. Hence, it is possible that host economies with relatively high levels of human capital may be able to attract large amounts of technology intensive foreign MNCs that contribute significantly to the further development of labor skills. At the same time, economies with weaker initial conditions are likely to experience smaller inflows of FDI, and those foreign firms that enter are likely to use simpler technologies that contribute only marginally to local learning and skill development.翻译一：外商直接投资溢出效应研究1.引言在最近几十年中，经济学家们已开始确定技术进步，或更普遍认为知识创造，作为经济增长原动力的一个重要决定因素，直到20世纪70年代，分析经济增长运用典型的新古典主义模型来解释经济增长的积累，劳动力、资本等生产要素与收益递减的规模。
外文文献翻译格式要求
外文文献翻译格式要求
外文文献中文翻译的格式要求通常包括以下几个方面：
2.翻译稿的标题应与原文保持一致，通常在文献翻译稿的第一页的中间位置，使用加粗、居中排版。
3.每一段落开始时空两行，段落间距可以根据需要适当调整。
4. 翻译稿中的引用部分，应在文中用中括号标注原文引用部分的位置，如 "[Original text]"
5.翻译稿中的图表、表格等内容，需要在相应位置插入，并在上方标明图表或表格编号，并在下方进行说明。
7.在翻译稿的最后，需要标注翻译人员的签名，并附上日期。
总之，翻译稿与原文应尽量保持一致，在排版和格式上遵循一定的要求和规范。
具体格式要求也可以根据翻译机构或期刊的要求进行调整。
译文的参考文献格式
译文的参考文献格式参考文献的格式可以根据不同的引用风格和学术要求而有所不同。
以下是一些常见的参考文献格式，供参考：1. MLA格式：作者姓，作者名。
译者姓，译者名。
"译文标题。
" 原作品标题。
原作品作者姓，原作品作者名。
出版地，出版者，出版年。
页码范围。
例如：Smith, John. Translated by Li Ming. "Translation Title." Original Work Title. By Original Author. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Page Range.2. APA格式：译者姓，译者名（译）。
(年份)。
译文标题。
《原作品标题》（原作品作者姓，原作品作者名）。
出版地，出版者。
例如：Li, Ming (Trans.). (Year). Translation Title. Original Work Title (By Original Author). Place of Publication: Publisher.3. 芝加哥格式：译者姓，译者名。
"译文标题。
" 原作品标题。
原作品作者姓，原作品作者名。
译者姓，译者名（译）。
出版地，出版者，出版年。
例如：Li, Ming. "Translation Title." Original Work Title. By Original Author. Translated by Li Ming. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.请注意，以上仅是一些常见的参考文献格式示例，实际使用时应根据具体的引用规范和要求进行调整。
另外，还需要注意标点符号的正确使用和信息的完整性，确保参考文献格式的准确性和规范性。
文献翻译模板-本部
英文翻译分院宋体四号字专业宋体四号字届别宋体四号字学号宋体四号字姓名宋体四号字指导教师宋体四号字200Ｘ年Ｘ月Ｘ日<文献翻译一：原文>××××××1××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××备注：英文文献翻译原文必须注明出处11．著作：作者姓名．书名[M]．xx：出版社，xxxx，xx．2．论文：作者姓名．论文题目[D]．杂志名称，xxxx（）：xx．以英文大写字母方式标识各种参考文献,专著[M]、论文集[C]、报纸文章[N]、期刊文章[J]、学位论文[D]、报告[R]。
宁波大学科学技术学院本科毕业设计（论文）系列表格<文献翻译一：译文>宁波大学本科毕业设计（论文）系列表格<文献翻译二：原文>××××××2××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××备注：英文文献翻译原文必须注明出处21．著作：作者姓名．书名[M]．xx：出版社，xxxx，xx．2．论文：作者姓名．论文题目[D]．杂志名称，xxxx（）：xx．以英文大写字母方式标识各种参考文献,专著[M]、论文集[C]、报纸文章[N]、期刊文章[J]、学位论文[D]、报告[R]。
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References and their Importance in ResearchIntroductionA reference, also known as a citation, is a way to acknowledge and provide evidence of the sources used in a research paper or academic work. By including references, researchers can show their readers where they obtained their information and ideas, enabling others to verify and build upon their work. This article will explore the importance of references in research and discuss how to format them properly.The Importance of ReferencesEnhances Credibility1.References enhance the credibility of a research paper byproviding a solid foundation of existing knowledge on the topic. 2.By citing reputable sources, researchers show that they haveconducted a thorough literature review and considered variousperspectives.3.Proper references help readers evaluate the reliability andvalidity of the research findings.Avoids Plagiarism1.References are essential for avoiding plagiarism, which is the actof presenting someone else’s work or ideas as one’s own.2.By properly citing the sources, researchers give credit to theoriginal authors and acknowledge their contributions.3.Failure to provide proper references can result in seriousacademic consequences and damage the researcher’s reputation.Facilitates Further Research1.References provide a roadmap for further research by directingreaders to related studies and works that have influenced thecurrent research.2.Researchers can build upon existing knowledge and identify gaps inthe literature by following the references provided.3.This helps in developing new research questions and designingstudies that contribute to the advancement of knowledge.Supports Transparency and Replicability1.Including references ensures transparency in the research process,allowing others to verify and replicate the findings.2.If the methodology or results are questioned, references enableothers to critically analyze the sources and determine thesoundness of the research.3.Transparent research supported by proper references increases theoverall trustworthiness of scientific endeavors.Formatting ReferencesAPA Style1.The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widelyused format for referencing in the social sciences.2.In APA style, references are listed alphabetically by the lastname of the first author.3.The basic format for a journal article reference in APA styleincludes the author’s name, publication year, article title,journal name, volume number, and page range.4.For books, the reference should include the author’s name,publication year, book title, publisher, and location.5.Websites, reports, and other sources have their unique citationformats, and researchers should refer to the APA manual forspecific guidelines.MLA Style1.The Modern Language Association (MLA) style is commonly used inthe humanities.2.In MLA style, the list of works cited is arranged alphabeticallyby the author’s last name or the title if no author is provided.3.The basic format for a book reference in MLA style includes theauthor’s name, book title, publisher, and publication yea r.4.For online sources, the reference should include the author’sname, article title, website name, publication date, and URL.5.MLA style also provides specific guidelines for referencing othersources like journals, newspapers, and films.Harvard Style1.The Harvard style is a popular referencing format used in variousdisciplines.2.In the Harvard style, references are cited within the text bymentioning the author’s name and publication year.3.The complete reference list is then provided at the end of thedocu ment, arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.4.The basic format for a journal article reference in the Harvardstyle includes the author’s name, publication year, article title, journal name, volume number, and page range.5.For other sources like books, websites, and reports, researchersshould follow specific guidelines provided by the institution orjournal.ConclusionReferences are an integral part of academic research as they provide credibility, avoid plagiarism, facilitate further research, and support transparency and replicability. Properly formatting references based on established citation styles like APA, MLA, or Harvard is crucial to ensure consistency and accuracy. Researchers must understand the importance of references and follow the appropriate formattingguidelines to enhance the quality and impact of their research work.。
ebol参考文献格式范例
ebol参考文献格式范例一、英文参考文献标准格式1.专着、论文集、学位论文、报告-[序号]主要责任者。
文献题名。
出版地：出版者，出版年。
起止页码(任选)。
示例：[1]Day,C.,Veen,D.van,& Walraven,G. Children and youth at risk and urban education. Research,policy and prac-tice. Leuven/Apeldoorn:Garant. 1997.2.期刊文章-[序号]主要责任者。
文献题名。
刊名，年，卷(期)：起止页码。
示例：[2] Driessen,G.,& Van der Grinten,M. Home language proficiency in the Netherland:The evaluation of Turkish andMoroccan bilingual programmes- A critical review,Studies in Educational Evaluation,1994,20(3)：365- 386.3.论文集中的析出文献-[序号]析出文献主要责任者。
析出文献题名。
原文献主要责任者(任选)。
原文献题名。
出版地：出版者，出版年。
析出文献起止页码。
示例：[3] Driessen,G.,Mulder,L.,& Jungbluth,P. Structural and cultural determinants of educational opportunities intheNetherlands. In S.Weil(Ed.)，Root and migration in global perspective. Jerusalem:Magnes Press.1999. pp.83- 104.[5]4.报纸文章-[序号]主要责任者。
文献题名。
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译文学院：船舶与海洋工程学院专业：船舶与海洋工程学号：姓名：指导教师：江苏科技大学2011 年4 月 8 日基于船舶稳定性的随机动力系统方法的研究Ludwig Arnold1, Igor Chueshov2, and Gunter Ochs11大学3部，动力系统研究所信箱33 04 40,28334不来梅，德国邮箱arnold@math.uni-bremen.de2 哈尔科夫大学，力学与数学系4 Svobody Sq., 310077哈尔科夫，乌克兰摘要：本文首先解释如何由基本原理推出船舶随机横摇运动的原型方程式。
然后，运用随机动力系统理论的概念，对两个简单横摇运动的非线性模型进行分析数值研究。
与此对应的，对船舶进行噪声的周期性作用，结果表明，导致船舶倾覆（即随机吸引子的消失）的作用，并非优于一些分叉的作用，而是毫无征兆的突然发生。
关键词：随机海浪，随机场，船舶稳定性，船舶倾覆，横摇运动，随机动力系统，随机稳定性，随机分支，随机吸引子，随机不变集，Conley指数MSC2000：34F05, 37H15, 37H20, 93E15为主；60H10, 70L05为辅1 引文现有的保障船舶稳定性和防止船舶倾覆的章则和标准（详见国际海事组织（IMO）准则）都是经验性的，并以船舶自我复原性能为基础，而且仅仅考虑到静水力的作用。
详情请见Kreuzer and Wendt [9, p. 1836]。
这些静态的标准都忽略了船舶运动、海浪和风的作用，显然不能保证船舶的整体稳定。
由最近伦敦保险人协会给出的损失数据和它们发生的原因对比表明：按照这些标准，每年至少有30艘排水量超过500GT的船舶由于不能抵御严酷的天气而有所损失。
因此，研究人员一致认为，应该采用船舶海洋系统的静水力模型，把海洋看作一个随机场，把船舶看作一个有六个自由度的刚体，运用非线性动力学的方法和随机动力系统的理论，对这些标准进行修改。
现有的船舶动力的（确定性的和随机的）研究现状已经很好地记录在《船舶非线性动力学》（Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. London（系列A），Spyrou and Thompson主编）【19】的主要章节中。
这一卷包括Spyrou和Thompson扩充的概述，并且介绍了这个领域的发展和未来的研究方向，最主要便是“将海浪的概率性特征融入非线性动力学的研究”（p.1755），这篇中我们已经系统地将这个报告【2】处理成读者参阅，并且是一个压缩的版本。
后面的文章我们将把上文提到的这两篇章节和报告作为默认的参考文献，如有必要将引用其他的文献。
这篇文章的主旨如下：在简绍（Sect.1）之后，本文将介绍如何通过一连串近似和简化的控制量（Sect.2），从基本原理中得到在任意海浪中船舶横摇运动的随机非线性泛函微分原型方程式。
接着，本文将对随机动力系统的理论（Sect.3）进行一个简要介绍。
本文主旨在于运用随机动力系统理论的概念，对简单横摇运动的非线性模型进行分析数值研究（Sect.4）。
致谢本文是以DFG-Schwerpunkt programm的“Interagierende stochastische Systeme von hoher Komplexit¨at” (SPP1033)项目为框架，由“Modellierung von Schiffsbewegungen durch zuf¨allige dynamische System” (AR 137/15-1)研究计划发展而来的。
万分感谢这些项目的支持。
本文同样也与上述的DFG-Schwerpunkt programm中的“Dynamik unendlichdimensionaler stochastischer Systeme”项目合作并获得帮助。
最后应该感谢Edwin Kreuze教授（汉堡哈伯格科技大学）和他的合作者以及他们提出的大量有价值的建议。
2 在任意海浪中的船舶运动在这一部分力，本文将介绍如何通过一连串近似和简化的控制量，从基本原理中得到实验中的船舶横摇运动的随机非线性泛函微分原型方程式。
2.1 一般模型首先用简短的文字来论述由流体（水）和部分浸湿的物体B（船）组成的一个机械系统运动的一般方程式。
假设流体是不可压缩的，并且有无旋运动；流体的自由表面在水平方向上无限延伸。
把船体看成刚体，并且被描述为在外力作用下做强制运动或者是自由运动。
这种形式的系统运动的精确方程式已经被广泛熟知了（见例John[8]）。
这种规定下的流体的状态完全是用一个速度势函数Φ满足拉普拉斯方程。
随机海浪是一个高斯时空静止的随机场，它决定了Φ的取值在一个规定的范围内（详见[2，Sect.2]）。
流体的边界包括一个固定的底面，自由液面SA，和物体B的浸没表面SB。
每一个表面都要符合以下条件，即正常速度下的粒子和压力应当延续到表面边界（动力学中的动态边界条件）。
假设作用在表面SA上的压力是不变的，且等于大气压。
浸没表面SB满足速度连续的运动学条件，再通过刚体B的角速度和自身重力速度，我们得出了一般倒数Φ。
沿SB表面的压力连续的动力学边界条件，是把B在重力、浸湿面上的液体压力、规定外力作用下移动作为考虑因素。
这就产生了表示B运动的六个微分方程（牛顿定律和动量守恒定律）。
其中六个变量包括三个平移变量x(浪涌)，y（横摇），z（垂荡），和三个角坐标φ（绕纵向x轴），θ（仰角），ψ（首摇）。
讲上述文字转化成公式请见【2, Sect. 3】。
然而，这个问题的一般性不强，很少能严格体现在对一个运动的讨论或对一个方程的详解的数学问题上。
由于φ是一个势方程的潜在解，故这些问题是由在变量范围内的非线性边界条件决定。
由于这个普遍问题的分析棘手性，我们不得不把它诉诸于一些近似的步骤，见【2】。
将全部六个模型变量中的三个孤立出来的方法将在下一部分里呈现。
2.2 在舷浪中横摇垂荡横荡间的相互干扰如果要解出方程中的横摇变量φ，垂荡变量z和横荡变量y，我们就应该采用下列的条状理论中的极限形式：我们假设船体是圆柱体并且无限长。
因此这个速度势φ是一个只有两个空间变量（横向和垂向）的函数，并且自由表面SA是由空间变量（横向）决定的函数。
假设为舷浪，即海浪方向与船长方向成直角。
为了解出由φ，y，z组成的方程，以及由衍射、辐射引起的水压力及其动力，我们必须通过大量的简化的假设和近似值，正如【2,Sect.4】（这里就不重述了）中所做的，最后再经过冗长的计算。
这里，m是指质量，I指船舶的次要惯性矩，（Yc，Zc）是在一个固定平面内重心的坐标，y = Yc表示横荡，z = η(Yc, t) −Zc表示实际垂荡，φ是横摇角度，ε是参数，ξ(t)是一个固定的随机函数，η(y, t)是表示海面自由表面SA方程式。
后者被假设为一个有不变空间向量y的静止的高斯随机场，如【2，Subsect.2.3】中所提到，即由以下形式的微小舷浪组成。
式中κ在埃尔瑞关系中是频率ω的函数，ω由ω2= gκtanh(κD)，D表示海水深度。
2.3 横摇运动的方程式横摇可能是非线性最明显的，并且单独看来最形象的。
如果我们假设在横摇垂荡横荡模型中，实际的横摇和横荡是很小的，那么我们就可以在（3）式中让y=0,得到（重新缩放比例后）横摇运动角度的方程式如下：式中Mext是用决定性理论计算得到的。
举个例子，对于一个简谐波η(y, t) = Acos(κy−ωt)，我们得到如下等式：这里补充几点：（1）一个线性和非线性的摩擦集合（考虑到粘性横摇阻尼不会被势理论影响），（2）弹簧恢复到平衡位置的瞬间，即α2φ−α1φ3型式，临界横摇角度为零，（局部近似看成复原力矩曲线）。
（3）进一步外力强迫简谐运动F sinωt（F很小）。
附加的摩擦力和恢复力被应用于（4），有（1）（2）两种型式，并且部分是根据尺寸来定，它们被船舶动力领域广泛应用和接受，如见Price and Bishop[15, p. 295], Faltinsen[5, p. 97–98] and Wendt [22, p. 44]。
在深水区（D=+∞）,艾瑞尔关系变成了散状分布关系ω2 = gκ，并且假设是正常的。
为了在（4）中得到一致解，我们通过Thompson, Rainey和Soliman[21]从基本原理恢复原始模型。
经过重新缩放比例后，我们得到了所谓的英式模型：式中β0 > 0, β1 ≥ 0,α > 0。
研究船舶在零速度时的横摇运动和屈服与纵向简谐波（尾波或首波）得到了所谓的有参数影响的巴西模型（见Neves, P´erez and Valerio [13]）。
因此，我们可以说，舷浪对横摇方程有附加的作用，也有参数噪声作用，而首波和尾波引起参数噪声。
本文现在将对方程（5）和方程（6）在随机动力系统理论的框架内进行系统的分析，这个再Sect.4中已经做了一部分了。
关于横摇运动模型进一步的研究，包括随机性研究已经有Roberts and Vasta [17] and Moshchuk, Ibrahim and Khasminskii【11, 12】在做。
3 随机动力系统的方法：简要回顾3.1 基本设置首先要做一些基本定义（随机动力系统的一般理论的系统和详细的介绍见【1】）。
随机动力系统是由加入固定噪声输入得出的微分方程产生的。
一个随机动力系统包括两部分：（i）噪声是模拟一个定长流θ= (θt)t∈R，它建立在一个概率空间内(Ω, C, P)。
（ii）动力学本身是由一个可测的映射得到：例如——如果w是固定的，那么（t, x）到f(t, w)x的映射是连续的，——f满足余循环方程和式中，。
我们认为f是在范围内的，建于公制动力系统之上的随机动力系统。
这种循环的性质导致产生了倾斜这就将可测量的（半）水流定义为了一个乘积空间。
产生一个随机动力系统可以通过两种重要的方式：在Itˆo或Stratonovich意义上建立推测微分方程，或叫做随机微分方程。
随机微分方程可以写成下面这种形式：，式中f, g1, ..., gn是在到范围内的利普希茨连续函数，W1, ...,Wn是独立的D维Wiener过程。
Ω是在Wiener过程之下（双面）的路径，在到的范围内取值为0（在Wiener测度P下定义的0），Ω在由定义的时间位移内的不变。
余循环映射的结果f(t,ω)x表示方程的解法，包括t时间后的初始值x，且此值是在Wiener过程特解ω的条件下的。
这种“路径”解的存在是一个完善技术的保证，见Arnold 【1,Chap.1.3】。
一个随机微分方程是一个非独立常微分方程的集合，其中噪声是作为一个右边的参数，即，式中F范围为到。
这里(Ω, θ)可以表示在概率空间内的任意定长流。