平狄克《微观经济学》习题——第3章消费者需求

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微观经济学第三章消费者行为课后习题答案

第三章节计算题答案1.根据效用最大化的条件：购买的每种商品的边际效用与其价格之比相等，及消费者恰好花花完其收入，可以求出该人效用最大化时，购买4瓶啤酒，2瓶葡萄酒和1瓶苏打水。

2.（1）边际替代率，故当X=1时，边际替代率。

（2）X消费9单位和Y消费8单位时，总效用，所以，当X的消费量减少到4单位时，若要达到总效用20，则Y=123.（1）消费者面临的效用最大化问题要满足以下两个条件：和已知的效用函数，，，，因而可以求出实现效用最大化的X=30 ，Y=15。

（2）货币的边际效用为：总效用为：（3）新的均衡条件变为：和因而求得收入必须增加到，即收入增加24才能保持原来的总效用水平。

4.（1）已知效用函数的形式为，并且当效用最大化时，还满足以下两个条件：和由此求得X和Y的需求函数分别为： ,（2）由点价格弹性计算公式得商品X和Y的需求的点价格弹性分别为：，5.（1）价格为时，消费者剩余为：（2）由（1）中结论得，当价格从变化到时，消费者剩余的变化为6.（1）① 根据已知条件，在，，，的条件下，求解出效用最大化的购买量：X= 20 ，Y=10，总效用 U=200。

② 同样，在发生变化后，在，，，的条件下，求出效用最大化的购买量为： X=20 ，Y=20，总效用 U=400。

③ 在U=XY=200，，的条件下，可求出效用最大化的购买量：X=，Y=，相应的收入M=。

④ 故下降的替代效应使该消费者购买更多的Y ，；同时替代效应使他买更少的X，（为负数）。

（2）下降的收入效应使该消费者购买更多的X,（3）下降对X商品的总需求效应为0，对Y的总需求效应为10。

平狄克《微观经济学》(第8版)笔记和课后习题详解复习答案

平狄克《微观经济学》（第8版）笔记和课后习题详解完整版>精研学习䋞>无偿试用20％资料全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第1篇导论：市场和价格第1章绪论1.1复习笔记1.2课后复习题详解1.3课后练习题详解第2章供给和需求的基本原理2.1复习笔记2.2课后复习题详解2.3课后练习题详解第2篇生产者、消费者与竞争性市场第3章消费者行为3.1复习笔记3.2课后复习题详解3.3课后练习题详解第4章个人需求和市场需求4.1复习笔记4.2课后复习题详解4.3课后练习题详解第4章附录需求理论——一种数学的处理方法第5章不确定性与消费者行为5.1复习笔记5.2课后复习题详解5.3课后练习题详解第6章生产6.1复习笔记6.2课后复习题详解6.3课后练习题详解第7章生产成本7.1复习笔记7.2课后复习题详解7.3课后练习题详解第7章附录生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法第8章利润最大化与竞争性供给8.1复习笔记8.3课后练习题详解第9章竞争性市场分析9.1复习笔记9.2课后复习题详解9.3课后练习题详解第3篇市场结构与竞争策略第10章市场势力：垄断和买方垄断10.1复习笔记10.2课后复习题详解10.3课后练习题详解第11章有市场势力的定价11.1复习笔记11.2课后复习题详解11.3课后练习题详解第11章附录纵向联合厂商第12章垄断竞争和寡头垄断12.1复习笔记12.2课后复习题详解12.3课后练习题详解第13章博弈论与竞争策略13.1复习笔记13.2课后复习题详解13.3课后练习题详解第14章投入要素市场14.1复习笔记14.2课后复习题详解14.3课后练习题详解第15章投资、时间与资本市场15.1复习笔记15.2课后复习题详解15.3课后练习题详解第4篇信息、市场失灵与政府的角色第16章一般均衡与经济效率16.1复习笔记16.2课后复习题详解16.3课后练习题详解第17章信息不对称的市场17.1复习笔记17.2课后复习题详解17.3课后练习题详解第18章外部性和公共物品18.1复习笔记18.2课后复习题详解附录指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表。

平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)习题详解(第3章消费者行为)

平狄克《微观经济学》（第7版）第2篇生产者、消费者以及竞争性市场第3章消费者行为课后复习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。

1．个人偏好的四个基本假定是什么？解释各个假定的含义或者意义。

答：个人偏好的四个基本假定及其含义分别为：（1）完备性：偏好是完备的，也就是说，消费者可以在所有可能的市场篮子中进行比较和排序。

例如，对于任何两个市场篮子A和B，消费者要么偏好其中的A，要么偏好其中的B，要么觉得两者无差异。

其中，无差异是指消费者从两个篮子中获得相同的满足程度。

（2）可传递性：偏好是可以传递的。

这意味着，如果消费者在市场篮子A和B中更偏好A，在B和C中更偏好B，那么消费者在A和C中更偏好A。

这一假定保证了消费者的种种偏好是一致的，因而也是理性的。

（3）越多越好：商品被假定为是令人愉悦的，也就是好的。

消费者总是偏好多的任何一种商品，而不是少的。

另外，消费者是永不满足的，商品多多益善。

（4）边际替代率递减：消费者的无差异曲线是凸的，即沿着无差异曲线，边际替代率是递减的。

这意味着，随着一种商品消费量的日益增加，消费者为了获得额外一单位这种商品所愿意放弃的第二种商品数量越来越少。

消费者通常偏好一个平衡的市场篮子，而不是只有一种商品、没有其他商品的市场篮子。

2．一组无差异曲线能向上倾斜吗？如果是这样，你怎么看待这两种商品呢？图3-1 向上倾斜的无差异曲线答：一组无差异曲线可以向上倾斜。

在偏好理论中一个重要的假定是消费者总是偏好任何一种商品中的多，而不是少。

因此，如果减少消费者手中某种商品的数量（保持另一种商品数量不变），那么他们的满意度将降低，因此对应的无差异曲线都是斜率为负，向下倾斜的。

平狄克《微观经济学》【教材精讲】第3章消费者行为【圣才出品】

第3章消费者行为3.1本章框架结构图3.2重难点解读一、消费者偏好及基本假设所谓偏好（Preference），就是爱好或喜欢的意思。

序数效用论者提出了关于消费者偏好的以下三个基本的假定：1．完备性完备性（completeness）是指消费者可以对所有可能的市场篮子（market basket）进行比较和排序。

给定两个消费束X和Y，理性消费者能够确定哪一个是更好的或者两者无差异，即消费者具有必要的能力与知识去区分与评价不同的消费计划。

2．可传递性可传递性（transitivity）：如果消费者在市场篮子A和B中更偏好A，在B和C中更偏好B，那么消费者在A和C中就更偏好A。

3．越多越好也称之为偏好的非饱和性，指如果两个商品组合的区别仅在于其中一种商品的数量不相同，那么，消费者总是偏好于含有这种商品数量较多的那个商品组合。

即就商品（goods）而非厌恶品（bads）而言，人们希望是多多益善。

二、无差异曲线1．无差异曲线的含义无差异曲线（Indifference curve）是指能给消费者带来同等满足程度的两种商品的不同数量组合，或者说是消费者偏好相同的两种商品的不同数量组合的运动轨迹。

无差异曲线的绘制如图3-1所示。

图3-1无差异曲线2．无差异曲线的特征（1）无差异曲线向右下方倾斜，并且凸向原点。

这是由商品的边际替代率递减规律所决定的。

（2）在同一坐标平面上有无数条无差异曲线，构成无差异曲线簇（indifference map）。

离原点越近的无差异曲线代表的效用水平越低，离原点越远的无差异曲线代表的效用水平越高。

（3）在同一坐标平面，任意两条无差异曲线不会相交。

图3-2违反偏好假定的无差异曲线如图3-2所示，可以证明，相交的两条无差异曲线违背了偏好的假定。

依据图3-2，消费者应该同样偏好市场篮子A、B和D。

然而由于B拥有的两种商品更多，所以B比D应更受到偏好。

3．边际替代率及其递减法则（1）边际替代率边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution，MRS ）指在保持效用不变的条件下，消费者增加一单位某种商品的消费数量时所需要的放弃的另一种商品的消费数量。

平狄克《微观经济学》笔记和课后习题详解(消费者行为)【圣才出品】

第3章消费者行为3.1 复习笔记1．消费者偏好（1）偏好的基本假定①完备性。

偏好是完备的，消费者可以对所有可能的篮子进行比较和排序。

所以，对于任何两个市场篮子A和B，消费者要么偏好其中的A，要么偏好其中的B，要么觉得两者无差异。

②可传递性。

偏好的可传递性意味着如果消费者在市场篮子A和B中更偏好A，在B 和C中更偏好B，那么消费者在A和C中就更偏好A。

③越多越好。

商品被假定为是合意的，也就是好的。

这样，消费者总是偏好任何一种商品多一点，而不是少一点。

另外，消费者是永不满足的，多总是好的，哪怕只多一点点也好。

（2）无差异曲线无差异曲线用来表示使消费者偏好相同的两种商品不同数量组合的一簇曲线。

或者说，它表示能给消费者带来同等效用水平和满足程度的两种商品的不同数量的各种组合。

无差异曲线向右下方倾斜，并且彼此不能相交。

（3）序数排列和基数排列序数排列是将市场篮子按照消费者偏好程度由高及低进行排序的，但它并没有表明一个市场篮子在多大程度上比另一个篮子更受到偏好。

与序数排列不同，当经济学家起初研究效用以及效用函数的时候，他们希望个人的偏好能够量化或者以基本单位加以度量，这样就能提供一个可以在人与人之间进行比较的排序，此即基数排列的核心思想。

基数排列可以描述一个市场篮子在多大程度上比另一个市场篮子更受偏好。

（4）边际替代率边际替代率指在保持效用不变的条件下，消费者每得到额外一单位商品甲之后而必须放弃的商品乙的最大数量。

当沿着一条无差异曲线下移时，边际替代率递减。

当存在着一个递减的边际替代率的时候，无差异曲线是凸的。

（5）完全替代品和完全互补品当一种商品对另一种商品的边际替代率是一个常数时，这两种商品是完全替代品，即描绘这两种商品消费的权衡抉择的无差异曲线为斜率为负的直线。

当两种商品的边际替代率为零或无穷大且无差异曲线为直角形状时，它们就是完全互补品。

2．预算约束（1）预算线预算线代表了消费者用尽其所有收入购买的商品的所有组合。

平狄克《微观经济学》-名校考研真题-第3章消费者行为【圣才出品】

第3章　消费者行为一、名词解释1．偏好的可传递性假设（中央财经大学2009研复试）答：偏好的可传递性假设是指，假如，并且，那么就可假定。

换句话说，假如消费者认为X至少与Y一样好，Y至少与Z一样好，那么消费者就认为X至少与Z一样好。

偏好的可传递性假设保证了消费者偏好的一致性，因而也是理性的。

对于任何三个商品组合A、B和C，如果消费者对A的偏好大于对B的偏好，对B的偏好大于对C的偏好，那么，在A、C这两个组合中，必定有消费者对A的偏好大于对C的偏好。

2．无差异曲线（中国政法大学2005研；北京交通大学2007研；浙江大学2009研）答：无差异曲线是序数效用论的一种分析方法，是用来表示能带给消费者相同满足程度的所有市场篮子的组合。

或者说，它表示能够给消费者带来相同的效用水平或满足程度的两种商品的所有组合。

无差异曲线如图3－1所示。

图3－1 无差异曲线图3－1中，横轴和纵轴分别表示商品1的数量和商品2的数量。

图3－1中的曲线表示商品1和商品2的不同组合给消费者带来的效用水平是相同的。

与无差异曲线相对应的效用函数为。

其中，、分别为商品1和商品2的消费数量；是常数，表示某个效用水平。

无差异曲线具有以下三个基本特征：第一，由于通常假定效用函数是连续的，所以，在同一坐标平面上的任何两条无差异曲线之间，可以有无数条无差异曲线，其中离原点距离远的无差异曲线比离原点距离近的无差异曲线效用大；第二，在同一坐标平面图上的任何两条无差异曲线不会相交；第三，无差异曲线是凸向原点的，即无差异曲线的斜率的绝对值是递减的。

3．边际替代率（西安交通大学2006研）答：边际替代率（marginal rate ofsubstitution ，）即为无差异曲线的斜率的绝对值，它表示的是消费者愿意以某种比率用一种商品替代另一种商品的意愿。

商品1对商品2的边际替代率的定义公式为：其中，、分别为商品1和商品2的变化量。

如果趋于无穷小，那么，边际替代率就是无差异曲线的斜率的绝对值。

微观经济学课后习题答案第三章

第复习思考题参考答案1、据基数效用论的消费均衡条件若2211P MU P MU≠，消费者应如何调整两种商品的购买量？为什么？若λ≠iiP MU ，i=1、2有应如何调整？为什么？解：2211P MU P MU ≠,可分为2211P MU P MU >或2211P MU P MU <。

当2211P MU P MU >时，说明同样的一元钱购买商品1所得到的边际效用大于购买商品2所得到的边际效用，理性的消费者就应该增加对商品1的购买，而减少对商品2的购买。

当2211P MU P MU <时，说明同样的一元钱购买商品1所得到的边际效用小于购买商品2所得到的边际效用，理性的消费者就应该增加对商品2的购买，而减少对商品1的购买。

2、根据序数效用论的消费均衡条件，在2112P P MRS >或2112P P MRS<时，消费者应如何调整两商品的购买量？为什么？解：当115.01211212=>=-=P P dXdX MRS,那么，从不等式的右边看，在市场上，消费者减少1单位的商品2的购买，就可以增加1单位的商品1的购买。

而从不等式的左边看，消费者的偏好认为，在减少1单位的商品2的购买时，只需增加0.5单位的商品1的购买，就可以维持原有的满足程度。

这样，消费者就因为多得到0.5单位得商品1而使总效用增加。

所以，在这种情况下，理性得消费者必然会不断减少对商品2得购买和增加对商品1的购买，以便获得更大得效用。

相反的，当1115.0211212=<=-=P P dXdX MRS,那么，从不等式的右边看，在市场上，消费者减少1单位的商品1的购买，就可以增加1单位的商品2的购买。

而从不等式的左边看，消费者的偏好认为，在减少1单位的商品1的购买时，只需增加0.5单位的商品2的购买，就可以维持原有的满足程度。

这样，消费者就因为多得到0.5单位得商品2而使总效用增加。

所以，在这种情况下，理性得消费者必然会不断得减少对商品1得购买和增加对商品2得购买，以便获得更大的效用。

平狄克微观经济学习题——消费者需求

平狄克?微观经济学?习题一一第3章消费者需求第3章消费者行为一、判断1.如果消费者的偏好是完备的、可传递的,我们说该消费者是理性的.〔〕2.对于吸毒者而言,毒品给他带来的是负效用.〔〕3.边际效用递减规律是事实.〔〕4.无差异曲线越接近于直线,说明两种商品之间的替代性就越大.〔〕5.在消费者均衡条件下,消费者购置的商品的总效用一定等于他所支付的货币的总效用.〔〕6.在同一条预算线上,消费者的货币支出是不变.〔〕7.价格变化一定会引起预算线斜率的变化.〔〕8.预算线平行移动一定消费者的收入发生变化, 而不是商品价格没发生了变化9.无差异曲线和效用函数都是用来刻画消费者偏好的.〔〕10.给定消费者的偏好和约束条件,就可以预测一个理性消费者的行为.〔〕11.无差异曲线凸向原点是一个假定.〔〕12.预算线的斜率的绝对值表示横轴商品的相对价格.〔〕13.无差异曲线凸向原点的假设与边际效用递增的假设是冲突的.〔〕14.当两种产品的边际替代率的绝对值递减时,无差异曲线凸向原点.〔〕15.边际效用递减规律是指边际效用不可能出现递增.〔〕二、单项选择1.如果没有收入约束,当某消费者消费某一种商品所得的效用最大时,那么边际效用MUx为〔〕A.正值B .负值C .零D .到达最大2.如果没有收入约束,当消费者对消费某一商品的消费在增加时,边际效用应该〔〕A.为正值,且不断增加B .为正值,但不断减少C.为负值,且不断减少D .无法确定3.假定消费者只消费商品X、Y,且X商品的价格为8元,Y商品的价格为3元. 假设该消费者买了5个单位X和3个单位Y,此时X、Y的边际效用分别为20、14, 那么为获得效用最大化,给定他的收入,那么该消费者应该〔〕A.停止购置两种商品B .增加X的购置,减少Y的购置C.增加Y的购置,减少X的购置D .同时增加对两种商品的购置4.由于收入和价格的变动,消费者的均衡也会发生变化.假设在新均衡下,各种商品的边际效用均低于原均衡状态的边际效用,这意味着〔〕A.消费者的满足程度降低了B .消费者的满足程度提升了C.消费者的满足状态并没有发生变化D.无法判断其满足程度5.无差异曲线的位置和形状取决于〔〕A.消费者的偏好和收入B .消费者的收入和商品价格C.消费者收入、偏好和商品价格D .消费者的偏好6.消费者的无差异曲线图包含无数条无差异曲线,由于〔〕A.人的欲望是无限的B .消费者的人数是无限的C.无差异曲线是刻画消费者的偏好的,并没有考虑收入约束D.消费者各个时期的收入是不同的7.假设消费者消费的几种商品的价格都相同,消费者为了到达最大效用满足, 他应该购置〔〕A,相同数量的这几种商品8.只购置一种产品C,购置这几种商品并使其消费各种商品最后一个单位的边际效用相等D.以上答案都不对8.同一条无差异曲线上的不同点表示〔〕A.效用水平不同,但所消费的两种商品数量的比例相同B,效用水平相同,但所消费的两种商品数量的比例不同C.效用水平不同,两种商品数量的比例也不相同D.效用水平相同,两种商品数量比例也相同9.预算线形状和位置取决于〔〕A.消费者的收入B.消费者的收入和商品的价格C.消费者的收入偏好和商品的价格D .以上都不对10.如果消费者消费的商品有三种,那么所有给消费者带来相同效用的消费组合的集合在几何图形上表示为〔〕A.二维空间里的一条曲线B .是三维空间里的一个面C.无法确定D. 一个点11.如果那个假定缺失,消费者能仍将对所有消费组合进行排序〔多项选择〕〔〕A.偏好的完备性B.偏好可传递性C.偏好的单调性D.偏好的凸性12.无差异曲线凸向原点是〔〕A.假设B.事实C.定义D.定理三、计算题1.某消费者每年用于商品1和商品2的收入为540元,两商品的价格分别为P1 =20元和B =30元,该消费者的效用函数为U=3GX22,该消费者每年购置这两种商品的数量各应为多少他每年从中获得的总效用是多少2.假设某消费者的消费均衡如下图.其中,横轴OX1和纵轴OX2分别表示商品1和商品2的数量,线段AB为消费者的预算线,曲线I为消费者的无差异曲线,E点为效用最大化均衡点,商品1的价格P1=3元.①求消费者的收入；②求商品2的价格；③写出预算线方程；④求预算线的斜率；⑤求E点的边际替代率.四、论述题1.在一个社会中,损人利己的行为都为人所鄙视.请问在什么样的情况下,损人利己也可以导致社会总福利的增加.2.我们常说,在一场竞争中,胜利者的获得的幸福要小于失败者承受的痛苦. 请分析该说法成立的条件.五、思考题1.在研究消费者行为时,通常假定无差异曲线和预算线都是连续的,解释其经济含义以及如此假设的原因.2.在现实社会中,消费者在进行购置决策时,不会象我们所讲的一样求解上述优化问题,那么我们本章对消费者行为的研究的意义何在3.如果你有一辆需要四个轮子才能开动的车子,有了三个轮子,那么当你有第四个轮子时,这第四个轮子的边际效用似乎超过第三个轮子的边际效用,这是不是违反了边际效用递减律4.一些男人兴旺后就抛弃了自己糟糠之妻,我们就会说这个男人变成了“陈世美〞.请运用经济学关于偏好的理论分析一下, 这个人是本来就是“陈世美〞呢, 还是兴旺后变成了陈世美5.在经济学的研究中,通常假定消费者是理性的.请问理性的含义是什么以及你对该假设的看法.。

平狄克微光经济学第3章习题

吉林大学商学院
微观经济学（平狄克）平狄克）
第三章消费者行为
复习题11. 复习题11. 基于自己的偏好，比尔愿意用四张电影票来换取一张篮球赛票。基于自己的偏好，比尔愿意用四张电影票来换取一张篮球赛票。假如电影票每张8美元，而篮球门票每张40美元， 40美元假如电影票每张8美元，而篮球门票每张40美元，比尔愿意换么？为什么？意换么？为什么？比尔不愿意换。根据效用最大化原则，当电影票和篮球门票的边际替代率MRS等于电影票和篮球门票的价格比时，此时效用最优，即MRS=1/5。而此时的MRS=1/4,这说明比尔应增加电影票的消费数额，减少篮球赛门票以获得更大的满足，而不是用电影票来换篮球赛门票。
吉林大学商学院
Байду номын сангаас
微观经济学（平狄克）平狄克）
第三章消费者行为
复习题14. 复习题14. 康妮每月有200美元的收入，她将这笔收入用于购买： 200美元的收入康妮每月有200美元的收入，她将这笔收入用于购买：肉和土豆。土豆。若肉每磅是4美元，土豆每磅2美元，画出她的预算约束。 1）若肉每磅是4美元，土豆每磅2美元，画出她的预算约束。假设她的效用函数由方程u(M,P)=2M+P表示， u(M,P)=2M+P表示 2）假设她的效用函数由方程u(M,P)=2M+P表示，她应选择哪种肉和土豆的组合，以使得效用最大？哪种肉和土豆的组合，以使得效用最大？康妮去的超市有一项特别促销活动，若她购买20 20磅土豆 3）康妮去的超市有一项特别促销活动，若她购买20磅土豆每磅2美元），她就可以免费再得10 ），她就可以免费再得10磅（每磅2美元），她就可以免费再得10磅，这一赠送仅限于最初购买的20 20磅超过最初的20磅的土豆仍然是每磅2美元。 20磅的土豆仍然是每磅最初购买的20磅。超过最初的20磅的土豆仍然是每磅2美元。画出她的预算约束。画出她的预算约束。 4)若土豆的价格上涨为每磅4美元。而超市结束了促销活动。 4)若土豆的价格上涨为每磅4美元。而超市结束了促销活动。若土豆的价格上涨为每磅此时她的预算约束怎样？此时她的预算约束怎样？如何使其效用最大化

微观经济学平狄克版第3章课件

■ 要使市场篮子最大化必须满足两个条件：1）市场篮子必须位于预算线上；2）商品组合必须最受消费者的偏好。
Chapter 1
47
实现消费者最大满足的条件:
无差异曲线的斜率为:
预算线的斜率为:
实现消费者最大满足的条件:
公式含义：当消费者购买1单位食物相对1单位衣服获得的价值等于购买1单位食物相对1单位衣服付出的成本时，其满足达到最大。
Chapter 1
56
完全替代品均衡和拐角解
■ 完全替代品的IC曲线为直
线，当IC线的斜率大于预算 Y
线的斜率时，消费者全部买 X；
■ 当IC线的斜率小于预算线
的斜率时，消费者全部买Y
；
A
■ 当IC线的斜率等于预算线
的斜率时，预算线上任一点
均为均衡点。
Chapter 1
红色为 IC曲线
BX
57
[ 例3.4 大学信托基金]
68
边际效用与消费者选择
■ 消费者满足最大化的条件是：MRSFC=PF/PC.。 ■ 由于MRSFC=MUF/MUC，因此： MUF/MUC=PF/PC.。 ■ 进一步整理，得： MUF/PF=MUC/PC.。 ■ 该公式的经济含义：消费者花在每一种商品上的每一美元所带来的边际效用相等的时候，就实现了效用最大化。这就是等边际原则(equal marginal principle)。
Chapter 1
U3
U1
U
2
食品
15
无差异曲线图
衣服
U2
A B
D
Chapter 1
无差异曲线不可能相交。如果无差异曲线相交，就意味着A、B和D三点是无差异的。然而，B点所包含的两种商品数量都要多于D点。

(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7、8版)章节习题精编详解

目　录第1篇　导论：市场和价格第1章　绪　论第2章　供给和需求的基本原理第2篇　生产者、消费者与竞争性市场第3章　消费者行为第4章　个人需求和市场需求第5章　不确定性与消费者行为第6章　生　产第7章　生产成本第8章　利润最大化与竞争性供给第9章　竞争性市场分析第3篇　市场结构与竞争策略第10章　市场势力：垄断和买方垄断第11章　有市场势力的定价第12章　垄断竞争和寡头垄断第13章　博弈论与竞争策略第14章　投入要素市场第15章　投资、时间与资本市场第4篇　信息、市场失灵与政府的角色第16章　一般均衡与经济效率第17章　信息不对称的市场第18章　外部性和公共物品附　录　指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇　导论：市场和价格第1章　绪　论一、单项选择题1．经济学可以被定义为（）。

A ．政府对市场制度的干预B ．企业赚取利润的活动C ．研究稀缺资源如何有效配置的问题D ．个人的生财之道2．经济物品是指（）。

A ．有用的东西B ．稀缺的物品C ．要用钱购买的物品D ．有用且稀缺的物品C【答案】经济学是研究人们和社会如何做出选择，来使用可以有其他用途的稀缺的经济资源在现在或是将来生产各种物品，并把物品分配给社会的各个成员或集团以供消费之用的一门社会科学。

【解析】D【答案】现实世界中绝大多数的物品都是不能自由取得的，因为资【解析】3．一个经济体必须作出的基本选择是（）。

A ．生产什么B ．生产多少，何时生产C ．为谁生产D ．以上都是4．宏观经济学与微观经济学的关系是（）。

A ．相互独立的B ．两者建立在共同的理论基础上C ．两者既有联系又有矛盾D ．毫无联系源是稀缺的，要获得这些有限的物品就必须付出代价，这种物品就被称为“经济物品”。

D【答案】经济学所要解决的问题包括：①生产什么；②如何生产；③为谁生产；④何时生产。

【解析】C【答案】宏观经济学所研究的总量经济特征正是由经济体系中无数微观主体（家庭和厂商）的经济行为所决定的，因而微观经济主体的决策行为就构成了宏观经济分析的基础，宏观经济学需要构建自己的微观基础。

平狄克《微观经济学》课后答案 3-4

CHAPTER 3CONSUMER BEHAVIORChapter 3 builds the foundation to derive the demand curve in Chapter 4. In order to understand demand theory, students must have a firm grasp of indifference curves, the marginal rate of substitution, the budget line, and optimal consumer choice. Utility theory may be discussed independently from consumer choice. Many students find utility functions to be a more abstract concept than preference relationships. However, if you plan to discuss uncertainty in Chapter 5, you will need to cover marginal utility. Even if you cover utility theory only briefly, make sure students are comfortable with the term utility because it appears frequently in Chapter 4.When introducing indifference curves, stress that physical quantities are represented on the two axes. After discussing supply and demand, students may think that price should be on the vertical axis. To develop indifference curves, start with any point in the Cartesian plane and ask for points that are more (and less) preferred. This will divide the plane into four quadrants. Then ask between which points they will be indifferent. Once students grasp the concept of preference points, introduce the notion of a “preference hill.” Using the example of a topographical map or a well-drawn three dimensional figure, point out that a three-dimensional figure is being collapsed into two dimensions.The marginal rate of substitution, MRS , is confusing to students. Some confuse the MRS with the ratio of the two quantities. If this is the case, point out that the slope is equal to the ratio of the rise, ∆Y, and the run, ∆X . This ratio is equal to the ratio of the intercepts of a line just tangent to the indifference curve. As we move along a convex indifference curve, these intercepts and the MRS change. Another problem is the terminology “of X for Y .” This is confusing because we are not substituting “X for Y ,” but Y for one unit of X . Exercise (6) discusses this point, but you may want to offer other exercises to stress it.1. What does transitivity of preferences mean?Transitivity of preferences implies that if someone prefers A to B and prefers B to C , then he orshe prefers A to C .satisfaction. This trading continues until the highest level of satisfaction is achieved.6. Explain why consumers are likely to be worse off when a product that they consume is rationed.If the maximum quantity of a good is fixed by decree and desired quantities are not available forpurchase, then there is no guarantee that the highest level of satisfaction can be achieved. Theconsumer will not be able to give up the consumption of other goods in order to obtain more of therationed good. Only if the amount rationed is greater than the desired level of consumption canthe consumer still maximize satisfaction without constraint. (Note: rationing may imply ahigher level of social welfare because of equity or fairness considerations across consumers.)7. Upon merging with West Germany’s economy, East German consumers indicated a preference for Mercedes-Benz automobiles over Volkswagen automobiles. However, when they converted their savings into deutsche marks, they flocked to Volkswagen dealerships. How can you explain this apparent paradox?Three assumptions are required to address this question: 1) that a Mercedes costs more than aVolkswagen; 2) that the East German consumers’ utility function comprises two goods,automobiles and all other goods evaluated in deutsche marks; and 3) that East Germans haveincomes. Based on these assumptions, we can surmise that while once-East German consumersmay prefer a Mercedes to a Volkswagen, they either cannot afford a Mercedes or they prefer abundle of other goods plus a Volkswagen to a Mercedes alone.8. Describe the equal marginal principle. Explain why this principle may not hold if increasing marginal utility is associated with the consumption of one or both goods.The equal marginal principle states that the ratio of the marginal utility to price must be equalacross all goods to obtain maximum satisfaction. This explanation follows from the same logicexamined in Review Question 5. Utility maximization is achieved when the budget is allocatedso that the marginal utility per dollar of expenditure is the same for each good.If marginal utility is increasing, the consumer maximizes satisfaction by consuming ever largeramounts of the good. Thus, the consumer would spend all income on one good, assuming aconstant price, resulting in a corner solution. With a corner solution, the equal marginalprinciple cannot hold.9. What is the difference between ordinal utility and cardinal utility? Explain why the assumption of cardinal utility is not needed in order to rank consumer choices.Ordinal utility implies an ordering among alternatives without regard for intensity of preference.For example, the consumer’s first choice is preferred to their second choice. Cardinal utilityimplies that the intensity of preferences may be quantified. An ordinal ranking is all that isneeded to rank consumer choices. It is not necessary to know how intensely a consumer prefersbasket A over basket B; it is enough to know that A is preferred to B.10. The price of computers has fallen substantially over the past two decades. Use this drop in price to explain why the Consumer Price Index is likely to substantially understate the cost-of-living index for individuals who use computers intensively.The consumer price index measures the changes in the weighted average of the prices of thebundle of goods purchased by consumers. The weights equal the share of consumer's expenditureson all of the goods in the bundle. A base year is chosen, and the weights for that year are used tocompute the CPI in that and subsequent years. When the price of a good falls substantially then aconsumer will substitute towards that good, altering the share of that consumer's income spent oneach good. By using the base year's weights the CPI does not take into account that large pricechanges alter these expenditure shares, and so gives an inaccurate measure of changes in the costof living.For example, assume Fred spends 10% of his income on computers in 1970, and that Fred'sexpenditure shares in 1970 were used as the weights to calculate Fred's CPI in subsequent years.If Fred's demand for computers was inelastic, then reductions in the price of computers (relativeto other goods) would reduce the share of his income spent on computers. After 1970 a CPI thatused Fred's 1970 expenditure shares as weights would give a 10% weight to the falling price ofcomputers, even though Fred spent less that 10% of his income on computers. So long as theprices of other goods rose, or fell less than 10%, then the CPI gives too little weight to the changesin the prices of other goods, and understates the changes in Fred's cost of living.1. In this chapter, consumer preferences for various commodities did not change during the analysis. Yet in some situations, preferences do change as consumption occurs. Discuss why and how preferences might change over time with consumption of these two commodities:a. cigarettesThe assumption that preferences do not change is a reasonable one if choices are independentacross time. It does not hold, however, when “habit-forming” or addictive behavior is involved, asin the case of cigarettes: the consumption of cigarettes in one period influences their consumptionin the next period.b. dinner for the first time at a restaurant with a special cuisineWhile there may not be anything physically addictive in dining at new and different restaurants, one can become better informed about a particular restaurant. One may enjoy choosing more new and different restaurants, or one may be tired of choosing another new and different place to4.a.c. tothis graphically?, the quantity of butter by B, the Let Bill’s income be represented by Y, the price of butter by PB, and the quantity of margarine by M. Then the general form of the price of margarine by PMbudget constraint is:5.the their a.c. If both Smith and Jones pay the same prices for their refreshments, will their marginal rates ofsubstitution of alcoholic for nonalcoholic drinks be the same or different? Explain.In order to maximize utility, the consumer must consume quantities such that the MRS betweenany two commodities is equal to the ratio of prices. If Smith and Jones are rational consumers,their MRS must be equal because they face the same market prices. But because they havedifferent preferences, they will consume different amounts of the two goods, alcoholic andnonalcoholic. At those different levels, however, their MRS are equal.6. Anne is a frequent flyer whose fares are reduced (through coupon giveaways) by 25 percent after she flies 25,000 miles a year, and then by 50 percent after she flies 50,000 miles. Can you graph the budget line that Anne faces in making her flight plans for the year?In Figure 3.6, we plot miles flown, M , against all other goods, G , in dollars. The budgetconstraint is:Y = P M M + P G G , or.⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=G M G P P M P Y G The slope of the budget line is -P P M G. In this case, the price of miles flown changes as the number of miles flown changes, so the budget curve is kinked at 25,000 and at 50,000 miles. Suppose P M is $1 per mile for less than or equal to 25,000 miles. Then P M = $0.75 for 25,000 < M ≥ 50,000 and P M = $0.50 for M > 50,000. Also, let P G = $1.00. Then the slope of the budget line from A to B is -1, the slope of the budget line from B to C is -0.75, and the slope of the budget line from B to D is -0.5.8. Suppose that Samantha and Jason both spend $24 per week on video and movie entertainment.U = 12 U = 24Food Clothing Food Clothing 1.0 12.0 1.0 24.01.5 8.02.0 12.02.0 6.03.0 8.012 = 1F + 3C , or ⎪⎪⎭⎝-=34.See Figure 3.10.a.c. What is the utility-maximizing choice of food and clothing? (Hint: Solve the problemgraphically.)The highest level of satisfaction occurs where the budget line is tangent to the highestindifference curve. In Figure 3.10.a this is at the point F = 6 and C = 2. To check this answer,note that it exhausts Jane’s income, 12 = 6P F + 2P C . Also, this bundle yields a satisfaction of 12,as (6)(2) = 12. See Figure 3.10.a.d. What is the marginal rate of substitution of food for clothing when utility is maximized?At the utility-maximizing level of consumption, the slope of the indifference curve is equal to theslope of the budget constraint. Since the MRS is equal to the negative slope of the indifferencecurve, the MRS in this problem is equal to one-third. Thus, Jane would be willing to give upone-third of a unit of clothing for one unit of food.e. Suppose that Jane buys 3 units of food and 3 units of clothing with her $12 budget. Would hermarginal rate of substitution of food for clothing be greater or less than 1/3? Explain.If Jane buys 3 units of food for $1.00 per unit and 3 units of clothing for $3.00 per unit, she wouldspend all her income. However, she would obtain a level of satisfaction of only 9, whichrepresents a sub-optimal choice. At this point, the MRS is greater than one-third, and thus, atthe prices she faces, she would welcome the opportunity to give up clothing to get more food. Sheis willing to trade clothing for food until her MRS is equal to the ratio of prices. See Figure3.10.c.Figure 3.10.c11. The utility that Meredith receives by consuming food F and clothing C is given by u(F,C) = FC. Suppose that Meredith’s income in 1990 is $1,200 and the prices of food and clothing are $1 per unit for each. However, by 1995 the price of food has increased to $2 and the price of clothing to $3. Let 100 represent the cost of living index for 1990. Calculate the ideal and the Laspeyres cost-of-living index for Meredith for 1995. (Hint: Meredith will spend equal amounts on food and clothing with these preferences.)Laspeyres IndexThe Laspeyres index represents how much more Meredith would have to spend in 1995 versus 1990 ifshe consumed the same amounts of food and clothing in 1995 as she did in 1990. That is, the Laspeyresindex for 1995 (L) is given by:L = 100 (Y ')/Ywhere Y’ represents the amount Meredith would spend at 1995 prices consuming the same amount offood and clothing as in 1990: Y ' = P 'F F + P 'C C = 2F + 3C, where F and C represent the amounts of foodand clothing consumed in 1990.We thus need to calculate F and C, which make up the bundle of food and clothing which maximizesMeredith’s utility given 1990 prices and her income in 1990. Use the hint to simplify the problem:Since she spends equal amounts on both goods, P F F = P C C. Or, you can derive this same equationmathematically: With this utility function, MU C = ∆U/∆C = F, and MU F = ∆U/∆F = C. To maximizeutility, Meredith chooses a consumption bundle such that MU F /MU C = P F /P C , which again yields P F F =P C C.From the budget constraint, we also know that:P F F +P C C = YCombining these two equations and substituting the values for the 1990 prices and income yields thesystem of equations:C = F and C + F = 1,200Solving these two equations, we find that:C = 600 and F = 600Therefore, the Laspeyres cost-of-living index is:L = 100(2F + 3C)/Y = 100[(2)(600) + (3)(600)]/1200 = 250Ideal IndexThe ideal index represents how much more Meredith would have to spend in 1995 versus 1990 if sheconsumed amounts of food and clothing in 1995 which would give her the same amount of utility as shehad in 1990. That is, the ideal index for 1995 (I) is given by:I = 100(Y'')/Y, where Y'' = P'F F + P'C C' = 2F' + 3C'where F' and C' are the amount of food and clothing which give Meredith the same utility as she had in1990. F' and C' must also be such that Meredith spends the least amount of money at 1995 prices toattain the 1990 utility level.The bundle (F',C') will be on the same indifference curve as (F,C) and the indifference curve at this point will be tangent to a budget line with slope -(P'F /P'C ), where P'F and P'C are the prices of food and clothing in 1995. Since Meredith spends equal amounts on the two goods, we know that 2F' = 3C'. Since this bundle lies on the same indifference curve as the bundle F = 600, C = 600, we also know that F'C' = (600)(600).Cslope 1P slope F C =-H K slope slope F C =-'H KFigure 3.11Solving for F' yields:F'[(2/3)F'] = 360,000 or F' =[(/),)]32360000 = 734.8From this, we obtain C':C' = (2/3)F' = (2/3)734.8 = 489.9We can now calculate the ideal index: I = 100(2F' + 3C')/Y = 100[2(734.8) + (3)(489.9)]/1200 = 244.9CHAPTER 4INDIVIDUAL AND MARKET DEMANDChapter 4 relies on two important ideas from Chapter 3: the influence of price and income changes on the budget line and optimal consumer choice. The chapter focuses on price changes, individual demand, market demand, demand elasticity, and consumer surplus. These concepts are crucial to understanding the application of demand and supply analysis in Chapter 9 as well as the discussion of market failure in Parts III and IV. Chapter 4 also discusses the derivation of the individual’s demand curve with a discussion of substitution and income effects. The analytical tools students learn in this chapter will be important for the discussion of factor supply and demand in Chapter 14.When discussing the derivation of demand, review how the budget curve pivots around an intercept as price changes and how optimal quantities change as the budget line pivots. Once students understand the effect of price changes on consumer choice, they can grasp the derivation of the price consumption path and the individual demand curve. Remind students that the price a consumer is willing to pay is a measure of the marginal benefit of consuming another unit.When covering the aggregation of individual demands, stress that this is equivalent to the summation of individual demand curves horizontally. Students might think that they can add linear demand functions, e.g., add Q P =-1 plus Q P =-23 to arrive at Q P =-35 or 223Q P =-. Students must be reminded, instead, to write the demand curve in inverse form, with price as a function of quantity, and then add. Thus, we add P = 1 - Q to P = 1 - 2Q to obtain P = 2 - 3Q .Price elasticity of demand and consumer surplus are referred to throughout the text, but the mathematics of price elasticity of demand is difficult for many students. Before discussing the algebra, encourage students to develop an intuitive grasp of elasticity as a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity demanded to changes in price.The easiest algebraic representation of elasticity is %%∆∆QP. As you expand on this expression, make sure thatstudents can distinguish between the slope of a line and an elasticity at each point. One effective teaching method is using a linear demand curve to show that while the slope is constant, the elasticity changes throughout the range of prices. The text relies on this relationship in the discussion of the monopolist’s determination of the profit-maximizing quantity in Chapter 10. The exercises given here are progressive in their difficulty, i.e., the last exercise is much harder than the first. Exercises (1) and (7) assume student understanding of demand elasticity, and a grasp of income elasticity is needed for Exercise (9).Although this chapter introduces consumer surplus, it is not extensively discussed until Chapter 9; producer surplus is covered in Chapter 8. If you postpone the discussion of consumer surplus, do not assign Exercise (4). Once students understand consumer surplus, they will find it to be an extremely useful tool. See Example 4.5.Section 4.2 discusses income and substitution effects. An understanding of these effects is aided by the discussion of normal and inferior goods. This is also a good time to reinforce the concept of relative prices, i.e., a decrease in the price of one good increases the relative price of the other good. Giffen goods, while infrequently encountered, provide a way to discuss the importance of income and substitution effects.Finally, there are other special topics in this chapter and its Appendix. An application of network externalities is given in Example 4.5. The first part of Section 4.6, “Empirical Estimation of Demand,” is straightforward, particularly if you have covered the forecasting section of Chapter 2. However, the l ast part, “The Form of the Demand Relationship,” is difficult for students who do not understand logarithms. The Appendix is intended for students with a background in calculus.1.How is an individual demand curve different from a market demand curve? Which curve is likely to be more price elastic? (Hint: Assume that there are no network externalities.)The market demand curve is the horizontal summation of the individual demand curves. Thegraph of market demand shows the relation between each price and the sum of individualquantities. Because price elasticities of demand may vary by individual, the price elasticity ofdemand is likely to be greater than some individual price elasticities and less than others.2.Is the demand for a particular brand of product, such as Head skis, likely to be more price elastic or price inelastic than the demand for the aggregate of all brands, such as downhill skis? Explain.Individual brands compete with other brands. If the two brands are similar, a small change inthe price of one good will encourage many consumers to switch to the other brand. Becausesubstitutes are readily available, the quantity response to a change in one brand’s price is moreelastic than the quantity response for all brands. Thus, the demand for Head skis is more elasticthan the demand for downhill skis.3.Tickets to a rock concert sell for $10. But at that price, the demand is substantially greater than the available number of tickets. Is the value or marginal benefit of an additional ticket greater than, less than, or equal to $10? How might you determine that value?If, at $10, demand exceeds supply, then consumers are willing to bid up the market price to a levelwhere the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. Since utility-maximizingconsumers must be willing to pay more than $10, then the marginal increase in satisfaction(value) is greater than $10. One way to determine the value of tickets would be to auction off ablock of tickets. The highest bid would determine the value of the tickets.4.Suppose a person allocates a given budget between two goods, food and clothing. If food is an inferior good, can you tell whether clothing is inferior or normal? Explain.If an individual consumes only food and clothing, then any increase in income must be spent oneither food or clothing (Hint: we assume there are no savings). If food is an inferior good, then,as income increases, consumption falls. With constant prices, the extra income not spent on foodmust be spent on clothing. Therefore, as income increases, more is spent on clothing, i.e. clothingis a normal good.5. Which of the following combinations of goods are complements and which are substitutes? Could they be either in different circumstances? Discuss.a. a mathematics class and an economics classIf the math class and the economics class do not conflict in scheduling, then the classes could beeither complements or substitutes. The math class may illuminate economics, and theeconomics class can motivate mathematics. If the classes conflict, they are substitutes.b. tennis balls and a tennis racketTennis balls and a tennis racket are both needed to play a game of tennis, thus they arecomplements.c. steak and lobsterFoods can both complement and substitute for each other. Steak and lobster can compete, i.e., besubstitutes, when they are listed as separate items on a menu. However, they can also functionas complements because they are often served together.d. a plane trip and a train trip to the same destinationTwo modes of transportation between the same two points are substitutes for one another.e. bacon and eggsBacon and eggs are often eaten together and are, therefore, complementary goods. Byconsidering them in relation to something else, such as pancakes, bacon and eggs can function assubstitutes.6.Which of the following events would cause a movement along the demand curve for U.S.-produced clothing, and which would cause a shift in the demand curve?a. the removal of quotas on the importation of foreign clothesThe removal of quotas will shift the demand curve inward for domestically-produced clothes,because foreign-produced goods are substitutes for domestically-produced goods. Both theequilibrium price and quantity will fall as foreign clothes are traded in a free marketenvironment.b. an increase in the income of U.S. citizensWhen income rises, expenditures on normal goods such as clothing increase, causing the demandcurve to shift out. The equilibrium quantity and price will increase.c. a cut in the industry’s costs of producing domestic clothes that is passed on to the market inthe form of lower clothing pricesA cut in an industry’s costs will shift the supply curve out. The equilibrium price an d quantitywill increase.7. For which of the following goods is a price increase likely to lead to a substantial income (as well as substitution) effect?a. saltSmall income effect, small substitution effect: The amount of income that is spent on salt isrelatively small, but since there are few substitutes for salt, consumers will not readily substituteaway from it. As the price of salt rises, real income will fall only slightly, thus leading to a smalldecline in consumption.b. housingLarge income effect, no substitution effect: The amount of income spent on housing is relativelylarge for most consumers. If the price of housing were to rise, real income would be reducedsubstantially, thereby reducing the consumption of all other goods. However, consumers wouldfind it impossible to substitute for housing, in general.c. theater ticketsSmall income effect, large substitution effect: The amount of income that is spent on theatertickets is relatively small, but consumers can substitute away from the theater tickets by choosingother forms of entertainment (e.g., television and movies). As the price of theater tickets rises,real income will fall only slightly, thus leading to a small decline in consumption.d. foodLarge income effect, no substitution effect: As with housing, the amount of income spent on food isrelatively large for most consumers. Price increases for food will reduce real incomesubstantially, thereby reducing the consumption of all other commodities. Although consumerscan substitute out of particular foods, they cannot substitute out of food in general.8. Suppose that the average household in a state consumes 500 gallons of gasoline per year. A 10-cent gasoline tax is introduced, coupled with a $50 annual tax rebate per household. Will the household be better or worse off after the new program is introduced?If the household does not change its consumption of gasoline, it will be unaffected by thetax-rebate program. It still gets 500 gallons of gasoline. To the extent that the householdreduces its gas consumption through substitution, it must be better off.9. Which of the following three groups is likely to have the most, and which the least, price-elastic demand for membership in the Association of Business Economists?a. studentsThe major difference among the groups is the level of income. We know that if the consumptionof a good constitutes a large percentage of an individual’s income, then the demand for the goodwill be relatively elastic. If we assume that a membership in the Association of BusinessEconomists is likely to be a large expenditure for students, we may conclude that the demand willbe relatively elastic for this group.b. junior executivesThe level of income for junior executives will be larger than that of students, but smaller thanthat of senior executives. Therefore, the demand for a membership for this group will be lesselastic than that of the students but more elastic than that of the senior executives.c. senior executivesThe high earnings among senior executives will result in a relatively inelastic demand formembership.1. The ACME corporation determines that at current prices the demand for its computer chips has a price elasticity of -2 in the short run, while the price elasticity for its disk drives is -1.a. If the corporation decides to raise the price of both products by 10 percent, what will happento its sales? To its sales revenue?We know the formula for the elasticity of demand is:EQP P=%%∆∆.For computer chips, EP= -2, so a 10 percent increase in price will reduce the quantity sold by 20percent. For disk drives, EP= -1, so a 10 percent increase in price will reduce sales by 10 percent.Sales revenue is equal to price times quantity sold. Let TR1 = P1Q1be revenue before the pricechange and TR2 = P2Q2be revenue after the price change.For computer chips:∆TR cc = P2Q2 - P1Q1∆TR cc= (1.1P1 )(0.8Q1 ) - P1Q1 = -0.12P1Q1, or a 12 percent decline.For disk drives:∆TR dd = P2Q2 - P1Q1∆TR dd = (1.1P1 )(0.9Q1 ) - P1Q1 = -0.01P1Q1, or a 1 percent decline.Therefore, sales revenue from computer chips decreases substantially, -12 percent, while the salesrevenue from disk drives is almost unchanged, -1 percent.b. Can you tell from the available information which product will generate the most revenue forthe firm? If yes, why? If not, what additional information would you need?No. Although we know the responsiveness of demand to changes in price, we need to know bothquantities and prices of the products to determine total sales revenue.2. Refer to Example 4.3 on the aggregate demand for wheat. From 1981 to 1990, domestic demand grew in response to growth in U.S. income levels. As a rough approximation, the domestic demand curve in 1990 was QDD= 1200 - 55P. Export demand, however, remained about the same, due to。

(完整版)微观经济学第三章习题及答案

假如在新的均衡下，各种商品的边际效用均低于原均衡状态的边际效用，这意味着（ C ）A.消费者生活状况没有变化B.消费者生活状况恶化了C.消费者生活状况得到了改善D.无法确定5、如果一条无差异曲线的斜率等于2dYdX=-，说明（ A ） A.这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y 换取0.5个单位的X B.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y 换取0.5个单位的X C.这个消费者愿意用1个单位的Y 换取2个单位的X D.这个消费者愿意用2个单位的Y 换取2个单位的X6、若小王的MRS XY 小于小张的MRS XY ，则对小王来说，要想有所得，就可以（A ） A.放弃X ，用以与小张交换Y B.放弃Y ，用以与小张交换X C.或者放弃X ，或者放弃Y D.维持现状，不交换7、无差异曲线如果是呈直角形的话，说明（ D ） A.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是替代品 B.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是互补品 C.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全替代品 D.消费者对两种商品的主观评价是完全互补品 8、某消费者需求曲线上的各点（ A ）A 、表示该消费者的效用最大点B 、不表示效用最大点C 、有可能表示效用最大点 9、恩格尔曲线从（ B ）导出A.价格—消费曲线B.收入—消费曲线C.需求曲线D.无差异曲线 10、吉芬商品的价格上升时，应该有（ B ）A.替代效应为正值，收入效应为负值；且前者作用大于后者B.替代效应为负值，收入效应为正值；且前者作用小于后者C.替代效应为负值，收入效应为正值；且前者作用大于后者D.替代效应为正值，收入效应为负值；且前者作用小于后者 11、如果预算线平行移动，可能的原因是（ C ） A.消费者购买的其中一种商品的价格发生变化 B.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生不同比例的变化C.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生同比例而且同方向的变化D.消费者购买的两种商品的价格发生同比例但不同方向的变化 12、下列哪种情况不属消费者均衡的条件（ D ） A.λ=⋯⋯===ZZY Y X X P MU P MU P MU B. 货币在每种用途上的边际效用相等 C.MUP λ=D. 各种商品的边际效用相等三、判断题1、对于同一个消费者来说，同样数量的商品总是提供同量的效用。

(NEW)平狄克《微观经济学》(第7版)课后习题详解

目　录第1篇　导论：市场和价格第1章　绪　论1.1　课后复习题详解1.2　课后练习题详解第2章　供给和需求的基本原理2.1　课后复习题详解2.2　课后练习题详解第2篇　生产者、消费者以及竞争性市场第3章　消费者行为3.1　课后复习题详解3.2　课后练习题详解第4章　个人需求和市场需求4.1　课后复习题详解4.2　课后练习题详解第4章附录　需求理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第5章　不确定性与消费者行为5.1　课后复习题详解5.2　课后练习题详解第6章　生　产6.1　课后复习题详解6.2　课后练习题详解第7章　生产成本7.1　课后复习题详解7.2　课后练习题详解第7章附录　生产与成本理论——一种数学的处理方法课后练习题详解第8章　利润最大化和竞争性供给8.1　课后复习题详解8.2　课后练习题详解第9章　竞争性市场分析9.1　课后复习题详解9.2　课后练习题详解第3篇　市场结构和竞争策略第10章　市场势力：垄断与买方垄断10.1　课后复习题详解10.2　课后练习题详解第11章　有市场势力的定价11.1　课后复习题详解11.2　课后练习题详解第11章附录　联合厂商的内部转移定价课后练习题详解第12章　垄断竞争和寡头垄断12.1　课后复习题详解12.2　课后练习题详解第13章　博弈论和竞争策略13.1　课后复习题详解13.2　课后练习题详解第14章　投入要素市场14.1　课后复习题详解14.2　课后练习题详解第15章　投资、时间及资本市场15.1　课后复习题详解15.2　课后练习题详解第4篇　信息、市场失灵以及政府的角色第16章　一般均衡与经济效率16.1　课后复习题详解16.2　课后练习题详解第17章　信息不对称市场17.1　课后复习题详解17.2　课后练习题详解第18章　外部性与公共品18.1　课后复习题详解18.2　课后练习题详解附录：指定平狄克《微观经济学》教材为考研参考书目的院校列表第1篇　导论：市场和价格第1章　绪　论1.1　课后复习题详解1．人们常说，一个好的理论是可以用经验研究和实证研究来加以证伪的。

西方经济学(微观部分)第三章消费者行为理论习题参考答案(微观部分) - 副本

第三章消费者行为理论.复习思考题一、名词解释欲望效用基数效用序数效用总效用边际效用边际效用递减消费者均衡无差异曲线边际替代率消费者可能线补偿预算线消费者剩余收入—消费曲线恩格尔曲线价格—消费曲线替代效应收入效应不确定性期望效用二、简答题1.根据基数效用理论，边际效用与总效用的关系是怎样的？2.用实例说明边际效用递减规律。

3.基数效用论如何论证消费者效用最大化均衡的实现？基数效用论是如何推导需求曲线的？4.序数效用论如何论证消费者效用最大化均衡的实现？序数效用论是如何推导需求曲线的？5.根据序数效用论的消费者均衡条件，在MRS12＞(P1/P2)或MRS12＜(P1/P2)时，消费者应如何调整两商品的购买量？为什么？6.序数效用论是如何说明价格---消费曲线的？7.什么是边际替代率？边际替代率为什么呈现递减趋势？8.用已学的经济学理论来解释投资谚语：“不要把鸡蛋放在一个篮子里”。

三、计算题1.已知某消费者每月收入为1200元，花费用于X和Y两种商品，他的效用函数为U=XY，X的价格P X=20，Y的价格P Y=30，求：（1）为使他获得的效用最大，他所购买的X和Y商品的数量各应该是多少？（2）假设X的价格提高44%，Y的价格不变，为保持他原有的效用水平，收入必须增加多少？（3）假设该消费者的消费组合正好代表全社会的平均数，因而他原有的购买量可以作为消费品价格指数的加权数，当X的价格提高44%时，消费品价格指数提高多少？2.某人的效用总函数为：TU=4X+Y，如果消费者消费16个单位的X产品与14个单位的Y产品，试求：①消费者的总效用。

②如果因某种原因消费者只能消费4个单位的X产品，在保持总效用不变的情况下，需要消费多少个单位的Y产品？3.某消费者的月收入为500元，可购买两种商品X和Y其价格分别为P X=20元，P Y=50元，决定预算线方程式和斜率分别是多少?如果月收入从500元增加到700元，会不会改变预算线的方程式和斜率?4.已知某消费者每年用于商品X和商品Y的收入为540元，两商品的价格分别为P X=20元和P Y=30，该消费者的效用函数为U=3XY2，该消费者每年购买这两种商品的数量各应是多少？每年从中获得的总效用是多少？5.假设某消费者的均衡如图3-21所示。

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第3章消费者行为
一、判断
1．如果消费者的偏好是完备的、可传递的，我们说该消费者是理性的。

( ) 2．对于吸毒者而言，毒品给他带来的是负效用。

( ) 3．边际效用递减规律是事实。

( ) 4．无差异曲线越接近于直线，说明两种商品之间的替代性就越大。

( ) 5．在消费者均衡条件下，消费者购买的商品的总效用一定等于他所支付的货币的总效用。

( ) 6．在同一条预算线上，消费者的货币支出是不变。

( ) 7．价格变化一定会引起预算线斜率的变化。

( ) 8．预算线平行移动一定消费者的收入发生变化，而不是商品价格没发生了变化。

9．无差异曲线和效用函数都是用来刻画消费者偏好的。

( )
10.给定消费者的偏好和约束条件，就可以预测一个理性消费者的行为。

( )
11.无差异曲线凸向原点是一个假定。

( )
12.预算线的斜率的绝对值表示横轴商品的相对价格。

( )
13.无差异曲线凸向原点的假设与边际效用递增的假设是冲突的。

( )
14.当两种产品的边际替代率的绝对值递减时，无差异曲线凸向原点。

( )
15.边际效用递减规律是指边际效用不可能出现递增。

( )
二、单选
1. 如果没有收入约束，当某消费者消费某一种商品所得的效用最大时，则边际效用MUx为( )
A．正值 B．负值 C．零 D．达到最大
2. 如果没有收入约束，当消费者对消费某一商品的消费在增加时，边际效用应该( )
A．为正值，且不断增加 B．为正值，但不断减少
C．为负值，且不断减少 D．无法确定
3.假定消费者只消费商品X、Y，且X商品的价格为8元，Y商品的价格为3元。

若该消费者买了5个单位X和3个单位Y，此时X、Y的边际效用分别为20、14，那么为获得效用最大化，给定他的收入，则该消费者应该( ) A．停止购买两种商品 B．增加X的购买，减少Y的购买
C．增加Y的购买，减少X的购买 D．同时增加对两种商品的购买
4. 由于收入和价格的变动，消费者的均衡也会发生变化。

假如在新均衡下，各种商品的边际效用均低于原均衡状态的边际效用，这意味着( ) A．消费者的满足程度降低了 B．消费者的满足程度提高了
C．消费者的满足状态并没有发生变化 D．无法判断其满足程度
5. 无差异曲线的位置和形状取决于( )
A．消费者的偏好和收入 B．消费者的收入和商品价格
C．消费者收入、偏好和商品价格 D．消费者的偏好
6. 消费者的无差异曲线图包含无数条无差异曲线，因为( )
A．人的欲望是无限的 B．消费者的人数是无限的
C．无差异曲线是刻画消费者的偏好的，并没有考虑收入约束
D．消费者各个时期的收入是不同的
7. 假如消费者消费的几种商品的价格都相同，消费者为了达到最大效用满足，他应该购买( )
A．相同数量的这几种商品
B．只购买一种产品
C．购买这几种商品并使其消费各种商品最后一个单位的边际效用相等D．以上答案都不对
8. 同一条无差异曲线上的不同点表示( )
A．效用水平不同，但所消费的两种商品数量的比例相同
B．效用水平相同，但所消费的两种商品数量的比例不同
C．效用水平不同，两种商品数量的比例也不相同
D．效用水平相同，两种商品数量比例也相同
9. 预算线形状和位置取决于( )
深圳大学经济学院微观经济学习题
A．消费者的收入 B．消费者的收入和商品的价格
C．消费者的收入偏好和商品的价格 D．以上都不对
10. 如果消费者消费的商品有三种，则所有给消费者带来相同效用的消费组合的集合在几何图形上表示为( )
A．二维空间里的一条曲线 B．是三维空间里的一个面
C．无法确定 D．一个点
11.如果那个假定缺失，消费者能仍将对所有消费组合进行排序（多选）( )
A.偏好的完备性
B. 偏好可传递性
C.偏好的单调性
D.偏好的凸性
12. 无差异曲线凸向原点是( )
A.假设
B.事实
C.定义
D.定理
三、计算题
1.已知某消费者每年用于商品1和商品2的收入为540元，两商品的价格分别为P1 =20元和P2 =30元，该消费者的效用函数为U=3X1X22，该消费者每年购买这两种商品的数量各应为多少？他每年从中获得的总效用是多少？
2.假设某消费者的消费均衡如图所示。

其中，横轴OX1和纵轴OX2分别表示商品1和商品2的数量，线段AB为消费者的预算线，曲线I为消费者的无差异曲线，E点为效用最大化均衡点，已知商品1的价格P1=3元。

1.损人
2.请1.
3.
违反了边际效用递减律？
4.一些男人发达后就抛弃了自己糟糠之妻，我们就会说这个男人变成了“陈世美”。

请运用经济学关于偏好的理论分析一下，这个人是本来就是“陈世美”呢，还是发达后变成了陈世美？
5.在经济学的研究中，通常假定消费者是理性的。

请问理性的含义是什么以及你
对该假设的看法。

深圳大学经济学院微观经济学习题。