煤矿开采中英文对照外文翻译文献
采矿工程英语译文
练习1矿井系统选择的标准图9.2显示了各种采矿方法的生产分布图。
由于现在在短壁工作面工作的少于12个人，所以采用长臂综采法。
很显然连续采煤法越来越受欢迎不是因为每个单元的生产能力增加，而是因为相同吨位的产出需要的人少。
然而，长臂开采的生产率更高是因为每个采矿单元与生俱来的连续开采潜力使其有更大的生产能力。
虽然如此，讨论选择一个系统比另一个系统好要考虑很多因素，这样会让每种形式的细节分析变得明显。
这个表格列出了很多矿井选择特定系统时考虑的各种因素，提供了像自然条件，开采经验，社会关注点，市场条件等重要因素。
一些选择是相当明显的，然而一些是不明显的。
通常，这些选择更能反映出个人偏见。
例如，当缝隙是坚硬的或包含坚硬的杂质，传统的开采方法（爆破）比通过连续开采剥开煤层更容易。
当眼前的隧道顶部很坏时,长臂开采更容易也能够提供更全面的支撑。
常规开采需求的大量设备可能会导致柔软底部的撕裂，所以常规开采比连续开采需要一个坚固的底部。
由于常规开采在房柱式系统已经比在任何老矿区实行时间都长，由于劳动监察部门最熟悉这种方法和设备，在新矿的开采方法选取中这将是一个重要的考虑因素。
然而，如果对于新的从业人员，选择这种传统方法是不太可能的，因为它需要更多的技巧去协调许多设备以及人力。
但是，对于维护人员就不是这样的。
由于传统设备比连续采矿设备更简单，更可靠，更容易保持状态，一个没有经验的维修组更适合使用常规开采的矿区。
市场对于采矿系统的发展有过很大的影响。
而连续开采通常认为已经开始约在1947年，实际上再更早就有了。
在1920年代早期，McKinley Entry Driver，一个出生很早地使用连续开采方法的矿工，加入的很多条目在Illinois.然而煤炭生产靠它，和几乎如今的所有连续开采矿工，这对于全国上下的取暖需求不是很畅销，所以它产生了低回报。
随着实用市场的到来，所有的煤都是粉碎后使用的，连续采煤机已获得广泛的认可。
测绘中英文翻译--煤炭开采类
附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：Construction of Digital Mine and Key TechnologiesABSTRACTIn China, the mine is facing a stern challenge over its environmental protection, the limitation on its structure and function within its subsystem, optimization of its limited manpower , financial and material resources and its sustainable development. Digital mine is come up with to deal with all these problems.The Digital Mine can be liken to “a logistics supply chain”, the basic characteristic is the high-speed network, with broadband and two-way communication system, used as “path map”, which shall make sure the fast delivery of all the date within all the relevant enterprises in the country; It consists of vehicles, which refers to the technics of Mine CAD,virtual reality, mine simulation, scientific calculation, artificial intelligence, visualization and office automation; goods,which refers to mine data and mind application model; package, which refers to 3DGM(3-Dimensional Geographical Model) and data mining; security system, which refers to the collection and renewal system of mine data; and dispatching system, which refers to MGIS(Mine Geographical Information System), the common carrier of the entire information and office decisions,controlling the use and operation of all vehicles as well as all of the goods production and the package system.The basic structure of the Digital Mine is composed of two parts: digital ground and digital mine. The digital ground is a management information system based on the EPR (Enterprise Resource Planning) and spatial information infrastructure and information system based on 3S technology and computer network. The digital mine regards the mine geology and surveying data as basic information data for spatial positioning, furthermore, inputting other relevant information if necessary, such as mining working-face, excavating working-face, underground chamber, mechanical and electronic equipments, ventilation and safety device, underground pipeline and communication and others, forming a spatial database. Thus, the entire mine’s information system of management and service and decision support system is established.The Digital Mine is a huge systematic project, involving 3S (GIS, GPS, RS), IT (Information technology), mine science, virtual reality technology and visualization technology. Based on computers and network communication, the Digital mine realizes the digitization of storing, transporting, expressing and applying of all the relevant spatial data and ttribute data, including mine construction, exploration, development, mining, environmental protection and control. In addition, it is also a huge artificial intellectual system that integrates digital construction, digital exploration, digital mining, digital environmental protection and digitalforecasting based on data dictionary technology, data warehouse technology, WebGIS, virtual reality technology, multimedia technology, CASE technology and artificial intelligence technology. Key words: digital mine; data dictionary; data warehouse; WebGIS; virtual reality; multimedia; artificial intelligenceINTRODUCTIONThe digital mine is integration understanding and digitized reconstruction of real mine & relevant phenomenon, it aims high-efficient, safe and green mining for mineral resource, which guarantee sustainable growth mine economic, also guarantee ecological stability of mine natural environment, and then realize the sustainability,stability, harmonious of the whole mine system, it is a part of digital mining area, digital earth. Constructing digital mine is a complicated system engineering, which need use these disciplines such as information, geography,mine, computer, mathematics, mechanics, surveying and mapping, geomatics .etc. at present, the study on digital mine is on the primary stage, its target is particular application, till now, digital mine has set up some regional,single-function technological system, for instance, mine geology & surveying information system. With the development of modern science and technology, constructing digital mine, realizing informationization and digitization of mine enterprises become basic strategy of mine enterprise's sustainable development. Till now, regarding research of digital mine, each scholar has studied the function intension of digital mine from ifferent sides. I thinkdigital mine should possess these following functions: ①overall digitized for data related to mine (hereafter referred to as mine data). Function includes mine data acquisition, mine data memory, mine ata retrieval, mine data transform, mine data transmission and alternate visit etc.; ②using “3S” technology,multimedia, artificial intelligence technology, WebGIS technology, virtual reality technology to realize 3D display of ore body and mine and monitor duly mining work, realize artificial intelligence, check and assess mineral stack impact on environment etc.; ③with the help of computer technology, network technology.etc. Digital mine should be capable of realizing mine data release, updating, share and exchange between different departments, mine data of the same trade in time;④Digital mine should have functions of predicting, appraising, analyzing etc., which can offer policymaking and optimization scheme for macroscopic strategy of the government department, drawing up the selling prices of enterprises, etc.1. CONCEPT OF DIGITAL MINEDigital mine regards mine system as prototype, regards geographical coordinate as reference system, regards mine science and technology, information science, artificial intelligence and calculation science as theoretical foundation,regards high-new mine observation technology and network technology as technological support, establishing a series of different levels prototype, system field, material model, mechanics model, mathematical model, information model and computer model ,using multimedia and simulation& virtual reality technology to express multidimensional information, at the same time, it is a technological system possessing high resolution, magnanimity data, various data fusion and with the characteristic of space, digitization, internalization, intelligence and visualization. It is virtual mine of informationization, digitization, using the method of informationization & digitalization to research and reconstruct mine, after accomplishment of digital mine, the information involving in the whole mine system can be understood fully at a glance, especially regarding information connection between multiple bodies and law of interaction.The concept of digital mine can be grasped from two aspects. on one hand, inherent information of digital mine is digitized (namely, fixed information related to spatial position directly, such as topography on the ground, geology under the shaft, mine scheme, completed engineering under the shaft, and so on),and build digital mine according to three-dimensional coordinate, which portray mine and ore body overall; on the other hand，all relevant information is imbedded to make up a multidimensional digital mine in more extensive meaning.(i.e. relative change information related to spatial position indirectly, such as management of reserves, electromechanical management, personnel management, production management, technical management, etc.), Fig.1 shows its structure and interaction:According to the above-mentioned analysis, digital mine should include 4 layers.(1) Data administration layer : it lies in the first layer in the system, also in lowest layer of the whole system，which is responsible for the collection, memory, preprocessing，transform，inquiry，retrieval，transmission，cross visit of the data and data output, providing the support of the data for other layers. So it is foundation and data source of the whole system.(2) Model layer: it lies in the second layer in the system, which includes designed new model and application of various given geological model, mathematical model, appraising and predicting model, etc. for instance , the tonnage and grade model of mineral deposit , reserves calculation model, and so on. And some models need be designed and set up in the course of practical application, for example, the three-dimensional geological body has fracture, because there is no ready-made model, the users must design and build model again. This layer offers modeling method and data support for constructing new model and applying given model.(3) Technologies and methods layer: the third layer in the system. It refers to applying various new and high technologies to realize the three-dimension display of the mine and ore body, real time supervision on mining work,artificial intelligence and examination and assessment of ore pileup and impact on environment on the basis of model layer(4) Management and application layer: in outermost layer of the system .it includes MIS and office automation, the long-range renewal, share and exchange of data; In addition, relevant analysis andprediction can be carried out depending on various information and processed data derived from other layer, which offer the decision support of each level for policymaker2. ESSENTIAL FEATURES ANDBASIC STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL MINEEssential features of digital mine include:①digital mine regards high-speed enterprise network as “the route chart”. And broadband, high-speed, two-way communication network is gradual set up to guarantee the fast transmission of mine data in the network of mining industry between enterprises and provinces; ②it regards high and new technologies, such as mining CAD, virtual reality, mining stimulation, scientific calculation , artificial intelligence, visualization and office automation, as “ the vehicle”, which integrates many varieties of data and information; ③digital mine regards mining industry data and mining industry application model as “ goods”, and the core of digital mine is the data warehouse;④ it regards 3DGM (three-dimension geography science model) and the data mining as “package”, and regards the acquisition & renewal system of mining industry data as “security”, and regards MGIS as “deployment” .digital mine is public carrier for the whole mine information and office decision, which deploys and controls the use of all kinds of“vehicle s”, the manufacture of all kinds of “goods”.The basic structure of digital mine can be roughly divided into two major parts: “digital ground” and “digital shaft”.Digital MineInherent information digitalization Relativechange information digitalization round topographic map Underground Geology Mining program Others Reserves Management Mechatronics Management Personnel Management Production Management Others The former is composed of two systems: one is management information system of person, property, matter and process (such as the financial affairs, goods and materials, marketing) based on ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning); the other is spatial information infrastructure and information system based on “3S” technology and computer network technology. “digital shaft” regards geology of coal mine and surveying data as basic information data for spatial positioning, which can form spatial database after these parameters andinformation, such as coalface, leading face of excavation, room in the pit, electromechanical facility of shaft, ventilation safety devices, pipeline in the pit,communication and other information related to shaft, are input into the system. On this basis, management, service and decision-making information system of the whole mine is set up. Fig. 3 shows the basic structures and interrelation of igital mine.3. KEY TECHNOLOGIES TO DIGITAL MINEThe realization of digital mine involves numerous disciplines and knowledge, they mainly include: the data’ dynamic acquisition and real time updating technology, data processing and information extraction technology, spatial data warehouse technology, spatial data modeling technology, virtual reality and stimulation technology, network technology,etc. as shown in Fig 4, the research on these technology systems and their integration mode is the key to therealization of digital mine. obviously, data acquisition is the data source of digital mine system, data management is the foundation of digital mine system, data modeling and spatial analysis are the core of digital mine system, visualization release of distributed network is important expression of digital mine.3.1 three-dimensional spatial data acquisitionData acquisition is the most basic work for establishing digital mine system, and accuracy of the data determines directly the accuracy of data model and spatial analysis. Mine data acquisition focuses on geological exploitation data,mine surveying data, mining engineering data, etc. due to the characteristic of multiple sources, so effective combination and superposition should be conducted according to data model and structure, which guarantees quality and quantity of the data to reach optimum. Except for traditional surveying, electronic surveying, geological drilling,etc., the three-dimensional spatial data acquisition of mine includes new methods in the following. 3.2 distributed spatial database and network GIS technologyDistributed database and distributed processing is the development trend. Every specialized department of mine may establish professional database in order to bring the special skill in data acquisition, updating, processing into full play and avoid management difficulty and the network. Jam caused by the centralized type system. These dispersive computers are linked into a multiple computer system through interconnection network, which adopt the distributed computing technology and interoperation technology to realize theresource-sharing. Hypermedia network GIS (WebGIS) and interoperation norm (OpenGIS) are the tools to realize distributed calculation and interoperation between homogenous system (the same software platform) and heterogeneous system (the different software platform) respectively.3.3 data model and data structureDigital mine is a typical multidimensional dynamic system. For the sake of abstracting and expressing real mine,spatial-temporal database must be developed to describe complex geographical phenomenon which is dynamic and real-time. The spatial data structure develops on the basis of spatial data model, which is the conventional connotation of a software system, and it indicates “the set of data elements of certain structure”. in order to build spatial-temporal data model of “digital mine”, the spatial-temporal data structure should be adopted to express it accurately.In this respect of data model of three-dimensional space, till now, numerous researches have been carried out both at home and abroad, and many kinds of three-dimensional data model have been proposed. Generally speaking, data model can divided into plane model, body model and mixed model. The spatial object of mine has the following haracteristics:① great complexity of the geometry and spatial relationship; ②uncertainty of geometry characteristic and internal attribute change. When three-dimensional data model and data structure of geology-oriented mine is researched, at first, these characteristics must been enough understood, thus, the most suitable expression mode and modelingmethod can been achieved.3.4 dynamic analog and artificial intelligence technologyThe function of digital mine is not merely information management, the more important one is to possess commanding and decision making functions. Digital mine regards the data warehouse and high-speed network as support, and use artificial intelligence technologies such as data mining and knowledge discovery, expert system to realize decision support function including production deployment command, resource forecasting, environmental protection countermeasure, security warning and emergency processing, the effectiveness is the sign of the successful application of digital mine.4. CONCLUSIONSDigital mine regards computer and network as the key means to realize acquisition，memory, transmission, expression,deep processing of mine information and the application in production, management and policy making, which is huge system composed of many interrelated software and hardware sub-system. The construction of digital mine is a long-term task, which involves many new and high technologies, so unremitting efforts need be made.At present, taking the complexity of the system into consideration, enterprises of mine generally adopt the principle of “design of top layer, gradual division, planning stage by stage, realization subsystem by subsystem”. In the construction of digital mine, due to interrelation between subsystems, some subsystems need other systems to act as the foundation or accessory, for example, theautomatic deployment system of opencut mine is best assisted by corresponding model system, relevant optimization systems and auxiliary design system .if the construction is independent , use efficiency and benefit will influenced greatly. In general, the system located in low layer and relative independent system should have priority to be built, such as database and administration system, model system, auxiliary design system and administration system. Now, some software needed in the construction of digital mine may buy ready-made products at the domestic and abroad, but the majority software of the digital mining system need be developed.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThis work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Item: 40771143) and Natural ScienceFoundation of Xuzhou Normal University (Item: 08XLS03).REFERENCES[1] Shuey S A. Mining technolony for 21st century: INCO digs deep in Sudhurv. E&M J-China, 2:7-11(1999).[2] Udoh, Emmanuel E, Applying database technology in the integration of engineering software modules,Proceedings of the Eighth IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications, Proceedings of the Eighth IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications,30-33(2004).[3] Wu Lixin,Yin Zuoyu,Zhong Yaping. Discussion on digital mine again: characteristic, framework and key technology,Journal of China Coal Society, 28(1): 1-7(2003)[4] Wu Lixin.digital earth,digital china and digital mine, Mine Surveying, 1 : 6-9(2000).[5] Wu Lixin,Yin Zuoyu,Deng Zhiyi. Discussion the mine of 21st digital mine, Journal of China Coal Society, 25(4):337-342(2000).[6] Wang Qing, Wu Huicheng, Niu Jingkao. Functions and system formation of digital mine,Chinese Mine Industry,13(1): 7-10(2004).[7] Li Mei, Mao Shanjun. 3DGIS key technology of digital mine, Coal Science and Technology, 32(8): 44-48(2004).[8] Yang Ming,Wang Yunjia. Mine data warehouse technology based on data mining, Metal Mine, 2: 47-50(2004).[9]WU Li-xin.Progress of Digital Mine in China[J].Geomatics World, 5:58-62(2008)[10]WULi-xin.Digital Mine in China is Quick Developing[J]. Geomatics World,5:1-6(2008)[11]Luo Li.Discussion on the Characteristics and Construction of Digital Mine[J].Metal Mine, 5:69-74(2009)[12]LI Baiping,ZHAO Anxin,LU Jianjun.System structural model of digitized mine[J].Journal of Liaoning Technical University(Natural Science),6:115-119( 2008)[13]SUN Xiao-yu,WANG Bing-ying,LIU Jian-guo.Exploration and practice of digital mine construction[J].Opencast Mining Technology,6:25-29(2008)中文翻译：数字化矿山建设及关键技术摘要在中国，煤矿正面临着严峻的挑战超过其对环境的保护，其结构和功能在其子系统，优化其有限的人力，财力和物力资源和可持续发展的限制。
关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
关于采煤煤炭方面的外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译附录AProfile : Coal is China's main energy in the country's total primary energy accounted for 76% and above. Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidic mine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction. In this paper, the acidic mine water hazards, and the formation of acid mine water in the prevention and treatment of simple exposition. Keywords : mining activities acidic mine water prevention and correction of the environmental impact of coal a foreword is China's main energy, China accounted for one-time energy above 76%, will conduct extensive mining. Mining process undermined the seam office environment, the reduction of its original environment into oxidizing environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. PH value lower than the six said acidic mine water mine water. Acid mine water in parts of the country in the South in particular coal mine were more widely. South China coal mine water in general pH 2.5 ~ 5.8, sometimes 2.0. Low pH causes and coal of high sulfur closely related. Acid mine water to the formation of ground water have caused serious pollution, whilealso corrosion pipes, pumps, Underground rail, and other equipment and the concrete wall, but also serious pollution of surface water and soil, river shrimp pictures, soil compaction, crops wither and affect human health. An acidic mine water hazards mine water pH is below 6 is acidic, metal equipment for a certain corrosive; pH is less than 4 has strong corrosive influence on the safety in production and the ecological environment in mining areas serious harm. Specifically, there are the following : a "corrosive underground rail, rope and other coal transport equipment. If rail, rope by the pH value "4 acidic mine water erosion, 10 days to Jishitian its intensity will be greatly reduced, Transport can cause accidents; 2 "prospecting low pH goaf water, Quality Control iron pipes and the gate under the flow erosion corrosion soon.3 "acidic mine water SO42-content high, and cement production of certain components interact water sulfate crystallization. These salts are generated when the expansion. After determination of when SO42-generation CaSO4 ? 2H2O, the volume increased by 100%; Formation MgSO4.7H2O, v olume increased 430%; Volume increases, the structure of concrete structures.4 "acidic mine water or environmental pollution. Acid mine water is discharged into rivers, the quality of pH less than 4:00, would fish died; Acidic mine water into the soil, damage granular soil structure, soil compaction, arid crop yields fall, affecting workers and peasants; Acid mine water humans can not drink that long-term exposure, people will limbs broken, eyes suffering, enter the body through the food chain. affect human health. 2 acidic mine water and the reasons are mostly coal strata formed in the reduction environment, containing pyrite (FeS2) formed inthe seam-reduction environment. Coal generally contain about 0.3% ~ 5% of sulfur, mainly in the form of pyrite, sulfur coal accounts for about 2 / 3. Coal mining in the oxidizing environment, flow and iron ore mine water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation, hydrolysis reaction to produce sulfuric acid and iron hydroxide, acidic water showed that the production of acid mine water. Acidic mine water that is the main reason for forming the main chemical reaction as follows : a "pyrite oxidation and free sulfate ferrous sulfate : 2FeS2 O2 +7 +2 +2 H2O 2H2SO4 FeSO4 2 "ferrous sulfate in the role of oxygen free Under into sulfate : 4FeSO4 +2 Cp'2Fe2 H2SO4 + O2 (SO4) 3 +2 H2O 3 "in the mine water The oxidation of ferrous sulfate, sometimes not necessarily need to sulfate : 12FeS2 O2 +6 +3 H2O 4Fe2 (SO4) 3 +4 Fe (OH) 3 4 "mine water Sulfate is further dissolved sulfide minerals in various roles : Fe2 (SO4) 3 + MS + H2O + / 2 + O2 M SO4 H2SO FeSO4 +5 " ferric sulfate in the water occurred weak acid hydrolysis sulfate produced free : Fe2 (SO4) 3 +6 H2O two Fe (OH) 3 +3 H2SO4 6 "deep in the mine containing H2S high, the reduction of conditions, the ferrous sulfate-rich mine water can produce sulfuric acid free : 2FeSO4 +5 FeS2 H2S 2 +3 +4 S + H2O H2SO4 acidic mine water in addition to the nature and sulfur coal on the other, with the mine water discharge, confined state, ventilation conditions, seam inclination, mining depth and size, water flow channels and other geological conditions and mining methods. Mine Inflow stability, stability of acidic water; Confined poor, good air circulation, the more acidic the water, Fe3 + ion content more; Instead, the acid is weak, the more Fe2 + ion; more deep mining of coal with a sulfur content higher; The larger the area of mining, water flowsthrough the channel longer, oxidation, hydrolysis reactions from the more full, the water more acidic strong, If not weak. 3 acidic mine water prevention and control ? a three acidic mine water under the Prevention of acidic mine water formation conditions and causes from source reduction, reductions, reduced when three aspects to prevent or mitigate damage. 1 "by the source : the seizure election made use of mineral acid, being the case. The main coal-bed mineral create acid when in a mixture of coal pyrite nodules and coal with a sulfur content itself. Coal mining rate is low and residual coal pillars or floating coal lost, abandoned pyrite nodules underground goaf, in which long-term water immersion, Acidic water produced is a major source. Face to reduce the loss of float coal, theuse of positive seized election pyrite nodules, can reduce the production of acidic water substances. Intercept surface water, reduce infiltration. For example, the filling of waste, control of roof to prevent collapse fissures along the surface water immersion goaf. In Underground, particularly old or abandoned wells closed shaft, the mine water discharge appropriate antibacterial agent, kill or inhibit microbial activity, or reduce the microbial mine water quantity. By reducing microbial sulfide on the effective role and to control the generation of acid mine drainage purposes. 2 "reduced discharge : the establishment of specialized drainage system, centralized emission acidic water, and storing up on the surface, it evaporated, condensed, then to be addressed to remove pollution. 3 "to reduce emissions of acid water in time : to reduce the underground mine water in the length of stay, in a certain extent, to reduce the microbial coal oxidation of sulphides, thus helping to reduce acid mine water. Containing pyrite, sulfur, surface water leakage conditions for agood shallow seam, or have formed strong acidic water stagnant water in the old cellar, the pioneering layout to weigh the pros and arrangements, not early in the mine prospecting or mining, leaving the end of mine water treatment avoid long-term emissions acidic water. ? 2 3 acidic mine water treatment in certain geological conditions, Acidic water with calcium sulfate rock or other basic mineral occurrence and the reaction decreases acidity. Neutralizer with caustic soda used for less, less sludge is generated, but the total water hardness is often high, while reducing the acidity of the water. However, an increase in the hardness, and the high cost is no longer. Currently, treatment for a neutralizer to the milk of lime, limestone for the neutralizer and limestone -- lime, microbiological method and wetlands treatment. Neutralizer milk of lime treatment method applicable to the handling of a strong acid, Inflow smaller mine water; Limestone -- lime applied to various acidic mine water. especially when acidic mine water Fe2 + ions more applicable, but also can reduce the amount of lime; microbiological method applied when the basic tenets of iron oxide bacterial oxidation than iron, bacteria from the aquatic environment intake of iron, then to form ferric hydroxide precipitation-iron in their mucus secretions, Acidic water at the low iron into high-iron precipitates out and then reuse limestone and free sulfuric acid, can reduce investment, reduce sediment. Wetlands Act also known as shallow marshes, this method is low cost and easy operation, high efficiency, specific methods not go into details here. Conclusions Most coal strata formed and restore the environment, coal mining in the oxidizing environment, Flow iron ore mine with water and exposed to the air, after a series of oxidation and hydrolysis, so that water acidic. formation of acidicmine water. On groundwater and other environmental facilities, and so on have a certain impact on the environment and destruction, Meanwhile harmful to human health caused some influence. Based on the acidic mine water cause analysis, and to take certain preventive and treatment measures, reduce acid mine water pollution in the groundwater, environmental and other facilities and the damage caused to human health effects. References : [1] Wang Chun compiled, "hydrogeology basis," Geological Press, Beijing. [2] Yuan Ming-shun, the environment and groundwater hydraulics research papers on the topic, the Yangtze River Academy of Sciences reported that 1994,3.[3], Lin Feng, Li Changhui, Tian Chunsheng, "environmental hydrogeology," Beijing, geological Press, 1990,21.附录B简介：煤炭是我国的主要能源，在我国一次性能源中占76％以上。
采矿工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)
外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。
煤矿开采影响地表横向剪切变形论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述翻译部分英语原文O N M INING-I NDUCED H ORIZONTAL S HEAR DEFORMATIONS OF THEGROUND SURFACEGang Li1, Robert Pâquet1, Ray Ramage1 and Phil Steuart1ABSTRACT:Horizontal shear deformations have not been commonly considered in subsidence engineering and risk management practices. This situation is quite different from many other engineering disciplines. This article presents the authors’ initial findings of case studies from a number of collieries across all NSW Coalfields. The objective of this article is to highlight the significance of a ground deformation mode, that is, horizontal shear, and its implications to subsidence engineering and risk management. A Shear Index is suggested to facilitate studies of mining-induced shear deformations of the ground surface.INTRODUCTIONThis article presents an argument that conventional subsidence parameters specifying horizontal deformations, in particular, horizontal strains (i.e. change in length), are inadequate for subsidence engineering and risk management. The above-mentioned inadequacy can become practically important in areas where only low magnitude of conventionally defined horizontal strains is detectable due to deep cover depths (or relatively low “extractionwidth-to-cover depth” ratios).Through the preliminary investigation of a number of coals in NSW, the study found there is clear evidence to suggest that the above-mentioned inadequacy is related to a lack of understanding of mining-induced horizontal deformations of the ground surface, in particular, horizontal shear deformations.Despite theoretical definitions found in limited literature on mine subsidence (e.g. 1992), horizontal shear deformations have not been commonly considered in subsidence engineering and risk management practices. This situation is quite different from many other engineering disciplines.HORIZONTAL SHEAR DEFORMATIONSWhen two adjacent cross sections of a stem has a pair of horizontal force perpendicular to stem axis but works in the opposite direction of breaking, and it produces deformation that two section along the lateral force direction of relative rupture occurred. The deformation called shear deformation.Indicators of horizontal shear deformations, as identified by this study, comprise:1.Observed subsidence effects on civil structures indicating influence of shear deformations and significance ofthis deformation mode in terms of its impacts and frequency of occurrences.The shear effects at a particular site are demonstrated in Figure 1;2. S tatistical information suggesting a strong correlation between the shear -affected structures and strip footings, which have less capacity to resist or accommodate horizontal shear deformations as compared with that for other types of footings considered in this study.The analyses show that the transverse shear deformation effect has a significant influence on the thick reinforced concrete slabs and the concentrated load condition;3. Observed patterns of mining-induced surface fractures and deformations (in plan view) suggesting influence of shear, for example, i) en-echelon fractures near chain pillars where shear deformations were active or ii) occurrences of surface wrinkles where the effects of horizontal shear were clearly visible4. Importantly, horizontal shear deformations of ground surface as indicated in 3D survey data obtained from a number of collieries across all NSW Coalfields (to be further discussed).However, rigorous definition, in accordance with the principles of continuum mechanics (e.g. Jaeger, 1969), of horizontal shear strains is not possible using 3D survey data from a straight line of survey points.It follows that if warranted considering the significance of the surface features and their capacity to resist or accommodate shear deformations, the current surveying practices may need to be changed to obtain properly defined horizontal shear strains (or principal strains). To utilise the large amount of subsidence data in existence in the mining industry, an alternative (and approximate) Shear Index is suggested in order to gain an understanding of the general characteristics of mining-induced horizontal shear deformations. This Shear Index is derived based on the component of horizontal movements perpendicular to a survey line or a line of interest. The formula for deriving this index is the same as that for the conventionally defined tilt. Physically, this index reflects angular changes in the horizontal plane but it is not possible to tell what causes such changes, being either shear or rigid body rotation or both. However, the distribution pattern of this index can help to understand the development of shear deformations and to find "trouble spots" (refer to further discussions presented in the Section below).FURTHER DISCUSSIONS ON HORIZONTAL SHEAR DEFORMATIONSFigure 2 shows the distribution pattern of horizontal movements perpendicular to a survey line across a longwall panel and the corresponding Shear Index as discussed above.Although the site is located in the Hunter Coalfield with shallow cover depths, this case is selected as it provides a clear demonstration of the following observations common to the studied cases from all NSW Coalfields:•A complex history of the horizontal movements perpendicular to the cross line (Figure 2a) involving a reversal ofmovement direction after the extraction face passed the survey site by a certain distance. This distance varied from site to site. Similar findings were reported by Holla and Thompson (1992) and Mills (2001);•Indications of horizontal shear deformations (near both solid ribs in this case, as shown by the Shear Index plottedin Figure 2b), noting the reversal in the sense of shearing after the extraction face has passed the survey site. The reversal in the sense of shearing has a potential to enhance the effects of shear deformations, and•The occurrences of permanent horizontal deformations.IMPLICATIONSFrom the 3D survey data collected from a number of collieries across all NSW Coalfields, the characteristics (i.e. the magnitude, nature, distribution and timing of occurrences) of the conventionally defined subsidence parameters are compared with those of the following horizontal deformational parameters:(i) Mining-induced horizontal movements perpendicular to survey grid lines, and(ii) The corresponding Shear Index as discussed above.Implications from the findings of the current study so far are summarised as follows.1.Horizontal Shear Deformations – There is a need to recognise horizontal shear deformation as a significantmode of mining-induced deformations at the ground surface. Specific attention should be paid to surfacefeatures with inadequate shear resistance and to areas with deep cover depths (or relatively low “extraction width-to-cover depth” ratios) where the conventionally defined horizontal strains predicted may suggest low risks.2. Assessment of Subsidence Impacts on Civil Structure s – Further to Point (1) above, there is a need to recognise the limitations of subsidence models based on conventionally defined horizontal strains and AS 2870-1996 (Standards Australia, 1996) when predicting subsidence impacts on civil structures. Consequently, there is a need to identify areas where changes and improvements to these models are required.3. Civil Structures on Sloping Ground – Further to Point (1) above, specific attention should be paid to civil structures on the sloping ground. In this case, there is a potential for enhanced shear deformations due to the participation of down-slope movements. In addition, the performance of any footings to resist or accommodate shear deformations in this environment needs to be investigated and understood.4. Capacity of Surface Features to Resist or Accommodate Shear Deformations – This is an area where knowledge has not been clearly established for subsidence engineering and management. The situation here, again, is different from many other engineering disciplines when shear deformations are concerned. There is a need to undertake necessary research into this area.5. Mining-induced Surface Wrinkles – Mining-induced surface wrinkles (Figure 3), or compression humps, are one of the significant factors for subsidence impacts on civil structures. Where these deformational features occurred in areas with low predicted horizontal strains according to conventional subsidence models, geological structures were often blamed for their occurrences resulting in unpredicted or higher-than-predicted impacts on civil structures. However, recently conducted field investigations have not been able to provide a clear link between geological structures and such surface wrinkles, while there is a continuing need for an improved understanding of these features to develop effective early warning and risk management systems. The identification of horizontal shear deformations can offer an explanation (Figure 4), additional to geological structures and the conventionally defined compressive horizontal strains, for the occurrences of these deformational features.6. Management of Subsidence-related Risks to Linear Infrastructure Items – The results of this study suggest a need to review the adequacy of risk management systems for important linear infrastructure items such as roads, rails, canals or pipelines, if these management systems have been developed based primarily on conventional subsidence models taking into consideration parameters predicted or measured along the lengths of such infrastructure items and/or if the features in questions do not have sufficient capacity to resist or accommodate lateral movements or shear deformations.7. Survey Practices - As discussed above, to obtain properly defined shear strains or principal strains, the survey practices need to be changed. The suggested change is related primarily to the layout of survey grids, for example, 3D surveys of two (or multiple) parallel grid lines separated by an appropriately defined distance.SUMMARYBased on the investigation of the NSW coalfield measurement, this paper analysis the horizontal shear deformation on civil structure influence. This paper research the application of the horizontal shear deformation in the subsidence engineering and risk management system. Finally, the author put forward concerning the horizontal shear deformation field research direction and the prospect of certain.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe assistance by NSW Mine Subsidence Board with field investigations and data analysis in relation to civil structures is specifically acknowledged. This article is published with the permission of the NSW Department of Primary Industries. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors.REFERENCESHolla, L and Thompson, K, 1992. A study of ground movement in three orthogonal directions due to shallowmulti-seam longwall mining, The Australian Coal Journal, No.38, pp3-13.Jaeger, J C, 1969. Elasticity, Fracture and Flow with Engineering and Geological Applications, pp268 (Chapman and Hall Science Paperbacks).Mills, K W, 2001. Observations of horizontal subsidence movement at Baal Bone Colliery, inProceedings 5th Triennial Conference on Coal Mine Subsidence Current Practice and Issues, pp 99-111.Peng, S S, 1992. Surface Subsidence Engineering, pp162 (Society for Mining, Metallurgy, andExploration, Inc, Littleton, Colorado).Ramsay, J G, 1980. Shear zone geometry: a review. J. Struct. Geol., Vol. 2, pp83-99 Standards Australia, 1996. Residential Slabs and Footings – Construction (AS 2870-1996).中文译文受开采影响地表横向剪切变形Gang Li1, Robert Pâquet1, Ray Ramage1and Phil Steuart11NSW Department of Primary Industries - Mineral Resources摘要：横向剪切变形尚未普遍应用于沉陷工程风险管理。
采矿工程外文文献
采矿工程外文文献以下是一篇关于采矿工程的外文文献：Title: Mining Engineering: An Overview of the FieldAuthor: J. W. HirschiPublication: Mining Engineering, Vol. 50, No. 10, pp. 4-7, 1998Abstract:Mining engineering is a broad field that encompasses many specialized areas in mining and mineral processing. It includes exploration, development, extraction, production, and reclamation of mineral resources. Mining engineers play a key role in finding solutions to complex geological, technical, and environmental challenges related to mineral exploration and production. This paper provides an overview of the field of mining engineering, including its history, current practices, and future directions.Introduction:Mining engineering is a diverse field that covers many aspects of the mining and mineral processing industry. Mining engineers are involved in all stages of the mining process, from exploration and discovery of mineral resources to extraction, production, and reclamation. They work closely with geologists,metallurgists, environmental scientists, and other professionals to develop safe and efficient mining operations that maximize the recovery of valuable minerals while minimizing the impact on the environment.History:Mining has been an important part of human civilization for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all used mining techniques to extract metals and minerals for use in tools, weapons, and buildings. In the Middle Ages, mining became more sophisticated with the introduction ofwater-powered mills for crushing ore and the use of gunpowder for blasting rocks. The Industrial Revolution brought significant advances in mining technology, including steam engines, electric power, and new methods for drilling and blasting.Current Practices:Today, mining engineering is a highly specialized field that requires extensive knowledge of geology, mineralogy, mining methods, and environmental management. The modern mining industry uses a wide range of technologies to extract minerals from the earth, including open-pit and underground mining, heap leaching, and in-situ recovery. Mine developmenttypically involves a series of stages, including exploration, feasibility studies, permitting, construction, and production. During production, mining engineers are responsible for optimizing the extraction process to maximize recovery while minimizing costs and environmental impacts.Future Directions:The future of mining engineering will be shaped by many factors, including new technologies, changing market conditions, and evolving environmental regulations. The adoption of digital technologies is transforming the mining industry, with advances in automation, data analytics, and artificial intelligence enabling more efficient and sustainable mining operations. Sustainability is also becoming an increasingly important consideration for mining companies, with a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving water resources, and minimizing the impact of mining on local communities.Conclusion:Mining engineering is a challenging and rewarding field that plays a critical role in meeting the world"s growing demand for mineral resources. As the mining industry continues to evolve, mining engineers will need to adapt to new technologiesand changing market conditions while maintaining a focus on safety, efficiency, and sustainability.。
采矿工程专业毕业论文外文翻译
英文原文：Analytical model and application of stressdistribution on mining coal floorAbstract：Given the analysis of underground pressure，a stress calculation model of cola floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity．The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor：the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth．The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth．The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face．The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests．Which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers．Key words：model；coal floor；stress distribution；analysis1 IntroductionWith the development of coal seam mining，The stress field of rock strata of coal seam floors will change and continue to be redistributed because of the effect of mining．The results will bring on floor deformation，displacement and possible destruction to attain a new balance[1]．A study of the law of stress distribution of floors has important，practical implications in understanding deformation and destructive characteristics and predicting water inrush from floors and for designing suitable locations for tunnels and selecting maintenance methods when depth increased．At present，the study of the law of stress distribution of floors mostly proceeds from a number of calculations based on finite element analyses and similar material tests[2-6]．In this paper，the study of stress distribution of floors in relatively fixed positions is discussed analytically with a theory of elasticity and we present an application combined with actual data of a particular site．2 Fundamental principleThe formulas of stress distribution are derived from the superposition principle，given the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane[7-8]．The vertical distribution load of AB on a semi-infinite plane is assumed to be q(x)，as illustrated in Fig.1.We want to solve the state of stress at a specific point inside a semi-infinite plane，such as point M ．Supposing the coordinate of point is (x，z)，the micro-1ength dζfrom the origin of coordinate is ζon the AB segment，the micro-concentration force d p=q dζis regarded as its force and the state of stress of the micro-concentration force at point is defined as follows．In order to calculate the stress at point M from all distributed loads，the stress which is caused by every micro-concentration force is superposed．We need to integrate Eq.(1) from ζ= -a to ζ= b and Eq.(1) then becomes：3 Stress calculation of coal seam floor3.1Foundation of the mechanical modelBased on the theory of underground pressure，the mechanical model of supporting pressure in front of the working face can be simplified，as shown in Fig.2[9-11]．Where the OA segment is the plastic area，with a length of x0；the AB segment is the elastic area，with a length of L0x0．In order to calculate easily the supporting pressure of both areas p z(1)，p z(2)，without losing its rational，we can assume the following two linear functions：Where is the supporting pressure of the plastic area(kPa)，the supporting pressure of the elastic area(kPa)，the maximum stress concentration coefficient，the width of the plastic area(m)，H the buried depth of the coal floor(m)，the width of the area affected by the supporting pressure(m) and is the average weight of the volume of the over-lying strata (kN/m3) ．3.2Stress calculation processAccording to the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane，we can use Eq.(2) to calculate the vertical stresses σz(1) and σz(2) and the horizontal stresses σx(1)and σx(2)which are affected by the supporting pressures and ．The stress equations at point M(x, z) can then be obtained correspondingly by superposition (this calculation neglects the effect of the transferred load from the goaf and the overlying strata movement as well as the effect of the initial ground stress because it does not produce subsidiary stress at point M；largely we considered the action of the supporting pressure in front of the working face). The calculations are as follows：Therefore，σz = σz(1)+σz(2)(4) and σx = σx(1)+σx(2)(5). By coordinate transformation(x = x(n = 0，1，2，…))，x is regarded as x0 in Eqs.(4) and (5) and the stress values of each section can be calculated，where the variable expresses the relative distance from the pushing position of the working face to the origin of the coordinate system. Given the related parameters of supporting pressures，the stress values，located at the relatively fixed floor section，(x =) at different depths，can be calculated by computer when the working faces advance.When x = x，Eqs.(4) and (5) can be represented as follows：3.3Example analysisGiven the actual geological conditions and mining technology at the 2702 working face of the Yangcun Colliery of the Yanzhou Mining Group Limited Company，the following related parameters are determined：=3，=5 m，=50 m，=25 kN/m3 and H=500 ing Eqs.(6) and (7)，the stress distribution curves are obtained on the relatively fixed floor section x=at different depths with the working face advancing by calculation. The results are shown means of computer in Figs. 3 and 4.Fig. 3 shows that vertical stress maintains its maximum at the interface between the coal seam and floor on the section x=from the original coordinates and then quickly decreases with the increasing depth and slowly decreases at a specific depth. A similar situation is obtained when the working face advances，i.e.，the range of the vertical stress decreases with an increase in depth. From the results it can be seen that the range of depth, given the variation of vertical stress, is relatively large, i.e., within 40 m. The range of the vertical stress is clearly smaller after the working face advances 30 m.According to the relationship of the variation between vertical and horizontal stress, the multiplication of the variation of vertical stress and its corresponding coefficient of horizontal pressure (λ) is equal to the increment of horizontal stress at the point M[1]. Then the increment of horizontal stress and the horizontal stress at the point M continues to be superposed, which is inversed analysis when the working face advances 30 m. The results of the variation in stress show that the vertical stress is larger than the horizontal stress when the working face is at its original position: the maximum principal stress is the vertical stress; the minimum principal stress is horizontal stress. Because the rate of decrease of the vertical stress is faster than the horizontal stress, the horizontal stress is larger than the vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m (for details, see Fig. 4). Considering the effect of the variation in vertical stress, the horizontal stress is much larger than the vertical stress. The maximum principal stress is the horizontal stress and the minimum principal stress is the vertical stress. It agrees with the partial reasons of the mechanical principle of floor heave[12-14].Fig. 3 also shows that the variation is almost steady on the section x=when the working face advances 30 m. Therefore, the relationship of variation in stress with depth is calculated when the working face advances from 0 to 30 m. The details are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Data of rock characteristics and correlative stress of the floor on 2702 working face in Yangcun colliery (MPa)岩层深度(m)ΔλλΔx=0 m x=30 m x=30 m x=30 mλΔ泥岩0 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.500.4316.13 16.13 5 27.25 0.04 2.12 2.08 27.21 11.70 13.78砂岩10 22.53 0.28 3.83 3.55 22.250.327.12 10.67 15 19.95 0.77 4.91 4.14 19.18 6.14 10.28 21 18.17 1.46 5.40 3.94 16.71 5.35 9.29石灰岩25 16.75 2.21 5.46 3.25 14.540.284.07 7.32 28 15.55 2.94 5.24 2.30 12.61 3.53 5.83From the analysis of the related data, the stresses + λΔin Table 1 can be regarded as the stress values，obtained from mechanical rock tests. So the variations of the principal stress from theoretical calculations and the results from the servo-controlled tests can be contrasted. Given these contrasts it is seen that, the largest stress value of mudstone is 16.13 MPa and the largest stress value of sandstone10.67 MPa. When combining Fig. 5 with Table 1 it is seen that, the largest calculated principal stress is less than the peak value of the principal stress in Fig. 5, and the calculated section is at an elastic deformation section of Fig. 5, where permeability is relatively weak. So there is still a certain ability of water resistance. It can be shown that the obvious destruction is not produced in the mudstone and sandstone when the working face advances 30 m. This is essentially consistent with the conclusions of the survey report.4 Conclusions1) Based on the mechanical model of the floor, the analysis of stress distribution is obtained on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face. Owing to heterogeneity and discontinuity of the rock mass of the coal floor, there is a certain divergence between the ideal model and actual conditions. But from analyses and calculations, the basic variation law of stress distribution is discovered on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face when specific parameters are given for the working face.2) The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is faster than that of the horizontal stress up to a certain depth and the direction of the maximum principal stress is changed from vertical at the original position to horizontal with an advancing of the working face. The horizontal stress is larger than vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m.3) The difference between the theoretically calculated principal stress and the results of the servo-controlled penetrability test can be contrasted. Deformation and penetrability can be obtained from the floor rock mass. From an example, it is seen that the mudstone and sandstone of coal floor are at an elastic deformation stage. There is no extreme destruction on the relatively fixed floor section with an advancing of working face and there still is a certain ability of water resistanceAcknowledgementsHere we express our sincere appreciation to director for Zhao Zhenzhong, minister Song Shun of Zhengzhou Coal Industry Group for their help during the course of the sampling. Appreciating Dr. Xi Yantao of China University of Mining and Technology for his help for modification.References：[1] Zhang J C, Zhang Y Z, Liu T Q. Rock Mass Permeability and Coal Mine Water Inrush.Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1997. (In Chinese)[2] Miao X X, Lu A H, Mao X B, et al. Numerical simulation for roadways in swelling rock undercoupling function of water and ground pressure. Journal of China University ofMining and Technology, 2002, 12(2): 120-125.[3] Gong P L, Hu Y Q, Zhao Y S, et al. Three-dimensional simulation study on law of deformationand breakage of coal floor on mining above aquifer. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(23): 4396-4402. (In Chinese)[4] Shi L Q, Han J. Floor Water-Inrush Mechanism and Prediction. Xuzhou: China University ofMining and Technology Press, 2004. (In Chinese)[5] Jing H W, Xu G A, Ma S Z. Numerical analysis on displacement law of discontinuous rockmass in broken rock zone for deep roadway. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2001, 11(2): 132-137.[6] Liu Y D, Zhang D S, Wang Ii S, et al. Simulation analysis of coal mining with top-coal cavingunder hard-and-thick strata. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006, 16(2): 110-114.[7] Dun Z L, Gao J M. Mechanics of Elasticity and Its Application in Geotechnical Engineering.Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 2003. (In Chinese)[8] Xu Z L. A Concise Course in Elasticity. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002. (In Chinese)[9] Liu W Q, Miao X X. Numerical analysis of finite deformation of overbroken rock mass in gobarea based on Euler model of control volume. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2006, 16(3): 245-248.[10] Jiang F X. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004. (In Chinese)[11] Qian M G, Shi P W. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Xuzhou: China University of Miningand Technology Press, 2003. (In Chinese)[12] Xu N Z, Tu M. The mechanism and control of floor heave of road driving along next goaf ofhigh seam. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 24(2): 1-4. (In Chinese)[I3] Wang W J, Hou C J. Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face. Journal of Coal Science and Engineering, 2001, 7(1): 13-17.[14] Zhai X X, Li D Q, Shao Q, et al. Control over surrounding rocks deformation of soft floorand whole-coal gateways with trapezoidal supports. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2005, 15(2): 118-123.中文译文：采场底板岩层应力的分析模型及应用摘要：在分析矿山压力的基础上，运用弹性理论建立了煤层底板应力分析计算模型。
采煤专业毕业设计外文文献翻译--高效生产 — 一个关于采煤机截割的次序的问题
外文文献翻译英文原文High Productivity —A Question of Shearer Loader CuttingSequences1 AbstractRecently, the focus in underground longwall coal mining has been on increasing the installed motor power of shearer loaders and armoured face conveyors (AFC), more sophisticated support control systems and longer face length, in order to reduce costs and achieve higher productivity. These efforts have resulted in higher output and previously unseen face advance rates. The trend towards “bigger and better” equipment and layout schemes, however, is rapidly nearing the limitations of technical and economical feasibility. To realise further productivity increases, organisational changes of longwall mining procedures looks like the only reasonable answer. The benefits of opti-mised shearer loader cutting sequences, leading to better performance, are discussed in this paper.2 IntroductionsTraditionally, in underground longwall mining operations, shearer loaders produce coal using either one of the following cutting sequences: uni-directional or bi-directional cycles. Besides these pre-dominant methods, alternative mining cycles have also been developed and successfully applied in underground hard coal mines all over the world. The half-web cutting cycle as e.g. utilized in RA G Coal International’s Twentymile Mine in Colorado, USA, and the “Opti-Cycle” of Matla’s South African shortwall operation must be mentioned in this context. Other mines have also tested similar but modified cutting cycles resulting in improved output, e.g. improvements in terms of productiv-ity increases of up to 40 % are thought possible。
矿业专用英语(中英文对照)
1 总论采矿mining地下采矿underground mining露天采矿open cut mining, open pit mining, surface mining采矿工程mining engineering选矿（学）mineral dressing, ore beneficiation, mineral processing 矿物工程mineral engineering冶金（学）metallurgy过程冶金（学）process metallurgy提取冶金（学）extractive metallurgy化学冶金（学）chemical metallurgy物理冶金（学）physical metallurgy金属学Metallkunde冶金过程物理化学physical chemistry of process metallurgy冶金反应工程学metallurgical reaction engineering冶金工程metallurgical engineering钢铁冶金（学）ferrous metallurgy, metallurgy of iron and steel有色冶金(学)nonferrous metallurgy真空冶金(学)vacuum metallurgy等离子冶金(学)plasma metallurgy微生物冶金(学)microbial metallurgy喷射冶金(学)injection metallurgy钢包冶金(学)ladle metallurgy二次冶金(学)secondary metallurgy机械冶金(学)mechanical metallurgy焊接冶金(学)welding metallurgy粉末冶金(学)powder metallurgy铸造学foundry火法冶金(学)pyrometallurgy湿法冶金(学)hydrometallurgy电冶金(学)electrometallurgy氯冶金(学)chlorine metallurgy矿物资源综合利用engineering of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources中国金属学会The Chinese Society for Metals中国有色金属学会The Nonferrous Metals Society of China2 采矿采矿工艺mining technology有用矿物valuable mineral冶金矿产原料metallurgical mineral raw materials矿床mineral deposit特殊采矿specialized mining海洋采矿oceanic mining, marine mining矿田mine field矿山mine露天矿山surface mine地下矿山underground mine矿井shaft矿床勘探mineral deposit exploration矿山可行性研究mine feasibility study矿山规模mine capacity矿山生产能力mine production capacity 矿山年产量annual mine output矿山服务年限mine life矿山基本建设mine construction矿山建设期限mine construction period 矿山达产arrival at mine full capacity开采强度mining intensity矿石回收率ore recovery ratio矿石损失率ore loss ratio工业矿石industrial ore采出矿石extracted ore矿体orebody矿脉vein海洋矿产资源oceanic mineral resources 矿石ore矿石品位ore grade岩石力学rock mechanics岩体力学rock mass mechanics3 选矿选矿厂concentrator, mineral processing plant 工艺矿物学process mineralogy开路open circuit闭路closed circuit流程flowsheet方框流程block flowsheet产率yield回收率recovery矿物mineral粒度particle size粗颗粒coarse particle细颗粒fine particle超微颗粒ultrafine particle粗粒级coarse fraction细粒级fine fraction网目mesh原矿run of mine, crude精矿concentrate粗精矿rough concentrate混合精矿bulk concentrate最终精矿final concentrate尾矿tailings粉碎comminution破碎crushing磨碎grinding团聚agglomeration筛分screening, sieving分级classification富集concentration分选separation手选hand sorting重选gravity separation, gravity concentration 磁选magnetic separation电选electrostatic separation浮选flotation化学选矿chemical mineral processing自然铜native copper铝土矿bauxite冰晶石cryolite磁铁矿magnetite赤铁矿hematite假象赤铁矿martite钒钛磁铁矿vanadium titano-magnetite 铁燧石taconite褐铁矿limonite菱铁矿siderite镜铁矿specularite硬锰矿psilomelane软锰矿pyrolusite铬铁矿chromite黄铁矿pyrite钛铁矿ilmennite金红石rutile萤石fluorite高岭石kaolinite菱镁矿magnesite重晶石barite石墨graphite石英quartz方解石calcite石灰石limestone白云石dolomite云母mica石膏gypsum硼砂borax石棉asbestos蛇纹石serpentine阶段破碎stage crushing 粗碎primary crushing中碎secondary crushing 细碎fine crushing对辊破碎机roll crusher 粉磨机pulverizer震动筛vibrating screen 筛网screen cloth筛孔screen opening筛上料oversize筛下料undersize粗磨coarse grinding细磨fine grinding球磨机ball mill衬板liner分级机classifier自由沉降free setting沉积sedimentation石灰lime松油pine oil硫化钠sodium sulfide硅酸钠（水玻璃）sodium silicate, water glass过滤filtration过滤机filter给矿，给料feeding给矿机feeder在线分析仪on line analyzer在线粒度分析仪on line size analyzer超声粒度计ultrasonic particle sizer, supersonic particle sizerabandoned drives [ə'bændənd] [draivs] 废巷道abrasion resistance [ə'breiʒən] [ri'zistəns] 抗磨蚀能力abrasive [ə'breisiv] 磨料absorbent [əb'sɔ:bənt] 吸收剂access ramp ['ækses] [ræmp] 出入沟，出入引道accessory minerals [ək'sesəri] ['minərəls] 副矿物accidental explosion [,æksi'dentəl] [ik'spləuʒən] 意外爆炸Accumulated losses 累计亏损Acid Mine Drainage 矿山酸性废水Acidic run-off water from mine waste dumps and mill tailings ponds containing sulphide minerals. Also refers to ground water pumped to surface from mines.acid mine water ['æsid] [main] ['wɔ:tə] 酸性矿水acid resistant ['æsid] [ri'zistənt] 耐酸的acid rock ['æsid] [rɔk] 酸性岩acidite ['æsidait] 酸性岩acidulation 酸化acquirer投资主体Acquisition premium 收购溢价activated charcoal ['æktiveitid] ['tʃɑ:kəul] 活性煤activator ['æktiveitə] 活化剂adamic earth ['ædəmik] [ə:θ] 红粘土additive ['æditiv] 添加剂adhere [əd'hiə] 粘着adhesion force [əd'hi:ʒən] [fɔ:s] 粘附力Adit ['ædit] 平硐An opening driven horizontally into the side of a mountain or hill for providing access to a mineral deposit.adit collar ['ædit] ['kɔlə] 平硐口adit cut mining ['ædit] [kʌt] ['mainiŋ] 平硐开采adjustable prop [ə'dʒʌstəbl] [prɔp] 伸缩式支柱Administration and Corporate expenses行政管理及公司费用Administrative expenses 管理费用adobe blasting [ə'dəubi] ['blɑ:stiŋ] 裸露装药爆破adobe shot [ə'dəubi] [ʃɔt] 裸露装药爆破advancement [əd'vɑ:nsmənt, əd'væns-] 掘进。
采矿专业英语文章带翻译
英译汉Underground Mining Methods地下采矿方法Room and Pillar Mining房柱采矿法Ramps (inclined tunnels) are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. Drifts (horizontal tunnels) are excavated at different elevations to surround the orebody. Next, stopes (tunnels that have direct access to mining the ore) are mined to gain access to the ore. All tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting. Jumbos are in charge of drilling the holes in the rocks and filling them with explosives. The loose rock, also called muck, is transported by either dump trucks back up to the surface for either waste disposal or processing.矿体由隧道（斜井）与地表联通。
阶段运输巷道分布在矿体的不同水平。
接下来，在采场采场开采矿石。
所有巷道通过钻孔和爆破的方式开掘的。
钻车是用来在岩石上钻研和并将钻孔填装炸药。
松动的岩石，也称为废石，由自卸卡车运输至废石场。
As mucking progresses, rooms (tunnels) are cut into the ore body. In order to provide safe roof support for mining, pillars of material around the rooms are left standing to hold up the rock ceiling above. Some parts of the mine roof can be particularly weak and fragile. In addition to pillar support, a jumbo is then brought back in for rock bolting of the roof to ensure safety.随着巷道的掘进，矿体被分割成矿块。
采矿专业外文文献翻译----煤矿瓦斯预防和治理
西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstractDepartment of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines, Independencia,13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要矿井中有很多气体影响着煤矿工作环境，在这些气体中，甲烷是重要的，他伴随着煤的产生而存在。
尽管随着科技的发展，但我们始终无法完全消除。
瓦斯气体随着开采深度的增加而增多。
甲烷排放量高的地方，也适用于其他采矿有关的情况，如在生产率和它的产生的后果，增加深度：在控制日益增加的甲烷量的方面有很多困难，主要是提高机械化，使用爆炸品，而不是密切关注瓦斯控制系统。
本文的主要目的是建立实地测量，使用一些不标准的采矿控制风险评估方法的一部分，并分析了深部煤层瓦斯矿井直立的行为，以及防止发生瓦斯事故的关键参数。
最终目标是在开采条件的改善，提高矿井的安全性。
为此，设置了两个不同的地雷仪表进行矿井控制和监测。
这两个煤矿属于Riosa- Olloniego 煤田，在西班牙阿斯图里亚斯中央盆地。
仪器是通过subhorizontal 能级开采的，一个约1000 米的山Lusorio 根据实际深度覆盖的地区。
在本研究中，一个是有利于瓦斯突出的易发煤（第八层），测定其气体压力及其变化，这将有助于提供以前的特征以完成数据，并评估第一次测量的网站潜在的爆发多发地区提供一些指导。
本文运用一个气体测量管设计了一套用于测量一段时间由于附近的运作的结果，计算低渗气压力以及其变化..本文建立了作品的重叠效应，但它也表明了两个预防措施和适用功效，即高压注水和一个保护煤层（第七层）的开采，必须优先开采保护层以防止瓦斯气体的涌出。
这两项措施构成的开采顺序，提高矿井安全性。
长壁式采煤法介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
英文原文《Introduction of Longwall Mining》Executive SummaryLongwall mining is one of the principal underground mining methods in the United States. Its importance as a coal production technique has grown steadily since the introduction of modern longwall technology into this country in the 1950's and 1960's. In the past decade longwall production and productivity grew rapidly, as a result of significant improvements in longwall equipment and operating practices. By 1993, longwall mining accounted for 40 percent of the Nation's underground coal production—up from 27 percent in 1983. Labor productivity at longwall mines more than doubled between 1983 and 1993. Productivity is now higher for longwall mining than for other underground production methods, and productivity is expected to keep g rowing as new technological advances are introduced.Longwall mining is one of two basic methods of under ground coal mining. The other method is room-and-pillar mining, historically the traditional method used in the United States. In room-and-pillar mining, “rooms” are excavated, and pillars of coal are left in place between the rooms to support the mine roof. In contrast, longwall mining involves the essentially complete extraction of the coal contained in a large rectangu lar block or “panel” of coal, and the roof in the mined-out area is allowed to collapse.The sequence of operations in longwall mining is basi- cally simple. The rectangular longwall panel, averaging nearly 800 feet wide, 7,000 feet long, and 7 feet high, is “blocked out” by excavating passageways around its perimeter. Room-and-pillar mining is used to block out the panel. Excavation of the coal in the panel is an almost continuous operation. Working under the steel canopies of hydraulic, movable roof supports, a coal cutting machine runs back and forth along the 800-foot face, taking a cut ranging anywhere from a few inches to 3-1/2 feet deep during each pass. The cut coal spills into an armored chain conveyor running along the entire length of the face. This face conveyor dumps the coal onto belt conveyors for transport out of the mine. As the cutting machine passes each roof support, the support is moved closer to the newly cut face to prop up the exposed roof. The roof is allowed to collapse behind the supports as they are advanced towards the face. Mining continues in this manner until the entire panel of coal is removed.Because longwall mining is essentially a continuous, highly mechanized operation, longwall productivity is potentially higher than room-and-pillar productivity. Longwall mining also offers improved safety through better roof control, more predictable surface subsidence, and better opportunity for full automation. Onthe other hand, capital costs for longwall equipment are much higher than for room-and-pillar equipment, productivity during development (“blocking out”) of the longwall panels is typically low, and large amounts of dust and methane are generated during the mining process.IntroductionLongwall mining is one of the principal underground mining methods in the United States. In 1993,longwall mines accounted for 40 percent of the Nation's under-ground coal output—compared with 27 percent in 1983. Although basic longwall mining techniques were de- veloped in England in the 17th century, there was little interest in longwall mining in the United States until the 1950's, when new German technology was introduced. As the technology was developed further in the United States, longwall production grew steadily. By 1993, 85 longwall units were operating in 12 States. Labor productivity at longwall mines more than doubled between 1983 and 1993. Productivity is now higher for longwall mining than for other underground production methods, and productivity is expected to keep growing as new technological improvements are introduced. The purposes of this report are to describe the longwall mining process, analyze the most important changes in longwall mining over the past decade, and discuss factors that will shape the future of longwall mining.The History of Longwall MiningLongwall mining is not a new approach to coal mining.In fact, the basic principles of longwall mining have beentraced back to the latter part of the 17th century to Shropshire and other counties in England, where it was described as a “totally different method of mining” called the “Shropshire method.” Many modifications in the original methods have occurred, but all longwall mining has involved extracting coal from a long wall or face. The area from which the coal was ext racted, the “gob” (from a Celtic word for cave or hollow), was partly or wholly filled with stone and refuse, upon which the overlying strata settled.Until the early 1900's, coal mining in England was mostly by the “bord and pillar” method (equivalent to “room-and-pillar”). The “bords,” or passages, were areas 12 to 20 feet wide from which the coal was extracted; the pillars were made of coal, some 50 feet wide and as many as 100 feet long, that was left unmined to support the overlying strata. Efforts to extract some or all of the coal left in the pillars at a later stage of mining either were not attempted or were not always successful As the demand for coal increased, bord and pillar mining soon was regarded as wasteful, and the advantages of the longwal l technique were noted: “It enables a colliery to be opened with less capital expenditures . . . and to become remunerative in the smallest possible time . . . The yield per acre is greater . . . Ventilation is easier,the workmen are concentrated, and the expense of supervision is reduced . . . in seams giving off large quantities of explosive gas . . . shot firing can almost entirely be dispensed with [because the] weight on the face is in itself sufficient to bring down the coal”The overall layout of early longwall mines was generally circular, with mining radiating out from a central shaf. The main roadways ran diagonally from the shaft pillar like the spokes of a wheel, while the intervening areas were subdivided into smaller and smaller sectors by subsidiary roadways. The roadway were kept open by “pack walls” of waste rock constructed on either side of them. The roof in the working area, or face, was supported by a line of timbers, which were moved forward as mining advanced, and by “packs” or “cribs” of waste rock, while the roof in the mined out area was allowed to collapse.Longwall mining was practiced on a very small scale in the United States in the late 1800's and early 1900's. The pioneering longwall attempts were generally in thin coalbeds that could not be mined effectively by room-and-pillar techniques, and that required a minimum of packwall construction and backfilling for roof support. Where successful, those early longwall operations resulted in complete removal of the coal at minimal expense, with less timbering, more controlled subsidence, and better ventilation in the working area than room-and-pillar methods.Until undercutting machines became available in the early 1900's, longwall miners undercut the coal by hand with picks. The early working faces generally were in the form of an arc about 40 feet across, but as mines became deeper and mechanized, straight faces were found to be more efficient.The undercut coalbed was temporarily supported by short wooden props or “sprags” set ev ery 4 to 6 feet. When the props were knocked out, the undercut coal fell because of its own weight and roof pressure, but if necessary, it was knocked down; explosives were seldom used. The broken coal was then loaded by hand into cars (tubs) for transport out of the mine. By 1924, productivity was improved when conveyors were installed along the longwall face in some mines.Overall, the experience of early longwall mining in the United States showed that it was not competitive with the room-and-pillar method. Although steel jacks replaced wooden props for roof control around 1912, and mines were becoming mechanized, the large number of workers required to move the jacks and to construct other types of roof supports made longwall mining a labor-intensive effort. With longwall productivity averaging only about 3 tons or less per worker per shift, U.S. underground mining technology focused on improving room-and-pillar mining, a better method for extracting coal from relatively thick beds. In contrast, longwall mining remained predominant in Europe, where conditions were more suitable for thetechnique because the coalbeds were deeper and overlain by thinly layered strata that caved more easily than those in the typical U.S. coal mine.1950-1960After World War II, U.S. interest in longwall mining was renewed by the possibilities of using the German developed plow (or planer) and “panzer,” or armored face conveyor. The plow is pulled across the coalface while riding on a base that slides under the conveyor. It shaves off 2 to 4 inches of coal that spills onto the conveyor. In 1952, Eastern Gas and Fuel Associates, with support from the U.S. Bureau of Mines, tested longwall mining with a plow and face conveyor at the Statesbury mine, near Beckley, West Virginia, to learn if this type of equipment could be used to extract some U.S. coal. Roof support was provided by mechanical props with I-beam caps and wood cribs. The test was successful and the equipment was used in three other longwall operations between 1952 and 1958.During the 1950-1960 period, there were an average of six longwall operations per year, mostly in West Virginia and Pennsylvania, but also in Arkansas. The plow was he principal coal-cutting machine, replacing the early labor-intensive mechanical undercutting method. However, about three-fourths of the longwall operations were not successful because the coalbeds were not friable enough for extraction with a plow, or because roof control presented problems.Although the hydraulic props introduced in the late 1950's were an improvement over the earlier mechanical friction props, a large amount of manual labor was still needed to recover and reset the props. Moreover, as the face advanced, wood cribs had to be constructed for additional roof support, requiring additional manual labor. As a consequence, by 1960 longwall mining was generally considered a last resort, used only for extracting thin beds of premium coal when room-and-pillar methods failed. Other factors also constrained the use of longwall mining in the United States. These included the lack of familiarity with the method on the part of the U.S. coal industry, and the high capital investment required for the equipment. Furthermore, by this time, continuous mining machines were improving the efficiency of room-and-pillar mining.1960-1970Interest in longwall mining in the United States revived in the 1960's, and the number of installations rose to about 20 before 1970, due mainly to the introduction of self-advancing hydraulic roof supports. These powered supports replaced jacks and wood cribs, eliminating the need for substantial labor. They also had the advantage of being able to push the conveyor forward automatically as the face advanced. Self-advancing hydraulic roof supports were first used, together with a plow, in 1960 to excavate a 52-inch coalbed in Eastern Associates' Keystone mine near Welch, WestVirginia.The first self-advancing roof supports were frames. A frame consisted of two single hydraulic jacks connected to a beam, and two frames were linked together to operate as a pair. They advanced in two steps. While one frame remained set between the roof and floor, the other was lowered and then pushed forward by a ram; the procedure was reversed to move the other frame. Frames with a two-leg design could support as much as 88 tons before yielding; those with four-leg designs were about twice as strong.Frames successfully supported the roof when the overlying strata caved easily, but they were often inadequate if the strata “hung up.” A number of longwall installations in the Illinois Basin were discontinued because frames could not control the mine roof.In the mid 1960's, better designed, high-capacity, self- advancing roof supports, capable of holding about 700 tons, became available in the form of the chock. Described as a mobile crib, the chock consists of two frame supports tied together with a rigid canopy and semi-rigid base. More stable than frame supports, the chock is also safer because it has a canopy that provides protection against material falling from the mine roof. The chock can also be advanced as a single unit by a hydraulic ram attached to the face conveyor.Although the chock represents a great improvement in roof control technology, it can become unstable when the roof caves in large pieces and creates rotational or horizontal stresses. The instability can occur because the chock's canopy is connected to its base only by the hydraulic leg cylinders. Several longwall operations in southern Illinois were abandoned because chocks failed as the result of serious roof control problems.The 1960's also saw the introduction of the shearing machine in the United States, first at Kaiser Steel Corporation's Sunnyside mine in Utah in 1961, and later in mines in the East. The shearing machine is an electrically powered rotating drum that not only excavates harder coal, but also cuts a wider strip (24 to 28 inches) from the coalbed than the plow.However, the early shearers were not free of problems. A shearer's performance could be reduced if the supports were not advanced uniformly, resulting in poor alignment of the shearer with the coal face. Furthermore, the shearer's heavier weight required the use of stronger armored face conveyors to support it. Shearers also produced finer sized coal than plows, and this tended to jam face conveyors, reducing productive mining time. Health problems became a concern because the shearer also generated more respirable dust. Nevertheless, by 1966, after improvements were made, shearers produced 42 percent of the coal at U.S. longwall operations. By 1970,shearers outnumbered plows, and the first double drum ranging shearer was in service in the northern Appalachians.1970 to 1980In this period, the last major impediment to the acceptance of longwall mining in the United States was overcome through the introduction of shield supports, a major step in the evolution of roof control. Although new to the U.S. coal mining scene, shields had been used successfully since the 1960's in the Soviet Union and ther Eastern European countries.Safety and productivity factors favored the shield over the chock. The average support capability of a shield and chock are about the same, but the shield is more stable. The shield provides additional roof support because its canopy and base are connected by structural members other than the hydraulic leg cylinders. As a result, the leg cylinders of the shield, unlike those of the chock, are not subjected to damaging bending movements.The first shields in the United States were installed in 1975 in the Shoemaker mine of Consolidation Coal Company, near West Virginia. Shortly afterwards, shields were applied to other U.S. longwall operations, proving successful in areas where other roof supports failed. The basic shield design was improved, and by the late 1970s, shields were the leading roof supports in longwall installations.Advances made to the double-drum and ranging arm shearers developed in the 1960's made them more adaptable. Their cutting height could be quickly adjusted when coalbed thickness changed or when it was necessary to leave a layer of coal at the top of the bed to strengthen the mine roof. Improvements were also made in the method of hauling the shearer across the coal face. The early shearers were pulled by chains stretched along the length of the face. If the chain broke, it could cause serious injuries. By the early 1970's, shearers moved by safer “chainless” methods using self-contained traction units. Although development concentrated on the shearer, the plow was also improved. A plow designed to be stronger and more rugged was placed in service in 1974 at Clinchfield Coal Company's No. 2 mine, near Dante, Virginia. It operated successfully in a thin coalbed that had been too hard for earlier plows.1980-1994Since 1980, an average of more than 100 longwall installations have been in operation annually in the United States. In recent years, however, the number has declined slightly, reflecting partly economic and market conditions for coal and partly the ability of the current longwall operations to meet demand without the need for additional installations.Shields have become the predominant type of roof supports in U.S. longwall mines, and shearers the principal cutting machines. The reliability of armored faceconveyors, like that of roof supports, has been improved to the extent that they are no longer responsible for major interruptions in longwall mining.The list of wide-ranging advances in longwall technology includes shearers that are designed to mine relatively thin coalbeds (less than 42 inches). Better dust control has been achieved with water sprays and improved design of cutting drums and cutting bits. Power supply problems for large multiple shearer motors and longer face conveyors have been overcome.Because longwall mining is a repetitive process, it has the potential to be automated. Among the health and safety benefits from an automated longwall installation are the removal of personnel from hazards such as dust exposure, roof falls, and noise. The economic benefits include improved coal quality, higher productivity, reduced maintenance costs (for example, reduced wear on the shearer's cutting bits), increased speed of operation, and better use of personnel.Automation is being incorporated in all phases of longwall mining. Push-button control to begin a sequence of predetermined patterns is now becoming the norm. Shield advance can be automatically controlled by a signal from the shearer. Sensors and control systems have been developed to detect the coal-rock interface and provide automatic vertical ranging of the shearer drums.An example of the mature state that longwall mining has reached is the 15-million dollar system installed by the CONSOL Coal Group in 1994 at its Robinson Run mine, near Shinnston, West Virginia. Reportedly the world's most advanced longwall system, it integrates sophisticated computer technology, instrumentation, and robotic controls to automate most of the routine tasks of longwall mining, using a 42-inch coal shearer and 172 hydraulic roof support shields.Longwall Mining Compared with Other Underground Coal MiningTechniquesLongwall mining is one of two basic methods of mining coal underground. The other is room-and-pillar mining, historically the standard method in the United States. Both of these methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds (or coal seams) typical of the United States. Although widely used in other countries, longwall mining has only recently become important in the United States, its share of total underground coal production having grown from less than 5 percent before 1980 to 40 percent in 1993. 1 Currently, 85 longwalls operate in the United States, most of them in the Appalachian region.The basic principle of longwall mining is simple. A coalbed is selected and blocked out into a panel averag- ing nearly 800 feet in width, 7,000 feet in length, and 7 feet in height, by excavating passageways around its perimeter. A panel of this size contains more than 1 million short tons of coal, most of which is recovered. In theextraction process, numerous pillars of coal are left untouched in certain parts of the mine in order to support the overlying strata. The mined-out area is allowed to collapse, generally causing some surface subsidence.Extraction by longwall mining is an almost continuous operation involving the use of self-advancing hydraulic roof supports, a sophisticated coal-shearing machine, and an armored conveyor paralleling the coal face. Working under the movable roof supports, the shearing machine rides on the conveyor as it cuts and spills coal onto the conveyor for transport out of the mine. When the shearer has traversed the full length of the coal face, it reverses direction (without turning) and travels back along the face taking the next cut. As the shearer passes each roof support, the support is moved closer to the newly cut face. The steel canopies of the roof supports protect the workers and equipment located along the face, while the roof is allowed to collapse behind the supports as they are advanced. Extraction continues in this manner until the entire panel of coal is removed.By contrast, the typical underground U.S. coal mine is laid out in a checkerboard of rooms and pillars, and the mining operation involves cyclical, step-by-step mining sequences. The rooms are the empty areas from which coal has been mined, and the pillars are blocks of coal (generally 40 to 80 feet on a side) left to support the mine roof. Room-and-pillar mining generally is limited to depths of about 1,000 feet because at greater depths larger pillars are needed, resulting in smaller coal recovery.The “continuous” version of room-and-pillar mining is the most common, representing 56 percent of all underground production in 1993. In this method, a con- tinuous mining machine excavates the coal and loads it onto a conveyor or shuttle car in a single step. Despite the term “continuous,” the machine operates only part of the working time, because after mining advances about 20 feet, the machine is withdrawn from the face so that roof bolts can be installed to bond the strata and prevent caving.In “conventional” room-and-pillar mining (which rep- resents 12 percent of underground production), production occurs in five steps: mechanically undercut- ting the coalbed, drilling holes into the bed for explosives, blasting the coal, loading the broken coal into shuttle cars for delivery to a conveyor, and then bolting the mine roof in the excavated area.To provide a steady flow of coal in a room-and-pillar mine, several stages of mining occur simultaneously in different rooms. A final phase of mining termed “retreat mining” may be performed to recover additional coal by extracting pillars and allowing the roof to fall. However, this is a complex procedure that requires additional planning.Advantages of Longwall MiningLongwall mining is a very efficient coal-producing technique. Longwallproductivity is potentially higher than that of room-and-pillar mining, because longwall mining is basically a continuous operation requiring fewer workers and allowing a high rate of production to be sustained. The amount of coal recovered is also high, currently reaching 57 percent as a nationwide average, but achieving higher percentages at some mines. Room-and-pillar recovery rates are slightly lower. However, longwall coal recovery may not be significantly different from room-and-pillar mines prac-ticing “retreat mining.”The longwall system also offers a number of other advantages over room-and-pillar mining. It concentrates miners and equipment in fewer working sections, making the mine easier to manage. Safety improves through better roof control and a reduction in the use of moving equipment. This method eliminates roof bolting at the working face to support the mine roof, and it minimizes the need for dusting mine passages with inert material to prevent coal dust explosions. It involves no blasting, with its consequent dangers. It also recovers more coal from deeper coalbeds than does room-and-pillar mining. The coal haulage system is simpler, ventilation is better controlled, and subsidence of the surface is more predictable. Overall, as well, longwall mining offers the best opportunity for automation.Disadvantages of Longwall MiningForemost among longwall mining's drawbacks are capital costs for equipment and installation that are substantially higher than those for room-and-pillar mining. In addition to longwall equipment, continuous mining machines and other equipment used in room-and-pillar mining arerequired for the development work needed to block out a panel of coal for longwall mining. Because a large initial capital outlay is required with no immediate return from coal production (apart from the coal produced during development work), economics generally restricts longwall mining to large coal companies. Moreover, small coal companies inexperienced in longwall mining may not be able to provide time for the specialized training needed for this mining method.Longwall mining is a method in which all parts must operate as an integrated system. A failure of one part can disrupt the entire operation, and the impact on meeting contracts for coal sales can be substantial.Longwall mining also requires a well-maintained ven- tilation system because of the large amounts of dust and methane produced. Dust levels often exceed the maximum allowable limit despite improvements in dust-control technology. When this is noted during a Federal mine inspection, a temporary variance is granted so that the dust levels can be lowered by modifying the coal-cutting sequence and/or by increasing the air flow across the face.Changes in Longwall Mining Over the Past DecadeAs of 1993, a total of 85 longwall units operated in 73 U.S. coal mines. Most of these mines (53) were located in Appalachia. West Virginia was the leading longwall State, with 21 mines. In 1993, there were 13 longwall mines in the West and 7 operations in the Illinois Basin. Relative to the total underground mine population of roughly 1,200 mines, the longwall mine population is quite small.However, because longwall mines are almost invariably large operations with high annual production rates, their share of total underground production is dispropor-tionate to their small numbers. In 1993, 40 percent of the total U.S. underground coal output was produced at longwall mines. This was considerably higher than the 27-percent production share contributed by longwall mines in 1983. Longwallmines now account for 80 percent of underground production in the West, 37 percent in Appalachia, and 27 percent in the Illinois Basin.The rise in longwall production was largely due to a dramatic increase in longwall labor productivity. Between 1983 and 1993, the average productivity at U.S. longwall mines increased 108 percent, from 1.59 tons to 3.30 tons per worker-hour. Although the productivity of room-and- pillar operations also increased rapidly during this period of declining coal prices and highly competitive markets, operators of room-and-pillar mines were not able to keep pace with longwall operators. As a result, average longwall labor productivity, which was 2 percent lower than the average productivity of room-and-pillar mines in 1983, became 19 percent higher than room-and-pillar productivity by 1993.There are considerable regional differences in longwall mining productivity. In the West, where the coal seams are substantially thicker and less gassy than in other regions, longwall mining leads other mining methods by a wide margin in terms of productivity. In 1993, western longwall productivity stood at 5.67 tons per worker- hour—40 percent higher than the productivity of continuous miner operations (the prevalent type of room- and-pillar operation). However, in the Illinois Basin, the productivity differential between longwall and contin- uous mining was insignificant; and in Appalachia, longwall mines had only a 7-percent productivity advantage over continuous mining operations (2.94 tons per worker-hour versus 2.76 tons per worker-hour). In part, this may be because Appalachian longwall mines, producing high-quality coal for metallurgical and export markets, use additional resources for coal cleaning and preparation—processes that reduce the final coal output.If longwall mines do not have a pronounced productivity advantage over continuous miner operations in the Illinois Basin and Appalachia, why has longwall mining achieved significant market penetration in these regions over the past decade? One possible reason for the trend toward longwall mining is that it has greater potential than other underground mining methods for future productivity。
煤矿开采与安全外文翻译
附录2Coal mining and security,Keyword : "three soft" coal bed; Mine pressure show features one .The "three soft" coal bed on top of coal mine located pressure of study 1, located about 12,090, located in the Great West Yugou mining bureau hoisted two wells below a District East, West 2 West transport belts down, 2 mining areas in east-west border to stop a thread. located 420 m towards the average length, 100 m long trend. The second one, located stoping coal bed, Fucun Group in Shanxi Erdiexi bottom. Because coal bed sediment environment and the impact of later tectonic movements, uneven thickness, larger changes, stoping coal in the context of a thin belt presence (vice alley in de 40~180 m above, the thickness of a coal bed 0~1. 6 m), to bring a certain degree of difficulty stoping work. coal bed inclination to 7~14 meridian east, the average thickness of 4 coal bed. 62 m, the coal is of relatively for anthracite, coal is of relatively soft, low intensity and easy to run down. Direct roof for the stones, mudstone and sandy mudstone; direct-bed for the stones, axes; In direct top,- bed between local presence and pseudo - pseudo-top end, the variable quality mudstone or mudstone mostly carbon, thickness generally less than 0. 5 m. 2 mine pressurised observation content and layout mine detection point pressure is the main purpose of observing large Yugou Mining Bureau "three soft" coal bed guns a coal located on top of the pressure distribution pattern and advance to pressure step from the initial roof, pressure to step away from the cycle and intensity. major observational content pit props pressure, located cradles pressure. At the same time, you should also pay attention to the observation of a face, supporting macroeconomic situation changes; Watch top coal broken off after the roof and the top of the coal shed Yunyi 3 located advance pressure distribution characteristics 3. 1 observation data collation, located back alley advance wind pressure observation period, Underground daily sent people to the station pressure gauge readings recorded, measuring station located to the distance, macro-observation plane lane, alley and surrounding rock changes in the wind conditions and intense deformation measurements relating to the district, located in the distance. After calculation handling objects charts. 3. 2 advance distribution of pressure from the wind power plant Lane can finally curve, caused by coal mining is much pressure to advance work before side 34 m, 34 m at work beforethe side street will be located within the stope advance pressure. advance pressure peaks in the work zone before side 9~12 m, a significant increase in the volume of pit deformation, top Jing fence fractures increase, and sometimes a coal business, a broken cinder ended. 34 m away from the side before the work stoppage that could advance pressure from the impact of a stress stability zone. The two coal bed belonging to one of "three soft" instability thick coal bed, the old top to pressure evident, leading to work on stress distribution side before extended stress peaks, located far away from the district, stress concentration factor is, However, the relative proximity of the larger pit surrounding rock, to reduce the excessive stope pillars surrounding rock deformation and destruction, and give full play to the role of supporting the surrounding rock deformation control, work before the two parties within 21 m alley to advance support for. 4 coal mining located roof to pressure of 4. 1 mine coal mining is much pressure observation data collection and processing for about guns taken on the top and roof load coal mine, located cradles pressure distribution patterns, 12,090 wells located in the red flag for the use of pressure-Yaliji located cradles a half load for the site observations that after calculating the results processed figure 3-Figure 5 below. Figure 3 is the backbone of the chassis is much data to load for X-coordinateobservation cycle, weighted average time to load a vertical structure coordinates. can be seen from Figure 3, located along the direction of a cyclical movement roof phenomenon cycle to pressure to step away from 19 m. Figure 4 is located opposite to the X-coordinate long to normal when the three pillars of load testing station for the average vertical coordinates. by Figure 4 shows that Coal is much more along the direction of the top (board) campaign has begun mine pressure area characteristics, the greatest pressure on the middle and upper occasions, the smallest part. 4. 2 stope mine pressure manifested by the basic law of observational data analysis stope mine pressure show the following obvious features : (1) Overall, supports early resistance do not hold power and work great. As this is much direct contact with the sphere payments Liang was named top soft coal, coupled with the roof is also very soft, in the time frames established in the early extension to be able to improve. Average power for itself in early 226. 38~227. 36 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 15. 4 %~16. 8% Working resistance averaged 252. 84~272. 44 kN/ to shed for resistance work rated 17.2 %~18. 5% to pressure, the maximum resistance for 372. 4 kN/ to shed, 23% rated the work of resistance. 3% The average intensity of support for the 102. 3~144. 5 kN/ map. problems are caused mainly coal-bed and the top is too soft and monomer pillar inserted at theend of serious (some pillars inserted to the end of 700 mm or more), sometimes steel girder also drilled top. lower support body rigidity, limiting the ability to play a supporting. (2) In the course of supporting a payload located in the non-violent change, the pressure to show moderate and mine, to suppress evidence cycle (compared with the stratification changes evident exploitation), show a ground movement of rocks not violent. (3) to the old top of the initial pressure to step away from about 19 m, pressure to the end of the period cradles inserted a general increase in the volume, the deepest reached 95 cm; coal Pik films to serious, the deepest reach 0. 5 m; Guarding includes fractures increasing pressure to show quick to shed mine obvious. (4) roof cycle to pressure to step away from the general 6~12 m, with an average of 9 m. to pressure, National average load rate and peak load generally 1. 1~1. 3 (5) work surface, China, and three offices, located under the same basic structure resistance. This was mainly due to top coal pine broken, the roof vulnerable to collapse down, the two lane or coal, do not appear on basic export Kok Department triangular arc -- top. stope roof collapse or even the whole, extraction region filled with better results. (6) roof pressure on the former than coal or coal, small, or an average of 237 coal ago. 16 kN/ to shed, or an average of 268 after coal. 52 kN/ to shed. This is mainly because on the formercoal extraction region of the roof was broken up and top coal is filled with more in a market created a-bed, cradles, broken down objects, top coal composition balance system, in this system, supporting the main support coming from the top of the coal and the roof spaces. or coal, broken down by helicopter after the original space was filled with top coal deplete, and the roof to collapse down to completely backward, the original balance system is damaged, and that the plant should not only support higher top coal Additional support also in the roof above the pressure and therefore the power plant have increased. However, the side roof over a soft, with a Sui collapse, not a large overhang top, the structure will not collapse down the impact hazard. 5 knot on top of 12,090 guns a low load coal plant, located, mine pressure appeared evident. this is because the coal bed "three soft" coal beds, pillars inserted at the pressure seriously, cradles effectiveness has not been fully exploited; On the other hand, because the roof is much thicker, with a then - and extraction region filled with better results. In view of this, we should increase the coverage of a support cut and raise the pillars of power in the early intention to increase plant stability. Second, Coal Mine gas explosion accident electrical current incentives and measures, most of our coal upward inclination to move boring, coal makes such a partial or total removal of thedumping of the top, the reason is to use gravity to pass out of coal mining. Because of spillover coal mine gas air mass lighter than air, so gas gas in the air by buoyancy role will be along the street, dumping flows to the top, gather the top of the highest point in the pit (coal mining side) near a 5%~15% size than for the gas-air mixture can be explosive gas. Therefore, coal, gas gas combined with the dumping pit top "since deteriorated role." At present, China's coal mine ventilation methods used may not be the complete elimination of this form of burglary mixed gas, which is one of the main reasons for such coal mine gas explosion. It should be said that after the coal mine gas explosion in the relevant departments and personnel operations of a number of painful lessons learned, which has also taken some measures, but the explosion is still unabated, and this shows that in the previous incidents summed up the reasons, there are major underlying factors induced. In recent years many cases of the author on coal gas explosion accident and the cause of the accident was announced incomplete statistics, the analysis found that the coal mine gas explosion accident subjective and objective factors are manifold, but the most fundamental factor than direct two main aspects : First, the partial loss of gas concentration reached explosive limits; in the presence of one to two basis of many types of electrical equipment error or mineoperation against induced electrical spark or explosion due. To the elimination of one of the parties concerned have made fruitful discussions on the following two key to the author as a result of statistics, analysis, and make the corresponding contain electrical incentives exist. 1 coal mine gas explosion accidents in coal mine explosion electrical incentives type material foundation -- China coal mine gas is a gas or other carbon material, the main component of methane, lighter than air, combustion Yi, Yi explosions. Gathered in a gas concentrations in the air shaft internal combustion-supporting, electrical sparks and other fire sources in the event will be an explosion. According to the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a joint coal Information General Hospital "My mine production safety situation, gaps and response" issue, the Chinese original mine safety facilities serious ageing, many power equipment. Mine can not vote in safety, not only to add new equipment, the maintenance of existing equipment have also been omitted. In recent years, the author of the wrong types of electrical equipment such as incentives to the coal mine gas explosion summarized as follows : 1.1 errors mine shaft electricity power supply, power supply reliability is poor, - owned power (generators) or small models, configuration unreasonable, poor operating performance caused by the interruption of electricity, coal, gas gas utilization.1:2004 example, a coal mine explosion in March Shanxi Province, 28 miners were killed. According to the local production safety supervision and management department said that at 18:48 on March 1, the coal city electrical grid electricity blackouts limit will be just purchased 400kW generators, the generators fully automatic rubber, but after the voltage reach 280V, 380V no longer or less than the rated voltage. Taiwan into a coal mine and the old 90kW generator power, as the small electrical capacity only to the ventilator, and other non-production of electricity supply, ventilation are sluggish, causing local gas concentrations. 23:00 more city electrical grid calls, working on a gas explosion had occurred near the accident. 1.2 shaft, electrical equipment deficiencies (1) Because electricity network power cable insulation affected with damp usually wrong, damaged, single-jointed or alternate with short-circuit occurred, a spark or electrical cables exploded, causing the gas explosion accident. 2:2000 example, in November 1997, a coal mine gas explosion occurred at the Hubei Province. Investigation team of experts that the high gas for coal mine, when the cause of the accident : mine roof collapsed, broken cable insulation layer, to trigger the electrical wiring sparks, leading to the burning of gas caused an explosion. August 28, 2004, the Guangdong cable explosion of a coal mine accidents occurred,a working fire. (2) Because of the change in the general area of distribution equipment error or distribution transformers distribution devices, do not have the blast performance of operational conditions, resulting in a relatively lower insulation or alternate with insulation, damage, resulting in electrical spark detonated gas. 3:2004 example, the Hunan "3.29" direct cause of the gas explosion accident identified. Experts said : electrical spark in the coal pit of distribution transformer room exit lanes margin wiring. Underground paths lead to the loss of environmental change, and no replacement for mine blast Zhongyuan some electrical appliances, humid to three-phase electrical wiring boxes between insulation to reduce, and ultimately led to the destruction of an electric spark insulation between the lines, detonated gas. (3) Because electricity lighting equipment deficiencies more lamps for lighting fireworks, detonating gas 4:2000 examples of Guangdong a coal gas explosion occurred, because miners operating illegally crossed died people have finished high gas concentrations, the light bulb explosion sparks, causing gas explosion. N August 2004, a coal mine gas explosion in Jiangxi. Identify the cause of the accident : the exploitation of operating wells without a ventilation system, causing massive underground gas explosion gather reach concentrations encountered lights exploded electrical fire sources,a gas explosion accident major responsibility o (4) loss for electrical equipment used to dig the wrong number of coal used without explosions performance electric motors, mechanical ventilator, diving pump, gas leakage caused the explosion. Examples 5:2004, March 17, a major gas explosion accident occurred in Yunnan, identifying pit mining as merely led to gas utilization, the introduction of the leakage is not available explosions performance diving pumps and drainage caused by gas explosion. In addition, non-compliance with the operating loss of electrical safety operation procedures, such as coal mine safety measures in the absence of a relevant circumstances, without stopping, power transmission, or that the electricity goes down the mine, electrician charged install electrical equipment, or unauthorized workers Underground Work opened see louvre, unsafe use of lighting lamps. will produce electrical spark triggered gas explosion accident o 2 inspiration from the many terrible incidents of incomplete statistics, and analysis of the organization's headquarters in 1980 -2002, this province over the past 23 years coal mine three or more major casualties. 3 more gas accident killed 2,563 people, representing more than three people since the founding of the PRC gas accident deaths 81.8%. In these gas explosion accident, resulting in gas gas combined 10 of the main reasons. Including :coal for electricity, accounting for 49.6% of accidents caused by the wind stopped. Therefore, the eradication of coal gas explosion accident, the first task is to ensure that coal city-owned electric power or reliable power supply to solve the main ventilator blackouts, stop the wind, in order to remove mines, gas gas accumulation, where. Furthermore, from the frequent disasters, we can see that in the current coal production is still more common safety issues : In addition to coal management system is not perfect, safety supervision, weak sense of security, inadequate security inputs indirect factors, particularly serious : Because of electrical equipment models, configuration unreasonable, without explosions performance, or own errors, poor operating performance, or electrical explosion caused by electrical sparks coal gas explosion accident. Thus, the coal mine gas explosion is very serious electrical incentives, achieving stable coal mine production safety, the key lies in ensuring reliable electricity supply, gas utilization and the elimination of mine blast performance of the pit reliable electrical products. 3 significantly reduced coal mine gas explosion electrical incentive measures against mines, electric power 3.1, - owned power sources (generators) of electricity can be unreliable error-circuit the electricity supply network, electricity supply network to doublecircuit city, reliable performance of the mine-owned power and the corresponding automatic standby power input devices (BZT) before that the whole area of reliable electricity. 3.2 against pit electricity network, change distribution equipment, electrical equipment for lighting lamps and wrong in the light of the importance of safety and mine explosions blast explosive gas and electrical products in a hazardous environment applications dust penetration, should focus on strengthening the environment for use in the blast mandatory supervision and inspection of electrical products, The blast to use alternative to ordinary electrical products are products. Meanwhile users should strengthen the supervision and inspection of electrical products explosions to avoid cases of extended Unit 310-311 provides superior service or the occurrence of such phenomena. In addition, the strengthening of explosions electrical product standardization work, continuously improve its product standardization, mass production, the level of generic, user-friendly models, use. Furthermore, should strengthen blast electrical products production, circulation and use of the link quality control, with a view to ultimately achieve pit mining operations, must be of quality and access to the mine in product safety signs explosions electrical products to a perfect pit blast electrical system, and ensure that products explosions structure,processes, materials, testing standards are in line with the blast, If Gebao face with the extra width or with gap should not, do Gebao side wall thickness consistency; Add an arbitrary face between Gebao sealed pad. To form, especially cast iron shell materials to be tested; Do Gebao external pressure testing; Gebao area of trachoma, the eye should not receive gas; Gebao the fastenings secure external sound; Establishment, within proximity to external hard disks; Redundant Kong into line with steel block panels. Electrical blast should be consistent with the manufacture and assembly of quality products acceptance norms. Electrical models with the mine, the circuit wiring boxes climb distance and electrical power generated, structural materials, sealed materials should be in accordance with explosions standards, wiring boxes should Tu Li arc section; Avoid winding short circuit, open circuit phenomenon stator winding assembly former internal clean up, after winding Jinqi avoid painting neoplasms; Gebao type structure and the electrical transmission bearings bearings Gebao structure should avoid "an axis" quality accidents. Gebao face roughness should meet standards for ultra-poor attention to the oval to ensure that their Care degrees; Processes transmission process protection Gebao face. Blast in the process of applying electrical products, product models with installation standards, such as blast-type and Gebao level,group selection and use of premises shall be consistent with the corresponding conditions; Inspection work should be in place to safeguard products; Eliminate fake and shoddy, with the use of safety dangers products in the field, such as wiring boxes of machine screws, cable soliciting without top device or devices Mifengjuan Mifengjuan lost, electric motors wind cover fixed bolts incomplete, corrupted or lost data plate serious. Blast should ensure outdoor electrical wiring boxes waterproofing product performance; Maintenance products should meet after the original blast. Users should understand product maintenance, overhaul spent standards must apply to dangerous places blast electrical products. Of course, the blast of electrical products to be imported by passing my test explosions quality inspection agencies in product safety and access to the mine signs before entering our field of mobile marketing. Against mine operators where electricity, electrical explosions should strengthen awareness, training, education, so that mine operators consciously strict compliance with the Mine Safety operation procedures, a blast of electrical standards implemented.4 concluding remarks after the coal mine gas explosion accident and electrical incentives are closely related, as long as our own departments and the establishment of coal mine production safety mechanisms mechanism, strengthen the Coal Mine Safety Supervision,and ensure reliable electricity supply, mine blast in the distribution of quality electrical products, coal operators to strictly comply with the safety operation procedures, I believe coal mine gas explosion accidents rate markedly.............................................................................................................................................................此处忽略！！！！！！！！。
煤矿开采流程英文
煤矿开采流程英文Coal Mining ProcessCoal mining is a crucial industry that plays a vital role in meeting the global energy demand. The process of coal mining involves several stages, each requiring specialized equipment, techniques, and expertise. In this essay, we will explore the various steps involved in the coal mining process.Exploration and Geological SurveysThe first step in the coal mining process is the exploration and geological survey of the potential mining site. Geologists and mining engineers use a range of techniques, such as seismic surveys, core drilling, and geological mapping, to gather information about the size, depth, and quality of the coal reserves. This data is then used to determine the feasibility of the mining project and to develop a detailed mining plan.Land Acquisition and PermittingOnce the exploration and geological surveys are complete, the mining company must acquire the necessary land rights and obtain the required permits and licenses from local, state, and federalauthorities. This process can be complex and time-consuming, as it involves navigating a web of environmental regulations, zoning laws, and land use policies.Site Preparation and Infrastructure DevelopmentWith the necessary permits and land rights in place, the mining company can begin the process of site preparation and infrastructure development. This includes clearing the land, building access roads, and constructing the necessary facilities, such as processing plants, storage silos, and transportation systems.Overburden RemovalThe next step in the coal mining process is the removal of the overburden, which is the layer of soil and rock that covers the coal seam. This is typically done using large-scale excavation equipment, such as draglines, backhoes, and bulldozers. The overburden is then either stored on-site or used to backfill the mined-out areas.Coal ExtractionOnce the overburden has been removed, the coal extraction process can begin. This involves the use of specialized mining equipment, such as continuous miners, longwall shearers, and shuttle cars, to extract the coal from the seam. The coal is then transported to the surface using conveyor belts or other transportation systems.Coal Processing and BeneficiationAfter the coal has been extracted, it undergoes a process of processing and beneficiation to remove impurities and prepare it for use. This may involve crushing, screening, washing, and other processing techniques to improve the coal's quality and consistency.Transportation and DistributionThe final step in the coal mining process is the transportation and distribution of the processed coal. This may involve the use of trains, barges, or trucks to transport the coal to power plants, steel mills, or other end-users. The coal may also be exported to international markets, depending on the demand and the logistics of the supply chain.Throughout the coal mining process, there are a number of environmental and safety considerations that must be taken into account. Mining companies are required to follow strict regulations and guidelines to minimize the impact of their operations on the surrounding environment and to ensure the safety of their workers.In conclusion, the coal mining process is a complex and multifaceted operation that involves a range of specialized equipment, techniques, and expertise. From exploration and geological surveys to transportation and distribution, each step in the process plays acritical role in meeting the global demand for this valuable energy resource.。
采矿工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译Optimization of soft rock engineering with particular reference to coalminingAbstractSoft rock engineering is a difficult topic which has received much attention in the field of rock mechanics and engineering. Research and practical work have been carried out, but much of the work has been limited to solving problems from the surface. For overcoming the difficulties of large deformations, long durationtime-dependent effects, and difficulties in stabilizing the soft rock, the problem should be tackled more radically, leading to a more effective method of achieving optimization of the engineering system in soft rock. A summary of the optimization procedure is made based on engineering practice.1. IntroductionThere are many soft rock engineering problems around the world, involving engineering for mines, highways, railways, bridges, tunnels, civil subways, buildings, etc. Engineering losses have occurred because of volumetric expansion, loss of stability of the soft rock, etc. This has been an important question to which much attention has been paid in engineering circles, and in the field of academic rock mechanics. Since the 1970s, considerable research and practical efforts have been made in the field of soft rock engineering in various countries, but the major efforts were concentrated on such aspects as the method of construction, the design and reinforcing of the supporting structures, measurement and analysis of the rock’s physical and mechanical properties, its constitutive relations and engineering measurement.It has been found that the soft rock engineering problem involves complex systematic engineering including such subsystems as classification of soft rocks, judgement concerning the properties of soft rock, project design and construction. Only by considering the integral optimization of the system can we obtain animproved solution to the problem. Hopefully, a radical approach can lead to engineering feasibility, lower costs and engineering stability in order to achieve the engineering objectives.1.1. Mechanical properties of soft rock and associated engineeringSoft rock is an uneven and discontinuous medium. Its strength is low, with a uniaxial compressive strength usually lower than 30 MPa. Some soft rocks expand when they are wet. Cracks in some soft rocks will propagate easily — which makes them exhibit volumetric expansion. Large deformation and creep can occur in soft rocks. Many soft rocks are compound ones which have composite properties formed from two or more sets of constituent properties. Soft rock can be graded into divisions according to its properties. After engineering has occurred, soft rock can deform rapidly and by time-dependent deformation, owing to its low strength and sensitivity to the stress field. With the effect of water, the expansive minerals in soft rocks volumetrically expand, which causes large convergent deformations, which leads to damage of the surrounding rock.The mechanical properties of soft rocks appear so various and different that it is difficult to express them with mathematical formula, which is the technological challenge for soft rock engineering.1.2. Engineering in soft rock and its optimizationBecause soft rock engineering can induce large deformations, the maintenance of the engineering can be difficult. Moreover, volumetric expansion and loss of stabilization of the surrounding rock often causes damage to supporting structures. If we use strong supports to control the deformation of the surrounding rock, the engineering cost will be high, and the construction time will be increased by repeated installation of support, sometimes the support itself has to be repaired. In order to obtain the benefits of easier construction and lower cost, the integral optimization of the system must be carried out and managed in a systematic and comprehensive way.Design and construction are the two important steps in soft rock engineering. These must begin by understanding the physical and mechanical properties of soft rock, in the context of the stress field, hydrogeology and engineering geology. The engineering design plan is conceived as a whole according to the theory of rock mechanics and combining practical data from adjacent or similar projects, including integrating the many factors. The establishment of the correct soft rock engineeringsystem should come from practice, basing on a full mastery of the factors. The scheme is shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Engineering system for soft rock.Optimization of soft rock engineering is achieved by making the surrounding rock interface with the supporting structure such that the engineering will be stable. The key technological strategy is to avoid a high stress field and enhance the supporting ability of the surrounding rock. Feasible measures are as follows: reducing the external load; optimizing the engineering structure’s size and shape, improving planar and cubic layouts of engineering; choosing better strata, and structure orientation, etc., as shown in Fig. 2.Fig. 2. The principle of the optimization process.According to these ideas, take the development of a coal mine in soft rock as an example. Integrated optimization of the development system of the mine should take the relevant factors into account: existing information; an overall arrangement foroptimal development and production; eliminate adverse factors; and deal with the problems of soft rock by a simple construction method. The content of the first part of the optimization includes: choosing the mine development method; deciding on the mining level; and determining layers in which the main roadways are to be located. Also important is arranging a reasonable layout of the pit bottom and chamber groups and seeking to reduce the deviator stress caused by mutual interference of the openings. Openings perpendicular to the direction of horizontal principal stress should be avoided when choosing the driving direction of roadways. Optimizing the layout of the mining roadways reduces the damage to support caused by moving loads introduced by mining. Further optimization is related to the geometry and size of the roadway sections, the supporting structure, and the method and technology of construction. Finally, by measuring and monitoring during construction, feedback information can be obtained to ensure that the engineering is running on the expected track and, if there is any deviation, corrective action can be implemented. The system is shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 3. Systematic optimization of coal mining in soft rock.2. Engineering examples2.1. Mine No. 5 in Youjiang coal mine, ChinaThe mine is situated to the east of Baise Coalfield, in the West of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It belongs to the new third Period. The mine area is located at the edge of the south synclinal basin. There are three coal layers; the average thickness of each seam is 1–2 m; above and below the coal layers are mudstone, whose colours are grey, greyish white, and green. There are minerals of mixed illite and montmorillonite in the rock, montmorillonite 5–8%, and illite 7–20%. The rock’suniaxial compressive strength is 4–5 MPa, the average being 4.8 MPa. There are irregular joints in the rock, but distributed irregularly, and the rock’s integral coefficient index is 0.55. Most of the cracks are discontinuous, without filling matter in them. The surrounding rock is a soft rock subject to swelling, with low strength, and is quite broken. The strike of the coalfield is NEE, the dip angle of the coal layers is 10–15°. The mine area is 6 km long along the strike, and 1 km long along its inclination, its area is 6 km2, the recoverable reserves are 4,430,000 tons. In the adjacent mine No. 4, the maximum principal stress is NNE–SSW, approximately along the seams’ inclined direction. A roadway perpendicular to this direction has convergence values of 70–100 mm, the damage of roadway supports is 51%. A roadway parallel to the direction of maximum principal stress has convergence values of 20–40 mm, the damage rate of supports is 12%, and the average damage rate of the mine is 40%.In the design of the mine, a pair of inclined shafts were included. The level of the shaft-top is +110 m, the elevation of the main mining level is located at −120 m. Strike longwall mining is planned, arranging with uphill and downhill stope areas, as shown in Fig. 4.Fig. 4. Development plans for Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The first optimization measure is to weaken the strain effect of the surrounding rock in the mine roadway caused by the stress field. Roadways are arranged as far as possible to be parallel with the maximum principal stress (that is, approximately along the inclined direction) so as to reduce the angle between them. The strike longwall mining is changed into inclined longwall mining, the mine is mined upward by using the downhill stope area, the main mining level is elevated by 20 m, 1131 mof roadways are saved and the cost of the roadway construction and facilities is saved ¥2,760,000 ($336,600). The new system is shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5. Development system plans after optimization for Mine No.5 in Youjiang.The second optimization measure is to change the layout of the pit bottom and openings to be parallel with the maximum principal stress as far as possible. The total length of roadways initially designed was 1481 m, and 30.11% of them were arranged to be perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. After amendment, the total length of roadways is 1191 m, which is a decrease of 290 m, and with only 24.69% of roadways that are perpendicular to the principal horizontal stress, roadways are easier to maintain. As shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.Fig. 6. Layout of the pit bottom and chamber initially designed forMine No. 5 in Youjiang.Fig. 7. Layout of the pit bottom and chamber after the optimizationfor Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The third optimization measure is to excavate the section of the roadway in a circular arch shape to reduce the stress concentrations. In order to increase the supporting ability of the surrounding rock itself, after the roadway has been excavated, rockbolts are installed as the first support. Considering the expansivity of the surrounding rock, guniting is not suitable. The secondary support is the use of precast concrete blocks. Between the support and the surrounding rock, the gaps should be filled with a pliable layer of mixed lime-powder with sand. This produces the effect of distributing the stress and has a cushioning effect when the soft rock is deforming; also, it inhibits the soft rock from absorbing water and expanding. This scheme is shown in Fig. 8Fig. 8. Optimization design for the supporting structure of the mainroadway for Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The fourth optimization measure is to simplify the chamber layout so as to reduce the number of roadways. For example, in order to decrease the stress concentrations by the roadway, the number of passageways in the pumproom and the sub-station can be reduced from three to one, and the roadway intersections connecting atright-angles can be reduced from 14 to nine.The fifth optimization measure is in accordance with the different stratigraphical lithologies which the roadways pass through, and for harder rock regions to change the roadway section into a structure with straight-sided semicircular top arch and arc bottom arch, and another structure with a straight-sided horse-shoe arch, so that the investment of supporting structure can be saved when there are better rock masses with comparatively few fractures.In construction, waterproofing and draining off the water should be implemented, and the catchment in the roadway bottom should be strictly prevented because it may cause the bottom rock to expand. When the opening groups are excavated, the construction sequence must be considered, enough rock pillar must be reserved, and the construction method of ‘short-digging and short-building’ must not be used, so that the interactions can be avoided.By the optimization described above, after the roadways have been constructed, the serviceable roadway is 95.5% of the total, 55.5% more than that of the adjacent mine No. 4. The length of the roadway was reduced, and ¥3,700,000 ($450,000) saved. In addition, ¥3,000,000 ($360,000) was saved in the maintenance costs of the roadways before the mine was put into production, so, the cost saving totals¥6,700,000 ($810,000) in all. After the mine has been turned over to production, the main designed capacity was reached in that year, and added to the saved money for the maintenance cost of roadways in production, there was ¥8,700,000 ($1,050,000) saved.2.2. The coal mine at Renziping, ChinaThe mine lies to the south of Qinzhou coalfield in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It belongs to the new third Period and synclinal coal basin tectonics. There are two coal layers in it, the main seam thickness is 12–15 m. The roof and floor of the coal layers are arenaceous–argillaceous rocks, whose colour is greyish white, and whose essential minerals are quartz and kaolinite. The uniaxial compressive strength of the rock is from 10 to 15 MPa. Rock masses are quite integral with fractures only in it occasionally. It belongs to the class of soft rock that has weak expansion, lower strength, and is quite broken. There are faults around the coalfield basin which are8 km long and 1.5 km or so wide. Slopes are inconsistent, the edge angles are 25–40°, and the bottom of the coalfield is gentle. Affected by tectonic stress in the NW–SE direction, there is an inverse fault in the south. After the mine had been developed and put into production, a main roadway at the 250 m level was excavated along the strike, and the mine was mined by the ‘uphill and downhill stope area’. Affected by the rock stress, many parts of the main roadway have ruptured, parts have been pressed out, and supports have been broken; the serviceable rate of roadway supports was less than 40%, which seriously affected the haulage and ventilation of the mine road. In the following 10 years of production, the rated production output was not achieved and losses occurred leading to economic disbenefit.Through on-the-spot observations, it is apparent that the coalfield is affected by the tectonic stress field, that the deformation in the soft rock is serious, and is larger than that caused only by the vertical stress component. The technological reformation measures for the mine are proposed as follows.The first measure is to extend the depth of the shaft and abandon the main roadway excavated along the strike, and transform it into a bottom panel stonedoor along the synclinal basin minor axis to make it parallel with the main principal horizontal stress. The mining face can be laid on top of it. The force endured by the stonedoor is quite small, and the stonedoor is easy to maintain, as shown in Fig. 9.Fig. 9. Contrasting layouts before and after optimization at the coalmine in Renziping.The second measure is to select an improved stratum to lay out the stonedoor. If it is placed in the grey arenaceous–argillaceous rock, its uniaxial compressive strength is 15 MPa and is easy to maintain, constructing in the normal excavation manner, and supported with a granite block building body.After the mine was constructed, the maintenance of the stonedoor was in a better state, the serviceability rate of the roadway was raised to 85%, which is 45% more than that before the optimization. The haulage and ventilation of the mine were also improved, to enhance the normal production. The coal production of the mine has surpassed the designed capacity, the loss has been reversed and the mine has been transformed to a profitable enterprise.3. ConclusionsSoft rock engineering for coal mining involves many complex factors. Unable to solve the problems completely by quantitative means, much of the engineering relies on feedback after observation on the spot. The technique described in the paper — of systematic decomposition of the system into the component elements, individual optimization and then synthesis into overall optimization — has achieved good results in practice, as illustrated by the three coal mine examples.In fact, the basis of the technique is the process of applying basic rock mechanics principles, such as orienting roadway tunnels to be parallel to the maximum horizontal principal stress and avoiding complex excavation shapes. This involves major changes to coal mine layouts and thus represents a strategy of taking radical measures to solve soft rock engineering problems. If such radical measures are taken together with holding stopgap measures, the soft rock engineering can be optimized.煤矿开采中的软岩优化工程摘要软岩工程是一个已引起广泛关注的岩石力学与工程领域中的困难课题。
煤矿开采煤矿安全中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Mine safetyCoal mining historically has been a hazardous occupation but, in recent years, tremendous progress has been made in reducing accidental coal mine deaths and injuries.the main aspect is as following：⑴ Safety of mine ventilation•Purposes of Mine Ventilation•Properly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to: •provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breathe•provide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinery •dilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levels•maintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limits•remove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.Mine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground. Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.Unless the air is properly distributed to the face, the mine ventilation system is not performing its primary function [1]. While it has always been recognized that this last part of ventilation is the most import, it is also the most difficult to achieve.The primary means of producing and controlling the airflow are also illustrated on Figure 1. Main fans, either singly or in combination, handle all of the air that passesthrough the entire system.These are usually, but notnecessarily, located onsurface, either exhaustingair through the system asshown on Figure 1 or, alternatively, connected to downcast shafts or main intakes and forcing air into and through the system. Because of the additional hazards of gases and dust that may both be explosive, legislation governing the ventilation of coal mines is stricter than for most other underground facilities. In many countries, the main ventilation fans for coal mines are required, by law, to be placed on surface and may also be subject to other restrictions such as being located out of line with the connected shaft or drift and equipped with "blow-out" panels to help protect the fan in case of a mine explosion.Stoppings and Seals:In developing a mine, connections are necessarily made between intakes and returns. When these are no longer required for access or ventilation, they should be blocked by stoppings in order to prevent short-circuiting of the airflow. Stoppings can be constructed from masonry, concrete blocks or fireproofed timber blocks. Prefabricated steel stoppings may also be employed. Stoppings should be well keyed into the roof, floor and sides, particularly if the strata are weak or in coal mines liable to spontaneous combustion. Leakage can be reduced by coating the high pressure face of the stopping with a sealant material and particular attention paid to the perimeter. Here again, in weak or chemically active strata, such coatings may be extended to the rock surfaces for a few metres back from the stopping. In cases where the airways are liable to convergence, precautions should be taken to protect stoppings against premature failure or cracking. These measures can vary from "crush pads" located at the top of the stopping to sliding or deformable panels on prefabricated stoppings. In all cases, components of stoppings should be fireproof and should not produce toxicfumes when heated.As a short term measure, fire-resistant brattice curtains may be tacked to roof, sides and floor to provide temporary stoppings where pressure differentials are low such as in locations close to the working areas.Where abandoned areas of a mine are to be isolated from the current ventilation infrastructure, seals should be constructed at the entrances of the connecting airways. If required to be explosion-proof, these consist of two or more stoppings, 5 to 10 metres apart, with the intervening space occupied by sand, stone dust, compacted non-flammable rock waste, cement-based fill or other manufactured material. Steel girders, laced between roof and floor add structural strength. Grouting the surrounding strata adds to the integrity of the seal in weak ground. In coal mines, mining law or prudent regard for safety may require seals to be explosion-proof.Doors and airlocks：Where access must remain available between an intake and a return airway, a stopping may be fitted with a ventilation door. In its simplest form, this is merely a wooden or steel door hinged such that it opens towards the higher air pressure. This self-closing feature is supplemented by angling the hinges so that the door lifts slightly when opened and closes under its own weight. It is also advisable to fit doors with latches to prevent their opening in cases of emergency when the direction of pressure differentials may be reversed. Contoured flexible strips attached along the bottom of the door assist in reducing leakage, particularly when the airway is fitted with rail track.Ventilation doors located between main intakes and returns are usually built as a set of two or more to form an airlock. This prevents short-circuitingwhen one door is opened for passage of vehicles or personnel. The distance between doors should be capable of accommodating the longest train of vehicles required to pass through the airlock. For higher pressure differentials, multiple doors also allow the pressure break to be shared between doors. Mechanized doors, opened by pneumatic or electrical means are particularly convenient for the passage of vehicular traffic or where the size of the door or air pressure would make manual operation difficult. Mechanically operated doors may, again, be side-hinged or take the form of rollup or concertina devices. They may be activated manually by a pull-rope or automatic sensing of an approaching vehicle or person. Large doors may be fitted with smaller hinged openings for access by personnel. Man-doors exposed to the higher pressure differentials may be difficult to open manually. In such cases, a sliding panel may be fitted in order to reduce that pressure differential temporarily while the door is opened. Interlock devices can also be employed on an airlock to prevent all doors from being opened simultaneously.Cfd applied to ventilation sys tems：Due to recent advances in computer processing power CFD has been used to solve a wide range of large and complex flow problems across many branches of engineering (Moloney et. al. 1997/98/99). The increase in processor speed has also enabled the development of improved post processing and graphical techniques with which to visualize the results produced by these models. Recent research work has employed CFD models, validated by scale and full-scale experiments, to represent the ventilation flows and pollutant dispersion patterns within underground mine networks. In particular, studies by Moloney (1997) demonstrated that validated CFD models were able tosuccessfully replicate the ventilation flows and gaseous pollutant dispersion patterns observed within auxiliary ventilated rapid development drivages. CFD has proven a capable method by which to identify detailed characteristics of the flow within critical areas such as the cutting face. The results produced by the CFD models were able to demonstrate the relative efficiency of the different auxiliary ventilation configurations in the dilution, dispersion and transport of the methane and dust from the development face. Further recent studies by Moloney et. al. (1999) have demonstrated that such validated CFD models may be used to simulate the airflow and pollutant dispersion data for a wide range of mining and ventilation configurations. Each simulation exercise produces large sets of velocity, pressure and pollutant concentration data.⑵ Fires Methods of ControlFires that occur in mine airways usually commence from a single point of ignition. The initial fire is often quite small and, indeed, most fires are extinguished rapidly by prompt local action. Speed is of the essence. An energetic ignition that remains undetected, even for only a few minutes, can develop into a conflagration that becomes difficult or impossible to deal with. Sealing off the district or mine may then become inevitable.The majority of fires can be extinguished quickly if prompt action is taken. This underlines the importance of fire detection systems, training, a well-designed firefighting system and the ready availability of fully operational firefighting equipment. Fire extinguishers of an appropriate type should be available on vehicles and on the upstream side of all zones of increased fire hazard. These include storage areas and fixed locations ofequipment such as electrical or compressor stations and conveyor gearheads. Neither water nor foam should be used where electricity is involved until it is certain that the power has been switched off. Fire extinguishers that employ carbon dioxide or dry powders are suitable for electrical fires or those involving flammable liquids.Deluge and sprinkler systems can be very effective in areas of fixed equipment, stores and over conveyors. These should be activated by thermal sensors rather than smoke or gas detectors in order to ensure that they are operated only when open combustion occurs in the near vicinity.Except where electricity or flammable liquids are involved, water is the most common medium of firefighting. When applied to a burning surface, water helps to remove two sides of the fire triangle. The latent heat of the water as it vapourises and the subsequent thermal capacity of the water vapour assist in removing heat from the burning material. Furthermore, the displacement of air by water vapour and the liquid coating on cooler surfaces help to isolate oxygen from the fire.⑶ Methods of Dust ControlThe three major control methods used to reduce airborne dust in tunnels and underground mines: ventilation, water, and dust collectors.Ventilation air reduces dust through both dilution and displacement. The dilution mechanism operates when workers are surrounded by a dust cloud and additional air serves to reduce the dust concentration by diluting the cloud. The displacement mechanism operates when workers are upwind of dust sources and the air velocity is high enough to reliably keep the dust downwind.① Dilution Ventilation. The basic principle behind dilution ventilation is to provide more air and dilute the dust. Most of the time the dust is reduced roughly in proportion to the increase in airflow, but not always. The cost of and technical barriers to increased airflow can be substantial, particularly where air already moves through ventilation ductwork or shafts at velocities of 3,000 ft/min or more.②Displacement Ventilation. The basic principle behind displacement ventilation is to use the airflow in a way that confines the dust source and keeps it away from workers by putting dust downwind of the workers. Every tunnel or mine passage with an airflow direction that puts dust downwind of workers uses displacement ventilation. In mines, continuous miner faces or tunnel boring machines on exhaust ventilation use displacement ventilation. Enclosure of a dust source, such as a conveyor belt transfer point, along with extraction of dusty air from the enclosure, is another example of displacement ventilation. Displacement ventilation can be hard to implement. However, if done well, it is the most effective dust control technique available, and it is worth considerable effort to get it right. The difficulty is that when workers are near a dust source, say, 10 to 20 ft from the source, keeping them upwind requires a substantial air velocity, typically between 60 and 150 ft/min. There is not always enough air available to achieve these velocities.③ Water sprays. The role of water sprays in mining is a dual one: wetting of the broken material being transported and,airborne capture. Of the two, wetting of the broken material is far more effective.Adequate wetting is extremely important for dust control. The vast majorityof dust particles created during breakage are not released into the air, but stay attached to the surface of the broken material. Wetting this broken material ensures that the dust particles stay attached. As a result, adding more water can usually (but not always) be counted on to reduce dust. For example, coal mine operators have been able to reduce the dust from higher longwall production levels by raising the shearer water flow rate to an average of 100gpm. Compared to the amount of coal mined, on a weight basis, this 100gpm is equivalent to 1.9% added moisture from the shearer alone. Unfortunately, excessive moisture levels can also result in a host of materials handling problems, operational headaches, and product quality issues, so an upper limit on water use is sometimes reached rather quickly. As a result, an alternative to simply adding more water is to ensure that the broken material is being wetted uniformly.⑷ Mine DrainageWater invades almost every mine in the form of ：direct precipitation (rain and snow), surface runoff, underground percolation. Flows of water have an important effect on the cost and progress of many mining operations and present life and property hazards in some cases.Means of Mine-water Control（Mine Drainage）:As shafts and other mine openings extend below the water table, water is likely to be encountered and to seep into the openings to an extent depending upon the area of rock surface exposed, the hydrostatic pressure, and other factors. In order to continue mining operations, it is therefore necessary to lower the ground water level in the vicinity of the mine by artificial means to keep the workings free of water as well as preventing the flow of surfacewater into the (surface or underground) mine. This operation is known as mine drainage.Means of mine drainage are limited by circumstances and objectives. The following types of mine-water control can be used singly or more effectively in combination:① Locate shafts or excavations in best ground and protect from direct water inflow from surfaces.② Divert or drain water at or near surface.③Reduce permeability of rock mass by grouting with special types of cement, bentonite and liquid chemical grouts (water sealing).④ Case or cement exploration drill holes.⑤Drill pilot holes in advance of work wherever there may be sudden influents at rates potentially inconvenient.⑥Dewater bedrock at depth by pumping through dewatering wells or from an accessible place in the mine.。
采矿英汉互译论文
原文：DEVELOPING OF TRANS-CENTURY MINING SUBJECT WITH NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW THEORY Abstract：Mining subject needs further development and towards which the development would being the problems concerned over all along and to be succeeded with the public good enough attention to discussions to reach an identify of views admittedly. The emergence in succession of new-and-high techs in the mid-and late twentieth century is perhaps the most fascinating and epoch-marking event that has given to all the subjects certain but different degrees of impacts to become more closely interrelative and interdepartmental each other and feature specifically from that of the past for their entirely new conceptions in the result of formulating many new theories，new technologies and new subjects that mining subject is inevitably and unexceptionally the one inclusive. The acuter gives in this paper his opinion regarding the problem of the development of mining subject proving with many convincible facts and most informative new idea,Key words: mining subject; mineral industry; mineral economics; new-and-high tech.1 The Importance of Mining Industry in the National EconomyToday, it has been paid unprecedented attention to the development of technology worldwide. The advance of space engineering, information engineering，biological engineering and marine engineering，the discovery and the research and development of the new energy and new materials increasingly change every aspect of human life both at present and in the future. The words "Science and Technology being the First Production Force" has fatherly and penetratingly pointed out the important role of new technology in the course of national economy construction.In the competition of several big countries in the world striving for the exploration of outer space，one should not forget the essential fact that there are more than five billion people living on the earth. To assure the survival of mankind on the earth，four essential requirements should be considerably fulfilled，namely，the nutrients，materials，fuels and the environment. The nutrients mainly are air，water，forests，grains and miscellaneous plants，all of which are acquired from the nature. The materials refer to iron，ferrous metals，rare metals，precious metals，chemical raw materials and buildingmaterials. The fuels cover coal，petroleum，natural gas ,oil shale，uranium，thorium and other radioactive elements. These also occur in nature. The last one is the ecological environment depending on which mankind lives. In the above three essential substances，the materials and fuels are through mining engineering extract from bining industry is a conventional industry, however，with the advance of the new technologies and the introduction of them into mining industry which will be reduced of itself final1y- a technology-intensive industry. The emergence of highly mechanized and automated mines and robot-operated manless working face marks the renewal and substitution of technologies of mining industry and proves the fact that mining industry. However，is conventional industry, but not sunset industry. As long as mankind live on the earth，mining industry will last forever and never decline and fall，instead，as man's living demands increases，the output of fuels and raw materials will be increased by a big marg and mineral industry will still gain a much greater development.2The Object of Study of the Mining Subject2. 1 The Tasks and the Special Features of 1liining SubjectHistorically and the Special Features of 1liining Subject the development of mining subject has its own course of change and development both at home and abroad. Since mining industry is closely related with geology, metallurgical and energy industry consequently in the subject relationships，they are interrelative and interdepartmental each other. As mining subject branch of science dealing with the extraction and utilization of minerals and the resources from inside the earth，on the sake of the complexity and multiplicity of the rock mass and mineral resources of great nature which makes the basic theories of mining subject being more complicated than that of any other engineering subject. Especially in the following aspects featured: the objects of mining subjects are the ore bodies occurred in nature that they differ each other in structure，quality，and property.3Five Urgent Requirements on the Tendency towards the Trans-century Development of Modern Mining Subjects3. 1 Renewing the Knowledge of Strata 11ZechanicsAbove all rock and or ore properties are the prerequisites of the subjects of the study of mining engineering regardless of whether it is excavation，comminuting or strata ,stability strata mechanics is required to make the study along two aspects:(1)From the micro-study to the macro-study(2) The study of the contradictionsbetween rock-breaking and rock stability in the course of mining and excavating. Therefore it is a very broad field of academic study Comparing with common solid materials，rocks are featured structurally for their non-homo.3.2 Anew Knowledge of Mining EngineeringSystem-the"hian-Nature-Rfachine" Systern ，System engineering had found in recent years very rapid development，and wide applications m mining engineering. Been modeled after the "man-machine’s Generally, mining systems engineering considerably studies had system model used in aerospace engineering and other departments of en Bering. In recent years，Prof. Fettwice of the Montan University of Austria and the author of this paper both had put forth the opinion that the objects of mining engineerm8 Machine are ore bodies and rock strata, the activities of mining engineering are those played with by the man in getting the knowledge of the environment underground.3.3 Reforming the Conventional Mining Technologies and Industries with ModernNew technologiesThe major policy of China of reforming the conventional industries with new-and-high techs of great importance and no doubt to its conventional industries. The essential features of new-and-high techs are highly technology-intensive.Just as discussed in the beginning of this paper，speaking with respect to the reforming of mining engineering and coal industry with new-and-high techs，it is essential to introduce merely those ones which enable to make these two industries swiftly commercialized. Since mine is concerned with the natural surround gas of ground，the new techs，however，as those used in aerospace engineering in the care for "going up to sky" when used for 0getting down into the earth in mining engineering practices evidently are needed to make completely different modalities. In 1080s，Berlin Poly }ethnic university had applied optic fiber telecommunication technology- in underground mining，giving rise to abundant interference problems of earth magnetism，electricity and light wave, and the insulation of strata to the conduction electronic waves. The BPM man had the problems s finally tailed，however，through a long time of research work. Therefore，to have the minerals industries well prepared technically for the 21st century，to paying great attention the following fields of study are required3. 3.4Making the study of market-economy mineral economics theoriesFor a long time that the mineral economics theory in China had been given distinct features of planning economy，while in the theory itself，mineral resources were notrecognized as commodities and had no prices. Consequently，even though the mineral products had prices but were distorted ones making all national mining enterprises non-profitable and to exist depending on governmental policy-subsidization. Now the country, however，has changed into socialist market economy, most mineral enterprises radically cannot accommodate themselves to this new situation，in particular，from the point of view of "Enriching the peasants" policy to put forward to the exploitation of mineral resources，the near-term policy of the so-called “wherever there’ water，flow it fast"，which had made the mineral industry from the repeated view-point of and the enriching the Pleasants policy, has caused the price deficit due to lowselling-price of minerals into even worse situation of disorder，no-restraint and anarchy of scrambling for extracting the mineral resources putting the mineral industries in a tight spot unabling to feed themselves. Under this circumstance，the importance of undertaking the soft science research right now becomes more conspicuous to the mineral industries than ever before. One can predict that had the theoretical study of mineral economics theory been made ,portent break troughs，that it would radically change the face of our mineral industries.3.5 Relationship between Mineral Engineering and Natural EcologyMining engineering is the removal of rocks and minerals to the surface through excavations from underground deep in the earth or from the ground surface leaving the excavated space so formed. Every turn meters Surface every year subsidence in China. of the commodity flow of mining products reaches billion cubic Obviously it has caused many negative effects，for example:(1)uses of waste rock which results in the damages of farming lands and houses;(2) Large volrefuse and tailings occupy large area of land; and (3) Coal and oil burning products give off waste materials，such as exhaust gas，waste liquids，and solids and pollute the environment. In China，80 percent of 1. 1 billion tons of coal burned as fuel，from which，dust，sulpher and the of NO2and CO2 and the effective less heating effect seriously constitutes a menace to the ecological environment of China and the neighboring countries.4Suggestions opment of to the Science and Technology Circles of the Nation for the Develop-the Mining Subject4.1 An Unguent AppealNo doubt the "flying up into the sky" technology is the one most advanced，however，the getting down into the earth" technology in mining engineering is no less complex，and even more difficult to pin down. It is no wonder that people consider that mineralengineering being much simpler and pay less attention for lack of the knowledge of the resulting in the low rate of mineral recovery and low rate of mineral extracting. For this country, but to spend a great many of valuable hard currency to import those actually need not to import raw materials and else，naturally this is not favorable to the development of national economy. Hoping the science and technology circles，in particular their leading departments，renewing their recognitions to this awkward situation，and give necessary support to the urgently-needed topics of research studies of the mineral industries.4.2 National Resource PolicyNational resource policy concerns the future for many generations. Hoping the government population institutions relevant learn Iron the lesson of the past population policy，to take measures as early as possible to have the print up of mineral resources centralized.4.3 Mineral Investment PolicyThe investment policy and the set up of mineral industries should be dire; iron: tm common industries to assure in the long run the first energy supply 1vit} necessary and appropriate support.4.4 Make Ready the SuccessorsTo make ready the successors for the mineral industries and the development of the mining subjects，suggesting to give preferential treatment to the university. Admissions system and the recruitment of mineral workers and set mineral science. Foundation as an important subject independent from the foundations of those. Basic science in the natural science foundation.The aim of writing this paper is to hone that in the tonguing A of this century minim subject in China will have a new prosperous development with the of new technology to theory under the guidance of the national science policy.Taiyuan University of Technology Majianbing E201305932014-09-28译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
采矿专业外文文献翻译----煤矿瓦斯预防和治理
原文Control and prevention of gas outbursts in coal mines,Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, SpainMaría B. Díaz Aguado C. González Nicieza AbstractUnderground coal mines have always had to control the presence of different gases in the mining environment. Among these gases, methane is the most important one, since it is inherent to coal. Despite of the technical developments in recent decades, methane hazards have not yet been fully avoided. This is partly due to the increasing depths of modern mines, where methane emissions are higher, and also to other mining-related circumstances, such as the increase in production rates and its consequences: difficulties in controlling the increasing methane levels, increasing mechanization, the use of explosives and not paying close attention to methane control systems.The main purposes of this paper are to establish site measurements using some critical parameters that are not part of the standard mining-control methods for risk assessment and to analyze the gas behavior of subvertical coal seams in deep mines in order to prevent gas incidents from occurring. The ultimate goal is the improvement in mining conditions and therefore in safety conditions.For this purpose, two different mines were instrumented for mine control and monitoring. Both mines belong to the Riosa–Olloniego coalfield, in the Asturias Central Basin, Spain and the areas instrumented are mined via subhorizontal sublevels at an actual depth of around 1000 m under the overburden of Mount Lusorio.During this research, a property favoring gas outbursts was site measured for the first time in an outburst-prone coal (8th Coalbed), gas pressure and its variations, which contributed to complete the data available from previous characterizations and to set some guidelines for assessing the potential outburst-prone areas. A gas-measurement-tube set has been designed for measuring gas pressure as well as its variation over time as a result of nearby workings and to calculate permeability.The paper establishes the effect of overlapping of works, but it also shows the efficacy of two preventive measures to be applied: high pressure water infusion and the exploitation of a protective coal seam (7th Coalbed), that must be mined preferably two complete sublevels before commencing the advance in the outburst-prone coalbed. Both measures constitute an improvement in the mining sequence and therefore in safety, and should be completed with a systematic measurement to control the risk: gas pressure in the 8th Coalbed in the area of influence of other workings, to establish the most suitable moment to renew the advance. Further researches could focus on ascertaining thepermeability, not only in mined areas but also in areas of the mine that are still not affected by mining work and on tuning more finely the ranges of influence of overstress time and overlap distance of the workings of the 7th Coalbed in the 8th Coalbed.1. IntroductionCoalbed and coal mine methane research is thriving due to the fact that power generation from coal mine methane will continue to be a growing industry over the coming years in certaincountries. For instance, China, where 790 Mm3 of CH4 were drained off in 1999 (Huang, 2000), has 30 Tm3 of estimated CBM potential in the developed mining areas (Zhu, 2000). The estimate by Tyler et al. (1992) of the in-place gas in the United States is about 19 Tm3, while Germany's total estimated coalbed methane resources are 3 Tm3, very similar to Polish or English resources (World Coal Institute, 1998).This increase in the CBM commerce has opened up new lines of research and has allowed the scientific community to increase its knowledge of some of the propertiesof coal and of methane gas, above all with respect to the properties that determine gas flow, which until now had not been sufficiently analyzed. Some of these parameters are the same ones that affect the occurrence of coal mining hazards, as methane has the potential to become a source of different fatal or non-fatal disastrous events.2. Description of the Asturian Central basin and of the 8th CoalbedThe 8th Coalbed of the Riosa–Olloniego unit, located in the Southwest of the Asturian Central Coal Basin (the largest coal basin in the Cantabrian Mountains, IGME, 1985), has CBM potential of about 4.81 Gm3. This is around 19.8% of the estimated resources of the Asturian Central Basin and 12.8 % of the total assessed CBM resources in Spain (Zapatero et al., 2004). 3.84 Gm3 of the CBM potential of the 8th Coalbed belongs to San Nicolás and Montsacro: 1.08 Gm3 to San Nicolás area and 2.76Gm3 to Riosa, down to the −800m level (IGME, 2002).The minable coalbeds of this unit are concentrated in Westphalian continental sediments (Suárez-Ruiz and Jiménez, 2004). The Riosa–Olloniego geological unit consists of three seams series: Esperanza, with a total thickness of 350 m, contains 3–6 coalbeds with a cumulative coal thickness of 3.5 to 6.5 m; Pudingas, which is 700 m thick, has 3–5 coalbeds with a thickness of 5–7m; whereas the Canales series, the most important one, I 800 m thick, with 8–12 coalbeds that sum up to 12–15 m thick. This series, which contains the 8th Coalbed, the coalbed of interest in this study, has a total thickness of 10.26mat SanNicolás and 15.13matMontsacro (Pendás et al., 2004). Fig. 1 shows the geological map of the two coal mines, whereas Fig. 2represents a front view of both mines and the location of the instrumented areas. In this particular study, the 8th Coalbed is situated at a depth of between 993 and 1017 m, in an area of low seismi intensity.Instantaneous outbursts pose a hazard to safe, productive extraction of coal in both mines. The mechanisms of gas outbursts are still unresolved but include the effect of stress, gas content and properties of the coal. Other factors such as geological features, mining methods, bord and pillarworkings or increase in rate of advance may combine to exacerbate the problem (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998). Some of the main properties of the 8th Coalbed favoring gas outbursts (Creedy and Garner, 2001; Díaz Aguado, 2004) had been previously studied by the mining company, in their internal reportsM.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266255Fig. 1. Geological map.as well as in the different research studies cited in Section1: the geological structure of the basin, the stress state of the coalbed and its surrounding wall rock and some properties of both coal-bearing strata and the coalbed itself. The next paragraphs summarize the state of the research when this project started.Many researchers have studied relationships between coal outbursts and geological factors. Cao et al. (2001), found that, in the four mining districts analyzed, outbursts occurred within tectonically altered zones surrounding reverse faults; this could help to delimit outburst-prone zones. In the 8th Coalbed, some minor outbursts in the past could be related to faults or changes in coal seam thickness. Hence, general geological inspections are carried out systematically, as well as daily monitoring of any possible anomalies. But, in any case, some other outbursts could be related neither to local nor general faults.Fig. 2. General location of the study area.M.B. Díaz Aguado, C. González Nicieza / International Journal of Coal Geology 69 (2007) 253–266 For some years now, the technical experts in charge of the mine have been studying the stress state of the coalbed by means of theoretical calculations of face end or residual rock mass projections that indicated potential risk areas, based on Russian standards (Safety Regulations for Coal and Oil Shale Miners, 1973).Assuming that there was an initial approach to the stress state, this parameter was therefore not included in the research study presented in this paper. In the Central Asturian Coal Basin, both the porosity and permeability of the coal-bearing strata are very low,the cleat structure is poorly developed and cleats are usually water-filled or even mineralized. Consequently, of 5.10 m3/t. In some countries, such as Australia (Beamish and Crosdale, 1998) or Germany, a gas outburst risk value has been established when methane concentration exceeds 9 m3/t (although close to areas of over-pressure, this risk value descends to 5.5 m3/t). As the average gas contents in the coalbed are comparable with those of the Ruhr Basin (which according to Freudenberg et al., 1996, vary from 0 to 15 m3/t), the values in the 8th Coalbed would be close to the risk values.Desorption rate was considered the most important parameter by Williams and Weissmann (1995), in conjunction with the gas pressure gradient ahead of the face. Gas desorption rate (V1) has been defined as the volume of methane, expressed in cm3, that is desorbed from a 10 g coal sample, with a grain size between 0.5 and 0.8 mm, during a period of time of 35 s (fromsecond 35 to 70 of the test). Desorption rates have been calculated from samples taken at 2 m, 3 m and 7 m, following the proceedings of the Technical Specification 0307-2-92 of the Spanish Ministry of Industry. The average values obtained during the research are: 0.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2 m depth, 0.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 3 m and 1.6 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at the only paths for methane flow are open fractures. Coal gas content is one of the main parameters that had been previously analyzed. The methane concentration in the Central Asturian Basin varies between 4 and 14 m3/t of coal (Suárez Fernández,1998). Particularly, in the Riosa–Olloniego unit, the gas content varies from 3.79 to 9.89 m3/t of coal (Pendás et al., 2004). During the research, the measured values in the area of study have varied between 4.95 and 8.10 m3/t, with an average value7m.Maximumvalues were of 1.7 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 2m depth, 3.3 at 3 m and up to 4.3 cm3 / (10 g·35 s) at 7 m.The initial critical safety value to avoid gas outbursts in the 8th Coalbed was 2 cm3 / (10 g·35 s). Due to incidents detected during this research study, the limit value was reduced to 1.5 cm3 / (10 g·35 s).But other properties, such as coal gas pressure, the structure of the coal itself and permeability, had beeninsufficiently characterized in the Riosa Olloniego unit before this research study.Two methods had been previously employed to determine the gas pressure in the mine: the Russian theoretical calculations for the analysis of the stress state and the indirect measurements of the gas pressure obtained by applying criteria developed for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin (Germany), Poland and the former Soviet Union. These indirect measurements were the Jahns or borehole fines test (Braüner, 1994), which establishes a potential hazard when the fines exceed a limiting value. Although there are tabulated values for the coalbeds of the Ruhr Basin, it is not the case for the coals of the Riosa–Olloniego unit. Therefore, in this paper an improvement to the gas pressure measurement technique is proposed by developing a method and a device capable of directly measuring in situ pressures.The 8th Coalbed is a friable bituminous coal, high in vitrinite content, locally transformed into foliated fabrics which, when subjected to abutment pressure, block methane migration intoworking faces (Alpern, 1970). With low-volatile content, it was formed during the later stages of coalification and, as stated by Flores (1998) this corresponds to a large amount of methane generated. Moreover, the coal is subject to sudden variations in thickness (that result in unpredictable mining conditions) and to bed-parallel shearing within the coalbed, that has been considered an influence on gas outbursts (Li, 2001). Its permeability had never been quantified before in this mining area. Thus, during research in the 8th Coalbed it was decided to perform in situ tests to measure pressure transients, to obtain site values that will allow future calculations of site permeability, in order to verify if it is less than 5 mD, limit value which, after Lama and Bodziony (1998), makes a coalbed liable to outbursts.Therefore, in this study we attempted to characterize gas pressure and pressure transients, for their importance in the occurrence of gas outbursts or events in which a violent coal outburst occurs due to the sudden release of energy, accompanied by the release of significant amount of gas (González Nicieza et al.,2001), either in breaking or in development of the coalbed (Hardgraves, 1983).3. ConclusionsCoalbed is still a major hazard affecting safety andproductivity in some underground coal mines. This paper highlights the propensity of the 8th Coalbed to give rise to gas outbursts, due to fulfilling a series of risk factors, that have been quantified for 8th Coalbed for the first time and that are very related to mining hazards: gas pressure and its variation, with high valuesmeasured in the coalbed,obtaining lower registers at Montsacro than at San Nicolás (where 480 kPa were reached in the gas pressure measurements at the greatest depth). These parameters, together with the systematic measurement of concentration and desorption rate that were already being carried out by the mine staff, require monitoring and control. A gas-measurement-tube set was designed, for measuring gas pressure and its variations as well as the influence of nearby workings to determine outburstprone areas. The efficacy of injection as a preventative measure was shown by means of these measurement tubes. Injection decreases the gas pressure in the coalbed, althoughthe test must be conducted maximizing all the precautionary measures, because gas outbursts may occur during the process itself.The instrumentation results indicated the convenienceof mining the 7th Coalbed at least one sublevel ahead of the 8th Coalbed. This means having completed longwall caving of the corresponding sublevel both eastward and westward, and having allowed the necessary time to elapse for distention to take effect. This distention time was estimated between two and three months.The constructed instrumentation likewise allowed the effect of overlapping of workings to be measured: as the longwall caving of the coalbed situated to the roof of the instrumented coalbed approaches the area of advance of the 8th Coalbed, an increase in the pressure of the gas is produced in the 8th Coalbed. This may even triplicate the pressure of the gas and is more pronounced as the longwall caving approaches the position of the measuring equipment. A spatial range of the influence of longwall caving of some 55–60 m was estimated and a time duration of 2–3 months. The main contribution of this article resides in theproposal of measures of control and risk of gas outbursts that complement the systematic measurements in the mine itself, with the aim of improving safety in mining work. This proposal, apart from certain practical improvements in mining work, above all regarding the exploitation sequence, would involve the installation of gas measurement tubes before initiating the advance or at the overlap of workings. It would consist intemporarily detaining the advance in the 8th Coalbed when an overlap of workings may occur or prior to the commencement of an advance in the 8th Coalbed, installing measurement tubes in the face. The values and the trend of the measured gas pressures, together with the values obtained from gas concentration tests, would enable control of the conditions of the coalbed and the establishing of what moment would be appropriate to renew the advance. The gas measurement tubes would hence be a reliable, economic control and evaluation measure of the risk of gas outbursts. Furthermore, this equipment would enable the openingof other lines of research, both for calibrating the time and range of influence of mining work in each advance, as well as for calculating the permeability of the coal. By means of the designed test (gas flow between two gasmeasurement-tube sets), permeability could be estimated by numerical models calibrated with site data, both in areas of the mine that have still to be affected by mining work and in those already subject to mining works. These calibrations would also allow the variation in permeability with the depth of the coalbed itself to be analyzed.References[1] Alexeev, A.D., Revva, V.N., Alyshev, N.A., Zhitlyonok, D.M., 2004.[2] True triaxial loading apparatus and its application to coal outburst prediction. Int. J. Coal Geol. 58, 245–250.[3] Alpern, B., 1970. Tectonics and gas deposit in coalfields: a bibliographical study and examples of application. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 7, 67–76.[4] Beamish, B.B., Crosdale, J.P., 1998. Instantaneous outbursts in underground coal mines: an overview and association with coal type. Int. J. Coal Geol. 35, 27–55.[5] Braüner, G., 1994. Rockbursts in Coal Mines and Their Prevention. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands. 137 pp.[6] Cao, Y., He, D., Glick, D.C., 2001. Coal and gas outbursts in footwalls of reverse faults. Int. J. Coal Geol. 48, 47–63.[7] Creedy, D., Garner, K., 2001. UK-China Coalbed Technology Transfer. Report N° Coal R207 DTI/Pub URN 01/584, 24 pp.[8] Díaz Aguado, M.B., 2004. Análisis, Control y Evaluación de Riesgo de Fenómenos Gaseodinámicos en Minas de Carbón, PhD Thesis, University of Oviedo (Spain) Publishing Service,I.S.B.N.: 84-8317-434-0, 301 pp. (in Spanish, with English Abstract).[9] Durucan, S., Edwards, J.S., 1986. The effects of stress and fracturing on permeability of coal Min. Sci. Technol. 3, 205–216.[10] Flores, R.M., 1998. Coalbed methane: from hazard to resource. Int. J.Coal Geol. 35, 3–26西班牙Riosa–Olloniego煤矿瓦斯预防和治理María B. Díaz Aguado C. González NiciezaAbstract Department of Mining Exploitation, University of Oviedo, School of Mines,Independencia, 13, 33004 Oviedo, Spain摘要在煤矿井下开采环境中必须控制着不同气体的存在。
矿井通风煤矿瓦斯利用论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述附录A：Status of worldwide coal mine methaneemissions and useUnderground coal mines worldwide liberate an estimated 29–41×109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 2.3×109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is emitted to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. Methane is also a major greenhouse gas and is thus detrimental to the environment when vented to the atmosphere. Coal mine methane recovery and use represents a cost-effective means of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mining, while increasing mine safety and improving mine economics.The world’s ten largest coal producers are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. China is the largest emitter of coal mine methane, followed by the Commonwealth of Independent States, or CIS particularly Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the United States, Poland, Germany, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Australia, India and the Czech Republic. Most of these countries use a portion of the methane that is liberated from their coal mines, but the utilization rate tends to be low and some countries use none at all. Coal mine methane is currently used for a variety of purposes. Methane is used for heating and cooking at many mine facilities and nearby residences. It is also used to fuel boilers, to generate electricity, directly heat air for mine ventilation systems andfor coal drying. Several mines in the United States sell high-quality mine gas to natural gas distributors. There are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Many of the same barriers are common to a number of the subject countries. Technical barriers include low-permeability coals; variable or low gas quality, variations in gas supply an demand and lack of infrastructure.Economic and institutional barriers include lack of information pertinent to development of the resource, lack of capital and low natural gas prices. A possible option for encouraging coal mine methane recovery and use would be international adoption of a traceable permit system for methane emissions.1 IntroductionIn recent years, coalbed methane has gained attention as a saleable natural gas resource. Methane can be extracted either from coal seams which will never undergo mining, or it can be produced as a part of the coal mining process. This paper focuses on methane which is produced in conjunction with coal mining operations（coal mine methane）. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA, 1994a）, underground coal mines liberate an estimated 29 to 41×109 m 3of methane annually, of which less than 2.3×109 m3 are used as fuel. The remaining methane is vented to the atmosphere, representing the loss of a valuable energy resource. This paper examines the potential for recovering and using the methane which is currently being emitted from coal mines.There are three primary reasons for recovering coal mine methane. The first reason is to increase mine safety. Worldwide, there have beenthousands of recorded fatalities from underground mine explosions in which methane was a contributing factor. Using methane drainage systems, mines can reduce the methane concentration in their ventilation air, ultimately reducing ventilation requirements.The second reason is to improve mine economics. By reducing emissions and preventing explosions and outbursts, methane drainage systems can cost effectively reduce the amount of time that the coal mine must curtail production. Moreover, recovered methane can be used either as fuel at the mine site or sold to other users.The third reason for coalbed methane recovery and use is that it benefits the global and local environment. Methane is a major greenhouse gas and is second in global impact only to carbon dioxide; methane thus is detrimental to the environment if vented to the atmosphere. Although the amount of carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere each year is orders of magnitude larger than that of methane, each additional gram of methane released to the atmosphere is as much as 22 times more effective in potentially warming the Earth’s surface over a 100-year period than each additional gram of carbon dioxide (USEPA, 1994a) . Compared with other greenhouse gases, methane has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime. The lifetime of methane (defined as its atmospheric content divided by its rate of removal) is approximately 10 years. Due to its short lifetime, stabilizing methane emissions can have a dramatic impact on decreasing the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.Coal mine methane recovery and use represent a cost-effectivemeans of significantly reducing methane emissions from coal mines. Methane, moreover, is a remarkably clean fuel. Methane combustion produces no sulfur dioxide or particulates and only half the amount of carbon dioxide that is associated with coal combustion on an energy equivalent basis.Because of the environmental impact of coal mine methane emissions, the USEPA, the Int ernational Energy Agency’s Coal Advisory Board (CIAB), and others have investigated methane emissions from coal mining worldwide. The USEPA (1994a) estimates that the coal fuel cycle (which includes coal mining, post-mining coal transportation and handling, and coal combustion) emits 35 to 59×109 m3 of methane to the atmosphere annually. Table 1 shows methane emissions from the world’s ten largest coal producers, which are responsible for 90% of global methane emissions associated with the coal fuel cycle. Underground coal mining is the primary source of these emissions, accounting for 70 to 95% of total emissions.There are many opportunities for decreasing coal mine methane emissions by increasing recovery of this abundant fuel. Section 2 examines the status of methane recovery and use in key countries worldwide.2 Coal mine methane recovery and use in selected countries2.1 ChinaThe Peoples Republic of China (China) produces about 1.2×109 raw tons of hard coal annually (EIA, 1996). In 1990, coal mining activities in China emitted an estimated 14 to 24×109 m3 (10 to 16×106 ton) ofmethane to the atmosphere, contributing one-third of the world’s total from this source. Not only is China the largest coal producer in the world; it is unique in that underground mines produce over 95% of the nation’s coal. Because of the great depth and high rank of China’s coals, underground coal mines have higher methane emissions than surface mines.There are currently 108 Coal Mining Administrations (CMAs) in China, which manage more than 650 mines. These state-owned mines are responsible for most of China’s methane emissions, but there are numerous gassy local, township, and private mines that cumulatively produce over one-half of China’s coal. However, these non-states owned mines are not gassy (International Energy Agency or IEA, 1994).2.1.1 Methane recovery and use in ChinaChina has a long history of coal mine methane drainage, and the volume of methane drained has increased markedly during the past decade. Nationwide, coal mine methane drainage at state-run mines nearly doubled in 14 years, increasing from 294×106 m3 in 1980 to more than 561×106 m3 in 1994 .However, this is still less than 11% of the total methane liberated annually. Approximately 131 state-owned mines currently have methane drainage systems. Less than one-half of these mines are set up to distribute and use recovered methane. China’s state-run coal mining administrations use about 70% of the methane they drain (USEPA, 1996a).Most of the methane recovered from Chinese mines is used forheating and cooking at mine facilities and nearby residences. Methane is also used for industrial purposes, in the glass and plastics industries, and as a feedstock for the production of carbon black (an amorphous form of ca rbon used in pigments and printer’s ink). Methane is also being used, to a lesser extent, for power generation. In 1990, the Laohutai Mine at the Fushun Coal Mining Administration built a 1200 kW methane-fired power station, the first in China.Several barriers currently prevent China from developing economic methane recovery from coal mining to its full potential. Critical barriers include the lack of an appropriate policy framework, limited capital for project investments and equipment, the need for additional information and experience with technologies and the lack of a widespread pipeline network. Artificially regulated low gas prices and difficulty with repatriation of profits, create barriers to foreign investment in joint ventures for production of domestic energy resources (USEPA, 1993).2.1.2 The future of methane development in China Recognizing the need for a unified effort in advancing coalbed methane development, China’s highest governing body, the State Council, established the China United Coalbed Methane Company (China CBM) in May 1996. As a single, trans-sectoral agency, China CBM is responsible for developing the coalbed methane industry by commercializing the exploration, development, marketing, transportation and utilization of coalbed methane. The State Council has also granted China CBM exclusive rights to undertake theexploration, development and production of coalbed methane in coopera- tion with foreign partners (China Energy Report, 1996). More than 20 coalbed methane projects are underway or planned in China, and at least half of them are taking place at active mining areas. Some of the projects are state-sponsored, while others involve joint ventures with foreign companies. The future of the coalbed methane industry in China appears bright. The government recognizes coalbed methane’s potential for meeting the nation’s burgeoning energy needs and is generally supportive of efforts to develop this resource. With deregulation of energy prices, increased capital investment in pipeline infrastructure, and ongoing research efforts, China can likely overcome its remaining barriers to widespread coalbed methane use. 2.2 Russia, Ukraine and KazakhstanIn 1994, Russia produced more than 169×106 ton of hard coal; Kazakhstan produced nearly 104×106 ton and Ukraine more than 90×106 ton. The coal mining regions of these republics liberate approximately 5.3×109 m3 of methane annually, of which less than 3% is utilized. This amount represents about 20% of world methane emissions from underground coal mining.The energy sectors of these Republics are at a turning point. The coal mining industry, in particular, is undergoing restructuring, a process which includes decreasing or eliminating subsidies, and closing many of the most unprofitable mines. The industry is being compelled to become more efficient in order to increase profitability. Mining regions are also seeking to mitigate environmental problemsresulting from producing and using coal. Thus, there is an impetus to utilize more natural gas and decrease dependency on low grade coal. Increasing recovery and use of coalbed methane is a potential means of improving mine safety and profitability while meeting the regions’ energy and environmental goals.There are five coal basins in the Commonwealth of Independent States where hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development.They are: (1) the Donetsk Basin (Donbass) , located in southeastern Ukraine and western Russia, (2) the Kuznetsk Basin Kuzbass , located in western Siberia (south-central Russia) , (3)the L’vov-Volyn Basin, located in western Ukraine, which is the southeastern extension of Poland’s Lublin Basin, (4)the Pechora Basin, located in northern Russia and (5) the Karaganda Coal Basin, located in Kazakhstan.Of the five basins, the Donetsk and Kuznetsk Basins appear to have the largest near-term potential for coalbed methane development （USEPA, 1994b）. Both of these regions are heavily industrialized and present many opportunities for coalbed methane use.2.2.1 Options for methane use in the CIS2.2.1.1 Heating mine facilities. Currently, most mines use coal-fired boilers to produce steam heat for drying coal, heating mine facilities and heating ventilation air. In some cases, mine boilers also supply thermal energy to the surrounding communities. Boilers can be retrofitted to co-fire methane with coal, a relatively simple and low-cost procedure. More than 20 mines in the Donetsk and PechoraBasins use methane to fuel boilers and several mines also use it for directly heating air for the mines’ ventilation systems and for coal drying (Serov, 1995; Saprykin et al., 1995).2.2.1.2. Use in furnaces in the metallurgical industry. Another viable market for methane use is the metallurgical industry. For example, the city of Novokuznetsk, in the southern portion of the Kuznetsk Basin, contains numerous gassy mines and is one of the biggest centers of metallurgy in Russia. The region’s metallurgical industry consumes about 54 PJ of natural gas annually, which is equivalent to about1.4×109 m3 of methane (USEPA, 1996b) .2.2.1.3. Power generation at mine facilities. Most mines purchase electricity from the power grid. Co-firing coalbed methane with coal to generate electricity on-site may be a more economical option for these mines. Coalbed methane can be used, independently of or in conjunction with coal, to generate electricity using boilers, gas turbines and thermal combustion engines (USEPA, 1994b).2.2.1.4. Use as a motor vehicle fuel. The Donetskugol Coal Production Association in Ukraine is draining methane in advance of mining using surface boreholes. The recovered methane is compressed on-site and used as fuel for the Association’s vehicle fleet. The refueling station, which has been operating for more than three years, produces about 1,000 m3 of compressed gas per day. Based on estimated gas reserves it is expected to operate for a total of eight years ( Pudak, 1995 ).While many mines in the CIS are utilizing their methane resources,the majority are not. Certain barriers must be overcome before recovery and use of coal mine methane becomes widespread. These barriers and their potential solutions are discussed in greater detail in Section 3 of this paper.2.3 The United StatesThere are five major coal producing regions in the United States from which hard coal is mined and which have the potential for coalbed methane development. They are: （1）the Appalachian Basin, located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, （2）the Warrior Basin, located in Alabama, （3）the Illinois Basin, located in Illinois, Indiana and western Kentucky, （4）the Southwestern region, including the Uinta, Piceance, Green River and San Juan Basins located in Colorado, Utah and New Mexico and （5）the Western Interior region, including the Arkoma Basin of Oklahoma and Arkansas.In 1994, an estimated 4.2×109 m3 of methane were liberated by underground mining in these regions, of which less than 0.7×109 m3 were used（USEPA, unpublished data）.Currently in the United States, at least 17 mines in six states （Alabama, Colorado,Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia）recover methane for profit, primarily through sale to gas distributors. In 1995, the total methane recovered from these mines, including vertical wells draining methane in advance of mining, exceeded 1×109 m3.By maximizing the amount of gas recovered via drainage systems, these mines have greatly reduced their ventilationcosts, improved safety conditions for miners and have collected and sold large quantities of high-quality gas. Following is a brief description of selected coal mine methane recovery activities in the United States.2.3.1 Warrior basin: AlabamaSix of the seventeen US mines with commercial methane recovery systems are located in the Warrior Basin of Alabama. Today, energy companies recover methane from the Warrior Basin by horizontal wells, gob wells（in areas being mined ）and vertical wells（in both mined and unmined areas）. Most of this gas is sold to regional natural gas distributors, although there is some on-site mine use. In 1995, four mines operated by Jim Walter Resources produced more than 380×106 m3 of methane for pipeline sale and USX’s Oak Grove Mine recovered an estimated 117×106 m3 of methane for use.2.3.2 Appalachian regionEight mines in Virginia and West Virginia have developed successful methane recovery and use projects. The Consol mines in Virginia are the most well-documented examples. Consol produces gas from a combination of vertical wells that are hydraulically stimulated, horizontal boreholes and gob wells drilled over longwall panels. In 1995, Consol produced approximately 688×106 m3 of saleable methane from three mines. Methane recovery efficiency at these mines is higher than 60%.2.3.3 Southwestern regionThe Soldier Canyon Mine in Utah recovered about 10.9×106 m3 ofmethane for sale annually until early 1994, when production was curtailed and gas sales ended due to low market prices.2.3.4 SummaryWhile methane recovery has been economically implemented at the above-described mines, safety and high coal productivity remain the impetus for their degasification efforts. Methane drainage at many gassy mines in the United States is limited or nonexistent. Section 3 of this paper discusses potential avenues for increasing methane recovery and use in the United States and other countries.2.4 GermanyGermany produced nearly 54 million tons of hard coal in 1995, all from underground mines （Schiffer, 1995）. Of this total, 43 million tons were mined from the Ruhr Basin in northwestern Germany （Von Sperber et al., 1996）and most of the remainder was mined from the Saar Basin in southwestern Germany. Until recently, hard coal mining was heavily subsidized in Germany, and the industry’s future is in question （Schiffer, 1995）. Even mines that are closed, however, can continue to liberate methane for long periods of time. An estimated 1.8×109 m3 of methane are liberated annually from underground mining activities in Germany, of which 520×106 m3, or 30%, are drained（63 IEA, 1994）. About 371×106 m, or 71% of all drained methane is used, primarily for heating or power generation. Government officials suggest that as much as 45% of the methane emitted from coal mining activities could be drained and used in a variety of applications. The primary barrier to increased methanerecovery is low methane concentrations in the gas mixture.Safety regulations in Germany prohibit any utilization if the methane content is less than 25%. If the average recovery efficiency at German mines is to be increased, it will be necessary to adopt practices that will recover methane in a more concentrated form.3 Barriers to decreasing coal mine methane emissionsThere are several barriers to decreasing methane emissions by increasing coal mine methane use. Some are technical, such as low coal permeability, while others are Institutional, such as low gas prices. In a few cases, certain barriers are country orregion specific, but most cases, many of the same barriers exist in a number of countries. This section discusses obstacles to increased coal mine methane use, and potential ways to overcome these obstacles.3.1 Technical issues3.1.1 Low-permeability coalsCoal seams that exhibit low permeability pose special problems for developingsuccessful methane drainage and recovery systems. Methane desorbs and flows through natural pores and fractures until the gas reaches the mine face or borehole. Stimulation technology that enhances the flow of gases from the seam into a recovery system has been successfully used in the past several years. Early efforts to modify fracturing techniques for application in coal seams were largely unsuccessful （IEA, 1994）. The current practice of hydraulic stimulation in coals, however, minimizes roof damage while achievingextensive fracturing. Under ideal conditions, 60 to 70% of the methane contained in the coal seam can be removed using vertical degasification wells drilled more than 10 years in advance of mining. These efforts have been successful in the United States and other industrialized countries. Transfer of this technology to other countries can help increase coal mine methane recovery.3.2 Economic and institutional issuesIn addition to the technical obstacles described above, there are a variety of other issues that have prevented coal mine methane recovery from becoming more widespread.These issues include lack of information, lack of capital, low natural gas prices and risks associated with foreign investment. Some issues are explored below.The key strategy for overcoming informational barriers in the United States has been to develop outreach programs. Outreach programs work well when companies are shown that they can profit while at the same time reducing emissions or improving mine safety. Examples of outreach prog rams include the USEPA’s Coalbed Methane Outreach Program, which is conducted in the United States, and the Coalbed Methane Clearinghouses in Poland, China and Russia. These institutions distribute information and link together interested parties, provide technical training, and in some cases perform pre-feasibility assessments for specific projects.3.2.1 Lack of informationIn the United States and other countries, one of the problems thathas slowed coal mine methane project development is that some coal mine operators do not have adequate information regarding coal mine methane projects. While much has been published on the subject, methane recovery is still seen as a relatively new concept to many coal operators. A related constraint is that some coal operators simply do not have the time or resources to investigate the potential to develop a profitable project at their own coal mine.3.2.2 Lack of capitalEven when a pre-feasibility assessment has demonstrated that the economics of a coal mine methane project are attractive, a lack of financing may prevent projects from taking place. Coal companies often do not have surplus capital available to invest in coalbed methane recovery and use projects because available capital must be invested in their primary business of coal production. Additionally, some lending organizations may be unfamiliar with the relatively new concept of coal mine methane recovery and use, and project developers may thus be unable to secure the necessary up-front financing needed to cover the large capital investments required for such projects.3.2.3 Low natural gas pricesIn some countries natural gas prices are held at artificially low rates. Even in countries whose gas prices are at market levels, prices may be low due to low demand. In such cases, special types of incentives to encourage coal mine methane recovery could be implemented. For example, legislation could be enacted requiring local distributioncompanies to purchase recovered coal mine methane if it is sold at a competitive price. China has recently established preferential policies for projects which involve gas recovery and use from coal mines. The government has also passed a law exempting coalbed methane producers from royalties and land occupation fees for production of up to 2×109 m3 of methane per year.4 ConclusionsAs discussed above, coal mines worldwide emit large volumes of methane, much of which could be recovered and used as fuel. In many instances, countries whose mines emit large quantities of methane are in critical need of a domestic energy source, particularly one which is clean-burning. In countries whose economies are in transition, such as China, the former Soviet Union and the Eastern European nations, coal mine methane recovery offers economic benefits as a new industry that can help provide jobs for displaced coal miners or other workers. In countries whose economies are established, such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, coal mine methane recovery may help increase the profit margin of mining enterprises.The reduction of methane emissions can have a significant global impact, but incentives are needed to encourage more widespread recovery of coal mine methane. An incentive program offered on an international level would probably be the most effective means of stimulating development of the coal mine methane industry. Of the various options for international-level incentives, a system of tradeable permits for methane emissions would likely be the most cost effective.Due to various technical, economic and institutional barriers, it will never be possible to completely eliminate emissions of methane from coal mines. However, a worldwide coal mine methane utilization rate of 25% may be realizable, particularly if an international incentive program is implemented. This would reduce the estimated emissions of coal mine methane to the atmosphere by 7 to 10×109 m3 annually, substantially reducing greenhouse gas emissions and curtailing the waste of a valuable energy source.附录Ｂ全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状全球煤矿每年释放瓦斯29～41×109m3，其中少于2.3×109m3的瓦斯用作燃料，其余的被直接排放到大气中，这是能源的一种浪费。
煤矿安全专业外文文献(中英文对照)
附录 A关于煤矿安全监控系统技术的研究Zhi Chang, Zhangeng Sun & Junbao GuSchool of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin 300160, China前言：无线射频的新的发展和运用使得RFID（射频识别）技术的应用越来越广泛。
同时结合矿山与RFID技术的特点，我们建立了一个地下的安全完整的、实时灵活的监测系统。
这套系统能在发生危险时自动报警并且提高搜索和救援的效率。
该系统可以管理危害气体的浓度、规划工人的安排、进出巷道通过工作的访问控制、巷道人员的分布和工人的资料，实现地下管理的信息化和可视化，提高矿业生产管理水平和矿井安全生产水平。
关键词：射频识别，安全监控系统，电子标签，读写器煤矿事故往往发生在中国近几年，除了矿业主的安全和法律意识薄弱，滞后的安全机构和采矿的人员和设备的不完善管理人员是重要原因。
通过分析近期内一些十分严重的事故，一般存在以下常见问题：（1）地面人员和地下人员之间的信息沟通不及时；（2）地面人员不能动态地掌握井下人员的分布和操作情况，并且不能掌握地下人员的确切位置；（3）一旦煤矿事故发生，救援效率低，效果较差。
因此，准确、迅速实施煤矿安全监控职能非常重要和紧迫，有效管理矿工，并确保救援高效率的运作。
文章中提出的煤炭采矿人员和车辆安全监测系统可以跟踪、监视和定位在矿井实时的有害气体，人员和车辆以及提供有关网络的矿井巷道，个人的定位，车辆的位置，危险区域的动态信息和地面人员相应线索。
如果发生意外，该系统还可以查询有关人员的分配，人员数量，人员撤离路线，以提供从事故救援监视计算机科学依据。
同时，管理人员可以利用系统的日常考勤功能实施矿工考勤管理。
一、RFID技术简介射频识别是一种非接触式自动识别技术进行排序，可以自动识别的无线电频率信号的目标，迅速跟踪货物和交换数据。
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煤矿开采中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)液压支架的优化设计摘要：本文描述了程序优化测定两组参数的液压支架用于采矿业。
这个过程是基于数学规划方法。
在第一步中，一些参数的最优值领先的四连杆机构以确保被发现所需的运动的支持以最小的横向位移。
在第二步中,最大公差最优值的主要四连杆机构计算,所以响应对液压支架将是令人满意的。
关键词：四连杆机构、优化、最大公差、液压支架1、介绍设计师的目的是找到最好的机械设计机器系统考虑。
努力的一部分是最优的选择一些选定参数的一个系统。
如果一个合适的数学模型的系统可以使用方法数学编程。
当然,它取决于液压系统的类型。
这个方法,保证良好的计算机支持寻找最佳参数的系统。
在液压支架(图1)被拖(1998)是一个部分的矿业设备，我的VelenjeSlovenia:用于保护在画廊工作环境。
它由两个四连杆机制和AEDB FEDG如图。
2。
AEDB机制定义了路径的耦合器点萤石FEDG机制用于驱动支持由一个液压执行机构。
图、一液压支架运动的支持是必须的，更多更准确地说，运动的点C在图2，是垂直与最小的横向位移。
如果不是这种情况，在液压支架将不能正常工作。
因为它是困在切除地球机中的。
一个原型的液压支架是测试一个实验室(Grm 1992)。
表现出很大的支持横向位移，这将减少其就业能力。
因此，一个设计是必要的。
这个项目应该改进如果能以最小成本。
这是决定找到最佳值参数最成问题的a1、a2、a4领用。
否则将需要改变项目，至少AEDB机制是这样的。
以上问题的解决将给我们回应的液压支架的理想系统。
其实真正反应会有所不同，由于公差的各种参数的系统，这就是为什么最大允许公差参数a1、a2、a4计算方法的帮助下而运用数学规划。
图、二两个四连杆机制2、确定性模型的液压支架首先有必要开发一个适当的机械模型的液压支架。
它可能是基于以下假设:1.这个链接必须是刚体2.运动的个人链接速度相对慢由度。
其运动学可以模拟同步运动的两个四连杆机制FEDG和AEDB(Oblaket al . 1998)。
领先的四连杆机构AEDB对液压支架运动有着决定性影响的。
机制2是用于驱动的。
由于一个液压执行机构的支持。
运动的支持是最好地描述轨迹L的耦合器点C .因此,任务是找到最优值链接长度的机制1，通过要求的轨迹点C使尽可能接近理想的轨迹K。
图3 L C点的轨迹四连杆机构的合成1在Rao和Dukkipati(1989)帮助下进行运动学运动方程分析。
如图所示图3轨迹方程的点C L将写在坐标框架考虑。
坐标x 和y的点C将书面的典型参数在一个四连杆机构a1,a2,。
,a6上。
这个坐标点的B和D是xB = x − a5 cos Θ, (1) yb= y − a5 sin Θ , (2)xD = x −a6 cos(Θ + γ) , (3) y D= y −a6sin(Θ + γ) . (4)参数a1,a2,。
,a6之间和其它的关系x2B+y B2=a22, (5)(xD − a1)2+ y2D=a24. (6) 用(1)-(4)(5)(6)响应方程得到的支持一样x − a5 cos Θ)2+ (y − a5 sin Θ)2− a22= 0, (7) [x − a6cos(Θ + γ) − a1]2+[y − a6sin(Θ + γ)]2− a24= 0. (8)这个方程表示的基础数学计算模型参数的最优值a1,a2、a4数学模型该系统的数学模型的形式被Arora Haug(1979)提出:min f (u, v) ,(9) 受约束gi(u, v) ≤ 0 ,i = 1, 2, , , （10）和响应方程hj(u, v) = 0 , j = 1, 2, . . . , m . （11）向量u =[u1。
Un]Tis称为向量的设计,变量v =[v1。
vm]向量响应变量和f(9)是目标函数。
执行优化设计领先的四连杆机构AEDB,向量的设计变量被定义为u = [a1a2a4]T, (12) 和向量的响应变量v = [x y]T. (13) 尺寸a3、a5、a6相应的链接保持固定。
目标函数定义为一些衡量之间的差异和期望轨迹L轨迹Kf (u, v) = max [g0(y) − f0(y)]2, (14)在x = g0(y)是方程的曲线K和x =f0(y)是方程的曲线L。
将被选中这适合我们的系统限制。
这个系统必须满足知名Grasshoff条件.u ≤ u ≤ u(17) 规定的下界和上界的设计变量。
问题(9)-(11)是不能直接解决的,通常要有基于梯度的优化方法。
这可能是通过引入一个人工规避设计变量Un+ 1提出。
这个新方案展示一个更方便的形式，可以写为min un+1 , (18)受到gi(u, v)f (u, v) ≤ 0 ,i = 1, 2, . . . , , （19）− un+1 ≤ 0 ,（20）和相应方程hj(u, v) = 0 , j = 1, 2, . . . , m , （21）在u =[u1。
Un+ 1]Tand v =[v1。
vm)T。
一个非线性规划问题的主要四连杆机构AEDB因此可以被定义为min a7 , (22) 受约束(a3 + a4) − (a1 + a2) ≤ 0 ,(23)（a2 + a3) − (a1 + a4) ≤ 0 ,（24）a1 ≤ a1 ≤ a1 ,a2 ≤a2 ≤ a2a4≤ a4≤ a4, （25）[g0(y) − f0(y)]2− a7≤ 0 ,(y ∈y,y), （26) 和相应方程(x − a5cos Θ)2+ (y − a5sin Θ)2− a22= 0, （27）[x − a6 cos(Θ + γ) − a1]2+[y − a6 sin(Θ + γ)]2− a24= 0 .（28）这个方案是极小化的，不可缺少的是横向位移之间的点C和规定的轨迹k 。
结果是最优的参数值a1、a2、a4。
3、随机模型的液压支架数学模型(22)-(28)可以用来计算这样的参数值a1、a2、a4,“区别轨迹l和K”是最小的。
然而,真正的轨迹L C可以用点偏离计算值,因为不同的影响。
合适的数学模型偏差可以计算在参数的公差a1、a2、a4。
响应方程(27)-(28)允许我们计算向量的响应变量v在依赖矢量设计变量u。
这意味着v =˜h(u)。
函数˜h(U) .是基本的数学模型(22)-(28),因为它们之间的关系反应着设计变量向量u和v的机械系统。
相同的函数h可以使我们计算最大允许的公差值∆a1、a2、∆∆a4和参数a1、a2、a4。
在随机模型向量u =[U1。
Un)落鱼顶部设计变量中当作一个随机向量U =[U1。
Un]T,这意味着向量v =[v1。
vm)落鱼顶部响应变量也是一个随机向量V =[V1。
Vm)T,V = ˜h(U) . (29) 它应该设计变量U1,。
,Un是独立从概率的角度,他们表现出正态分布、Uk ∼N(?k,σk)(k = 1、2、。
,n)。
主要的参数k和σk(k = 1、2、。
,n)可以装订技术观念等作为名义上的措施,uk =uk和公差,如∆uk=3σk,所以就：?k − ∆uk ≤ Uk ≤ ?k +∆uk ,k = 1, 2, . . . , n , (30) 因此会出现与所选择的概率。
概率分布函数的随机向量v , 这样寻找取决于概率分布函数的随机向量U和其它几乎是不可能的计算。
因此,随机向量v将被描述与帮助”数字特征”,可以估计函数的泰勒近似˜h在点u =[U1。
Un]或在Oblak (1982) and Harl (1998)的论文的帮助下用蒙特卡罗方法。
4、数学模型数学模型计算最优公差的液压支架将被制定为一个独立变量的非线性规划问w = [∆a1∆a2∆a4]T, (31) 和目标函数f(w)=1/∆a1+1/∆a2+1/∆a4 (32)还有条件σY− E ≤ 0 （33）∆a1 ≤ ∆a1 ≤ ∆a1 ,∆a2 ≤ ∆a2 ≤ ∆a2 ,∆a4≤ ∆a4≤ ∆a4 （34）在(33)E是最大允许σY标准偏差坐标x的点C和A = {1, 2, 4} . （35）计算的非线性规划问题,因此,最优公差可以定义为min (1/∆a1+1/∆a2+1/∆a4) (36)受约束σY−E≤0 (37)∆a1≤∆a1≤∆a1,∆a2≤∆a2≤∆a2∆a4≤∆a4≤∆a4 (38) 液压支架的承载能力是1600 kN。
两AEDB和FEDG四连杆机制必须满足以下需求:1.他们必须允许最小的横向位移这个点C2.他们必须提供足够的侧稳定液压支架的参数(图2)表1中给出。
激励机制FEDG是指定的向量[b1, b2, b3, b4]T= [400, (1325 + d), 1251, 1310]T(mm) , (39) 和机制的AEDB[a1, a2, a3, a4]T= [674, 1360, 382, 1310]T(mm) . (40) 在(39),参数d是一个步行的支持极大值925毫米。
参数轴的AEDB机制给出了表2。
表1的参数的液压支架标记长度M 110N 510O 640P 430Q 200S 1415T 380表2参数AEDB轴机制标记长度a5 1427.70mma6 1809.68Α179034Β0.52Γ0..144.1、最优的AEDB链接机制这个数据的四连杆的数学模型AEDB机制可以书面形式(22)-(28)。
一条直线是由x = 65(毫米)(图3)所需的轨迹的点c .这就是为什么条件(26)(x − 65) − a7 ≤ 0 .(41) AB之间的角度和AE可能是不同的链接, 76.8度和94.8度。
条件(41)将离散通过考虑到点x1,x2,。
,x19在表3的情况。
这些点对应ϕ21角度,ϕ22,。
,ϕ219of区间[76.8度,94.8度)定期的1度。
下界和上界的设计变量u = [640, 1330, 1280, 0]T(mm), (42)u = [700, 1390, 1340, 30]T(mm). (43) 非线性规划问题是制定(22)的形式——(28)。
问题是解决优化器被Kegl等人(1991)基于近似方法。
衍生品的设计计算用直接数值微分方法。
起始值的设计变量：[0a1,0a2,0a4,0a7]T= [674, 1360, 1310, 30]T(mm). (44) 最优设计参数迭代后25U* = [676.42, 1360.74, 1309.88, 3.65]T(mm).在表3的坐标x和y的耦合器poinC上榜启动和优化设计,分别是：表3坐标x和y的C点Angle xstart ystart x end y endϕ2(度)(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)76.8 66.78 1784.87 69.47 1787.5077.8 65.91 1817.57 68.74 1820.4078.8 64.95 1850.95 67.93 1852.9279.8 63.92 1882.15 67.04 1885.0780.8 62.84 1913.85 66.12 1916.8781.8 61.75 1945.20 65.20 1948.3282.8 60.67 1976.22 64.29 1979.4483.8 59.65 2006.91 63.46 2010.2384.8 58.72 2037.28 62.72 2040.7085.8 57.92 2067.35 62.13 2070.8786.8 57.30 2097.11 61.73 2100.7487.8 56.91 2126.59 61.57 2130.3288.8 56.81 2155.80 61.72 2159.6389.8 57.06 2184.74 62.24 2188.6790.8 57.73 2213.42 63.21 2217.4691.8 58.91 2241.87 62.71 2246.0192.8 60.17 2270.08 66.85 2274.3393.8 63.21 2298.96 97.32 303.4494.8 66.56 2325.89 70.50 2330.36图4说明了轨迹L C的点开始(计数)和最优(全部)设计和直线K一样。