英国概况section1
英国概况——总复习
英国概况——总复习An Introduction to UK & USAPart ⅠThe United Kingdom1. Geographical Features1. The British Isles are situated in the northwest of Europe in the Atlantic Ocean.2. English Channel / North Sea3. England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland4. Full title: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland5. area: 244.110 Square kms / 1.000km from north to south; 500kms widest6. England: 130.000skm, 60% of Whole Island.A) Pennine mountains runs from Scottish boarder as far south as Derbyshire about 241km in the north. Altitude is 200-500meters.B) Bulk of Pennines奔宁山脉is moorland.C) Lake District to the west of PenninesD) plateau in the southwest and west, east and midlands are low-lying.7. Scotland: 78.760skm in northern part.A) Highlands & islands of Hebrides in the north, rugged, bare, mountainous. Benvis, highest peak, 1.343m.B) Central Lowlands, relatively flat.C) Southern Uplands, rolling moorland with small fertile river valleys.8. Wales on the Western Prominence. 20.700skm, 9% of the whole island.A) industrial southB) central plateaus and lakesC) Mountainous north.9. Northern Island, 14.147skm with six counties. Mountains in the north and south, separated by the fertile basin of Lough Neagh, mainly agricultural, industrial center: two ports–Belfast and Londonderry.2. Climate1) moderated by the Atlantic Gulf Stream, milder than places in the same latitude.2) equable: winters are mild, temperature exceed 4c in the west, lower in the east. July about 18c. 13c in the northern Scotland.3) changeable day-t-day conditions.4) Rainfall throughout the year. No marked dry season.3. Rivers and Lakesmany lakes and rivers but not very large.In England:1) the longest river: Severn River, 355km2) Thames River, 338km, Oxford in on it3) Clyde River in Scotland4) lakes lies in Northern Scotland & the Cumbriam Mountains and North Wales4. Natural ResourcesRich in coal, iron, tin, copper, oil and gasNo large land-based oilfield, mainly in North Sea. (also gas) Part ⅡThe People(1)Overview: Population: 56,500,000English 80%; Welsh 5%; Scots 10%; Irish 4%.1. The English: Anglo-Saxon in origin, Germanic tribes conquered in the 5th, 6th AD. Norman French, Under William ofNormandy in 1066 ? 2. Welsh, Scot, Irish: Celts from north-western Europe, invaded Britain between 700BC and 200BC.3. It was from the union of Norman conquerors and Anglo-Saxon and Jutes that the English people and English language was born.4. The Danes or Vikings invaded Britain in 8th stamped influence on the people and the language5. The English: be reserved, unemotional, courteous; shy of strangers; suspicious of change and slow to accept new ideals; solid and dependable with a high sense of honesty, duty and justice; physically and morally courageous; conscious of his place in the social order, disliking any show of emotion and lack of control.6. Welsh is an ancient Celtic language, more different from English than English is from French or German.The Welsh--- two groups:1) sheep farmers in the mountainous regions of the centre and north;2) industrial workers in the southWelsh are musical, emotional, cheerful, proud of their past, and welcoming to friends but suspicious of foreigners.The cultural pride in Wales is very strong, famous for their love of music and poetry.Eisteddfod (Welsh for a “sitting”): a national festival of music and verse in Wales in August for a week.From the hard-working lives of the Welshtwo passions emerged: rugby football英式橄榄球and choral singing7. Characteristics of the Scots: inventive, hard-working, serious-minded and cautious with money1) A) highlanders live by farming sheep and fishing, being proud, independent, hardyB) Lowlanders live in industrialized urban areas.2) Great empire builders, fierce soldiers―Devils in skirts‖ or ―ladies from hell‖: nicknames of Scottish soldiers for their bravery.3) distinctive national dress: kilt, pleated skirts9. the characteristics of Irish: introspective dreamers and poets, argumentative and aggressive.1) IRA: the Irish Republican Army on the Catholic side.2) Ulster Unionists, (Loyalists) on the Protestant side.10. Immigrants:1) escape political or religious persecution2) seek a better life3) A) from old dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South AfricaB) Eastern European refugeesC) West Indies, India & PakistanD) Chinese, Greek, Turkish Cypriots, Italian, Spaniards12. Emigration: from Britain to Canada and Australia, USA (doctors, scientists) ---- “brain drain‖Part ⅢEconomy1. Characters:1. one of the most advanced manufacturing and trading nations.A) largest manufacturing industry: iron & steelB) Coal miningC) Oil and gas in North SeaD) food, beverages, tobacco productsE) mechanical engineering productsF) electric, electronics, instrument engineering productsG) paper, printing, publishing productsH) motor vehicles, transport equipmentI) metals, nonferrous有色金属,J) textiles, clothing, footwearK) chemical industry2. Trading & Finance:1) exports about 1/3 of its gross domestic product, a higher proportion than any other industrial country, 4th largest exporter in the world, 9% of world exports --- ―visible trade‖2) most important exports--- services:A) shipping, banking, insurance, tourism --- ―invisible‖ earnings / ―visible trade‖B) capital investment, (private & governmental) (direct investment)3) Bank of England: founded in 1694, issues bank notes, advises the government on financial matters, determines the bank rate.3. AgricultureReputation for its pioneering of new techniques and high efficiency, remains among the most progressive in the world. Agricultural workers account for 2% of the population.1) arable land: wheat, barley, oats2) vegetables, small fruits, potatoes, sugar beets甜菜4. Animal husbandryIn Highland Zones, tracts of grassland, green all the year --- mild climate & abundant rainfall.dairying, beef cattle, sheep5. Transportationhighly developed transportation system:1) A) large merchant fleetsB) 300 seaports2) railway system3) motor vehicles4) Airplanes, 120 commercial airportsPart ⅣThe Origins of a Nation1. early settlement (---55BC)A) the first immigrants: Iberians from Spain & Portugal about 5000 years ago.their relics: Stonehenge 石林(stone monuments) on Salisbury Plain in southwest of England.B) 3 waves: Celts from north-west Europe after 700 BC., 500 BC, and 100 BC —tall, red hair and blue eyes.C) Celtic conquerors blended with Iberian2. Roman Britain (55BC –410)1) Julius Caesar came to Britain in 55BC.2) Roman occupation lasted about 400 years.Impacts:1) brought Christianity to England2) built roads all across Britain3) towns grew up along the Roman roads4) English upper classes became completely Romanized, Roman landowners and officials.5) Social systems: laws, taxes6) Roman language---Latin7) system of writing & numbering8) written description of the land, peoples9) engineering skills, architecture3. Anglo-Saxon times (446-871)Three Germanic tribes invaded England: Angles, Saxons andJutes.4. Danish InvasionAt the turn of 8th century, Danes, or Vikings, invaded England from Norway & Denmark.5. NormansThe Norman Conquest in 1066.Consequences:1. William of Normandy and his French-speaking followers set up a strong central government which brought a new unified discipline and control to England.2. French became the official language.3. established a feudal system.4. Contacts between England & France increased.Part ⅤFeudal England1. Under William’s rule, the Normans changed Englan d to a feudal state under an absolute kingship.2. King Arthur: in 6th, the central figure of many legends about him and his Knights of round T able.3. the Magna Carta–Great Charter, a document signed in 1215 by King John, to recognize the rights of barons.4. Hundred Years’War: between England & France from 1337 to 1453 in France. French drove English partly through the inspiration of Joan of Arc (a French saint & national heroine), partly through the effective use of guns.5. Wars of the Roses: struggle for the throne of England (1455-1485)between .The houses of Lancaster, whose badge was a red rose, and York, a white rose. Impacts: the war weakened both nobility and the monarch.6. The Black Death: a deadly bubonic plague(淋巴腺鼠疫),struck Europe in middle of 14th, reached England in 1348. ?of the population died.7. Religious Revolution1) the Catholic Church:A) headed by the Pope;B) members accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the Bible.C) Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy”.D) in the Middle Ages, Pope was powerful2) Protestant Church:A) whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the Reformation.B) Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in 16th, Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe, and in the Elizabethan age, became gradually the dominant faith.3) Henry VIII’s divorce question, married his brother’s widow, a Spanish princess, who gave a daughter, Mary, not a son.4) Bloody Mary: a devout Catholic, burnt so many protestants; succeeded by Elizabeth I.5) Elizabethan age: literary achievement, Shakespeare, an age of adventure on the sea.The English Civil War1. a bitter power struggle (1642-1648) between the monarchy and Parliament.2. the victory of the Parliament led to the execution of Charles I in 1649, and the temporary overthrow of the monarchy.3. a republic founded by Oliver Cromwell for more than ten years.4. King Charles I: divine rights to govern,Ruled without parliament, levied taxes without parliament’s approval.5. Cromwell: Roundhead leader, defeated the King Charles I.Part VI The Glorious Revolution1. in 1688, Catholic king James II fled to France.2. the throne was offered to his Protestant daughter and her husband Dutch king William.3. the Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament to restrict the power of the Monarchy.4. beginning of the Constitutional Monarchy in Britain.5. Since then every English monarch rules by permission of Parliament.6. the theories of divine or hereditary right to the throne were ended.7. Bloodless RevolutionBackground:1. The 18th century saw ascendancy of the middle class in the life of the nation, with the development of commerce & industry.2. Glorious Revolution established the authority of middle class over the crown.3. The union of Scotland and England into the nation of Great Britain --- the Act of Union of 1707.4. The Seven Years’War (1756-63) in North America (French and India War) --- which left Britain predominant in North America and in India, Britain bec ame the world’s leading colonial power.5. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, the great economic and social changes were taking place in Britain --- agricultural and home-based trades and industries gradually gave way to factory-based industries with complex machinery.6. England was a great trade nation, with much private capital ready for investment.7. Not only was trade free to move throughout the British Isles, but also there was freedom of movement between the social classes. Middle class values encouraged self-reliance and enterprising initiative.8. Political leaders were interested in commerce.9. The growing population provided a market.10. Farmers’improved methods of cultivation freed much labor, which became available for employment in the town factories, and also increased food supplies for towns.11. 18th century was a time of peace and stability.12. Foreign plunder, the newly acquired wealth after 7 years’war.Industrial Revolution first began in the textile industry, which was accelerated by important mechanical inventions ---- flying shuttle, spinning jenny, especially the steam-engine by James Watt in 1769.Results1. Factories came into being because they brought about more profits to the owners.2. New cities sprang up, population was concentrated in towns and cities.3. The power of influence of industrial capitalists grew greater.4. It gave birth a new social-economic class –proletariat who were exploited cruelly.5. It brought many economic advantages to Britain and made Britain rich and powerful.Chartist MovementThe Chartist Movement (1836-48): the industrial and commercial classes, with the support of the working classes, demanded to reform the old voting system.Part ⅧGovernment SystemConstitutional Monarchy1. The Monarch respects the Constitution.2. In law, the monarch is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature; head of the judiciary; commander-in-chief of3. In the Glorious Revolution, William and Mary became the joint rulers of Britain, and the Constitutional Monarchy began.4. The Bill of Rights which was passed in 1689 restricted the power of the monarchy.The British Constitution1. It is unwritten2. Its components include Acts of Parliament, the Prerogative of the Crown, Conventions of the Constitution, Common Law and Parliamentary Privilege.3. It is more flexible than the written ones in other countries.Conventions of the Constitution1. They form an important part of the Constitution just as written laws do.2. They are rules which are not written down but which everyone agrees must be followed in practice.3. They include the following:1) the powers of the Crown are exercised mainly by Ministers;2) the Queen must act on the advice of Ministers;3) Ministers are responsible to parliament for their actions;4) the sovereignty of ParliamentCommon Law1. It is one of the main components of the British Constitution.2. It refers to the Bills which have been passed by courts.3. It marked a sharp decline in powers of the Monarch.The Bill of Rights1. It was the Bill passed by the Parliament in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution.2. It laid down a number of things that future monarchs could not do.3. It marked a sharp decline in powers of the Monarch.4. It marked the beginning of the British Constitutional MonarchyGeneral Election1. General Election is held at least every five years.2. The country is divided into 635 constituencies, each of which returns one Member of Parliament.3. The one who has the most votes in a constituency becomes a Member of Parliament.4. The leader of the party with the largest number of members returned to the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister.Party system in Parliament1. The leader of the party with the largest number of members returned to the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister and is invited by the Queen to form a government;2. The party with the next largest numbers of supporters in the Commons becomes the official Opposition to Government.3. The Prime Ministers and other ministers sit on thePolitical Parties1. The UK has a two-party system.2. The Conservative is major right-wing party.1)It supports free enterprise and is generally opposed to nationalization and to extending the social services. So conservatives are those whohave something to conserve and they usually hate the great changes in society.2)It believes actively in the pursuit of greater social and economic equality.3)The Labor Party is a party of moderate socialism in favor of Nationalization of key industries.4)It has always been anti-Communist.5)It is usually considered as a main party for working class people.6)It draws most of its support from highly urban and industrialized people.7)It is also supported by some middle class and intellectuals.4. The Liberal Party is the third largest political party since 1922.5. The Social Democratic Party was formed in 1981 by a small number of right-wing Labor party politicians.British Parliament1. It includes 3 elements:1) the Crown;2) the House of Lords;3) the House of Commons2. It is the supreme law-making authority in Britain.3. The real center of parliamentary power is in the House of Commons.4. Other functions:1) to control and criticize the executive government;2) to control the raising and the spending of money.The House of Lords1. Its members are peers, most of whom are hereditary.2. Its powers have been severely reduced by the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949.3. It must pass all financial legislation sent to it from the House of Commons, and can delay other Bills for only one year.4. It has a special judicial function.5. The Lord Chancellor=SpeakerThe House of Commons1. It consists of 635 elected Members of Parliament.2. MPs have a number of privileges, eg. The freedom of speech in Parliament.3. it is by far the most powerful and important element in Parliament, therefore plays the key role in the activities of Parliament as a whole.4. The Speaker presides over the meeting in the House of Commons.Part ⅨEducation, TV, Radio, PressEducation1. a child may enter a Nursery school at the age of two or three with no formal lessons but with indoor and outdoor play; drawing, painting, listening to stories, singing, dancing, learning to realize the values of money, weights and measures.2. Two stages in formal state primary education:1）an infant stage from 5 to 7;2) a junior stage from 7-11.3. Secondary Education:1)Under the old selective system of secondary education,―the eleven plus‖ is the exam taken by children in their lastyear at primary school.2)the results of this exam determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive.3)Those with the highest marks go to grammar schools; other may go to technical schools and the rest go to secondary modern schools.Grammar schoolGrammar schools concentrate on academic subjects and expect many of their pupils to take higher exams and go to university.Comprehensive system1. All children, regardless of ability, can mix together.2. students study a wide variety of subjects at first. After two or three years they may study only those they like best.V oluntary schools= mission schools1. They are mostly Church of England or Roman Catholic in origin, and give a certain amount of denominational religious instruction.2. Partly maintained and controlled by the local authority.Independent schools/ Public schools1. They are supported entirely by fees and private funds (for all ages) in Britain.2. The best known of these are the “public”boarding schools for boys aged 13 to 17 or 18. They prepare students chiefly for universities.Universities1. All universities are independent and self-governing.2. They receive aid through the University Grants committee.3. They charge fees; students can get financial help from thegovernment; there are awards and scholarship.1. the old universities: Oxford and Cambridge2. The redbrick universities: provincial universities (1850-1930) as well as London University. Many were built in the favorite building material of the time --- red brick.3. the new universities: after the World War II.4. Open University: founded in 1969. It is open to everybody who may not get the opportunity for higher education. Lectures are broadcast on TV and radio.The Press1. The national dailies are generally classed as either ―quality‖ or ―popular.‖2. The “quality”papers give more comprehensive coverage of all aspects of news.3. The “popular”papers aim for a more general readership.Some important papers1. The Times: the most famous of all British papers and is read by the most important British all over the world. Politically independent, inclined to be more sympathetic to the Conservative party.2. The Guardian:1) a national paper which is equal with The Times in quality.2) It is radical in politics, favorable to the Liberal Party and tends to be rather closer in sympathy to the Labor Party than to the Conservatives. Tabloid1. It is usually printed on paper smaller than the size for a newspaper.2. It uses many pictures, strip cartoons and stories to attract readers.3. The Mirror and Sun are tabloid.BBC1. It does all sound broadcasting, in which news reporting is excellent.2. It also puts out two television programs.3. There is no advertisement.4. It is financed by payments which must be made by all who posses TV.The Welfare State1. The state should ensure that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment, old age, sickness or over-large families.2. The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed, or unable to earn because they are old or sick.3. Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health Service.4. Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum standard.The Commonwealth1. It contains 3 groups of territories:1) “White”territories: Canada, Australia and New Zealand, where the inhabitants are mainly of British descent.2) “Non-white”territories3)Mixed territories2. a loose organization with the Queen recognized as the head.3. It was founded in 1931.4. All three groups have either achieved independence or are moving towards it.第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one-fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The no rth and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the larges t lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern upla nds. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney,Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
专八人文知识英国概况
专八人文知识英国概况专八人文知识英国概况（一）概述1. Introduction (简介)1）Official Name (官方国名）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)2）Location (地理位置）Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean (北大西洋）off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel (英吉利海峡）in the south and the North Sea (北海）in the east. (英国是一个岛国。
它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其他部分隔开。
)2.Ethnic Groups (少数民族)The population of Britain is made up mainly of the English (英格兰人）, the Scottish (苏格兰人）, the Welsh (威尔士人）, the Irish (爱尔兰人）, the Northern Irish (北爱尔兰人）and other peoples.The English are Anglo-Saxons (盎格鲁-撒克逊人）and they have many differences in regional speech. The Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts (凯尔特人).The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and areproud of their past. The Scots are hospitable and generous. (英格兰人是盎格鲁-撒克逊人，苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰人是凯尔特人。
英国概况介绍
英国概况介绍《英国概况介绍：篇一》嘿，小伙伴们，今天咱们来唠唠英国这个充满神秘和魅力的国家。
你知道吗，英国就像一个装满了各种宝藏的大盒子。
从地理位置上讲，它就孤孤单单地在那个大西洋上的小岛上，像个遗世独立的老贵族。
它由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士，以及爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰共同组成。
这几个地方就像几个性格迥异的兄弟，虽然同属一个国家，但各自有着独特的文化和传统。
先说说英格兰吧，这可是英国的老大哥。
伦敦，那就是英国的心脏，繁华得不像话。
我有次去伦敦旅游，那感觉就像是闯进了一个超级大的历史博物馆。
大本钟就那样高高地矗立在那儿，像个沉默的巨人，每到整点就会“当当”地敲响，那声音就像是伦敦的心跳声，沉稳又有力。
伦敦的街头呢，到处都是红色的双层巴士，像一个个红色的移动小房子，在狭窄的街道上穿梭。
再看看苏格兰，那地方可就有点像个倔强的小老弟。
风笛的声音在苏格兰的草原和高地上飘荡，那声音悠扬又有点凄凉，就像苏格兰的灵魂在诉说着古老的故事。
苏格兰男人穿着他们传统的裙子，那画面乍一看有点搞笑，但当你了解到这背后的文化，就会觉得特别酷。
我记得我在苏格兰的时候，参加了一场当地的风笛表演，那风笛手鼓起腮帮子吹着风笛，脸涨得通红，就像一个熟透了的大苹果。
周围的观众们都沉浸在那悠扬的音乐里，我也感觉自己像是被带到了另一个时空。
威尔士呢，虽然面积不大，但也有它独特的魅力。
威尔士的城堡特别多，那些城堡就像一个个沉默的守护者，见证着岁月的变迁。
而北爱尔兰，那里的风景就像是大自然的一幅绝美画卷，巨人之路的石头就像被巨人摆好的一样，整整齐齐，让人惊叹于大自然的鬼斧神工。
英国的天气啊，那可真是让人捉摸不透。
就像个任性的小孩子，前一秒还阳光明媚，下一秒可能就大雨倾盆。
我在英国的时候，出门常常要带伞，有时候一天能把晴雨两种天气都体验个遍。
有人说这天气就像英国人的性格，有点保守又有点含蓄。
不过这也不一定啦，英国人在一些社交场合也有很热情的时候。
专八人文知识英国概况
专八人文知识英国概况第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hundred years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world's people and one fourth of the world's land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland,Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿，包括奥克内群岛，谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。
英语国家概况归纳
Introduction to English-speaking Countries第一章英国●Full NameThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland，简称“UK（联合王国）”。
●Geography位于欧洲大陆西北部的Great Britain Island（大不列颠岛）上，东濒North Sea（北海），西临Atlantic（大西洋），南与European Continent（欧洲大陆）以English Channel（英吉利海峡）、Denver Channel（多佛海峡）相隔。
由Great Britain（包括England、Scotland、Wales和Ireland东北部）和附近大约5500多个小岛组成。
陆界与Republic of Ireland （爱尔兰共和国）接壤。
国土总面积共24.18万平方公里，海岸线总长1.15万公里。
Ⅰ、Scotland（苏格兰地区）Glasgow（格拉斯哥）——第一大城市（英国全境第三大城市），为苏格兰地区工业重镇，著名的Clyde（克莱德河）即流经此地。
市里有University of Glasgow（格拉斯哥大学）、St Monger（圣蒙戈）大教堂和Hampton Court Park（汉普登公园）。
Edinburgh（爱丁堡）——第二大城市，为苏格兰自治政府所在地，历史悠久，素有“Northern Athens（北方雅典）”之美誉。
城区以Princes Street（王子大街）为界，一边是New Town，一边是Old Town。
著名古迹有：Edinburgh Castle（爱丁堡城堡）、St Giles′Cathedral（圣吉尔教堂）、National Gallery of Scotland（苏格兰国立美术馆）、Scott Monument（司各特纪念碑）、Palace of Holyroodhouse（圣十字架宫）等。
英语国家概况(英国部分)
Chapter 1 The Land and History英国全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰构成，位于大西洋东部的不列颠群岛，是个岛屿国家，由大不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛北部和众多小岛组成。
面积约24.40万平方公里，人口超过6400万(2013年)。
英国属于温带海洋气候，常年温和多雨，气候多变。
受高纬度因素的影响，有类似极昼极夜的现象，冬季日短夜长，夏季日长夜短。
公元前3000年左右，伊比亚人最先到达大不列颠岛。
随后，比克利人、凯尔特人相继来到不列颠。
公元前1世纪到公元5世纪，罗马入侵。
罗马人撤离后，欧洲北部的盎格鲁撒克逊人和以丹麦人为主体的斯堪的纳维亚先后入侵。
到了1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉征服了英格兰，英国的封建制度正式形成。
1215年，国王约翰被迫签订了大宪章。
不久，议会制度形成，从此英国的王权被不断削弱和限制。
1688年，“光荣革命”爆发，确立了君主立宪制。
18世纪后期到19世纪前期，英国成为世界上第一个开始并完成工业革命的国家。
19世纪是英国发展的鼎盛时期，分别建立了第一大英帝国和第二大英帝国。
到二战前夕，英国统治了世界约1/4的土地。
第一次世界大战以及第二次世界大战的爆发，导致英国的政治、经济势力大为削弱，失去了霸权地位。
随着其殖民地的相继独立，20世纪60年代，大英帝国彻底瓦解。
I. General IntroductionMap of British Isles1. Location and the Four NationsThe full name of the UK is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is made up of four nations: England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. It is located to the northwest of continental Europe, separated by the English Channel. Geographically, it is an island country, covering an area of about 244,019 km2, and consists of Great Britain and northeastern part of Ireland, together with many small islands of British Isles.Great Britain accounts for over 90% of the country’s tota l landmass. It is the largest island off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe with England, Scotland and Wales on it. Ireland is the second largest island of British Isles located to the northwest of Great Britain. It is divided into two parts: Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (an independent country).England is the largest part of the UK and occupies most of the southern two thirds of Great Britain. The total area of England is 130,410 km2 with a population of around 53.9 million (Mid-2013 estimated), which covers more than 84% of the total UK population. It is the most populous and highly urbanized part of the UK. London, the capital of the UK and England, as well as the seat of government, is located in its southeastern part.Scotland is the second largest and most mountainous part of the UK in the north of Great Britain. Compared with that of England, the population density is quite low. There are only 5.3 million people with an area of 78,789 km2. Edinburgh, its largest city, is the capital of Scotland. Scotland is famous for its beautiful natural scenery, such as Scottish Highlands1and Loch Ness2, as well as many historical places, like the Edinburgh Castles.Wales is on the western side of central southern Great Britain. The total area of Wales is 20,779 km2, which accounts for 1/4 parts of the UK. It is also a mountainous part of Great Britain, particularly in the north and central regions. The southeast region is the most built up region of Wales, and the majority of its population live there and a large proportion of its industry is based there. Its capital city, Cardiff, is also in this region.Northern Ireland lies in the northeast of the island of Ireland, covering14,139 km2, which constitutes 1/6 of the island. It is the smallest part among the four nations of the UK, as well as the second sparsely populated part after Scotland. The capital is Belfast, the largest city in Northern Ireland both in population and in area. It is the center for government, economic, arts, higher education, business, law of Northern Ireland. Additionally, it is the birthplace of Titanic, and voted one of the world’s top destinations.2. ClimateThe overall climate in the UK is temperate maritime, which means that it is mild with temperatures neither much lower than 0℃in winter nor much higher 32℃in summer. Generally, the UK has warm summers and cool winters, with July and August as the warmest month, and January and February as the coldest. However, due to the influence of Gulf Stream3, the summers are cooler than those in continent while the winters are milder. Normally, the temperature in summer is around 20℃，with the high rarely going above 30℃. The average temperature in winter is around 0℃and seldom go below -10℃even in the most northern part of the country.Meanwhile, since Britain is an island country and surrounded by the sea, the climate is considerably changeable compared with other countries. Since the variable climate changing day to day, it is hard for people to predict what the weather will be like the next day. Additionally, the unique geographical position is also the reason for the dampness of the climate. The rainfall is fairly distributed throughout the year. Although it does not rain every day, it is always advisable for people to bring an umbrella or waterproof clothing every day.II. History1. The Founding of the NationThe recorded history of the UK begins with the Roman invasion in 55BC. In 55 and 54BC, Britain was twice invaded by Julius Caesar and his Roman troops. However, it was not until 43AD that the Roman led by Claudius I finally successfully invaded and Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The native Celtic were driven to the mountain regions of Scotland and Wales, which remained unconquered by the Romans.The Romans have great impact on many aspects of the British culture. The Roman civilization was introduced to the Britain during this period. For example, Roman style baths and temples were built, cities like London and towns were constructed, and the system of government was also introduced. With the decline of the Roman Empire, when the Germanic troops attacked Rome in 410 A.D., the Romans had to withdraw in order to protect their own nation, which led to the end of Roman occupation.After the leave of the Romans, three groups of Germanic tribes called the Jutes, the Angles and the Saxons came to Britain from the European continent in the mid-4th century. They conquered different regions of Britain:1Scottish Highlands：苏格兰高地，是对苏格兰高地边界断层以西和以北的山地的称，被认为是欧洲风景最优美的地区。
英语概况（汉英对照）
英语概况（汉英对照）英语国家概况A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIESPart One The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland第一部分大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国第一章国土与人民Chapter 1 Land and PeopleⅠ.英国的不同名称及其区域 1. Different Names for Britain and its Parts人们说到英国时常常使用不同的名称:不列颠、大不列颠、英格兰、不列颠群岛、联合王国等。
这些名称一样吗?还是有所区别? When people refer to Britain, they often use different names such as Britain, GreatBritain, England, the British Isles, the United Kingdom or the U.K. Do they mean the same thing? Or are theydifferent?严格地讲，不列颠诸岛、大不列颠和英格兰都是地理名称。
它们并不是这个国家的正式名称。
不列颠诸岛是由两个大岛和几百个小岛组成的。
两个大岛是不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛，其中不列颠岛较大，它与爱尔兰岛的北部一北爱尔兰构成联合王国。
因此，联合王国的正式国名是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
但一口气说出这么长的国名太费事，因此，人们就说不列颠，联合王国或简单地说UK。
这是不列颠岛上的一个国家，首都是伦敦。
另外还有一个国家，叫爱尔兰共和国或称爱尔兰，也位于不列颠岛上。
它占据了爱尔兰岛的其余部分，在岛的南部。
1949 年始爱尔兰独立，首都是都柏林。
Strictly speaking, the British Isles,Great Britain and England are all geographical names. They are not the official name of the country. The BritishIsles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain andIreland. Great Britain is the larger of these two islands. It forms the United Kingdom with Northern Ireland—the northern part of Ireland. So the official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland. But it is too much of a mouthful to say such a long name for a country, so people just say Britain,the United Kingdom or simply U.K. This is one country on the British Isles and its capital is London. There isanother country called the Republic of Ireland or Eire on the British Isles. It takes up the remainder ofIreland—the southern part of Ireland. It has been an independent republic since 1949 and its capital is Dublin.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
英国概况Unit 1
英美文化与国家概况British and American Studies ( British Part )Unit One大学英语第一教研室余非编2013年2月Unit 1 The Country and the People Contents:1.Geographic Features2.People and Religion3.Official and Local Languages------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. Geographic Features1.1Component （组成部分）✧To the west and off the European Continent, several thousand of islands exist on theContinental Shelf. They are generally called the British Isles（不列颠群岛）.✧Of all these isles, the largest one is called Great Britain（大不列颠；英国）. For the sake ofconvenience, Great Britain is often shorten to Britain.✧The island of Great Britain runs nearly 1,000 kilometers from south to north . It extends , atthe widest part, about 500 kilometers from west to east.✧Still to the west of Great Britain is Ireland , the second largest island. It is politically dividedinto two parts, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.✧The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)is made up of Great Britain, Northern Ireland and a number of smaller islands around them.The total area of U.K. is over 245,000 square kilometers. Its total population is about60.94million (2008)Traditionally, Great Britain is divided into three countries or political regions:✧England in the south✧Scotland in the north✧Wales in the southwest.England :✧The largest area of all the three✧Its area : almost 60% of the whole island✧Its population : over 50 million .✧The importance of Engla nd is so great in Britain that some foreigners just say “England”when they mean Britain, and they say the “English people” when they mean the British people.Scotland :✧The second largest both in area and population✧Its area : about 78,760 square kilometers✧Its population : more than 5 million.Wales✧The smallest of the three both in area and population✧Its area : about 20,700 square kilometers✧Its population : about 2.7 million.Northern Ireland✧Its area : about 14,000 square kilometers✧Its population : about 1.5 million.Supplement 1Ireland✧Ireland was an independent kingdom before the Anglo-Norman（盎格鲁-诺曼语的）invaders came. Henry VIII（亨利八世）was the first English king to conquer Ireland and force English law on the Irish people. Soon after the conquest, large numbers of Scottish immigrants came in and established a colony in Ulster (阿尔斯特), another name for Northern Ireland.✧The Irish people were mostly Roman Catholics （罗马天主教）and they were opposed to theEnglish occupation. The English Government put down the rebellion made by the Irish people and passed the Penal Law (刑法) in 1690, which deprived the Irish Catholics of all their legal rights.✧Irish people never stopped fighting for independence. Their successful struggle finally led tothe establishment of the Republic of Ireland in 1927 within British Commonwealth（英联邦.In 1948 Ireland withdraw from Commonwealth and declared itself a republic.✧However, since most of the immigrants from Britain were Protestants (新教徒) , theyrefused to separate themselves form their home country. They held the northeast of the island , and up to now they continue to keep it within the United Kingdom. It is today’ s Northern Ireland.Supplement 2Irish Republican Army ( IRA)✧Nowadays, in Northern Ireland there are one-third of people are still Roman Catholics ,whodemand independence from Britain that is dominated by Protestantism (新教徒主义、新教徒).✧Therefore, some radical Roman Catholics organized a military group fighting for theindependence of Northern Ireland. It often resorts to terrorist campaigns （战役；活动）of bombing, murdering and arson.1.2 Physical Features（自然特色）✧Leaving Ireland on one side, The island of Great Britain can be divided into two partsaccording to its geographic features:1) The Highland Zone in the north and west and2) The Lowland Zone in the south and southeast.✧Britain is an island country, with its coastline running about 8,000 kilometers.✧The coastline is highly irregular with many bays and inlets that provide lots of harbors andshelters for ship and boats.✧As an island country, Great Britain does not share a land border with any other countriesexcept the Republic of Ireland.✧To the north of Great Britain the seaway is open and leads to the Arctic Ocean(北冰洋).✧Across the North Sea Britain faces such countries as Holland, Germany , Denmark andNorway.✧To the southeast and across the English Channel is France , which is linked with Britain by atunnel called the Channel Tunnel (海峡隧道)，open to traffic in 1994, was built by Britishand French private investors. The main tunnel is 50-km long at an average depth of 40 meters below the seabed.✧The tunnel has great symbolic importance as an unbroken link between Britain and theEuropean Continent.The Highlands of Scotland:✧Scotland is a mountainous country , with its highlands taking up over half of the country. BenNevis, the highest mountain in Britain, with an elevation of 1,300 meters in North Scotland. The Central Lowlands of Scotland:✧ A great valley , which forms the Central Lowlands of Scotland , is lying to the south of theHighlands of Scotland, the valley is also called the Middle Valley. It is the most important economic region in Scotland and accommodates three-quarters of Scotland’s total population.✧The Southern Uplands: The land on the southern side of the Central Lowlands of Scotland isknown as the Southern Upland. The area includes some very old mountains with round tops. The Pennines (奔宁山脉)：✧In the northern part of England, include some old mountains which make up a kind of plateau.Pennine Chains run about 120 kilometers from south to north , known as the backbone of England.The Lake District:✧Well-known for its unique lakes, is situated on the western side of the Pennines. The area hasthe finest scenery in Britain. It is also well-known in the history of English literature because it was home to Lake Poets (湖畔[派]诗人)，such as William Wordsworth (华兹华斯)；Robert Southey(罗伯特.骚塞_ .The Welsh Massif:✧This massif embraces all the hill masses that near to the west of middle part of England.2.People and Religion2.1 People✧The United Kingdom has a population of 60.94 million (2008), with an average populationdensity of 244 persons per sq km.✧British’s population is overwhelmingly urban, with about 90% living in urban areas and 10%living in rural areas.✧Like U.S.A, the United Kingdom is also a melting-pot of different cultures. It has a diversepopulation that includes people from almost every continent of the world , such as Indians, Chinese and Africans, but a majority of them are white westerns.✧Immigrants from India make up 1.5% of the population; Chinese, 0.3%; and Africans, 0.03%.✧Asian and black minorities are still suffering from discrimination and disadvantages.✧However, the British government has passed laws to ensure fairness and justice for ethnicminorities. The Race Relations Act of 1976 makes it illegal to discriminate against any person because of race, color, nationality, or origin, and it is a criminal offense to incite racial hatred.Ethnic component of white people in Britain :①English people : originate from the descendents of English-speaking Anglo-Saxonsand the Jutes(朱特人), who arrived in Britain as invaders between the 5th and 7thcenturies A.D.②Scottish and Welsh people: Most of them originate from Celts ---The first settlers wholived on this land, but later driven to the North and West by later arrivers.③French-speaking Normans: conquered England in 1066, adding another ethniccomponent to the nation.✧The U.K. has a smaller percentage of younger people and a higher percentage of older people,with more than 20% of the people over the age of 60; those under the age of 15 years make up only 19.5 of the population.✧Life expectancy in Britain is 75 years for men and 81 years for women. (2001)2.2 Religion✧The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church,or not to believe any religion at all. Most of the world’s religi ons have followers in Britain.✧The majority of the British people believe in Christianity., which is the religion of thefollowers of Jesus Christ. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury (坎特伯雷，英格兰东南部一座自治市)。
Chapter one英国概况
Company Law and Framework of
Industry
• UK is a market economy,the system is capitalism which protect private ownership and free enterprise
• “limited liability”(Ltd),legal entity different from shareholder; public company
wear wigs(假发） • 3.Emphasis deference, obedient and good manner • 4.Generation gap: youngsters P37
The national flag of the United Kingdom is called “Union Jack”.
Chapter one英国概况
Section One The British Isles and Great Britain
• 1. Names and Position • a) the British Isles • b) Britain ( Great Britain) • c) England, Scotland, Wales • d) Northern Ireland • e) The United Kingdom- The United Kingdom
basis of the dialect near London, this gave birth to the official English Language • 2) The arrival of the Normans with their French language influence English a lot: spelling; French rules in writing; large number of French words into English
英国部分概况
Lesson 1. Great Britain: geography and way of life.First let’s clarify some moments:Why is England or the UK sometimes called Britain? - "England" is sometimes, wrongly, used in reference to the whole United Kingdom, the entire island of Great Britain (or simply Britain), or indeed the British Isles. This is not only incorrect but can cause offence to people from other parts of the UK.England, Scotland, Wales, Great Britain refer to different 'parts of the UK.- The British Isles includes many islands not even part of the UK.The English language comes from England - As it names suggest, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language from England, where it remains the principal tongue today. English is the official language of the UK and the first language of the vast majority of the population. Both Wales and Scotland land have their own languages but English is spoken in both countries more.Most of the world assumes that British people are "English" unless specified otherwise. - This of course is wrong. British people can be Scottish, Welsh, Irish (living in Northern Ireland) or English. The Scots and the Welsh are proud of their separate identities and tend to be more forward about referring to themselves as Scottish or Welsh.What is the British Isles? - The British Isles is a geographically term which includes two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and 5,000 small islands, most notably the Isle of Man which has its own parliament and laws."A group of islands in West Europe, consisting of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Orkney, the Shetland Islands, the Channel Islands belonging to Great Britain, and the islands adjacent to these" The British Isles are occupied by two nations:1. United Kingdom - a union of: England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland2.Republic of IrelandThe Irish Sea separates Britain and Ireland.The British Isles consists of the following islands: 1. Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales); 2. Ireland (the Republic of Ireland); 3. Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom) 4. The Orkney Island;5. The Shetland Island.Islands off the northeast coast of Scotland The Isle of ManAn island in the Irish Sea 1.Hebrides (including the Inner Hebrides, Outer Hebrides and Small Isles) All are islands off the northwest coast of Scotland; 2. The Isle of WightAn island off the southern coast of England Isles of ScillyAn island off the southwest coast of England Lundy IslandAn island off the southwest coast of England The Channel IslandsA group of small islands in the English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, France. The principal islands of the group include Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney and Sark.The United KingdomThe UK is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. It has a total land area of 244,100 square kilometres, of which nearly 99% is land and the remainder inland water. From north to south it is about 1,000 kilometres long.Countries within a Country - The United Kingdom - The name United Kingdom refers to the union of what were once four separate countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland (though most of Ireland is now independent, only Northern Ireland remains part of the UK). The UK's full and official name is the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".The United Kingdom is made up of:∙England - The capital is London.∙Scotland - The capital is Edinburgh.（爱丁堡）∙Wales - The capital is Cardiff.（加的夫）∙Northern Ireland - The capital is Belfast.（贝尔法斯特）England, Scotland and Wales together form Great Britain.Great Britain and Northern Ireland together form the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (UK). The capital of the UK is London. People in the UK are called British although they have different nationalities.History of the making of the UK1536 - Act of Union joins England and Wales1707 - Act of Union unites Scotland and England, together with Wales to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.1801 - The Irish Parliament voted to join the Union. The then Kingdom of Great Britain becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.1922 - Name changed to United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, when most of the Southern counties in Ireland choose independence.PopulationIn 2001, the population of the United Kingdom was recorded at just under 59 million people. Britain ranks 18th in the world in terms of population size. England more or less constantly makes up 84% of the total population, Wales around 5%, Scotland roughly 8.5 %, and Northern Ireland (since 1921) less than 3%. In 2003, England had a population density of 383 people per sq km compared with Wales (142), Northern Ireland (125) and Scotland (65).The Union Flag, popularly known as the Union Jack, symbolizes（象征） the union of the countries of the UK. It is made up of the individual flags of three countries in the Kingdom. The present Union Flag (Union Jack) represented the political union of three kingdoms England, Scotland and Ireland (now only Northern Ireland)Great BritainGreat Britain is an island lying off the western coast of Europe, comprising the main territory ofthe United Kingdom.What is Great Britain? - Great Britain is a political term which describes the combinationof England, Scotland, and Wales, the three nations which together include all the land on the island. It is also a geographical term referring to the island on which the greater parts of England, Wales and Scotland are situated.Great Britain has an area of 229,850 km² (88,745 sq. mi.) and is the largest island of the British Isles.Is Great Britain the same as Britain? - Sometimes people use the shorten name Britain instead of Great Britain, to mean the same thing, but really Britain only refers to England and Wales.The name Britain goes back to Roman times when they called England and Wales "Britannia" (or "Britannia Major", to distinguish from "Britannia Minor", i.e. Brittany in France). The Roman province of Britannia only covered the areas of modern England and Wales. The area of modern Scotland was never finally conquered.Facts about EnglandEngland used to be known as Engla land, meaning the land of the Angles, people from continental Germany, who began to invade Britain in the late 5th century, along with the Saxons and Jute. England is in north-west Europe and is in the southern part of Great Britain. England is the largest country in Great Britain and the UK. The south of England is mostly low-lying land, with hills and agricultural land and the north of England is mostly covered in moorland（野地） and mountains. England is only 35 km from France and is now linked by a tunnel under the English Channel.It is sometimes, wrongly, used in reference to the whole United Kingdom, the entire island of Great Britain, or indeed the British Isles. Nearly 84% of the population of the UK lives in England, mainly in the major cities and metropolitan areas. England has not had a separate political identity since 1707, when Great Britain was established as a political entity. There is no government or parliament just for England. Motto: Dieu et mon droit (God and my right)Flag: Cross of St GeorgeNational Day: 23 AprilArea: 129,720 sq km; 50,085 sq milesPopulation: 49,561,800 (2002)Nationality : English and BritishCapital City: LondonMajor Cities: Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, SheffieldAnthem (Song): God Save the Queen ; Land of Hope and GloryOfficial Language: EnglishMain religions: Church of England, Catholic, Methodist, Muslim, Jewish, Sikh and Hindu. Highest point: Scafell Pike 978 m (3210 ft)Lowest Point: The Fens, 4.6 metres (15 feet) below sea levelLongest river: Thames (346 km); The Severn is officially Britain's longest river as it flows through both Wales and England.Largest Lake: Windermere (14.7 sq km)Highest Waterfall: Cauldron Snout (Cumbria) 60 metres (200 feet) highOfficial Anima: LionFacts about ScotlandScotland is in north-west Europe and is part of Great Britain, an island country and the United Kingdom (UK) . Scotland is a mountainous country in the north of the island of Great Britain and shares a land border to the south with England and is bounded by the North Sea on the east and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Its capital city is Edinburgh. Scotland has some 790 islands - 130 inhabited. On 1 July 1999, the Scottish Parliament was opened by HM the Queen, the first Scottish Parliament for 300 years. Scottish parliament responsibilities include social work services, health, local government and education. Until 1603, Scotland (like England) had its own Monarch. In 1603, the King of Scotland became also the King of England ruling both countries.Famous Scots include: Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Arthur Conan Doyle, David Hume and the actor Sean Connery.Motto: Nemo me impune lacessit (No one provokes me with impunity)Flag: Cross of St AndrewNational Day: 30 NovemberArea: 78,789 sq kmPopulation: 5,054,800 (2002)Capital City: EdinburghMajor Cities: Aberdeen, Dundee, GlasgowOfficial Language: English (Scottish Gaelic is spoken by 1.4 percent of the population)Nationality : Scottish and BritishAnthem (song): Flower of ScotlandMain religions: Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) Scottish Episcopal Church, Roman Catholicism Highest point: Ben Nevis (1,343 m)Lowest point: Bed of Loch Morar, Scotland 987 ft (300 m) below sea levelLongest river: Tay 193 kilometres (120 miles ) longLargest Lake: Loch Lomond (60 sq km) 40 km (24 miles) longOfficial Animal: Unicorn(独角兽)Facts about WalesWales is in north-west Europe and is part of Great Britain, an island country and the United Kingdom (UK) . The name Wales comes from the Cymraeg word Gwalia, meaning in English "Homeland". It later became Latinized as Walia, then by the Normans to something like Wal~es....then Wales.Wales (Cymru in Welsh) is a mountainous country on the western side of Great Britain. Wales is bordered by England to the east, the Bristol Channel to the south, St George's Channel in the west, and the Irish Sea to the north.Wales has not been politically independent since 1282, when it was conquered by King Edward I of England. Until 1999, Wales was ruled directly from London; that year saw the first elections to the National Assembly of Wales, which has limited domestic powers and cannot make law.Wales is known for its great actors - Richard Burton, and today Sir Anthony Hopkins and Catherine Zeta Jones. Sir George Everest - famous traveler and explorer, The highest peak in the world is named after him.Motto: Cymru am byth (Wales for ever)Flag: Red dragon on a green and white field.National Day: 1 MarchArea: 20,779 sq kmPopulation: 2,918,700 (2002)Capital City: Cardiff (Caerdydd)Major Cities: Cardiff, Swansea (Abertawe) and Newport (Casnewydd)Official Language: English and Cymraeg (Welsh)Nationality : Welsh and BritishAnthem (Song): Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (Land Of My Fathers)Main religions: Anglicanism, MethodismHighest point: Snowdon 1085 metres (3559 ft)Longest river: Towy (Tywi) 103 km (64 miles)Largest Lake: Bala (4.4 sq km)Official Animal: DragonClimate and temperature in BritainThe overall climate in England is called temperate maritime. This means that it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0ºC in winter and not much higher than 32ºC in summer. It also means that it is damp and is subject to frequent changes.July and August are normally the warmest month in England.Around the coasts, February is normally the coldest month, but inland there is little to choose between January and February as the coldest month.The best months to travel in England are May, June, September and October. These months generally have the most pleasant temperatures and less rain. July and August are the warmest months, but they are also the wettest. The sunniest parts of the Britain are along the south coast of England.Rain is fairly well distributed throughout the year, with late winter/spring (February to March) the driest period and autumn/winter (October to January) the wettest.The Lake District is England's wettest region, receiving and average of 130 inches (330 centimeters) of precipitation each year. The western and northern hills receive about 40 inches (102 centimeters) of rain, while the east coast receives about 20 inches (51 centimetres).What influences the Weather in Britain?The main influence of the British climate is our close proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, our northern latitude, and the warming of the waters around the land by the Gulf Stream (a warm current of the northern Atlantic Ocean).Britain is a small island compared with the other land masses in the northern hemisphere – hence it is more influenced by the ocean compared with other European countries. Britain is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the English Channel to the south, and the North Sea to the east.What is the Gulf Stream and why is it so important to Britain?The Gulf Stream（墨西哥湾流）, also known as the North Atlantic Drift（漂流）, is a warm current which flows across the Atlantic Ocean from the warmer seas of the Caribbean and makes West-European countries considerably warmer than they would be otherwise.The Gulf Stream is the main ocean current that affects Britain and warms it by 5-8C.The Gulf of Mexico has higher air temperatures than Britain, as it's closer to the equator. This means that the air coming from the Gulf of Mexico to Britain is also warm. However, the air is also quite moist as it travels over the Atlantic Ocean. This is one reason why Britain often receives wet weather. Winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to inland areas.What is the Weather like in Around Britain?Different parts of Britain have different types of weather.Variations in the weather can be significant even within a relatively short geographical distance. There may be snow in Wales, but seldom in Chester.Temperature– the south is warmer than the north.Precipitation（降雨量）– the west and north-west, and more specifically the mountains in these areas are wetter than the lowlands of the east.Wind– the north and west is in general windier than the south and east, but it is less windy inland than on the coasts, and less windy in low-lying areas than on the tops of hills and mountains.North wind - Arctic very coldEast wind - Continental from Europe and Asia. The winds are cold and dry.South wind - Tropical warm.。
英美概况英国部分Word版
Chapter OneBritishSection one :the country and its people and position :name : The United kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (U.K)position：To the west and off the European Continent, containing the Great Britain and the northern part of Ireland.Territory proportion: approximately 240,000 square km.Population : 62.262millionThree political parts: England, Wales and Scotland England (capital city: London):the biggest ,the most developed as well as the most populated country in the U.K (capital city: London)Scotland (capital city:Edinburgh):Wales :smallest partIreland :Henry VIII was the first king to bring Ireland under control; gain its independence in 1927.2.Geographic Features:Northeast to the European Continent and east to the Atlantic, to its northeast is a channel called English Channel between the U.K and France. Neighboring country that share border : Ireland only Britain is an island country, more than1,000kilometres from south to north and 500kilometres form east to west.High Land zone：in north and westLow Land zone: in the south and east (including London).3.English TunnelFinished in 1994,was build up by private companies from U.K and France.4. Climate and Weather :Climate : maritime climate .Main character : abundant and evenly distributed rainfall. Autumn is the rainiestseasonInfluential factors: North Atlantic Drift(warm)Southwesterly wind(warm and wet.winter)Weather: changeable5.inland water :Longest river : Severn RiverMost important and second longest river: Thames River Lakes :in the Lake District6.People and languages :Main peoples: Celts and Anglo-SaxonsLanguages :English is overwhelming, some people in speaks Geltic Language7.Religion:The majority of the British people believe Christianity.Religious education and collective worship are required by British law.8.national flag :The Union Jack or Union FlagSection two : the British Government1.Political system：Constitutional MonarchyDefinition : it means the head ofstate is monarch withlimited powers.Themonarch reigns(统治), butdoes not rule（统制）ernment Component:Central government :consists of Monarch, Parliament and CabinetLocal governments3.Structure of the British government:The head ---- monarchLegislature institution : Parliament(consists House ofCommons and House of Lords)Executive Institution: Cabinet(consists of Prime Minister and Ministers of Civil service)Judicial Institution: court of appeal(supreme court)subordinate to House Of Lord4.Definations:The general idea of government :Technically speaking, British government or refers to the Cabinet(nuclear).This kind of government is called Parliamentary government or Cabinet government.The queen (Victoria ,Elizabeth….) ：Reigns but does not rulepersonifies the country,the symbol of unityAppoint the Prime Minister and other Ministers,the bills need her approval before going into effectThe parliament :Law making body ,need the approval of the monarchConsists of three parts: the monarch, the House Of Lord and the House of Common,It don’t have the executive power.The House Of Lord:The upper house of the Parliament ,unelected, consist of clergy(神职人员) and members of peerage.Debating place:the Palace of WestminsterBestowed with judicial power.The Lord Chancellor:the presider of The House Of Lord as well as a member in Cabinet, he works in Department for Constitutional Affairs.head of the judiciary of England and Wales,serving as the President of the Supreme Court of England and Wales.The house of common:The centre of the parliamentary powerMain function:to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliamentto scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions ofthe governmentto influence the future government policyDefinition :democratically elected bodythe source of the vast majority of government ministers There is a elected speakerbills normally originate in the House of Commons. Only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or SupplyThe cabinet :responsible to Parliament for the administration of national affairs.The Cabinet is the most powerful and it serves as the nucleus of the Government.Debate place :Downing street.No 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family. Establishment time：1856supreme decision-making bodyThe Prime Minister :monarch's principal advisorappointed by monarchNo 10 Downing Street is a historic building that is also a place of work. It is a symbol of Government and the home to the Prime Minister and his family.Local government :The English government is a three-tiered government: central government, county government and district government. The central government enforces laws through local governments.Section 3:British Laws and Politics Laws :judiciary &constitutionJudiciary :In the structure of the U.K central government, the Court of Appeal, which is subordinate to the House of Lord, is in charge of the judiciary issues.British judiciary consists of 2 branches-------civil law（citizen s’duties and obligations） criminal law(define and enforce obligations of a person)，It’s not necessary to pick up jury in the course of the civil trail while criminal trails have to be held in open court for the criminal law assume the innocent of the accused until he was proved to be guilty by a smoking gun.(reasonable doubt) In the process of the criminal trail by jury. The judge pass the result issued by the jury.Jury system(mostly used in criminal trial)Definition :In the United kingdom the court is open to the public and the jury is used during the trial.12members,random selection,obligation, chosen by both side(the plaintiff and the defendant)Unanimous verdictConstitution :No written constitution in U.K, it’s function is embodied by several separate lawsFour elements of the British legal ：acts of the parliament/Statutory Law（国内成文法）, common law(公民法),convention(惯例、习惯法),EU legislation（欧盟法）Barrister -------inn court, bar examinationPolitics :Politic system :a two-party political system.▪political parties:▪the Whig Party—Liberal Party▪the Tory Party—Conservative Partymajority seats in the Parliament means the power to form a government (government party, opposition parties )Government policies are initiated by whipsThere is no need to apply for membership in a party.The conservative party ----right wing---oldMain support----middle and upper-middle class. Advocation :privatization of the state owned firmsfree enterpriseadvocate :pragmatismindividualism.Margaret ThatcherThe labor party------left wing/the leftCreated by trade unionMixture of the two partiesDoctrine of SocialismMain support :Working classAdvocation :Establish a welfare stateNationalized industryExercise control over the private industries to revive the primary industryLiberal Democratic-----minority partyadvocates policies based on freedom of the individual and supports the adoption of Propositional Representation at elections(代议制选举)Election:Prime Ministers are elected from national Constituency (选区)Period： 5 yearsGovernment :the party has the majority seats of the parliament.Prime Minister :the leader of the majority party.Section 4:national economy and major cities1. General Survey :first country to start industrial revolution;comprehensive industry systemmineral production：mainly exhausted, others are mainly oil and gaseconomy model :one of the most essential market economy in the world.Industry :⏹comprehensive industry system⏹one of the seven major industrialized countries ofthe Western Worldfinance :London is one of the financial centre of the world’s businesstrade:long coastline ,limited domestic market ,inadequate raw material ,trading nation, petroleum tradeAs for Sino-British trade:China: raw materials, sideline productsBritain: technical equipmentBritain is China's 4th biggest European trade partnereconomic influence :one of the seven major industrialized countries of the Western World, the member of the G8 summitFramework of economy :Economy system : capitalism ,including Public Sector and Private Sector.GDP: The world’s sixth largest economyCurrency: sterlingMining :Oil(.self sufficient .North sea,1975) ,Gas, and Coal (be kept for future use)Manufacturing Industry:Iron and steel industry is the largest manufacturingindustry.A large auto-vehicle industry------Aston Martin,Land Rover, Dodge, and Rolls Royce.Agriculture :favorable condition : mild climate ,Highly mechanized ,Important department :Dairy farming and fishinganimal husbandryPoultry ['pəʊltrɪ]meatEnergy productionMajor Energy Companies: Shell, British Petroleum[pɪ'trəʊlɪəm](BP), British Gas (BG)TransportationWell-known merchant marineOne of the busiest railways in the worldDeveloped highways and airlines (the major airline are mainly operated by the British airways(state-owned) Communication (all state-owned)One of the largest and most developed in the world “999”for police, fireman and ambulanceLargest telecommunication provider-----BT(British Tele communication)FinanceCentral bank of the UK：controls the currency and actsmaintain the integrity and value of the currencyEconomy structuresServices industries, especially, business and financial services—the strongest performing sector in the UK economy with London being the most developed area in the whole country.major citiesLondon•南岸，伦敦眼摩天轮•杜莎夫人蜡像馆／天文馆（Madame Tussaud's/Planetarium）•伦敦塔•伦敦地牢•敞篷巴士伦敦观光游（The Original London Tour）•议会大厦（Houses of Parliament）夏季对外开放•西区和威斯敏斯特大教堂（Westminster Abbey）观光•达利的世界展览馆（Dali Universe）•汉普顿宫（Hampton Court Palace）•肯辛顿宫（Kensington Palace）BelfastManchesterCardiff EdinburgBirminghamChapter twoSection 5 :Origin of the English NationThe native Celt :Celt are considered to be the natives of Great Britain and the ancestors of the Scots, Irish and Welsh peopleOriginate from：Eastern and central EuropeRoman Conquest：Brought about Christianity.Occupied England until 410 A.DLater on, the Jutes and Angles landed, the Angles(the winner) gave the name to England and English people..Alfred the Great.First (Anglo-Saxon )king of (all) England“The father of the British navy.”The battle of HastingsHarold GodwinsonBrave and respectful, but not the direct heir of the throne. But he managed to crown himself the king by wining the support of the WitanWilliam the ConquerorEdward’s cousinSet out from Normandy to English south coast Battlefield :Build up a fort and camped in Hasting, southeastern England.Result : William won, battle abbey mourn for the dead Be crowned in Westminster on Christmas day of 1066,becoming the first Anglo-Norman king of England.Influence :Sped up the development of feudalism in Britain, after the war, the feudalism system was established. Build up the tower of LondonFeudal aristocracy was established.Open up a bi-lingual period in English historyLast invasion of England initiated by foreignersFeudalism system:Established by William the great.The throne provides the land and castlesThe monarch will need the support from the barons Definition :feudal system - giving land in return for service.Section 6: the decline of feudalism in EnglandHenry II and His Reform :William consolidated the feudalism and he took all kinds of measures to strengthen the king’s power, which intensify the conflicts between the monarch andhis baronsHenry the 2nd came into power and become the first king of Plantagenet (金雀花)dynasty.Measures：force the foreign mercenaries to leave the England, demolish the illegal castles built by the barons, abolish the land tax based on hidecreate the circuit courts and the jury systemthe king’s court have the right to try the guilty clerkEffect:Strengthen the feudal orderBring a period of security and prosperityThe course of the form was interrupted and left unfinished.The Great CharterWhen the king John ruled the England, the baronsforce the king to sign and swear to observe the Great Charter.The Great Charter ,or the Magna Charter is very critical in English history and it’s called the corner stone of English history.The content :The king must observe the rights of his vessels.No tax should be imposed without the consent of the Great Council.No free man will be imprisoned or banished without being convicted by a juryThe merchants are allowed to move about freely.Birth of the Parliament:Simon de Montfort(西蒙德孟福尔)brings changes to the organization of the Great Council.2citizens from a flourishing town,2 knights from each county can join the Great Council.Changed the name into Parliament.In the early years, Parliament met only by the king’s invitation. It’s role was to offer someadvice.Significance :The Parliament marked the decline of feudalism and the rise of the Bourgeoisie.The hundred year’s warReason:The conflict between these two countries over foreign markets and territory led to the Hundred Years' War.Definition :A series armed international conflicts over a116-year period between the England and France.Joan of arcThe effect:England lost its territory on the continent.The ruling Norman began to regard England as their homeEnglish replaced French and became the official language again.Gunpowder was used in the wars,Prepare the soil for the growth of the middle class Sped up the decline of the feudalism.Salutary to commercial development.The bourgeoisie became more powerfulThe PlagueEpidemic disease spread by rat fleasStart from Italy, then spread to France, German and England without warning and cure.Believed to be originated in Asia.Effect:Caused a large number of population lossBrought about economic disruption and bad influence on the development of the culture.(universities closed …)give occasion to the peasants uprising.The Peasants UprisingCauses:The natural disasters and social problemsDue to the lack of labor, the peasants are demanding better living condition and higher wagesThe first labor law, the Statute of Laborers, prohibited laborers from asking for more wages. Time and place:In Essex and Kent ,1381,and was led by Wat Tyler and Jack StrawThe king used a scam and suppressed the uprising, ultimately, the uprising was failedEffect :The poll tax was abolishedThe serf system was brought to an end in England afterwards.The Wars of the RosesDefinition :A series of civil wars fought between the house of Lancaster(red rose) and the house of York（white rose）.Major Causes:The dispute on the succession of the crownThe unpopular domination reign of Henry the 6th. Consequence :Both sides at war are the mounted knights and theirentouragesGive birth to the strong and centralized Tudor dynastyInfluence :Sped up the decline of the feudalism in England.Section 8:The English Civil War/RevolutionBriefing :A series of armed conflicts and political games between Parliamentarians and Royalist.Back Ground:The Wars of Roses weaken the feudal nobles,The peasants ,as a result of the peasant uprising and the Enclosure ,the free labors composed a new class------the proletariat (the peasants no longer have their lands)England further develop its foreign trade and expansion ,aiming to achieve its “primitive accumulation of capital”Meanwhile，the bourgeois ideology and morality is forming up.During the Elizabeth’s reign the relation between monarch and bourgeoisie was strained, the latter required the freedom of speechJames the first:Preach the Divine Right of KingsDied because of disease.Charles the first:The son of James the first.Advocate the Divine right of kings(君权神授) Provoked the conflicts between the Catholicism and Puritanism(The Bishops’ War---- enforce Anglican reforms onto Scottish church and was rejected,-----war ,long parliament which sowed the seeds for the civil war).Initiated the British Civil (rose his standard) War between Parliamentarian and Royalist.The First British War:Cause :The appearance of the Long Term Parliament.The tension between the king and Parliament Charles decided to arrest 5members of Parliament. Charles initiated the war by rising his standard in Nottingham .Result :Charles was failed and was capturedThe Second Civil War:Process:Although captured ,the king Charles the first ultimately escaped and negotiated new agreement withScots.The agreement led to the “second civil war”. but eventually, the Royalists were defeated by Parliamentarians.Other revolts were put down by Oliver Cromwell.The army marched on the parliament and conducted the “Pride’s Purge” Finally, the king was charged with high treason ,being “tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy” and executed.The third Civil war:Rebellion:Ireland(treaty) and Scotland agreed to support Charles the second.Process:Cromwell was unable to stop Charles the second, hecrowned a new king. Afterwards, Charles the 2nd fled to France, ended up the war.Significance:Overthrew feudal system in England.Pave the way for the development of capitalist production.Regarded as the beginning of the modern world history.Oliver Cromwell:Established the commonwealth of EnglandDestroyed the feudal system.Became the Lord ProtectorThe restoration :AnarchyIncompetent leader RichardFactionsGeneral George Monck marched south with his army from Scotland.Charles the 2nd was crowned the king of England, which was known as English Restoration.After the restoration, the parliament factions become two parties(later becoming the Tory and Whig)The Glorious Revolution:James the 2nd intended to restore the Roman Catholicism in England and conduct religious persecutionsTories and some of the Whigs decide to replace James the 2nd with his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange(奥兰治亲王威廉)---both were protestants Finally ,James the second abdicatedMary II and William III jointly succeeded to the throne of EnglandSignificance:Regarded as the real beginning of constitutional monarchy ,which means the parliament become thesource of supreme power instead of the king Parliament pass the “Act of Union”and the name of Great Britain was officially adopted and came into use.Section 9:The Industrial Revolution Definition : the invention and appliance of various machines and British urbanization.Condition :The accomplished “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and expansion.The enclosure movement provide free labor.The church was deprived of their land and privilege The notorious triangular trade.Favorable geographical position for tradeHuge merchant marine.Pragmatism and mercantilismProtestant “work ethic” and laissez-faire(放任政策)People s’ adventure spiritProcess:The Industrial Revolution first started in textile industry.Iconic inventions:Flying shuttle,carding machine（梳棉机） ,spinning jenny,water framethe steam engine. Watt steam engine was first used to pump water from coal mine.First steam locomotive.(marked the new stage of Industrial Revolution).Achievements of IR:Thousands of miles of canalsA complete railway system.Steam boats and the largest commercial fleet made Great Britain a strong sea power.Social and Political effect:1.Britain became the “workshop of the world”.2.The Britain ‘s social structure was simplified: The middle class and proletariat emerged,The noble class could no longer compete with the middle class.The conflicts between proletariat and capitalism became the biggest social problem in Britain.The small farmers disappeared3.The centre of economy shifted to the central area and northern England.Big cities sprang up.Adam Smith：An evolutionary approach to guide the economy. Advocate the “invisible hand”and laissez-fair policy.The Chartist Movements:A radical campaign for parliament reform of the inequities.Effects :failed because of its weak and divided leadership, it did not have a political party to be a leader.started the history of the workers’ struggle for liberation.Queen Victoria（1819-1901） :Presiding the Industrial revolution and the expansion of the British Empire overseas.Value of the times: (emphasized) prudish gentility and repression.Section 10:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire.（the empire on which the sun never sets）Briefing :During the long 18 century, British rose to a dominant position in the world and became the first country to start Industrial Revolution.The mighty middle class provided a strong platform for settlement and commerce.Growth of the overseas empire:Prerequisite :Pioneering marine policy of king Henry the 7th . Establishment of the modern merchant marine system. Mercantile institution(重商主义体系)Henry the 8th and the rise of the Royal Navy:King Henry the 8th founded the modern English navy.The Elizabeth eraSir Francis Drake(弗朗西斯-德雷克)Circumnavigated the Globe（环游地球，England grew the interest outside the Europe.Established First colony in NewfoundlandWas seen as the formation of the British Empire England extend its influence overseas and consolidate its political development at home.Expend the empire by wars and colonization:First overseas colony Newfoundland.Successively establish colonies in North America, Australia and New Zealand.Free trade and“informal empire”The “salutary neglects”provoke the American Independence war. The period of first British Empire was over.British Empire in AsiaBritish East India company occupied nearly the whole of India.Later on Ceylon(锡兰，今斯里兰卡)and Burma (缅甸) was conquered .Initiated Opium war against China and prevailed .Break down of the Pax Britannica(英国强权下的盛世) The deterioration in the 19th century:Competition from other countries such as Germany and United States.The loss of the foreign market.Britain and the New Imperialism:New imperialism ：the European colonial expansion between 1870s and the outbreak of the first world war. Pursuit :“empire for empire’s sake” desire for territory(appearance of the racial superiority)Later on Britain conduct Home rule in its white settler coloniesThe impact of first world war:Millions of casualties and heavy economy strain (liquidated assets).(Allied power)The heavy cost of war destroy it’s capacity to maintain its vast empire.Its international standing was declining and replaced by the U.SDeclining foreign trade.Decolonization:Reasons:The rising anti-colonial nationalism movementschallenge the power of the empire.The end of the empire started with the outbreak of the World War Two and India independence movements(leader---mahatma Gandhi)The end of the British Empire:Reason: Due to the impact of the world war two and Economic crisis in1947,later on, Britain abjured its attempt to be a first-rank power.。
人文知识 英国
Unit 1 英国概况 第1节 概述1 Introduction1) Official name （官方国名）The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 2) The Union Jack （国旗）3) Location （地理位置）4) Political Divisions （行政划分）England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland英格兰 苏格兰 威尔士 北爱尔兰London Edinburgh Cardiff Belfast伦敦 爱丁堡 加的夫 贝尔法斯特Population: England > Scotland > Wales > Northern Ireland Area : England > Scotland > Wales > Northern Ireland★ 1) 英格兰占地面积有13万平方公里，占整个岛屿的近乎60%2) 大部分苏格兰人使用的语言是英语，Gaelic （苏格兰盖尔语）是高地苏格兰人的传统语言3) 爱尔兰共和国的官方语言为爱尔兰语，英语为第二语言2 Ethnic Group （少数民族）English Scottish Welsh Irish Northern Irish 英格兰人 苏格兰人 威尔士人 爱尔兰人 北爱尔兰人3 Major Cities 1) London (Capital)位于英格兰东南部，英国第一大城市和港口，欧洲最大的经济中心 传媒中心：BBC Reuters ITV Channel 4Channel 5报刊：The Times Financial Times Daily Telegraph The Guardian The Observer建筑:British Museum （大英博物馆）<18世纪，世界最大的博物馆> St Paul’s Cathedral （圣保罗大教堂）Buckingham Palace （白金汉宫）Westminister Abbey （威斯敏斯特教堂）Palace of Westminister （威斯敏斯特宫）<英国议会所在地>bell tower of Big Ben （大本钟）2) Birmingham （伯明翰）University of Birmingham （伯明翰大学）3) Glasgow （格拉斯哥）苏格兰最大的城市和港口，主要文化中心,多所高校聚集在此University of Glasgow （格拉斯哥大学）4) Liverpool （利物浦）位于英格兰西北部Mercy海口，临爱尔兰海，第二深水海港，Beatles故乡5) Manchester （曼彻斯特）英格兰西北部城市，纺织业中心4 National Economics1) Primary Industries①Agriculture （农业）Chief area: in the east in the southeastBest land: in the southeast of EnglandImportant Crop: wheat barley（小麦和大麦）②Fishing （渔业）③Mining （采矿）2) Secondary Industries①Manufacturing （制造业）Highly proportion of employee: East Midlands 19%West Midlands 18% Lowest proportion of employee: London 6%②Shipbuilding （造船）<19世纪中期成为霸主>Main center: on the River Tyne （泰恩河）near Newcastle (纽卡斯尔)On the Clyne （克莱德河）near Glasgow③Engineering （机械）8 global car manufacturer: BMW Tata General MotorsHonda （本田）Nissan （尼桑）Toyota （丰田）V olkswagen （大众）④Others: Electronics is the forth largest in the world3) Tertiary Industries <70% 的人受雇于服务业>Major business service: financial sector and advertising★London : one of the top three financial centers in the world世界三大金融中心之一The greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world国外银行的聚集地The world’s largest foreign exchange market世界最大的外汇市场London Stock Exchange 伦敦证券交易所。
Unit1英国概况--ScotlandandWales部分
Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United KingdomⅠSecond Period – Scotland and W alesTeaching aim: Enable students to have a good knowledge of a comprehensive survey of society and culture in Scotland and Wales.Teaching important points:①Strong Scottish identity and the process of union with England in 1707;②A history of invasions in Wales and Wales’ unification with the UK.Teaching methods: Teaching methods include lecturing and classroom discussions.Teaching times: 2 periodsTeaching procedures:Scotland<Step One>Lead-inFirst, greeting the whole classSecond, review Part one and Part two. Ask the following questions:1.What’s the full name of UK?2.What kind of effects of its imperial past? Who can list the points.3.How many parts does it include? And list them.4.Who ever invaded England? List the names of them in proper order.<Step T wo>Fast readingFirst, go over the focal points before reading the text. (P2)Second, read the third part on Scotland, and try to grasp the general idea. Pick one or two speak out their ideas about this part.<Step Three>Careful readingFirst, read Par tⅢagain and try to list the structure of it.Structures:[Paragraph 1~3]1.What are physical features of Scotland?Scotland is the most rugged part of the UK, with areas of sparsely populated mountains and lakes in the north (the Highlands), and in the south (the Sourthern Uplands).2.What is the largest city in Scotland? Where is it? The largest city is Glasgow, in the west ofthe lowland zone.3.What is the capital city in Scotland? Where is it? Scotland’s capital city is Edinburgh, on theeast coast forty miles away from Glasgow.4.What’s the effect of Hadrian’s Wall during the Rome Empire period?It is called “Hadrian’s Wall” after the Emperor of Rome at the time of its building. They builta wall to mark the northern edge of their domain, and to help defend it.[Paragraph 4~6]5.Did Scotland experience Viking raids? When?YES. Scotland began to experience V iking raids in the 9th century.6.What did William Wallace do?Wi lliam Wallace’s uprising in 1298 was quelled by the English.7.Who is Robert the Bruce? What did he do for Scotland?Robert the Bruce unified the Scots to fight at the battle of Bannockburn successfully, leadingto 300 years of full independence.8.Who united the two thrones?James the Sixth of Scotland (James the First of England)9.When did Scotland join the Union? In 1707 by agreement of the English[Paragraph 7] the brief introduction to the politics of ScotlandKey words: the Scotland Act 1998(苏格兰法案), the Labour Party, the Scottish National Party, and the Conservative Party.1.The Scotland Act 1998 provided for the establishmeng of the Scottish Parliament andExecutive.2.The Labour Party, which had traditionally done well in elections in Scotland, became thelargest single party.3.The Scottish National Party which wants an independent Scotland is the second largest partyand the Conservative Party the third largest in the Parliament.[Paragraph 8] strong Scottish identityKey words: Walter Scott, Robert Burns and Robert Louis Stevenson1.The inventor of the telephone was a Scot, and the first man to transmit a television picture wasanother.2.Its writers have given the world such well-known work as Walter Scott’s romances ofhighland Scotland, and “Auld Lang Syne” (by Robert Burns, who wrote in the Scots dialect).3.The work is the famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson. ·Thirdly, explain something important in details, such as Hadrian’s Wall, Robert the Bruce, Battle of Bannockburn, Queen Elizabeth the First, the Scotland Act 1998 and so on.<Step Four>Presentation1. Physical features of Scotland2. Cultural division between highland and lowland – The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today. There are even areas in the highlands where people speak old Celtic language, called “Gaelic”.3. The Battle of Bannockburn –It was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence.4. Independence of Scotland for 300 years – It is a political ambition of political parties, advocacy groups and individuals for Scotland to secede from the United Kingdom and regain sovereignty.5. Union with England in 1707 – In 1603, Queen Elizabeth the First of England died childless, and the next in line to the throne was James the Sixth of Scotland, so he also became James the First of England, uniting the two thrones. In 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.6. Strong Scottish identity – Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.ADD CONTENTS:苏格兰概况苏格兰（盖尔语：Alba）是大不列颠与北爱尔兰联合王国下属的王国之一，位于大不列颠岛北部，英格兰之北，以格子花纹，风笛音乐，畜牧业与威士忌工业而闻名。
英国国家概况(一)(中英文版)
英国国家概况（一）（中英文版）第一章英国的国土与人民第一章Land and People英国的国土与人民I. Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛-大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
英美概况课件英国地理
Lake District
a scenic sຫໍສະໝຸດ otin North WestEngland
A popular holiday destination being famous for its lakes and
its mountains
its associations with the early
Focus questions
• What is the full name of the British state? • What countries does it consist of? • What is the total population of the United
Kingdom? Where do most British people live? What is the most densely populated area of Britain? What is the least populated?
Ben Nevis
(1 343 meters high)
Airth castle
A 14th century castle ,
a spa and a Scottish castle accommodation ,
one of the most popular places for Scottish castle weddings.
-80% of population living in cities -only 2% working in agriculture • Physically largest with largest population • Dominance in: size/ culture/ economy -take England for UK
英国国家概况(一)(中英文版)
精心整理英国国家概况（一）（中英文版）第一章英国的国土与人民第一章Land and People4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest,most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh1.Geographical position of Britain:英国的地理位置：Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea inthe east.英国是一个岛国。
它位于大西洋北部，与欧洲大陆的北海岸隔海相望。
南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海将它与欧洲其它部分隔开。
2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.讷湖（内伊湖）是英国最大的湖，位于北爱尔兰。
英语国家概况第一章知识点
英语国家概况第⼀章知识点Chapter 1 Land and People第01讲Geographical Features & Climate Part I the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and PeopleNames【译⽂】第⼀编英国第⼀章国⼟与⼈民名称different names for 英国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandthe United Kingdomthe UKGreat Britain （GB）BritainEnglandthe total population: 63 million.the third-largest in the European Union （behind Germany and France） and the 22nd-largest in the world.【译⽂】“英国”不同的名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国联合王国⼤不列颠（GB）不列颠英格兰总⼈⼝：6300 0000英国是欧洲第三⼈⼝⼤国（排在德国和法国后⾯），是世界第⼆⼗⼆⼈⼝⼤国。
The UK is a developed country.the sixth-largest national economy in the world （and third-largest in Europe）measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world （and second-largest in Europe） measured by purchasing power parity （PPP）.It was the world’s first industrialized country and the world’s foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries.【译⽂】英国是⼀个发达国家。
英语国家概况总结资料
Unit1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 1.The flag of Britain : Union Jack（英国国旗中没有显示出Welsh旗）2. The basic information of each country:Count ry Capital AreaMemoEngland London最大1.最不会把自己的“英格兰文化区别于其他文化”2.一个高度城市化3.The time joining the British parliament: However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles●UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland●Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land", later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.PS：One of the best-known English legends derives from this time. In 5 century AD, King Author(亚瑟王) united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur（被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑）,drove the Saxons back.关于亚瑟王的一些名词：Excalibur:被称为“王者之剑”的圣剑;亚瑟王之魔剑Castle at Tintagel(廷塔杰尔) in Cornwall: Tintagel传说为亚瑟王的诞生地，这是一个与亚瑟王传奇有关的地方。
英国概况第一章
A Brief Introduction of UK and US
BBC 迷你剧
• • • 1. 《傲慢与偏见》（Pride and Prejudice）（95版) 2. 《艾玛》（Emma） 3. 《克兰弗德》（Cranford） 4 《南方与北方》（North & South） 5. 《德伯维尔家的苔丝 》Tess of the D'Urbervilles 6.《雀起乡到烛镇》 7.《锦秀佳人》 8.《南方与北方》 9.《小杜丽》 10.《荒凉山庄》 11.《女房客》 12.《富贵浮云》（Aristocrats）
Thy choicest gifts in store, On her be pleased to pour; Long may she reign: May she defend our laws, And ever give us cause To sing with heart and voice God save the Queen
Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales)
Northern Ireland
2. Four Parts of the Nation
Name England Scotland Wales Flag Capital London Edinburgh Cardiff Patron Saint St. George St. Andrew St. David St. Patrick
The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller islands. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The British Isles also include three dependencies of the United Kingdom: the Isle of Man and, by tradition, the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey in the Channel Islands, which have their own parliaments and laws.
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The Second largest and most important river in Britain is the Thames River
One of the important rivers in Scotland is the Clyde River
Most of the important lakes are to be found in the Lake District.
The National Flag
The National Emblem
Tower of London
Westminster Abby
Trafalgar square
Big Ben
Tower Bridge
• The English summer consists of June,July and August.The temperature in summer is not very high,only about 20℃ for most time,seldom over 32℃. • The winter includes December, January and February. The average temperature is seldom below 3℃. • Autumn is the season of maturity and harvest. • Spring is the season of reawakening.
Climate and Weather
• Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. • It belongs to temperate maritime climate(温带海洋性气候)， it is mild and humid all the year round.
Religion
• The British law protect religions freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. • The majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597.
General situation
Ⅰ.Wales Ⅱ.Scotland Ⅲ.England Ⅳ.Northern
Island
Geographic Feature
• Britain is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west.
• Leaving Ireland on one side, the island of Britain can be divided roughly into two parts according to their geographical feature: the Highland Zone and the Lowland Zone. • The Highland Zone: in the north and west • The Lowland Zone: in the south and southeast • The dividing line runs approximately from the mouth of the River Exe(埃克斯河) in the southwest to near the mouth of the River Tees(蒂斯河 in the northeast. 蒂斯河)
Area: total: 244,820 sq km water: 3,230 sq km note: includes Rock and Shetland Islands land: 241,590 sq km Coastline: 12,429 km Terrain: (地势，地形) mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast
【国名 】大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Names and Positions
• The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is made up of Great Britain, Northern Ireland, and a number of smaller islands around them. The total area of the country is some240 000 square kilometers with a population of about 59.6 million(2001). • Great Britain is divided into four parts, or political regions: England in the south, Scotland in the north, and Wales in the southwest and Northern Ireland. • England is the largest and most developed of all the three. Wales is the smallest of the three both in area and population.
Inland Water • Britain has many rivers and lakes, but they are not very large. There is no lack of water in rivers and lakes in Britain.
The largest river is the Severn River.
People
• The Unitillion(2001),with an average population density of 244 persons per sq km. England is the most populated part of the United Kingdom, with 50 million people. • Britain is an island country, but it has a diverse population that includes people from almost every continent of the world.
Official and Local Language
• English is the official language of the United Kingdom as well as the first language of the vast majority of its citizens. • The Celtic language, an ancient tongue, is still spoken in Scotland by some people, usually those in the more remote areas of the country. It is estimated about 80 000 Scots speak Scottish Gaelic that is derived from the old Celtic language. English is the predominant language in Northern Ireland, but some of the Roman Catholic minority speak Irish, another Gaelic dialect, as a second language.
• Location:
Western Europe, islands including the northern onesixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France