谈语言(On Language)
standard language语言学定义
standard language语言学定义
标准语言(Standard Language)是指在某个国家或地区中被广
泛使用且受到正式认可的一种语言形式。
它通常作为该国家或地区的官方语言,在政府、教育、媒体等领域中被广泛使用。
标准语言具有统一的语法、词汇和发音规范,它的形成通常是经过一系列规范化和标准化的过程。
标准语言的形成可以通过以下几个步骤:
1. 形成共同基础:标准语言通常是以某个地区或社群中某种方言或方言群体为基础的。
通过选取其中一种方言作为基础,使其他方言或口音逐渐趋向于该方言。
2. 规范化:通过语言学家、教育者和其他权威机构的干预,对语法、词汇和发音进行规范化。
这通常会涉及到编写正式的语法书、字典和规范发音的教材。
3. 标准化:通过政府或其他权威机构的正式认可,将该语言形式确定为官方的标准语言。
这通常会涉及到制定法律、政策和规定,以确保标准语言在公共场合和正式场合中得到广泛使用。
标准语言的形成和使用不是一蹴而就的过程,而是一个逐渐演变和发展的过程。
它在不同时期和不同地区也会有一定的变化和差异。
language的用法和解析
language的用法和解析language的用法和解析语言是基础,在英语词汇中,“language”就是翻译成“语言”的意思,除此之外,还有其他的用法哦!下面是店铺为大家整理了language的用法和解析,希望能帮到大家!一、详细释义:n.语言,语言文字例句:Students are expected to master a second language.学生们要掌握一门外语。
例句:Holidays are for seeing the sights, hearing the language and savouring the smells.度假是为了赏风景之美,听语言之妙,品百味之香。
言语,语言表达,表达能力例句:Students examined how children acquire language.学生们仔细研究儿童如何习得语言。
例句:Language is not art but both are forms of human behavior.言语不是艺术,但两者都是人类的行为方式。
专门用语,术语例句:In speaking about temperature and in the language of science zero is used.说到温度时以及在科学术语中用“零”。
例句:I'm learning the language of business.我在学习商业用语。
粗话,脏话例句:Television companies tend to censor bad language in feature films.电视公司往往会在审查故事片时删去其中的粗话。
例句:There's a girl gonna be in the club, so you guys watch your language.俱乐部里会有一位女孩,你们男的说话注意点。
语言风格,文风,文体,措辞例句:The tone of his language was diplomatic and polite.他说话圆通得体、彬彬有礼。
语言学重要概念梳理(中英文对照版)完整版
第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征(Design Features)1.任意性 Arbitratriness:shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念;同样的声音,各国不同的表达方式2.双层结构Duality:语言由声音结构和意义结构组成(the structure ofsounds and meaning)3.多产性productive: 语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子,是由双层结构造成的结果(Understand and create unlimited number withsentences)4.移位性 Displacemennt:可以表达许多不在场的东西,如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情,或者表达根本不存在的东西等5.文化传播性 Cultural Transmission:语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能(Functions of Language)1.传达信息功能 Informative:最主要功能The main function2.人际功能 Interpersonal:人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity3.行事功能 performative:现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge,naming,and curses4.表情功能 Emotive Function:表达强烈情感的语言,如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions5.寒暄功能 Phatic Communion:应酬话phatic language,比如“吃了没?”“天儿真好啊!”等等6.元语言功能 Metalingual Function:用语言来谈论、改变语言本身,如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学 Core linguistic1)语音学 Phonetics:关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程,着重考察人类语言中的单音。
英语课程教学法复习笔记
英语课程教学法复习笔记第1章语言和语言学习1.1复习笔记第一章重点讨论语言观和语言学习观、优秀英语教师的基本素质以及如何成为一名优秀的英语教师。
本章要点:1.How do we learn languages?我们如何习得语言?2.\^ews on language 语言观点3.The structural view of language 结构主义语言理论4.The functional view of language 功能主义语言理论5.The interactional view of language 交互语言理论6.What are the common views on language learning?关于语言学习的普遍观点7.process-oriented theories and condition-oriented theories 强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论8.The behaviorist theory 行为主义学习理论9.Cognitive theory 认知学习理论10.Constructivist theory 建构主义理论11.Socio-constructivist theory 社会建构主义理论12.What makes a good language teacher?如何才能成为一个好的语言老师13.Teacher’s professional development教师专业技能发展本章考点:我们如何习得语言;我们如何习得语言;结构主义语言理论;功能主义语言理论;交互语言理论;关于语言学习的普遍观点;强调过程的语言学习理论和强调条件的语言学习理论;行为主义学习理论;认知学习理论;建构主义理论;社会建构主义理论;成为一个好的语言老师所要具备的基本素质;教师专业技能发展图本章内容索引:I . How do we learn languages?II.Views on language1.The structural view of language2.The functional view of language3.The interactional view of languageIII.Views on language learning and learning in general1.The behaviorist theory2.Cognitive theory3.Constructivist theory4.Socio-constructivist theoryIV.What makes a good language teacher?V.How can one become a good language teacher?VI. An overview of the bookphysical context in which language learning takes place, such as the number of students, the kind of input learners receive, andthe atmosphere. Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories. For example, the Natural Approach, T otal Physical Response, and the Silent Way are based on one or more dimensions of processes and conditions.Some researchers attempt to formulate teaching approaches directly from these theories.1.The behaviorist theory( Skinner)a stimulus-response theory of psychologyProposed by behavioral psychologist Skinner. He suggested that language is also a form of behavior. It can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. This theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.The key point of the theory of conditioning is that “you can train an animal to do anything (within reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement,,One influential result is the audio-lingual method, which involves endless ‘listen and repeat’ drilling activities. The idea of this method is that language is learned by constant repetition and the reinforcement of the teacher. Mistakes were immediately corrected, and correct utterances were immediately praised. This method is still used in many parts of the world today.2.Cognitive theory( Noam Chomsky):The term cognitive is to describe loosely methods in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat.A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.Though Chomsky’s theor y is not directly applied in language teaching, it has had a great impact on the profession.One influential idea is that students should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules. This idea is clearly in opposition to the audio-lingual method.3.Constructivist theoryThe constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his / her own experiences and what he / she already knows.It is believed that education is used to develop the mind, not just to rote recall what is learned.John Dewey believed that teaching should be built based on what learners already knew and engage learners in learning activities. Teachers need to design environments and interact with learners to foster inventive, creative, critical learners.4.Socio-constructivist theorySimilar to constructivist theory, socio-constructivist theory represented by Vygotsky (1978) emphasises interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of ‘Zone of Proximal Development,(ZPD) and scaffolding. In other words, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner and between learners.质和实体语境,如学生的数量、氛围等。
language的英文名词解释
language的英文名词解释
"Language"是一个英文名词,它有多个解释和用法。
以下是对"language"的几个常见解释:
1. 语言(Language),指人类用来进行交流和表达思想的系统,通过语音、文字、手势等方式传达信息。
语言是文化的核心组成部分,不同的地区和社群使用不同的语言来沟通。
2. 语言(Programming Language),指用于编写计算机程序的
一种形式化语言。
编程语言通过特定的语法和语义规则来描述计算
机算法和操作,以实现特定的功能。
3. 语言(Body Language),指人类通过肢体动作、面部表情、眼神等非语言方式传达信息和表达情感的方式。
身体语言在人际交
流中起着重要的作用,可以传递出人的情绪、意图和态度。
4. 语言(Natural Language),指人类日常生活中使用的口头
语言或书面语言,例如英语、中文、法语等。
自然语言是人类最主
要的交流工具,具有丰富的词汇、语法和语义。
5. 语言(Sign Language),指聋哑人使用的手势语言,通过手势、手指动作、面部表情等方式传达信息。
手势语言是一种独特的视觉语言,用于沟通和交流。
以上是对"language"的几个常见解释,涵盖了语言的不同方面和用法。
希望这些解释能够满足你的需求。
2011年翻译硕士MTI参考书目
北京外国语大学1.《中式英语之鉴》Joan Pinkham 、姜桂华著,2000年,外语教学与研究出版社。
2.《英汉翻译简明教程》庄绎传著,2002年,外语教学与研究出版社。
3.《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》叶子南著,2001年,清华大学出版社。
4.《非文学翻译理论与实践》罗进德主编,2004年,中国对外翻译出版公司。
5.《非文学翻译》,李长栓著,2009年9月外语教学与研究出版社出版。
6.《非文学翻译理论与实践》,李长栓著,中国对外翻译出版公司。
广东外语外贸大学初试无参考书,以下为复试参考书目:1.《实用翻译教程(修订版)》,刘季春主编,中山大学出版社,2007年。
2.《英汉翻译基础教程》,冯庆华、穆雷主编,高等教育出版社,2008年。
3.《英语口译教程》,仲伟合主编,高等教育出版社,2007年。
4.《商务英语口译》(第二版),赵军峰主编,高等教育出版社,2009年。
5. 有关英语八级考试的书籍,以及英美政治、经济、文化等方面百科知识的书籍湖南师范大学暂无,复试科目为:听力、英语写作南京大学暂无,可用近年来国内出版的英语专业高级阅读、翻译、写作教材,以及任何大学语文教材南开大学暂无,参考《全日制翻译硕士专业学位(MTI)研究生入学考试指南》,外研社同济大学翻译硕士英语:暂无参考书,建议考生多阅读国内外英文报刊杂志,扩大词汇量,扩宽视野,培养中西文化比较意识。
汉语写作与百科知识:不设具体参考书目,希望考生关注时事,加强人文知识的学习和积累。
英语翻译基础:1.《文体与翻译》,刘宓庆,中国对外翻译出版公司,20072.《实用翻译教程》,冯庆华,上海外语教育出版社,20073.《翻译基础》,刘宓庆,华东师范大学出版社,2008西南大学1.《实用汉英翻译教程》,曾诚编,北京:外语教学与研究出版社。
2.《英译汉教程》,连淑能编著,北京:高等教育出版社。
中南大学翻译硕士英语,暂无英语翻译基础:1.《英汉—汉英应用翻译教程》,方梦之编,上海外语教育出版社,2004年2.《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》,叶子南编,清华大学出版社,2008年汉语写作与百科知识:1.《应用文写作》,王首程主编,高等教育出版社,2009年中山大学翻译硕士英语:1.英美概况部分参见《英语国家社会与文化入门》上、下册,朱永涛编,高等教育出版社,2005;2.其它部分不列参考书汉语写作与百科知识: 参照教指委公布的考试大纲北京航空航天大学翻译硕士英语:不根据某一教科书命题英语翻译基础:1. Dictionary of Translation Studies 上海外语教育出版社(2004年)2.《翻译研究词典》外语教学与研究出版社(2005年)3.《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社(2003年)汉语写作与百科知识:不根据某一教科书命题北京师范大学1.庄绎传,《英汉翻译简明教程》。
语言的一般概念
语言的一般概念一、语言的概念及其特征语言是人类拥有的一种非常神奇的能力。
它能使我们相互交流思想、抒发情感;能使我们更好地保存和学习前人积累起来的社会历史经验;能使我们分享丰富多彩的人类文化科学知识,进而创造出前所未有的事物。
语言(language) 是一种社会现象,是人类通过高度结构化的声音组合,或通过书写符号、手势等构成的一种符号系统,同时又是一种运用这种符号系统来交流思想的行为。
语言的基本结构材料是词。
词是一种符号,它标志着一定的事物。
词按一定的语法规则结合在一起,构成短语和句子,这些为人类提供了最重要、最有效的交际工具。
我们一般所说的语言,指的是用于交际的所有语言,它包括各种具体语言及这些语言的变体,如汉语是一种具体语言,而普通话、上海话、广东话等是它的变体。
语言具有下列一些特征。
(一)创造性语言的创造性表现在,人们使用有限数量的词语和合并这些词语的规则,便能产生或理解无限数量的语句,这些语句是他们]以前从未说过或听到过的。
语言的创造性说明,儿童习得语言单靠模仿他人的语言是无法实现的。
因为任何语言所能产生的语句在数量上是无限的,而一个人在他有生之年只能接触到数量有限的语句。
儿童习得语言发生在出生后的短短时间内,因此很难用模仿说明儿童语言的习得。
语言的创造性还说明,语言能力是人类特有的一种能力。
尽管经过训练,猩猩等灵长类动物也能够应用某些符号来表达一定的意义,但是,它们根本无法根据一定的情景,创造性地使用语言符号系统。
(二)结构性任何语言符号都不是离散、孤立地存在的,而是作为一个有结构的整体而存在的。
如果一个人只有一些零散的词汇(如外语词汇),他就无法和别入进行有效的语言交流。
语言受到一定规则的约束,只有符合一定规则的语言,才是人们在交往时可以接受的语言。
例如,汉语中的“我吃饭”符合汉语语法,能表达一个确定的意义,而“我饭吃”、“吃饭我”不合汉语语法,因而成为一种没有意义的词汇组合。
在日语中,“我饭吃”是符合语法规则的,因而能传达一定意义。
品析语言最简单解释
品析语言最简单解释Language is the foundation of communication, the medium through which we express our thoughts and feelings. Its simplicity or complexity lies in the way we choose to use it. In its purest form, language is a direct reflection of our inner world, unfiltered and unadorned.语言是沟通的基石,是我们表达思想和情感的媒介。
它的简单或复杂,取决于我们选择使用它的方式。
在最纯粹的形式下,语言是我们内心世界的直接反映,未经修饰,不加粉饰。
When we strive for simplicity in language, we aim to convey ideas clearly and concisely. This does not mean stripping away all nuance or depth, but rather focusing on the essence of what we want to say. Simple language is often more powerful because it cuts through the clutter and gets straight to the point.当我们追求语言的简洁时,我们的目标是清晰、简明地传达思想。
这并不意味着去除所有的细微差别或深度,而是专注于我们想要表达的本质。
简洁的语言往往更有力量,因为它能够穿透繁杂,直击要点。
In contrast, overly complex language can obscure meaning and make communication more difficult. It can be tempting to use fancy words or convoluted sentences to impress others, but often this only serves to confuse and distance the listener. Simplicity is not about dumbing down, but about clarity and efficiency.相反,过于复杂的语言可能会掩盖意义,使沟通变得更加困难。
原创·元语言能力
原创·元语⾔能⼒都是孩⼦,为什么差别这么⼤?“元语⾔意识”给你解释作者:吴骏(Richard Jun Wu)著作权声明作者保留所有相关权利,未经书⾯正式许可,不得以任何⽅式使⽤新浪博客内转载引⽤,需注明“作者吴骏”和“转载⾃虎和虎爸新浪博客”经常被问到“您是怎么学习英语的”,“您的孩⼦是怎么学习外语的”的问题,感觉有必要向家长朋友介绍⼀些基础性的知识,有利于家长⾼瞻远瞩,把握学习⽅向。
今天先介绍⼀个“元语⾔能⼒”。
只听说过“语⾔能⼒”,还没有听说过“元语⾔能⼒”!是的,对于学习第⼆语⾔的⼈,元语⾔能⼒是⼀种⾮常重要的能⼒。
为什么有的孩⼦学语⾔快,有的慢?为什么世界语⾔⼤会上,会出现精通多门语⾔,甚⾄熟悉⼏⼗门语⾔的⽜⼈?语⾔才能真的是天⽣的吗?这些问题,⼈们好奇了很多年。
⼀件事情有很多个原因。
孩⼦学第⼆语⾔的快慢,也有很多个解释。
其中之⼀就是元语⾔能⼒(某些情况下也可以称为元语⾔意识)。
最简单说,元语⾔能⼒,就是把语⾔当作⼀个客观的物体,意识到语⾔和语⾔所指的东西是分离的。
例如我对我5岁的孩⼦说:“爸爸好饿,能吃掉⼀头⽜”。
他⼤笑,并且模仿造句:“我能吃掉⼀辆⽕车。
”这些句⼦本⾝是傻呵呵的,但是事情很有趣,是成⼈和孩⼦之间的语⾔游戏。
吃⽜,吃⽕车,和它们的字⾯意义是分离的。
元语⾔能⼒的飞跃,是在孩⼦学习书写前后(在不同国家和地区,在不同的家庭⾥,学习书写的时间不⼀样)。
通过学习符号书写,⼉童开始真正把语⾔当作客体。
但是,和很多能⼒⼀样,元语⾔能⼒在出⽣后不久就开始发展。
1岁:元语⾔能⼒在⼀岁就开始发展。
如果⼀岁的孩⼦开始停顿,开始修正⾃⼰说的话,开始因为⾃⼰被误解⽽重复⾃⼰的话,这个时候,他的元语⾔能⼒就开始了。
2岁:2岁之前,正常发展的孩⼦已经学会基础性的元语⾔技能,例如,针对不同的说话对象——⼤⼈或孩⼦,陌⽣⼈或幼⼉园⼩朋友,他会使⽤不同的⾳量和⾳调:或是⼤声,或是⼩声;或是协商,或是命令。
language的用法和短语例句
language的用法和短语例句language有语言;语言文字;表达方式等意思,那么你知道language的用法吗?下面跟着小编一起来学习一下,希望对大家的学习有所帮助!language的用法:language的用法1:language泛指语言时是不可数名词,在句中可用作定语。
language用来表示一个国家或民族具体的语言文字时,是可数名词,其前要加the。
language与the连用还可表示某种语言的全部词汇。
language的用法2:language还作表达方式解,可指用各种非语言的方式来表达情感或传达信息。
有时还可表示亵渎的言语,是不可数名词。
language有时还可引申表示观点,立场。
language的用法3:the spoken language和the written language分别表示口语书面语,前面均应有the。
language的常用短语:用作名词(n.)bad〔foul,strong〕language粗话,骂人的话。
speak the same language共同的信仰或观点language的用法例句:1. The Ukrainians speak a Slavonic language similar to Russian.乌克兰人所说的那种斯拉夫语系的语言类似于俄语。
2. The language of Darwin was intelligible to experts and non-experts alike.达尔文的语言无论对专家还是非专业人士而言都明白易懂。
3. His misunderstanding of language was the primary cause of his other problems.他对语言的误解是引起其他问题的主要原因。
4. We were forbidden, under pain of imprisonment, to use our native language.我们被禁止使用母语,违者将被关进监狱。
关于谈语言的英语作文
关于谈语言的英语作文关于谈语言的英语作文关于谈语言的英语作文On LanguageLanguage varies from country to country. It differs not only in written and spoken language but also in gestures.Once my American teacher, Dr. Joe Johnson, went ont shopping. He was surprlsed to find out that he couldn‘t even count on his fingers proficiently in China. He tried to buy six oranges. The orange seller couldn‘t understand his two handed counting when he showed him five left hand fingers and one right hand finger. He was also confused when a driver said he would pick him up at six o‘clock, and held his right band in a gesture familiar to himself. The gesture was not familiar as a six. It resembled a pipe.There were no trouble with the numbers one, four, and five. In China, we show the middle and index fingers to mean two, but, for the Americans, it means victory. The Chinese guesture for three, to Americans. means okay. The Chinese seven is like many people from southern Europe aad the Middle East gesture to mean money . A Chinese eight is like a symbol for a pistol. A Chinese nine in an American TV studio means that you have thirty seconds left to finish what you are doing. And a Chinese ten, to an American, can be an expression of anger, but not if there is a pleasant Chinese face behind it!谈语言各国的语言各不相同,不仅书面语、口语不同,而且手势语也不同。
英语翻译硕士考研资料
5-《非文学翻译》,李长栓著,2009年9月外语教学与研究出版社出版。
6-《非文学翻译理论与实践》,李长栓著,中国对外翻译出版公司。
7-《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》,中国光明日报出版社
笔译45名;学费2万/年;口译自费46名;学费3万/年。
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4-《实用翻译教程(修订版)》,刘季春主编,中山大学出版社,2007年。
5-《商务英语翻译(英译汉)》(第二版),李明主编,高等教育出版社,2011。
6-《法律文本与法律翻译》,李克兴、张新红著,中国对外翻译出版公司,2006。
7-《百科知识考点精编与真题解析》,李国正主编,中国光明日报出版社
笔译80人,口译40人,全日制两年。
所有《英语笔译实务3级》
全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试辅导丛书总主编:黄源深主编:韩忠华、王大伟外文出版社2008年
所有《英语笔译实务3级》
全国翻译专业资格(水平)考试指定教材总主编:黄源深主编:张春柏外文出版社2009年
英语口译(专业学位)所有《大学写作教程》何明东北师范大学出版社2006年
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语言学入门
(3)感叹说 )感叹说(pooh-pooh theory):语言的原 : 型是最初我们远古祖先由于生活中的艰辛 或快乐等因素而发出的痛苦、 或快乐等因素而发出的痛苦、愤怒与兴奋 等本能的声音。 等本能的声音。 (4)劳动喊声说 )劳动喊声说(yo-he-yo theory):语言学 : 家认为当古代人们一起工作时, 家认为当古代人们一起工作时,他们发出 某些富有节奏的哼哼声, 某些富有节奏的哼哼声,这些哼哼声逐渐 发展为歌声,随后也便形成了语言。 发展为歌声,随后也便形成了语言。
(2) 共时和历时(synchronic/diachronic) 共时描写把一种固定的时间作为观察点, 来进行对语言的研究。而历时语言学是通 过其历史发展过程对语言进行研究,如对 某种语言在历史中的发展演变的研究。
(3) 语言和言语(langue/parole) 言语和语言的区分是索绪尔(Saussure)提出 的。他认为,语言是指整个社会所认同的 语言整体,言语指语言的实际运用现象或 供研究的资料。
句法学研究句子结构以及句内成分的分布规 则。 语义学是研究意义在语言中是如何编码的。 语义学是研究意义在语言中是如何编码的。 语用学是研究语境中的意义的。 语用学是研究语境中的意义的。
除了以上的主要研究分支外, 除了以上的主要研究分支外,语言学还可以同其他学科结 形成跨学科的语言研究领域,主要包括: 合,形成跨学科的语言研究领域,主要包括:
语言的定义
教程所给出的定义:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 该定义充分体现了语言的四大结构特征。这些特征也是区 别人类语言与动物“语言”的主要因素,它们包括任意性 (arbitrariness)、二重性(duality)、创造性(creativity)和移 位性(displacement)。 任何语言都由三大系统构成:语音系统、词汇语法系统和 语义系统。
翻译硕士全国名校参考书目
翻译硕士全国名校参考书目北京大学1-《中式英语之鉴》Joan Pinkham 、姜桂华著,2000年,外语教学与研究出版社。
2-《英汉翻译简明教程》庄绎传著,2002年,外语教学与研究出版社。
3-《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》叶子南著,2001年,清华大学出版社。
4-《非文学翻译理论与实践》罗进德主编,2004年,中国对外翻译出版公司。
5-《非文学翻译》,李长栓著,2009年9月外语教学与研究出版社出版。
6-《非文学翻译理论与实践》,李长栓著,中国对外翻译出版公司。
北京外国语大学1-《英译中国现代散文选》张培基(三册中至少一册)非常经典,练基本功非它莫属。
2-《高级翻译理论与实践》叶子南汉译英的经典之作,体裁实用,读来作者亲授一般。
3-《中高级口译口试词汇必备》新东方翻译的很多词汇都可以在这里找到,很实用。
4-《专八词汇》新东方试题中出现比较生僻的单词的话,读了这本词汇书基本你就认识了。
5-《中国文化读本》叶朗朱良志翻译的体裁有时候和中国文化有关,作为译者应该了解中国文化。
6-《名作精译》青岛出版社都是名家翻译的,可以长长见识,看看翻译到底可以翻得多出彩。
北京语言大学1-庄绎传,《英汉翻译简明教程》外语教学与研究出版社,20022-叶子南,《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》清华大学出版社,20013-张汉熙,《高级英语》(修订本)第1、2册外语教学与研究出版社,1995 4-张卫平,《英语报刊选读》外语教学与研究出版社,20055-叶朗,《中国文化读本》外语教学与研究出版社,20086-夏晓鸣,《应用文写作》复旦大学出版社,2010对外经济贸易大学1-英美散文选读(一)、(二)对外经贸大学出版社蒋显璟2008年2-新编汉英翻译教程上海外语教育出版社2004年4月陈宏薇3-大学英汉翻译教程(第三版)对外经贸大学出版社2009年8月王恩冕4-中国文学与中国文化知识应试指南东南大学出版社2005年版林青松5-公文写作对外经贸大学出版社2004年4月白延庆6-西方文化史高等教育出版社庄锡昌北京航空航天大学1-Dictionaryof Translation Studies上海外语教育出版社(2004年)MarkShuttleworth & Moira Cowie2-《翻译研究词典》外语教学与研究出版社(2005年)谭载喜主译3-《英汉互译实用教程》武汉大学出版社(2003年)郭著章,李庆生著中国石油大学(北京)1-《综合教程》(1-6册) ,主编:何兆熊,上海外语教育出版社,2007年2-《英汉互译实用翻译教程》第三版,上海外语教育出版社,2010年北京林业大学1-《英汉翻译入门》第二版,陈德彰编著,外语教学与研究出版社2012年出版2-《中国文化概要》,陶嘉炜,北京大学出版社2009年出版3-《应用文写作》郝立新,清华大学出版社2012年出版北京师范大学1-庄绎传,《英汉翻译简明教程》。
language是什么意思
language是什么意思
language指:n.语言;语言文字;言语;说话;某种类型的言语(或语言)。
如:Id like to learn a new language. 我想学习一门新的语言。
扩展资料
例句:
This research has done much to advance our understanding of language learning.
这项研究大大提高了我们对语言学习的认识。
Video is a good medium for learning a foreign language.
录像是一种学习外语的好方法。
All the children must learn a foreign language.
所有的`儿童必须学一门外语。
It takes a long time to learn to speak a language well.
学会说好一种语言需要花很长的时间。
The fashion at the time was for teaching mainly the written language.
那时教学时兴的主要是书面语。
A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language.
一本好词典是学习外语必备的。
language的用法和短语例句
language的用法和短语例句【篇一】language的用法language的用法1:language泛指“语言”时是不可数名词,在句中可用作定语。
language用来表示一个国家或民族具体的“语言文字”时,是可数名词,其前要加the。
language与the连用还可表示“某种语言的全部词汇”。
language的用法2:language还作“表达方式”解,可指用各种非语言的方式来表达情感或传达信息。
有时还可表示“亵渎的言语”,是不可数名词。
language有时还可引申表示“观点,立场”。
language的用法3:the spoken language和the written language分别表示“口语”“书面语”,前面均应有the。
【篇二】language的常用短语用作名词 (n.)bad〔foul,strong〕 language粗话,骂人的话。
speak the same language共同的信仰或观点【篇三】language的用法例句1. The Ukrainians speak a Slavonic language similar to Russian.乌克兰人所说的那种斯拉夫语系的语言类似于俄语。
2. The language of Darwin was intelligible toexperts and non-experts alike.达尔文的语言无论对专家还是非专业人士而言都明白易懂。
3. His misunderstanding of language was the primary cause of his other problems.他对语言的误解是引起其他问题的主要原因。
4. We were forbidden, under pain of imprisonment, to use our native language.我们被禁止使用母语,违者将被关进监狱。
language的用法总结大全
language的用法总结大全(学习版)编制人:__________________审核人:__________________审批人:__________________编制学校:__________________编制时间:____年____月____日序言下载提示:该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的,希望大家下载后,能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改,请根据实际需要进行调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文,如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等,想了解不同范文格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!language的用法总结大全language的意思n. 语言,语言文字,表达能力,言语,语风,文风,文体,专门用语,术语language用法language可以用作名词language泛指“语言”时是不可数名词,在句中可用作定语。
语言学论述
1、Why is language human specific?First of all, human language has six “design features”which animal communication systems do not have, at least not in the true sense of them. Secondly, linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring. Washoe, a female chimpanzee, was brought up like a human child by Beatnice and Alan Gardner. She was taught “American sign Language”, and learned a little that made the teachers happy but did not make the linguistics circle happy, for few believed in teaching chimpanzees.Thirdly, a human child reared among animals cannot speak a human language, not even when he is taken back and taught to do so.2、Why must a learner know its culture when he learns a second language? Cultural transmission: Human language is not genetic, but is transmitted by the culture they live in. It is passed one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct. Human beings acquire a language in a culture with other speakers and not from parental genes. The process that language is passed on from one generation to thenext is described as culturaltransmission.3、Explain the functions oflanguage with examples.1)Informativefunction:Language is theinstrument of thought andpeople often feel need tospeak their thoughts aloud.Language is used to organize,understand, and express ourperceptions of the world andof our consciousness. Eg.How do you know what thetemperature will possibly betomorrow? 2)Interpersonalfunction:Language is usedto establish and maintain thestatus in a society by people.Eg. Dear Sir, Dear Professor,Johnny, yours, your obedientservant;the expression ofone’s identity—age, sex,intelligence, accents, dialects,class, status, role, etc. 3)Performative function:Language is used to changethe social status of persons,Eg. the blessing of children,and the cursing of enemies;the Chinese expression “碎碎平安”.4)Emotivefunction (表情功能)Language is used to changethe emotional status of anaudience for or againstsomeone or something, Eg.swear words, exclamation(Man! Oh, boy! Oh, my god!Damn it!) 5)Phaticcommunion (寒暄语)Itmeans that language is usedto maintain a comfortablerelationship between peoplewithout involving any factualcontent. Ritual changes abouthealth or weather such as“Good morning”,“Niceday, isn’t it?”It also refersto expressions, such as jokes,slangs,switches to social andregional dialects. 6)Recreational function:Language is used for thesheer joy, such as a baby’sbabbling or a chanter’schanting, verbal dueling,verbal duels, children’s playwith rhythm, poetry writing,etc.7)Metalinguisticfunction:Language can beused to talk about itself.Eg.-- He is very pushy. --What do you mean by“pushy”?4、Why is linguistics ascience?Linguistics is the scientificstudy of language.Ascientific study is one whichis based on the systematicinvestigation of data,conducted with reference tosome general theory oflanguage structure. It isscientific, because it is basedon the systematicinvestigation of data,conducted with reference tosome general theory oflanguage structure.5、Differences andsimilarities betweenSaussure and Chomsky’sdistinction :Saussure took asociological view oflanguage and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions. Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.Both Saussure’s language and Chomsky competence focus on that language is actually systematic rules. Parole and performance give highlight on the application of language and actual italicization of this knowledge. The former is abstract, stable and the latter is not.6、Explain the rules of the pairs like “possible—impossible”, “human—inhuman”, “regular—irregular”.The sound assimilation is actually reflected in the spelling in most cases. Instead of “impossible”, the negative form of possible is “impossible”, as the /n/ sound is assimilated to /m/. For the same reason, human is to inhuman, regular is to “irregular”.7、How does sequential rule help the learners to learn English?The patterning of sounds in a particular language is governed by rules. The phonological system determines which phonemes can begin a word, end a word, and follow each other. These are called sequential rules.Learners’ knowledge ofEnglish “tells”them thatthose are the onlyarrangement of thosephonemes permissible inEnglish, and what is notpossible words in English.8、How does the stress ofEnglish function inconveying meaning?The location of stress inEnglish distinguishesmeaning. 1)For sometwo-syllabic words, a shift ofstress may change the wordclass from a noun to a verbor an adjective and themeaning: 'present —pre'sent 'desert —de'sert'record —re'cord 'content—con'tent 'survey —sur'vey 'conduct —con'duct 2) A shift of stressmay change the wordmeaning between acompound noun and a nounphrase:a 'greenhouse —agreen 'house a 'hotdog —a hot 'dog 3)Stress may fallon any word or syllable in asentence to distinguishmeaning:I 'can’t speak English. (Notwilling to speak.) 'I can’tspeak English. (Maybe theothers can.) I can’t 'speakEnglish. (Maybe I can write.)9、How can intonationdistinguish meaning?Intonation plays an importantrole in conveying meaning inalmost every language.English has four basic typesof intonation, known as fourtones: falling, rising, fall-rise,and rise-fall. When spoken indifferent tones, the samesentence may have differentmeanings.It may indicatedifferent sentence types bypitch direction.Statement —falling toneQuestion —rising toneSometimes it may indicateconnotative meaning.I can’t eat anything. Ican’t eat anything.It may impose differentstructures on the sentence bydividing it into differentintonation units.Those who bought(升调)quickly made a profit.Those who bought quickly(降调)made a profit.It may bring part of asentence into prominence byplacing the nucleus on thesyllable concerned toemphasize that part. Ithought perhaps you (降调)might help me.10、Why is word a“minimum free form”?Because word is the smallestunit which can constitute byitself, a complete utterance.Expressions such as “Hi”,“Darling”, “Shit”canfunction like this.11、Discuss the order ofdeterminers in the phrases.When different sub-classesof determiners occur together,they follow the order ofpredeterminers + centraldeterminers+post-determiners. Then we find the expressions “all their trouble”, not “their all trouble”.With each sub-class, the numbers are usually exclusive of each other. So we do not have expressions like “the this boy”, “all both girls”. But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occur before cardinal numerals, such as “the first two days”, “another two weeks”. 12、Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of IC Analysis.Advantage of IC Analysis:Through IC Analysis, the internal structure of a sentence may be demonstrated clearly, and ambiguities, if any, will be revealed.The problems of IC Analysis: 1)Some advocators insisted on binary division. Any construction, at any level, will be cut into two parts. But this is not always possible.2)Constructions with discontinuous constituent will pose technique problems for tree diagrams in IC Analysis. In Yes-no questions, the auxiliary verb will be separated from the main verb and moved to the front of the subject.3)The most serious problem is that there are structural ambiguities which cannot be revealed. 13、What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory (唯名论、实名论) 2)The conceptualist view (思维论、概念论) 3)Contextualism (语境主义) 4)Behaviourism14、In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. This is parallel to the way a phoneme is analyzed into smaller components called distinctive features.。
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谈语言(On Language)
谈语言(On Language)谈语言(On Language) language varies from country to country. it differs not only in written and spoken language but also in gestures.
once my american teacher, dr. joe johnson, went ont shopping. he was surprlsed to find out that he couldn't even count on his fingers proficiently in china. he tried to buy six oranges. the orange seller couldn't understand his two handed counting when he showed him five left hand fingers and one right hand finger. he was also confused when a driver said he would pick him up at six o'clock, and held his right band in a gesture familiar to himself. the gesture was not familiar as a six. it resembled a pipe.
there were no trouble with the numbers one, four, and five. in china, we show the middle and index fingers to mean two, but, for the americans, it means victory. the chinese guesture for three, to americans. means okay. the chinese seven is like many people from southern europe aad the middle east gesture to mean money . a chinese eight is like a symbol for a pistol. a chinese nine in an american tv studio
means that you have thirty seconds left to finish what you are doing. and a chinese ten, to an american, can be an expression of anger, but not if there is a pleasant chinese face behind it!。