语言学练习 Exercises for chapter 1

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《英美文学简史及名篇选读》课后练习参考答案

《英美文学简史及名篇选读》课后练习参考答案《英美文学简史及名篇选读》单元练参考答案Exercises of Chapter II. XXX.1. Angles；Saxons; Jutes2.Beowulf3.French；Latin; Old EnglishII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.D2.C3.B4.E5. AIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.D3.B4.BExercises of Chapter III. XXX.1.Utopia2.Francis Bacon3.Hamlet;Othello;King Lear;Macbeth4.classical;human activities;XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.Part I :1.D2.E3. B4. C5.APart II:6.L7.K8. I9.G10.F.11.H12. JIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.D3.B4.B5.C6.CExercises of Chapter III1I. XXX.1. Charles I ; Parliament2. XXX ; XXX3. King Charles II；Restoration4.XXX XXX ; XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.Part I :1.C2.D3.B4. APart II :1.H2.E3.F4.GIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.D2.C3.D4.B5.CExercises of Chapter IVI. XXX.1.Sentimentalism2.XXX XXX3.XXX FieldingII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.、XXX.DIII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.C3.A4,E5.DExercises of Chapter VI. XXX.1798;Walter XXX’s XXX23.Walter XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.C3.E4.F5.G6.A7.DIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.D2.C3.C4.D5.BExercises of Chapter VII.XXX.1.1837；1901；remarkable；expansion；XXX contradiction between the rich and the poor; the conflicts between capitaland labour; the widespread unemployment; severe depression3.The Life of Charlotte Bronte4.Lewis Carroll；Oxford;Alice’XXX; Through theLooking-GrassII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.F2.A3.B4.C5.H6.E7.J8.K9.G10.L11.D12.IIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.D2.C3.B4.D5.B6.CExercises of Chapter VIII. XXX.1. XXX 19252. Stream of consciousness3. science fiction; XXX fiction4. Modernism5. XXX Joyce; Virginia Woolf;XXX FaulknerII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.C3.G4.E5.F6.H7.D8.A3III. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.A3.D4.D5.AExercises of Chapter VIIII. XXX.1. Booker Prize (The XXX); Full-length; English: UK2.Animal Farm；XXX Eighty-Four3. Elias Canetti; Doris Lessing; XXX; Harold PinterII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.B2.G3.C4.F5.H6.J7.A8.I9.E10.DIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.D3.C4.D5.AExercises of Chapter IXI. XXX.1. XXX2. New England XXX3. believers ; divinity; intuition; reason4. Washington Irving; XXX;Nature;XXX’sWaldenII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.E2.B3.H4.F5.C6.G7.A8.DIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.B2.B3.D4.D5.C6.AExercises of Chapter XI. XXX.41. naturalism; realism2. International XXX3. industrialization ; XXX4. wit ; satire5. feministII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.1.C2.A3.B4.H5.F6.D7.E8.GIII. Choose the best answer for each statement.1.A2.B3.B4.D5.BExercises of Chapter XII. XXX.1. Lost Generation2.XXX O’XXXII. Find the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.Part I :1.B2.E3.D4.A5.C。

语言学教程各章节练习及答案

Exercises to Linguistics外语系黄永亮Chapter 1 Invitation to Linguistics1.Define the following terms:Langue: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members ofa speech community.Parole:parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Prescriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct andstandard”behaviour in using language, i.e. to tell people what they shouldday and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Descriptive: Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use, it is said to be descriptive;competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.Performance: Chomsky defines performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Synchronic: The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study;Diachronic: The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Linguistics：Linguistics may be defined as the systematic (or scientific) study of language.language： Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.”2.Does the traffic light system have duality, why?No. No discrete units on the first level that can be combined freely in the second level to form meaning. There is only simple one to one relationship between signs and meaning, namely, re-stop, green-go and yellow-get ready to go or stop.munication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialexpression. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?Less arbitrary, lack duality, less creative, limited repertoire, emotional-oriented.4.Why is competence and performance an important distinction in linguistics?According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite numbers of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker’s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors. Thus, Chomsky proposed that linguists should focus on the study of competence, not performance. The distinction of the two terms “competence and performance”represents the orientation of linguistic study. So we can say competence and performance is an important distinction in linguistics.5.In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in the following basic ways: Firstly, priority is given, as mentioned earlier, to spoken language. Secondly, focus is on synchronic study of language, rather than on diachronic study of language. Thirdly, modern linguistics is descriptive rather than prescriptive in nature. Linguists endeavor to state objectively the regularities of a language. They aim at finding out how a language is spoken: they do not attempt to tell people how it should be spoken. Fourthly, modern linguistics is theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented. Modern linguists strive to construct theories of language that can account for language in general. These features distinguished modern linguistics from traditional grammar. The two are complementary. Not contradictory. Knowledge of both is necessary for a language teacher: knowledge of the latter is necessary for a language learner.Chapter 2 Phonetics1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English1)[❆] voiced dental fricative2)[☞] voiceless alveolar fricative3)[☠] velar nasal4)[♎] voiced alveolar stop5)[☐] voiceless bilabial stop6)[ ] voiceless velar stop7)[●] (alveolar) lateral8)[♓] high front lax unrounded vowel9)[◆:] high back tense rounded vowel10)[ ] low back lax rounded vowel2. How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?Consonants are described according to manner and place of articulation while vowels are described with four criteria: part of the tongue that is raised; extent to which the tongue rises in the direction of the palate; kind of opening made at the lips; position of soft palate.3. Which sound may be described asa voiced bilabial plosive [♌]a voiced labio-dental fricative [ ]a voiceless velar plosive [ ]4. Why might a photographer ask the person she is photographing to say cheese?The vowel of the word cheese [♓:] is produced with the lips spread, this resemblinga smile.5.Account for the difference in articulation in each of the following pairs of words:coast ghost; ghost boastboast most; ghost mist;The words coast and ghost are distinguished by the fact that the initial segment is voiceless in the case of the former and voiced in the case of the latter.The word ghost and boast are distinguished by the place of articulation of the initial segment, [♑] being velar while [♌] is bilabial.Boast and most are distinguished by the manner of articulation of the initial segment, [❍] being nasal.Most and mist are distinguished by the fact that the former has a rounded back vowel shile the latter has a spread front vowel.Chapter 3 Phonology1.Define the following termsPhonology: Phonology is concerned with the sound system of languages. It is concerned with which sounds a language uses and how the contribution of sounds to thetask of communication.Phone: A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phonesPhoneme: Phoneme is the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive ina particular language.Allophone: Allophone refers any of the different forms of a phoneme is an allophone of it in English. Compare the words peak and speak, for instance. The /☐/ in peak is aspirated; phonetically transcribed as [☐♒] while the /☐/ in speak is unaspirated, phonetically [☐＝ ]. [☐,☐♒] are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /☐/. Such variants of a phoneme are called Allophone of the same phoneme.Suprasegmental features:.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called Suprasegmental features. Suprasegmental features include: stress, tone and intonation.2.Transcribe the realization of the past tense morpheme for each of the following words:Waited waved wiped waded. account for the differences.[id] in “waited”and “waded”follows another alveolar plosive. [d] in “waved”follows voiced consonants.[t] in “wiped” follows voiceless consonants, there being voicing assimilation. 3. which of the following would be phonologically acceptable as English words?Thlite grawl dlesher shlink tritch sruck stwondle“grawl” and “tritch”4.Why can we not use the sequence [☠kl] in twinkle as an example of a consonant cluster?The sequence [☠kl] bridges two syllables.5.For each of the following pairs compare the position of the stress. Comment.Economy/economic wonder/wonderfulBeauty/beautiful acid/acidicIn adjectives ending in –ic the stress moves to the following syllable, in adjectives ending in –ful it does not.6.Explain why somebody might choose to stress the following utterances as indicated bythe bold type:a) John want ed to do this today. b) John wanted to do this today. c) John wantedto do this to day.The first utterance implies that John was unable to do what he wanted.The second implies that he was only able to do something else.The third implies that he was only able to do it some other day.Chapter 4 Morphology1.Define the following terms:Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that can not be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Compound:Polymorphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes, such as classroom, blackboard, snowwhite, etc.Allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. For example, in English the plural morpheme -‘s but it is pronounced differently in different environments as /s/ in cats, as /z/ in dogs and as /iz/ in classes. So /s/, /z/, and /iz/ are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.Bound morpheme: an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the word it is added to, e.g. the plural morpheme in “dogs”.Free morpheme: an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.plete the words with suitable negative prefixesa. ir removable g. in humanb. in formal h. ir relevantc. im practicable i. un evitabled. in sensible j. im mobilee. in tangible k. il legalf. il logical l. in discreet3. “Morpheme” is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationshipbetween expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical conceptor a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme?Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, it at the same time covers the grammatical and semantic aspect of linguistic unit. A morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. and independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.4. Identify in the following sentence four bound morphemes. State the function ofeach and say whether each is derivational or inflectional.The teacher’s brother considered the project impossible.The –er and the –‘s of teacher’s are bound morphemes, the former being derivational, as it produces a lexeme that denotes the person who does an action, the latter being an inflectional morpheme, as it indicates possession.The –ed of considered is inflectional, indicating that the action took place in the past. The im- of impossible is derivational, producing a new lexeme that denotes the opposite of possible.Chapter 5 Syntax1.Define the following terms:Category: parts of speech and functions, such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech, the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate, etc.Concord:also known as agreement, is the requirement that the forms of two or more wordsin a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of somecategoriesSyntagmatic relation:. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all present. Paradigmatic relation: a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element presentand the others absent.Deep structure: is defined as the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction, i. e. the underlying level of structural relationsbetween its different constituentsSurface structure: is the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of aconstruction people actually produce and receive.Theme: The Theme is the first constituent of the clause.Rheme: All the rest of the clause is simply labeled the Rheme.2.Why is it important to know the relations a sign has with others, such as syntaxgmaticand paradigmatic relations?As the relation between a signifier and signified is arbitrary, the value of a sign can not be determined by itself. To know the identity of a sign, the linguist will have to know the signs it is used together with and those it is substitutable for.The former relation is known as syntagmatic and the latter paradigmatic.3.In what ways is IC analysis better than traditional parsing?In traditional parsing, a sentence is mainly seen as a sequence of individual words, as if it has only a linear structure. IC analysis, however, emphasizes the hierarchical structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.In this way the internal of structure of a sentence is shown more clearly, hence the reason of some ambiguities may be revealed.4.What are the problems in IC analysis?There are some technical problems caused by the binary division and discontinuous constituents. But the main problem is that there are structures whose ambiguities cannot be revealed by IC analysis, e.g. the love of God. In terms of both the treediagram and the label, there is only one structure, but the word God is in two different relations with love, i.e. either as subject or object.5.Clarify the ambiguity in the following sentence by tree diagrams:Old teachers and priests fear blackbirds.SNP VPAdj. NP V NOld fear blackbirds.N Conj. Nteachers and priestsSNP VPNP Conj. N V NAdj. N and priests fear blackbirds.Old teachersChapter 6 Semantics1. defining the following terms:semantics: The subject concerning the study of meaning is called semantics. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistics units,words and sentences in particular.Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in the real world.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entitya word denotes.Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situational context.Reference: the use of language to express a proposition, i.e. to talk about things in context.Synonymy: is the technical name for the sameness relation.Antonymy: is the name for oppositeness relation:hyponymy: a relation between two words, in which the meaning of one word (the superordinate) is included in the meaning of another word (the hyponym) semantic component: a distinguishable element of meaning in a word with two values,e.g. [+human].2. Some people maintain that there are no true synonyms. If two words mean really thesame, one of them will definitely die out. An example often quoted is the disuse of the word “wireless”, which has been replaced by “radio”. Do you agree? In general what type of meaning we are talking about when we say two words aresynonymous with each other?It is true that there are no absolute synonyms. When we say two words are synonymous with each other, we usually mean they have the same conceptual meaning.3. For each of the following pairs of words, state the principal reason why they maynot be considered to be synonyms:man boy toilet loo determined stubbornpavement sidewalk walk runThe words man and boy are principally distinguished be age, the words walk and run by speed. The principal distinction between the words toilet and loo is one of social register. Determined and stubborn are largely distinguished by attitude—a person reluctant to give up is described as determined by those who sympathize and as stubborn by those who do not. The difference between the words pavement and sidewalkis a matter of geography, the former being used in Britain and the latter in America.Chapter 7 Pragmantics1. defining the following terms:Performative:an utterance by which a speaker does something does something,as apposed toa constative, by which makes a statement which may be true or false. Constative:an utterance by which a speaker expresses a proposition which may be true or false.Locutuonary act: the act of saying something; it’s an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. Namely, the utterance of asentence with determinate sense and reference.Illocutuonary act: the act performed in saying something; its force is identical with the speaker’s intention.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’s the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. Cooperative principle:in making conversation, there is, as Grice holds, a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. He calls this guidingprinciple the Cooperative Principle, CP for short.. It runs as follows:"make your conversational contribution such as is required, at thestage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of thetalk exchange in which you are engaged.”Conversational implicature: the extra meaning not contained in the literal utterances,understandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker’sknowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one ofthe four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)2. Consider the following dialogue between a man and his daughter. Try to explain the illocutionary force in each of the utterances.[The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes so e popcorn.]Father: I thought you were practicing your violin.Daughter: I need to get the violin stand.Father: Is it under the popcorn?The illocutionary force of “I thought you were practicing your violin”is a criticism of the daughter for her not practicing the violin. That of the daughter’s answer is a defense for herself—I’m going to do that. And that of the father’s retort is a denial of the daughter’s excuse.3.If you ask somebody “Can you open the door?”he answered “Yes”but does not actuallydo it, what would be your reaction? Why? Try to see it in the light of speech act theory.I would be angry with him. “Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it rather than a question about his ability. The fact that he answers “Yes” but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.4. A is reading the newspaper. When B asks “What’s on television tonight?” he answers “Nothing.” What does A mean in normal situations? Think of two situations in which this interpretation of “Nothing” will be cancelled.Normally “Nothing” here means “Nothing interesting”. If A adds after “Nothing” “The workers are on strike today” or “There’s going to be a blackout tonight”, then the interpretation of “Nothing interesting’ will be cancelled.。

latex-answers

Answers to the exercises for chapter:L A T E X1.foo2.A macro is a piece of replacement text.Therefore it does not induce a group,like a function does.It does not even have to be a complete instruction.Looping in a macro language is done with tail recursion.Since tail recursion does not need to maintain a stack,there is no diﬀerence in eﬃciency.3.In theﬁrst case,clearly there was a percent sign after the90that was notescaped.The remaining text on the line was then ignored by L A T E X.The word ‘From’has special meaning in email.If this word appears at the beginning ofa line,mail software escapes it with>.4.5.The\verb command should be able to have braces,in particular a closingbrace,in its argument.6.Consider the case where the toc is at the start of the document.Theﬁrstpass generates the toc and the labels.In the second pass labels are used,but because the toc is inserted,the page references are oﬀagain and another pass is needed.7.In T E X by Topic no information is against the spine of the book.That makesit easier to leaf through it searching for both section titles and page numbers.The right running head seems to the number and title of theﬁrst section that starts on that page,if any.Having the title of the last section would be better.8.The environment given does not work,because after the verbatim begin,L A T E Xlooks for a literal end verbatim line.9.First part\newcounter{answer}\newenvironment{answer}{\refstepcounter{answer}\par\textbf{Problem\arabic{answer}.}\}{\par}Put any code snippets in includeﬁles,which you include with\input and \verbatiminput.1。

普通语言学练习题

Exercises for Chapter OneI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. in the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and the checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the oral language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement.21. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said tobe ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic22. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness23. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable24. in modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. Speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above25. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative26. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantics and linguistic27. according to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language28. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas29. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission30. the details of any language system are passed on from one generation to the next through____, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both a and BIII. Match the following sentences to the onomatopoeia that describes them.A plate being dropped on the floor. TWINKLEA balloon being burst. BANGA gun being shot. SMASHSomeone eating crisps. GROWLA light being switched on. POPA fierce dog. CRUNCHA small bell being rung. CLICKIV. Put each of the onomatopoeias into a sentenceV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?2.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronicstudy?3.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not thewritten?4.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?5.How do you understand competence and performance?6.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky's distinctio nbetween competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?7. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Phonetics & PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. the articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. according to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories. II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given: 21．A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. They are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/40．The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phonemeV. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. []2. []3. []4. [d]5. [p]6. [k]7. [l]8. [i]]9. [u:] 10. []VI. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1. voiceless labiodental fricative2. voiced postalveolar fricative3. palatal approximant4. voiceless glottal fricative5. voiceless alveolar stop6. high-mid front unroundedvowel 7. high central unrounded vowel 8. low front rounded vowel9. low-mid back rounded vowel 10. high back rounded tense vowelV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. How the description of consonants are different from that of vowels.III．MorphologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words areformed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme thebasic unit in the study of morphology.4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are freemorphemes.5.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammaticalcategories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7.The existing form to which a inflectional affix can be added is called a stem, which canbe a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:10.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.11.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.12.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.13.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.14. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word andit may case change its part of speech.15.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to createnew words.17. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.18.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which aderivational affix can be added.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21.T he morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is_______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example,within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. in grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labelsof the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “Y ou have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms:31. morphology32. inflectional morphology33. derivational morphology34. morpheme35. free morpheme36. bound morpheme37. root38. affix39. prefix40. suffix41. derivation42. Compounding31. semantics32. sense 33 . reference34. synonymy 35. Polysemy36. homonymy 37. homophones38. Homographs39. complete homonyms40. hyponymy 41.antonymy11。

语言学练习（一,二）

语言学练习（一,二）Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 2Multiple choices (3*15=45?)1. Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe English consonants?A. voicelessB. oralC. alveolarD. lateral2. Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?A. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeB. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.C. Allophones distinguish meaning.D. Allophones are language-specific.3. The word _____ contains a high vowel.A. matB. mudC. dotD. boot4. Phoneticians adopt the following standards in describing English consonants. Which of the following is NOT correct about [s] sound?A. fricativeB. voicelessC. alveolarD. affricate5. The syllabic structure of “blade” can be described as______.A. CCVCB. CCVCVC. CVCD. CVCV6. _______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. AssimilationD. Metathesis7. Assimilation includes the following phenomena except________.A. nasalizationB. palatalizationC. dentalizationD. transmutation8. Which of the following statements is correct? ( )A. Diacritics added to letter-symbols bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone can do.B. The lips are the most flexible part in articulation, only secondary to tongue.C. The [e] sound in English is a front, semi-close, unrounded, tense vowel.D. Minimal pairs are created in order to show the distinctive value of one phone.9. Which is not a suprasegmental feature? ( )A. stressB. toneC. intonationD. conjuncture10. About phone, phoneme and allophone, which statement is wrong? ( )A. Phones are speech sounds we actually hear and produce during linguistic communication.B. Phones do not necessarily have distinctive values but phonemes do.C. Allophones in some cases also have distinctive values.D. Phones in complementary distribution are not necessarily allophones.11. Which one is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [?]C. [e]D. [I]12. _____ doesn?t form a minimal pair.A. meter-metreB. ill-isC. pad-patD. ton-tongue13. Conventionally, a ____ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme14. In the word______, [l] is velarized.A. leadB. stealC. lethalD. glide15. There are ____ syllables and _____ phonemes in the wordgentlemanly.A. 4, 9B. 3, 10C. 4, 10D. 3, 9Blank-filling (2*10=20?)16. If a sound can be a substitute for the other in a word in the same environment without changing the meaning, the two sounds are in__________ _________ (two words).17. The maximal numbers of consonants in coda position and onset position are respectively _____ and_____ (e.g. ________ and _______).18. The [g] sound is silent in design and paradigm but present in their corresponding forms signature and paradigmatic. This is due to a _______ rule which could be stated as: when occurring before a final consonant, a[g] sound is not pronounced.19. In terms of places of articulation, [θ] and [e ] can be classified into the category _______.20. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit which has distinctive value.21. When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be _______. True or false (T for true and F for false 1*10=10?)22. Linguists are concerned with all the sounds produced by the human speech organs. ( )23. English has four basic types of intonation. ( )24. Suprasegmental features cannot distinguish meaning. ( )25. Phonology is language specific but phonetics is not. ( )26. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception ofspeech sounds. ( )27. The stress can be laid on different syllables of a word, resulting in different meanings. ( )28. Because of assimilation, the negative forms of legal and possible are illegal and impossible. ( )29. All vowels are voiceless. ( )30. [m] sound is both a labiodental and a nasal. ( )31. The sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. ( )Brief definitions (3*5=15?)32. phonology33. articulatory phonetics34. complementary distributionSound Description (2*5=10?)Describe the following speech sounds according to the criteria that we have learnt.35. [Λ]____________________________________________36. [ j ]____________________________________________37. [d?]____________________________________________38. [ h ]____________________________________________39. [ I ]____________________________________________Exercises of LinguisticsChapter 1Multiple choices (4*10=40?)1.Which of the following does not fall into the core of linguistics?A. phoneticsB. syntaxC. sociolinguisticsD. semantics2.Of the following statements, which is incorrect?A.Applied linguistics in a narrow sense refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching.B.The study of language variation in terms of gender and psychology belongs to the category ofpsycholinguistics.C.Modern linguistics takes a descriptive attitude rather than a prescriptive one in language study.D.The ultimate goal of language is not just to generate grammatically well-formed sentences but to createmeaningful sentences.3.Which of the following statements are problematic?A.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective, which seeks to describe the language people actually use.B.According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of acommunity, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.C. A diachronic approach in modern linguistics is given priority over a synchronic one.D.N. Chomsky thinks what a linguist should study is an ideal speaker’s performance instead of his competence.4.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in some different ways except ____.A.Linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is laying down rules of “correctness”.B.Spoken language is given prominence, not the written language in modern linguistics. The situation wasreverse in traditional grammar.C.Traditional grammar only examined one aspect of language while modern linguistics studies language in a comprehensive way.D.Modern linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for all others while traditional grammarians proposed a universal framework.5.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.”--The famous quotation from Shakespeare's playRomeo and Juliet demonstrates that language and objects in physical world are associated by _____.A. conventionB. rulesC. arbitrarinessD. symbols6.Choose correct statements about arbitrariness of language.______/doc/fd6908020.html,nguage is not entirely arbitrary.B.Onomatopoeic words in language are motivated.C.Some compounds in language are not formed entirely arbitrarily.D.Different sounds may refer to the same object in different languages.7. A professor is employing the _____ function when he says, “Next, I will explain what …Paleozoic? means.”A. referentialB. conativeC. metalinguisticD. poetic8.Human language can be used to refer to situations removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.This design feature is called _____.A. productivityB. displacementC. discretenessD. duality 9.According to Halliday, when we use language to organize our experience of the real or imaginary world, we are performing the _____ function of language.A. textualB. interpersonalC. ideationalD. evaluative10.We can understand abstract words like happiness and motivation. This shows language has the propertyof _______.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacementTrue or false (T for true and F for false) (4*6=24?)11. Recursiveness, as seen in some sentences, well illustrates the creativity of language. ( )12. Some animal communication systems do show the feature of duality. ( )13. The sentence “I like the idea that Joseph proposed at the conference” shows referential function of language.( )14. Human child must learn a specific language after s/hewas born though genetically endowed with the ability to learn. ( )15. The distinction between syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation was made by N. Chomsky. ( )16. A linguistic study is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. ( )Brief Definitions17. What is language? (6’)18. What is called general linguistics? (10’)Thought-provoking Question (20’)19. Is it necessary to make a distinction between speech and writing in linguistic study? Why?。

语言学选择题

Exercises for the test of linguisticsThere are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that best complete the statement.Chapter 1 Introduction1.The study of language as a whole is often called ________ linguistics.A.particularB.generalC.ordinaryD.generative2.Traditional grammar regards the ________ form of language as primary, not thespoken form.A. oralB. writtenC. writingD. vocal3. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. synchronic 限于一时的B. diachronic 历时的C. historicalD. comparative4.According to F. de Saussure, ________ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community.A.paroleB.performancengue 语言nguage5. Language is arbitrary in that there is no logical connection between meanings and________.A. wordsB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas6. Which of the following isn‟t the design features of human language?A. arbitrarinessB. performanceC. dualityD. displacement7. The core of linguistics excludes ________.A. semantics n.语义学B. morphology 形态学C. phonetics 语音(学)D. psycholinguistics 语言心理学Chapter 2 Phonology语音体系1.________ is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world‟s languages.A.PhonologyB.PhoneticsC.MorphologyD.Phonemics2.Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the ________ properties of the stream ofsounds which a speaker issues.A.oralB.mentalC.physicalD.recorded3.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ________ sounds.A.V oicelessB.voiced ,浊音的C.vowelD.consonantal 辅音的,4.[p] is a voiceless bilabial双唇音的________.A.affricateB.fricativeC.stopD.liquid5.________ aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns andhow these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A.LinguisticsB.PhoneticsC.Phonology音位学D.Articulatory phonetics6. A ________ is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phonemeB.phoneC.soundD.speech7.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the ________ of that phoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones8.________ is a typical tone language.A.EnglishB.ChineseC.FrenchD.American EnglishChapter 3 Morphology形态学1.Morphology refers to the ________ of words.A.scienceB.formC.historyD.system2.The smallest meaningful unit of language is ________.A.morpheme词素B.phoneC.phonemeD.allomorpheme3.The word “boyish” contains two ________.A.phonemesB.morphsC.morphemesD.allomorphs4.________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A.FreeB.BoundC.RootD.Affix5.Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case”and so forth arecalled ________ morphemes.A.inflectionalB.independentC.freeD.derivational6.________ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part ofspeech of the original word.A.Prefixes前缀B.Suffixes后缀C.RootsD.Affixes 词缀7.In English “-ise” and “-tion” are called ________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.infixes中缀D.free morphemes8.There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ________ toform a new word.A.rootB.affixC.stemD.word9.The words such as “lab” and “doc” are ________.A.formed by blendingB.acronyms首字母缩略词C.coined by back-formation .逆构词逆构法D.clipped words省略词,截短词(省略开首或末尾部分,如flu代表influenza)10.The compound word “running dog” should be pronounced ________, when itmeans “a person who follows others blindly”.A.running …dogB.…running ,dog重音在running上，次重音在dog上C.…running …dogD.,running …dogChapter 4 Syntax句法1.Syntax is the study of the interrelationships between elements of sentencestructure and of the rules governing the way words are ________ to form sentences in a language.A.analyzedB.examinedC.linkedD.arranged2.________ lexical categories are open categories in the sense that new words areconstantly added.A.Minor Minor lexical categories are closed categoriesB.MajorC.AllD.None of the above3.NP and ________ are essential components of a sentence.A.VPB.PPC.APD.CP4.The two clauses in a ________ sentence are structurally equal parts of thesentence.A.simplepleteplexD.coordinate 并列句5.The embedded clause内嵌句in a complex sentence is normally called ________clause.A.a subordinate从句B. a mainC. a matrixD.a major6.Transformational grammar is a type of grammar first proposed by ________ inthe mid-1950s.A.SaussureB.BloomfieldC.ChomskyD.Halliday7.The rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences are called________ rules.A.lexicalB.structuralC.coordinatebinational8.________ can generate an infinite number of sentences.A.Phrase structure rules 短语结构规则B.Movement rulesC.Syntactic rulesD.None of the aboveChapter 5 Semantics语义学1.Semantics can be defined as the study of ________.A.wordsB.meaningmunicationD.context2.Sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between thelinguistic elements themselves (mostly words); it is concerned with _________ relations.A.extra-linguisticB.intra-linguisticC.non-linguisticD.multi-linguistic3.Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements (words,sentences, etc) and the ________ of experience.A.extra-linguisticB.intra-linguisticC.non-linguisticD.multi-linguistic4.Two words that are opposite in meaning are called ________.A.Synonyms 同义词B.Homonyms n.同形同音异义词C.Antonyms 反义词D.homophones同音异义词5.The pair of words “wide / narrow” are called ________.A.gradable oppositesplementary antonymsC.co-hyponymsD.relational opposites6.What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/ rose”?A.Polysemy 多义关系B.Synonymy 同义关系C.Hyponymy 上下义关系D.Antonymy 反义关系7.The words “railway” and “railroad” are ________.A.emotive synonymsB.dialectal synonymsC.stylistic synonymsD.collocational synonyms8.The same word may have more than one meaning, which is called ________.A.synonymyB.homonymyC.hyponymyD.polysemy9.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ________.A.gradable antonymsB.relational oppositesplementary antonymsD.none of the above10.The way to analyze sentence meaning is called ________ analysis.ponentialB.predicationC.syntacticD.logicalChapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学1.Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description ofmeaning if ________ of language use was left unconsidered.A.brevity简洁B.context语境C.accuracy 准确(性)D.none of the above2.If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course ofcommunication, it becomes ________.A.a sentenceB.an actC. a unitD.an utterance 话语3.________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A.SpeakingB.SpeechC.SoundD.Spoken4.One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of ________ acts.A.locutionaryB.illocutionaryC.perlocutionaryD.speech5.Of the three speech act, linguistics are most interested in the ________.A.locutionary actB.perlocutionary actC.illocutionary act 语言外表现行为D.none of the above6.Most of the violation of the maxims of the CP give rise to ________.A.utterance meaningB.speech act theoryC.conversational implicaturesD.all of the above7.The significance of Grice‟s CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for thespeaker to convey ________ is literally said.A.more thanB.less thanC.the same asD.none of the aboveChapter 7 Language Change1.We may use the term ________ instead of historical linguistics as a way ofreferring to the approach which studies language change over various period of time and at various historical stages.A.diachronic linguisticsB.synchronic linguisticsC.sociolinguisticsD.psycholinguistics2.An important set of extensive sound changes affecting vowels, known as the GreatV owel Shift, occurred at the end of the ________.A.Old English periodB.Middle English periodC.Modern English periodD.Middle ages3.The most widely-spread morphological changes in the historical development ofEnglish are the loss and addition of ________.A.prefixesB.suffixesC.affixesD.case markings4.The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of ________.A.gender markingsB.case markingsC.tense markingsD.both A and B5.The most vigorous and on-going change in the historical development of alanguage is the change in its ________.A.soundB.vocabularyC.morphological systemD.syntax6.The most obvious way in which Modern English differs lexically from OldEnglish is in the number of borrowed words from other languages, particular from ________.tinB.FrenchC.GreekD.German7.Chinese, the most popular language of the world, belongs to the ________ family.A.Indo-EuropeanB.Sino-TibetanC.AustronesianD.AfroasiaticChapter 8 Language and Society1.The goal of ________ is to explore the nature of language variation and languageuse among a variety of speech communities and different social situations.A.psycholinguisticsB.sociolinguisticsC.historical linguisticsD.general linguistics2.The situation in which two or more languages are used side by side is referred toas ________.A.diglossia 双语双语制B.bilingualism 双语现象C.pidginizationD.blending3. A linguistic ________ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite” society from general use.A.slangB.euphemism 委婉语C.jargon 行话; 黑话; 隐语,行业术语D.taboo禁忌4. A ________ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen a speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.A.linguistic tabooB.euphemismC.address termD.pidgin5.In normal situations, ________ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms thantheir ________ counterparts with the same social background.A.female; maleB.male; femaleC.old; youngD.young; old6.In general, language characteristic of ________ register is more often used in thewritten form than in the spoken form.rmalB.formalC.neutralD.none of the above7.It is ________ for individuals to be a perfect user of two languages in a full rangeof situations.monB.rareC.impossibleD.none of the aboveChapter 9 Language and Brain1.________ deals with how language is acquired, understood, and produced.A.Sociolinguistics社会语言学B.Psycholinguistics语言心理学C.Neurolinguistics神经语言学D.Anthropological linguistics 人类语言学2.The left hemisphere of human brain is responsible for the functions of ________.nguage and speechB.calculationC.analytic reasoning and associative thoughtD.all of the above3.________ refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain.nguage lateralizationB.Brain lateralization大脑的侧化C.Right ear advantageD.None of the above4.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about ________.nguage and thoughtnguage and translationC.grammatical structureD.second language acquisition5.Linguistic ________ is the brain‟s neurological specialization for language.A.determinism决定论B.relativism相对论petenceteralization(尤指脑部的)偏侧性,偏侧优势,偏利6.The ________ age for the acquisition of the first language coincides with theperiod of brain lateralization.A.youngB.oldC.criticalD.flexibleChapter 10 Language Acquisition1.The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as________.A.appliedB.diachronicparativeD.synchronic2.In general, language acquisition refers to children‟s development of their________ language of the community in which a child has been brought up.A.firstB.secondC.thirdD.foreign3.________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of asecond language usually obtained in school setting.A.AcquisitionB.LearningC.StudyingD.Acquirement4.________ transfer is a process that is more commonly known as interference.A.IntentionalB.PositiveC.NegativeD.Interrogative5.________ was believed to be the major source of difficulties experienced anderrors made by L2 learners.A.TransferB.Positive transferC.Negative transferD.Overgeneralization6.________ approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in whichdifferent L2 learners acquire a new language.A.TransferB.InterferenceC.Contrastive AnalysisD.Error Analysis7.During the process of SLA, a learner constructs a series of internal representationsthat comprises the learner‟s interim knowledge of the target language, this is ________.A.interlanguageB.first languageC.second languageD.foreign language8.The optimum age for SLA is ________.A.childhoodB.early teensC.teensD.adulthood9.Which of the following isn‟t a factor that may influence SLA?A.ageB.motivationC.personalityD.sex10.Which stages does the child belong to according to the development of thegrammatical system when we heard his saying like “No heavy,”“No eat,”“He no bite you,” etc.?A.the development of phonologyB.the development of syntax n. 1.句法;句法规则〔分析〕C.the development of morphology n.形态学(尤指动植物形态学或词语形态学)，形态论the development of vocabulary and semantics语义学11。

英语专业语言学第一章练习

英语专业语言学第一章练习Chapter 1 IntroductionI. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and choose the letter A, B, Cor D.1. deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology2. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by aprocess of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to asA. performanceB. language acquisitionC. cultural transmissionD. competence3. made the distinction between langue and parole.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. SapirD. Hall4. Modern linguistics, i, e., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostlythat is, it describes and analyses language.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic5. Writing is a secondary language form based upon .A. speechB. gestureC. emotionD. sounds6. deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics7. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not tolay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to beA. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic8. Many modern linguists have criticized grammarians for adopting a approachto language study.A. analyticalB. descriptiveC. prescriptiveD. pedagogical9. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”, the famous quotation from Shakespeare’splay “Romeo and Juliet” well illustrates .A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication10. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof thathuman language is .A. arbitraryB. non-arbitraryC. logicalD. non-productive11. Linguistics is the scientific study of .A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human languages in generalD. the system of a particular languageII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.1. Language is a system of a vocal symbols used for human communication.2. S is concerned with the diversity of language as it relates to various sociological factors.3. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d study.4. L refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.5. Language is p in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of newsignals by its users.6. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what d means.7. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .8. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k of the rules of his language.9. Language is v because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter howwell developed their writing systems are.10. In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with otherbranches of s studies, such as sociology and psychology.11. Language exists in time and changes through tine. The description of language at some pointof time is called a s study of language.12. As the first step of their scientific investigation of language, linguists have to observe andcollect linguistic f before they can do anything else.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.( ) 1. Competence means the actual saying of something, or the act of speech itself.( ) 2. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive.( ) 3.Writing is the quickest and the most efficient of the three human communication systems. ( ) 4. Language is a system of arbitrary written symbols used for human communication. ( ) 5. In modern linguistics, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( ) 6. Language is a purely human and instinctive method of communicating ideas by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.( ) 7. Language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages.( ) 8. In modern linguistics, diachronic study seems to enjoy priority over synchronic study. ( ) 9. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.( ) 10. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i. e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and details of a language system are genetically transmitted.( ) 11. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in theirstudy of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form oflanguage and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.IV. Explain the following linguistic terms or notions in English.1．design features2．langue and parole3．competence and performance4.duality5.displacement6.synchronic descriptionV. Revision Exercises : 2, 3, 6, 8。

2013语言学考点

Review exercises of Chapter OneType1:Judge the following statements T(rue) or F(alse):•T1.Linguistics studies not any particular language , but language in general.•F2.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks•T3.In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation.•T4.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.•nguage is a simple entity with multiple layers and facets.•F6.Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.•T7.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.•T8.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.•nguage is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.•F10.Sociolinguistics has nothing to do with language or society.•T11.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive , but sometimes prescriptive.•F12.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar .•F13.A synchronic study of language is a historical study.•F14.Traditional grammar regards the spoken language as primary , not the written language.•T15.The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.•F16.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.•nguage is vocal because the primary medium is sounds for all languages.•nguage is entirely arbitrary.•T19.Productivity is unique to animal language.•nguage is culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted.•F21.Linguists must be able to speak several languages in order to study them.•F22.Linguists are judges, they know what is right and what is wrong about language.•F23.When we say synchronic descriptions of a language are prior to diachronic descriptions, we mean in describing one state of the language , some knowledge of its previous state is unnecessary.•F24.In linguistics study, linguists first work out a theory about language structure, then, test it with language facts.•nguage is arbitrary by nature but it is not entirely arbitrary.•F26.Animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, while human beings haven’t this genetic basis.•T27.No nonhuman communication system is arbitrary.•T28.A linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis of language facts.Type2:Fill in the following blanks:• 1.Human capacity for language has a _genetic_____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.• 2.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of ___language_______.• nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal ____ __symbols_____ ________ used for human communication.• 4.In professional usage, the _linguistics_____ is a scholar who studies language objectively.• 5.If a linguistic study describes and analyses the language people actually use, it is said to be __descriptive____. If it aims to lay down rules for correct behavior it is said to be _______prescriptive______.• 6.Charles Hockett specified ____12_______ design features of human language . the most important features are _arbitrariness______ ___duality______ productivity_______ interchangeability__________ _displacement___________ ____specialization______, etc.•nguage is a system which consists of two sets of structures, one of _sound_______ and the other of ________meaning___.•nguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker, that means language has the feature of ____displacement_____.•9.“ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This sentence means that language has the feature of ___arbitrariness_____.•10.Writing is a secondary language form based upon _speech_________.•11.The reason why an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are not mutually intelligible is because language is culturally ____transmission_______.•12._Displacement_____ means that language can be used to refer to things which present or not present , real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.•nguage is a system consisting of two _dual/articulation_____ structures, or two levels.•nguage is a system of ______arbitrary ____ vocal symbols used for human communication.•15.Chomsky defines conpetence________ as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules of his language.•16.____parole_____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.•17.Modern linguistics gives priority to the _spoken_____ form of language.•18.The description of a language as it changes through time is a ___diachronic______ study.•19.______psycholinguistics____ relates the study of language to psychology.•20.Linguistics is generally defined as the _scientific_____ study of language.Type3: Multiple Choice:•For example: The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is __C____.• A. morphology B. general linguistics• C. phonology D. semantics• 1.A scientific study of language is conducted with references to some _C____ of language structure.• A. data B. general theory C. facts D. hypotheses• 2. ___C__ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.• A. Psycholinguistics B. Applied linguistics• C. Socio-linguistics D. Anthro-linguistics3. The D____ study of language studies the historical development of language over aperiod of time , it is a historical study. A. synchronic B. descriptive• C. prescriptive D. diachronic• 4.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language , it will be possible to describe language from B_____ point of view. A. sociological B. synchronic• C. diachronic D. psychological• 5. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between __D___.• A. prescriptive and descriptive B. synchronic and diachronic• C.speech and writing D. langue and parole• 6. “Language is a purely human and non-linguistic method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”is a definition of language made by_D_____.•Hall B. Chomsky C. Hockett D. Sapir•7. C. Hockett, who specified the design features of language , is a (n)__C__linguist.• A. French B. Swiss C. American D. Canadian•8. A linguist is interested in __B___ primarily.• A.speech sounds only B. all sounds• C. written language D. general theory.•9.Chridren can speak before they can read or write shows that A____.• A. language is basically vocal B. language is arbitrary• C. language is used for communication D. language is productive•10. Which of the following words is not entirely arbitrary?D•crash B. typewriter C. bang D. fish•11.Neither “iolk”nor “a he girl”is accepted to be well constructed in English .This indicates that language is__A___.• A. rule-governed B. not arbitrary C. not produced D. vocal•12. No one has ever said or heard “A black polar bear is playing in a small hotel with an African gibbon”, but one can say it when necessary , and he can understand it in the right register . This shows the _B_ nature of language.• A. arbitrary B. productive C. displaced D. culturally transmitted•13. When a dog is barking , you can decide it is a barking for something or at someone that exists now and there . It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or a bone to be lost.This indicates the language nature of__D___.• A. arbitrariness B. productivity C. duality D. displacement•14. Duality or D_ makes a person to talk about anything with his knowledge.• A.lower level of language B. higher level of language• C. basic level of language D. double articulation of language•15. “Three ”in English , “arbre”in French and “Baum”in German all refer to the same thing . “a type of plant with a wooden trunk and branches”. This indicates that _B___.• A. language is vocal B. language is arbitrary• C. language is productive D. language is culturally transmitted•16. The study of language as a whole is often called_A_____.• A. general linguistics B. sociolinguistics• C. psycholinguistics D. applied linguistics•17.The study of language meaning is called _C_____.• A. syntax B. morphology C. semantics D. pragmatics•18. The description of a language at some point in time is a B____study.• A. diachronic B. synchronic C. descriptive D. prescriptive•19. _D____ made the distinction between langue and parole.• A. Chomsky B. Sapir C. Hall D. Saussure•20. Which of the following is NOT the design features of human language?B• A. Arbitrariness B. Performance• C. Duality D. Displacement•21.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of some practical problems, the study of such application is known as _C___ .• A. anthropological linguistics B. computational linguistics• C. applied linguistics D. mathematical linguistics•22. _____B_ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.• A. Parole B. Langue C. Speech D. Writing•23. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of theA____ nature of language .• A arbitrariness B. productivity C. duality D. cultural transmission•24. Which of the following is NOT a major branch of linguistics?D• A. Phonology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. SpeechType4: Define all the following terminologies:•Page 18-19: Exercise OneLinguistics1. Deﬁne the following terms brieﬂy.(1) linguistics: the scientiﬁc or systematic study of language.(2) language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign and what itrelates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality: the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters)combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence: knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formal abstraction anddistinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance: Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from theknowledge that underlies it, or competence.(7) stylistics: the study of how literary effects can be related to linguistic features.(8) phatic communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintainsocial contact between the speaker and the hearer.(9) functionalism: the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function incommunication.(10) formalism: the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.(11) synchronic linguistics: the study of language and speech as they are used at a givenmoment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: the study of linguistic change over time in contrast to looking atlanguage as it is used at a given moment.Type5: Answer the following questions :•Page 19: Exercise 2,3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.•Type6: Discuss th2. No, language is human-speciﬁc. Human language has seven design features, including arbitrariness, duality, productivity, interchangeability, displacement, specialization and cultural transmission. These features are found utterly lacking in do gs’ or pigs’ noises and thus set human language apart from animal cry systems.3. Arbitrariness refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection bet ween a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, for the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, in Chinese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese; it barks wow wow in English but wang wang in Chinese. Of course, onomatopoetic words such as “quack-quack” and “bang” are exceptions, but words like these are re latively few compared with the total number of words in a language.4. A human baby does not speak any language at birth. What language the baby is going to speak is determined by the culture he is born into. A Chinese baby born and brought up in London by an English family will speak English, while an English child brought up in Beijing by a Chinese aunt will speak Chinese. That is to say, language cannot be transmitted through heredity. It is culturally transmitted.5. Firstly, linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness while traditional grammar emphasizes correctness. Secondly, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, while traditional grammar emphasizes the priority of the written language. Thirdly, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages, while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.6. A descriptive approach attempts to tell what is in the language while the prescriptive approach tells people what should be in the language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.7. Synchronic linguistics studies language at one particular time while diachronic linguistics studies language developments through time. Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the differences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.e following quotes:•Page 19: Exercise 8.8. No, human language has the design feature of specialization. It refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication. For example, a mother can tell a story to her child while slicing up a cake. However, wolves can only respond to a stimulus and is totally involved physically in the communication process. Thus, a wolf cannot have a language similar to man’s, even though it could express a thousand different emotions. Besides, the aspect of productivity also distinguishes human language from wolf ’s postures.•。

英语语言学练习题(8页)

Linguistics supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not inisolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics. 29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language froma ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BⅣ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45.Psycholinguistics46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics51. Applied Linguistics52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity54. Displacement55. Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance 59. Langue 60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.1. 语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness 双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。

语言学练习-Chapter One& Two

语言学练习Chapter OneI. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts1. Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the __________ it is associated with.2. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as __________ and __________. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing.3. The defining properties of human language are __________, __________, __________, __________ and __________III. Give brief definitions of the following terms1. synchronic linguistics2. cultural transmissionKeysI. Fill in the blanks with the right linguistic concepts1. meaning2. langue, parole3.arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement, cultural transmissionIII. Give brief definitions of the following terms1. synchronic linguistics: the study of a language at a given point in history. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics (or historical linguistics), the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.2. cultural transmission: this feature refers to the fact that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. They are not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. Though the capacity for language in human beings has a genetic basis, the particular language a human being learns is a cultural fact, not a genetic one. A human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire language, as is shown by the rare studies of children brought up by animals without human contact.Chapter TwoIII. Give brief definitions of the following terms1. Phoneme2. complementary distribution3. assimilation4. minimal pairs5. allophoneIV. Describe the following sounds1. /d/2. /v/3. / ŋ/4. /ə/5. /ɑ:/6. /ε/7. /α/8. /v/9. /g/ 10./ʃ/ KeysIII. Give brief definitions of the following terms1. phoneme: It refers to the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language. For example, in English, /p/ is described as a phoneme.2. complementary distribution:When two sounds never occur in the same environment, they are in complementary distribution. For example, the aspirated English stops never occur after [s], and the un-aspirated ones never occur initially. Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution. The allophones of /p/, for instance, are also in complementary distribution. The un-aspirated [p] occurs after /s/, while the aspirated [p h] occurs in all other environments except after /s/.3. assimilation:①It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound. It is often used synonymously with coarticulation.②Nasalization, dentalization and velarization are all instances of assimilation. There are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, it is regressive assimilation; the converse process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation.③Assimilation can occur across syllable or word boundaries.④For example, in “mink”, “n”, which is originally pronounced as /n/, will be velarized by the following “k” /k/, and therefore the word will be pronounced as /miŋk/.4. Minimal pairs:The two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. For example, the English words bear and pear constitute a minimal pair as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /b/ and /p/.5. allophone:Two allophones of a phoneme are two different phones derived from the same underlying phoneme, and they are in complementary distribution, and do not make one word so phonetically different as to create a new word or a new meaning. For example, the aspirated [p h] and the unaspirated [p=] are allophones of the phoneme / p/.6. The distinctive feature refers to a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another. For example, “voicing” is a distinctive feature, since it plays an important role in distinguishing obstruents in English.IV. Describe the following sounds1. /d/: voiced alveolar stop2. /v/: voiced labiodental fricative3. / ŋ/: voiced velar nasal4. /ə/: central lax unrounded vowel5. /ɑ:/: low back tense unrounded vowel6. /ε/:mid-low front lax unrounded vowel7. /α/: low / open front lax rounded vowel8. /v/: voiced labiodental fricative9. /g/: voiced velar stop10./ʃ/: voiceless postalveolar fricative。

语音学与语言学练习集【刘润清版】

语言学复习习题集P a r t O n e Ex e r ci s es fo r P h o n et i c sI. Fill in the blanks1．________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.2: Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movements have an effect on the _________ coming from the lungs.3 . Consonant sounds can be either_________ or_________, while all vowel soundsare_________.4. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _________..5. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _________ and the tips.6. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the_________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.7. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without_________.8. In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes/f/-/v/_________.9. In English there are a number of _________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.10 _________refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbours.11. _________ is the smallest linguistic unit.12. According to_________, when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.II . Choose the best answer.13. Pitch variation is known as _________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice14. Conventionally a_________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme15. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones16. 'The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as_________.A. gottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula17. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as_________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering18. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds calledA. minimal pairsB. allomorphsG. phones D. allophones19. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics.B. Articulatory phonetics.C. Auditory phonetics.D. Neither of them.20. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [ø]D. [v]21. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n] C. [1]B. [m] D. [P]22. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]23. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant24. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [ø]C. [z]D. [s]III . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] .–______ 25. Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics. –______ 26. Sound [p] in the word "spit" is an unaspirated stop.______ 27. Supersegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.______ 28. The airstream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.______ 29. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other.______ 30. [ p ] is voiced bilabial stop.______ 31. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.______ 32. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.______ 33.When pure or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.______ 34. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can bedivided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.______ 35. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.______ 36. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to is where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.Explain the following terms.37.Minimal pair38. Sound assimilation39.Suprasegmental feature40. Free variation41.Rounded vowel42. Pitch43.V owel glides44. Anticipatory coarticulation45.Allophones46. Complementary distribution47.Distinctive features48. Sonority scaleV. Answer the following questions.49. What is meant by phonetic transcription?50. In which two ways may consonants be classified?KeysI . Fill in the blanks.1. Articulatory2. airstrem3. voiced; voiceless; voiced4. friction5. tongue6. height7. obstruction 8. minimal pairs 9. diphthongs10. Coarticulation 11. Phonemes 12. the maximal onset principleII . Choose the best answer.13. A 14. C 15. D 16. A 17. A 18. D19. B 20. B 21. A 22. B 23. B 24. AIII. Decide whether the Mowing statements are true[T] or false[F].35. [F] It should be articulatory phonetics.26. [T] 27. [T] 28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] It is a voiceless bilabial stop.31. [F] Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.32. [T] 33. [T] 34. [T]35. [F] In many cases the pronunciation of English depends on individual speaker's accent and personal preference. However, one form of English pronunciation is the most common model accent in the teaching of English as a foreign language. It is called Received Pronunciation.36. [F] The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda.P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r M o rp h o l o g yE x e r ci s e sI. Fill in the blanks.1. Take is the ______ of taking, taken and took.2. Bound morphemes are classified into two types; ______and ______ root.3. An ______ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ______ is pronounced as a word.4. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with______.5. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: ______ , ______ and ______6. All words may be said to contain a root______.7. A snail set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belongs to______, class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to______ class.8.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of ______shortening.9.______ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.10. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the ______ level.11. A word formed by derivation is called a______ , and a word formed by compounding is called a______ . (derivative; compound)12..II. Choose the best answer.13. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ______.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words14. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called ______ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational15. There are ______ morphemes in the word denationalization?A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six16. In English -ise and -tion are called ______.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes17. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and______.A. affixationB. etymol ogy •(46) •C. inflectionD. root18．The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and _________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation19. _________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. AffixationB. back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition20. The word TB is formed in the way of _________ .A. acronymyB. clipping D mationC. imitialismD. acronymy21. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix word "learned" is known asa(n) _________ .A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form22. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by _______.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformationD. acronymy23. The.stem of disagreements is _________ .A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement24. All of them are meaningful except for _______.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorphF. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [ F ] . –______ 25. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress._______ 26. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme._______ 27. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed._______28. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base._______29. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of conversion._______30. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. _______31. The word; whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way ofonomatop-(eia)._______32. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes._______ 33: Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English._______ 34. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations._______ 35. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meanings of its parts._______ 36. All roots are free and all affixes are bound.IV . Explain the following term.37. Morphophonology 38. Allomorph39. Bound morpheme 40. Back clipping41. Derivation 42. Morphological rule43. Closed-class word 44. Analogy45. Full conversion 46. Blending47. Base 48. HybridV . Answer the following questions.49. Of all the word-formations, which involve the process. of addition? Which the process of subtraction? And which the process of transition?50. Illustrate the axiom, “The actual grammatical classification of any word is dependent upon its use.”Keys1 . Fill in the blanks.1. lexeme2.affix. b,ur.,,:3. initialism; acronym4. vocabulary5. solid; hyphenated; open6. morpheme7. close; open 8. Backformation9. Conversion 10. morphemic11. derivative; compound 12. partialII - Choose the best answer.13. A 14. A 15. C 16. B19. B 20. C 21. C 22. AIII. Decide whether the following statements are True[T] or False[F]25. [F] Phonetically, a compound usually has a s element, or a main stress on the first element on the second element.26. [T]27. [F] Stem is the part of word that remains %s:o:r. removed.28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] Reduplicative compound is formed b_v repeat almost identical word.31. [T]32. [F] The number of syllables of a word is not necex morphemes.33. [F] Backformation is a productive way of forming v34. [F] Inflection and word-formation are two sub-fields of morphology.35 .[F] The meaning of a compound cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts, and sometimes is36. [F] Roots are divided into free roots and bound always free.P a r t Tw o Ex e r ci s es fo r S y n t a xExercisesI . Fill in the blanks.1. A _______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.2. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _______ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone is known as a _______ clause.4. _______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.5. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their ________ properties.6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed_______ structure.7. The term_______ refers to the relation between an element and another of the same level and under the same node in a tree diagram, and any other; under the latter element as well. 8. _______ construction refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having equivalentsyntactic status.9. IC analysis emphasizes the_______ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.10. Surface structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic •interpretation by the introduction of the_______ theory.11. XP may contain more than just X. e. g. the "NP" "the girl who is watering the flowers" consists of Det, N and S, with Det _______ being the , N the head, and S the complement. 12. _______ relations refer to the structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence.II. Choose the best answer.13. The head of the phrase "the city Rome" is _______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city and Rome14. The phrase "on the shelf" belongs to_______ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate15. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves”is a_______ sentence.*A. simple B. coordinateC. compoundD. complex16. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n)_______ clause.A. finiteB. non-infiniteC. embeddedD. matrix17. _______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A . Morphology B. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics18. _______ does not belong to major syntactic categories.A. AuxiliaryB. NPC. ND. PP19. _______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.A. ConjoiningB. EmbeddingC. ConcordD. Government20. The term_______ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. pronominalB. anaphorC. r-expressionD. binding21. In Halliday' s view, the _______ function of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A, ideational B. interpersonalC. textualD. social22. The criterion used in IC analysis is _________. .A. transformationB. conjoiningC. groupingD. substitutability23.______ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A. ConcordB. GovernmentC. BindingD. C-command24. The phrase "my small child's cot" is an ambiguous phrase, revealed by tree diagrams -A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourIII . Decide whether the following statements are true[ T] or false[F] ._______ 25. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure._______ 26. An endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction. It has just one head._______ 27. Move a rule itself can rule out ungrammatical forms and result in. grammatical strings._______28. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun._______ 29. Words in a paradigmatic relation are comparable in terms of syntax: they have the same syntactic features, so they are replaceable witn each other semantically. -(F)_______ 30. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause one of a part to a whole.(T)_______ 31.A constituent which is not at the same time a construction is a morpheme, and a construction which is not at the same time a constituent is a sentence._______32. IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures. _______ _______33. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences. A sentence contains a point of departure and a goal of discourse._______ 34. The goal of discourse presents the very information that is to be parted to the hearer. This is called the theme._______ 35. Syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories such as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that serve as heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V._______ 35. S-structure is a level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.IV . Explain the following terms.37. Syntax 38. C-command39. Hierarchical structure 40. Syntactic category41. Phrase structure rules 42. IC analysis43. Concord 44. X-bar theory45. Subordinate construction 46. Deep structure47. Trace theory 48. Move-a Answer the following questions.V. Answer the following questions:49. What is a sentence? What is grammaticality? Please explain with examples what is a grammatical sentence?50. Consider the following sentence, and then, answer questions (1) to (3). The boy saw the man with the telescope.(1) Is this sentence ambiguous? If so, describe the ambiguity briefly in your own words.(2) Draw the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation.(3) What can be known about tree diagrams from (1) and (2)?KeysI . Fill in the blanks.1. sentence2. transformational3. finite4. Exocentric5. recursive6. deep7. C-command8. Coordinate9. hierarchical 10. trace 11. specifier 12. GrammaticalII . Choose the best answer.13. D 14. B 15. A 16. C 17. B19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. BIII. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false [F] .25. [F] Application of the transformational rules yields surface structure.26. [F] Endocentric constructions may be further divided into two subtypes: ' subordinate and coordinate constructions. Coordinate constructions have more than one head.27. [F] Move-a rule together with other syntactic principles.28. [T]29. [F] They are not replaceable with each other semantically.30. [T] 31. [T]32. [F] For example, IC analysis cannot be used to analyze the phrase "t love of God".33. [T]34. [F] This is called the rheme.35. [ F] Major syntactic category refers to all phrasal syntactic categories s as NP, VP, and PP, and word-level syntactic categories that servt heads of phrasal syntactic categories such as N and V.36. [T]P a r t T h r e e E x er c i s e s fo r S e ma n t i csExercisesI . Fill in the blanks.1. _______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.2. _______is the fact that would have to obtain in reality to make a proposition true or false.3. "Charge" and "accuse" are said to be _______ synonyms.4. Sentence meaning is the combination of the compound words and ________.5. _________ opposites may be seen in terms of degrees of quality involved.6. Predication analysis is to break down predications and into their constituents: _________ and _________7. _________ sentences express judgment.8. The ambiguity of a sentence may arise from _________ and _________.9. "mean" and "frugal" are said to be ________ synonyms.10. We call the relation between "animal" and "cow" as_________.11. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _________.12. "Words are names of labels for things." This view is called _________ theory in semantic studies.II. Choose the best answer.13. _________ in a person's speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual toformal according to the type of communicative context.A. Stylistic variationB. Ideolectal variationC. Social variation antonyms.D. Regional variation14. Cold and hot are a pair of _________A. gradableB. complementaryD. converseness C. reversal15. Idioms are_________..A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units16. _________ describes whether a proposition is true or false.D. Truth B. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. falsehood17. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _________.A. propositionB. sentenceC. UtteranceD. truth18. Bull: ( BOVINE) (MALE) ( ADULT) is an example of _________.A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction19. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word_________.A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. is related to the thing it refers to.C. is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers.D. is the image it is represented in the mind.20. When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b) and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that _________.A. sentence ( a ) presupposes sentence (b)，B. sentence (a ) entails sentence (b)C. sentence (a ) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D. sentence (a ) contradicts sentence (b)21. "Socrates is a man" is a case of _________.A. two-place predicateB. one-place predicateC. two-place argumentD. one-place argument22. "John killed Bill but Bill didn' t die" is a(n) _________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction23. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppositions is called _________.A. presupposition conditionB. truth conditionC. presupposition triggerD. Truth value24. Lexical ambiguity arises from polysemy or _________ which can not bedetermined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. metonymyD. synonymyIII . Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F] ._________ 25. Interrogative and imperative sentences do not have truth value._______ 26. The relationship between " human body " and " face/nose " is hyponymy. _________ 27. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature._________ 28. Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship of the two items are said to be relational opposites._________ 29. One merit of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning._________ 30. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership, so it is the same a; meronymy._________ 31. "Either it is raining here or it isn't raining here" is empirically true._______ 32. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently._________ 33. The linguistic context considers the probability of one word' s rnoccurrenee or collocation with another, which forms part of the meaning, and an important factor in communication._________ 34. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same referenae always have the same sense._________ 35. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to neg. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition still true._________ 36. Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between lingu form and what it refers to. This view can be seen by the Semantic triangle. •90 •IV. Explain the following terms.37. Reference 38. Conceptualism39. Synonymy 40. Entailment41. Componential analysis 42.`Sense43. Homonymy 44. Semantics45. Proposition 46. Semantic field47. prediction analysis 48. Truth conditionV. Answer the following questions.49. In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis into distinctive features?50. What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?Keys.I . Fill in the blanks.1. sense2. Truth condition3.collocational4. the meaning of its structure5. gradable6. argument; predicate7. Declarative8. lexical ambiguity 9. emotive10. hyponymy 11.co-hyponymy12. namingII . Choose the best answer.13. A 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. A 19. A 20. B21. B 22. D 23.C 24. AIII. Decide whether the following statements are true[T] or false[F]:25. [T]26. [F] The relationship should be meronymy.27. [F] Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature. :.28. [T] 29. [T]30. [F] Meronymy is a term used to describe a part-whole relationship. 31. [F] It is linguistically true.32. [T] 33. [T]34. [F] Linguistic forms with the same reference may also differ in sense. A case in point is the two expressions "morning star" and "evening star". They refer to the same star but differ in sense.35. [T] 36. [T]IV. Explain the following terms.37. Reference: It is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality.38. Conceptualism: It is the view which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the rind. 39. Synonymy: It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Synonyms can be divided into dialectal synonyms, stylistic synonyms, emotive synonyms, collocational synonyms and semantic synonyms.40. Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences: (a) Tom divorced Jane. (b) Jane was Tom's wife.In terms of truth value, the following relationships exist between these two sentences: when A is true, B must be also true; when B is false, A must also be false. When B is true, A may be true or false. Therefore we can say A entails B.41. Componential analysis: It defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components, or semantic features. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE. Similarly girl may be analyzed ink HUMAN, YOUNG and FEMALE.42. Sense: It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It i> the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.C h a p t e r 7Exercises for Language, Culture and SocietyI . Fill in the blanks.1. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or_________ , language.2. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.3. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he + is he’s). Black English can_________ the form of “be”.4.The _________ superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.5. A_________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech communities.6. A linguistic_________ refers to a word or the "polite" society from general use.7. Taboo and _________ are two faces of the same communicative coin.。

英语语言学第章课后练习题答案

英语语言学第章课后练习题答案英语语言学第章课后练习题答案文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案Chapter 1 IntroductionP131. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics:Linguistics is the scientific study of language？答： Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.2. What are the major branches of linguistics What does each of them study答： The major branches of linguistics are:(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication;(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used toconvey meaning in communication;(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbolsrepresenting sounds are arranged and combined to form words;(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combinedto form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;(5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use.3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar答： The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditionalgramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from tradi tional g rammar inseveral basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence.Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also inthat it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic Why答： In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoypriority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing答： Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is alway s “invented” byits users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human s peech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech.Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar toChomsky's distinction between competence and performance答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included ina good, comprehensive definition of language答：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is nointrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.8. What are the main features of human language that have beenspecified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system（2．2语言的识别性特征）美国语言学家C. Hockett提出了人类语言的12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。

英语专业英语语言学配套练习题第一章Chapter One

Chapter OneI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not language in general.3. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.4. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words iscalled morphology.5. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies morphemes,but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.6. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to the society.7. Modern Linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.8. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.9. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spokenlanguage.10. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Ferdinandde Saussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k______ of the rules of hislanguage.2. Langue refers to the a_____ linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of rules.3. D_____ is one of the design features of human language which refers to thephenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a_____ vocal symbols used for human communication.5. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in language is called s_____.6. Human capacity for language has a g____ basis, but the details of language have tobe taught and learned.7. P______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.8. Linguistics is generally defined as the s_____ study of language.III. Define the following terms briefly.1. language2. linguistics3. design features4. arbitrariness5. productivity6. displacement7. duality8. competence9. performance10. langue11. paroleIV. Answer the following questions briefly. Give examples for illustration if necessary.1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman communication. Explain it in detail.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, notthe written？5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?V. Further readingBooks:1.Aitchison, J. 1992. Linguistics. London: Hodder & Stoughton.2.Sapir, E. 2002. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech.Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Researching Press.3.Widdowson, H. G. 1996. Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.4.刘润清等编著，1990，《语言学入门》，北京：人民教育出版社。

Exercises to Chapter One

Chapter One Invitations to linguistics (simple questions)I. Blank-filling.nguage is a system of ________ ________ symbols used for human communication.2.Linguistics is generally defined as the ________ study of ________.3.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be________; if it aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, it is said to be ________.4.In modern linguistics, ________ study seems to enjoy priority over ________ study. Thereason is that successful studies of various states of a language would be the foundations of a historical study.ngue refers to the ________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity; and parole refers to the ________ of langue in actual use.6.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s ________ of the rules of his language, andperformance, the actual ________ of this knowledge in linguistic communication.7.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This famous quotation from Shakesp eareillustrate that language has the design feature of ________.8.The property of ________ of language provides a speaker with an opportunity to talk about awide range of things, free from barries caused by separation in time and place.nguage is a system, which cosists of two sets of structures, one of ________, and the otherof ________. This double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.10.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use language, but they are notmutually intelligible, which shows that language is culturally ________.II. True or False Questions.1.Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of a particular language.nguage is arbitrary by nature but it is not completely arbitrary.3.It is generally believed that modern linguistics is mostly descriptive, diachronic, andemphatic on writing.4.Animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species, whilehuman beings do not have the genetic basis.5.Animals cannot talk about the things except those about food, anger, enemy, etc. because thecommunicative signals of animals do not have the property of displacement.6.We can use the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk about “talk”, we c an thinkabout “thinking”, this shows that language has a metalingual function.7.When someone breaks a bowl or a plate on a special occasion in China, the people presentare likely to say “sui sui ping’an” (every year be safe and happy) as a means of contro lling the magic forces which the believers feel it might affect their lives. This shows that languagehas an interpersonal function.nguage is the instrument of thought, record of facts, and people often feel need to speaktheir thoughts aloud. This indicates that language has an expressive function.9. A baby’s babbling, widespread use of vebal dueling, poetry writing as well as sefl-singing allshow that languaeg can be used to amuse the speaker.Chapter One Invitations to linguistics (postgraduate exercises)I. TERM EXPLANATION.1.Synchronic linguistics (2 points, 中国人民大学, 2002): the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics iscontrasted with diachronic linguistics (or historical linguistics), the study of a language over a period of time.ngue (4 points, 北师大, 2004)3.Parole (同上)4.Duality as design feature of language (4 points, 北师大, 2003)5.Synchronic vs. Diachronic perspective (of language) (同上)6.Metalingual function (4 points, 北京交通大学, 2007)7.Creativity as a property of language (同上)8.Displacement (2 points, 北京交通大学, 2006)9.Metalanguage (5 points, 中山大学, 2008)II. T OR F QUESTIONS.1.Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language.2.The description of a language at some point in time is called diachronic study. (1 point, 北二外, 2007)3.The most important sociological use of language is the recreational function, by which people establish and maintain their status in society. (1 point, 北二外, 2005)4. “Langue” refers to the “constant” of a language.III. BLANK-FILLING.1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the __________ it is associated with. (1 point, 中国人民大学, 2007)2.One of the important distinctions in linguistics is __________ and parole. The former is the French word for "language", which is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking, listening, writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to the contextual factors. (同上)3.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as ________ and __________. The former refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (2 points, 中国人民大学, 2006)4.One of the important distinctions in linguistics is _________ and performance.(1 point, 同上)5.An approach in linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is __________. (1 point, 北二外, 2008)6.When language is used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than exchanging information or ideas, its function is ______________ function. (1 point, 北二外, 2007)7.Our language can be used to talk about itself. This is the __________ function of language.8.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as __________. (同上)9.Chomsky initiated the distinction between _________ and performance. (同上)10.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the _________ level are composed of elements of the __________ level and each of the levels has its own principles of organization. (2 points, 北二外, 2006）11.According to Chomsky, the object of investigation in linguistics is the ideal speaker's __________ rather than his ____________. (同上)12.In ____________ linguistics, language are studied at a theoretical point in time: one describes a "state" of the language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. (同上)13.The features that define our human languages can be called ___________features. (同上)14.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over _________. (1 point, 北二外, 2005)15.Saussure took a __________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a __________ point of view. (2 points, 西安交通大学, 2008)IV. QUESTIONS.1.Shakespeare has Juliet say: What's in a name? That which we call a rose. By any other name would smell as sweet. What do the above lines say to you about the relationship between the form (sounds) and meaning (concept) of a word in spoken language? Explain with positive evidence as well as exceptions from the English language. (15 points, 北京外国语大学,2004)2.Displacement, arbitrariness, productivity, cultural transmission, discreteness and duality are sometimes listed as the 6 cores of human language. Choose 3 out of the 6 and explain with examples what they mean. (12 points, 北京外国语大学, 2002)3.What are the seven functions of human language? (20 points, 中国人民大学, 2006)4.Analyse the patterns of social greetings in China in the light of diachronic linguistics. (5 points, 同上, 2004)5.Try to discuss as many as possible the design features of human language. (15 points, 北师大, 2004)6.There are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons. (15 points, 北师大, 2003) The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language; in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is considered by Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.7.What is meant by "arbitrariness" according to Saussure? (6 points, 北二外, 2006)8.One of the design features of human language is creativity. What is it? And what makes it possible? (10 points, 浙江大学, 2007)9.Why is it difficult to define language? (It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.。

（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1Language

（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1LanguageChapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Whichfunction does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in alanguage are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informativefunction.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English touse horse to refer to the sameanimal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a givenculture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate orinteract.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiatehuman languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact thatlanguage has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication wayused by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreignlanguage learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)文化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语言功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)人际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used todescribe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds ina language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are orat least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that hadoccurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a geneti c one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: 人际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)文化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：工具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语言功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: 自指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)人际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in anattempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than forexchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstra te his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer —in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!” which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order toacquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinctmeanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to createendless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system, since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) Th e term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real ornot real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users.This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view ofthe sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。

语言学第1章练习

Exercises for Chapter OneI. Spell the terms according to their definitions and the initial letters given.1.A_______ refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bears no naturalrelationship to their meaning.2.D_______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.3.The p___________ function of language is primarily to change the social status ofpersons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.4.P_________ is the study of meaning in context.5. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called hislinguistic c__________. And p__________ refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.II. Judge whether the following statements are true or false.1.Onomatopoeic words are not arbitrary at all.2.Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes learning a language laborious.3.By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its displacement.4.For most people the interpersonal function is predominantly the major role oflanguage.5.Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history. III. Multiple choice.1. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of language?A. arbitrarinessB. dualityC. conventionalityD. displacement2. When someone says “Nice day”in a conversation, he is using language for __________.A. informative functionB. performative functionC. Phatic communionD. metalingual function.3. _________ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. semanticsD. syntax4. The distinction between langue and parole is proposed by _________.A. Naom ChomskyB. Ferdinand de SaussureC. Michel HallidayD. Leonard Bloomfield5.IV. Define the following terms:linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, displacement, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, synchronic linguistics, diachronic linguistics, langue, competence.IV. Answer the following questions:1.In what ways is human language different from animal means of communication?2.What’s the difference between descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics?。

语言学教程第四版练习第一章

语⾔学教程第四版练习第⼀章Chapter One Introduction to LinguisticsI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.languages’have three major components: a sound system ,a system of___and a system of semantics.A. morphologyB. lexicogrammarC. syntaxD. meaningof the following words is entirely arbitraryfunction of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade is ___.Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. Which function does it performof the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6. What language function does the following conversation play(The two chatters just met and were starting their conversation by the following dialogue.)A：A nice day, isn’t itB : Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonalrefers to the a ctual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.C. LangueD. Parolea dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates that dog’s language does not have the feature of --------- .A. ReferenceB. ProductivityC. Displacementanswers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguisticsdeals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.(10%)1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first.2. For learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticing than its conventionality.3. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.4. For Jakobson and the Prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer.5. Interpersonal function is also called ideational function in the framework of functional grammar.6. Emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function.7. The relationship between competence and performance in Chomsky’s theory is that between a language community and an individual language user.study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language. phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves.nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description.III．Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10％)1.Nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies,namely, qualitative and q__________ research approaches.2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things andcan be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed as p__________.has many functions. We can use language to talk about language. This function is m__________function.claim that language originated by primitive man involuntary making vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the y＿theory.is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language.linguistics is d＿ in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.general principle of linguistics analysis is the primacy of s___________over writing.8.The description of a language as it changes through time is a d___________ linguistic study.9.Saussure put forward the concept l__________ to refer to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.Linguistic potentia l is similar to Saussure’ s langue and Chomsky’ s c__________.IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1.Design features2.Displacementpetence4.Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following question briefly.(10%)do people take duality as one of the important design features of human languagesCan you tell us what language would be like if it had no such design featurescan we use language to do things Please give two examples to show this point.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. Language is ____________in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.2. Language is_____________ and__________ in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction.features that define our human languages can be called_____________, which include____________, _____________,______________,_____________.the opposite side of arbitrariness.fact that in the system of spoken language, we have the primary units as words and secondary units as sound shows that language has the property of___________. is resourceful because of its_____________ and its___________, which contributes to the_____________ of language.human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.Jakobson’s vers ion, there are six functions of language, namely, ____________, _____________, _______________,________________, ________________and metalingual function.people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the _____________ function of language in Jakobson’s version. functional grammar, language has three metafunctions, namely,_____________,____________________,__________________.Halliday’s three metafunctions______________creates relevance to context.of language is primary to change the social status of persons.name five main branch of linguistics:___________________________,___________________,_________ _________,_____________________and ____________________.,we study the speech sounds produced by articulatory organs by identifying and classifying the individual sounds.,we focus on the way in which the listener analyzes or processes a sound wavethe minimal unit of meaning.study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called_______________.study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is called_________________.study of the way in which symbols represent sounds in linguist communicate are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called_____________.study of rules which governs the combinations of words to form permissible sentences constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies that is_________________.fact that we have alliteration in poems is probably because of the__________________ function of language.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.The description of a language at some print in time is a_______________ study.A.descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic2. According to Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand aninfinitely large number of sentence because_______A. he has come across all of them in his lifeB. he has internalized a set of rules about his languageC. he has acquired the ability through the act of communicating with others language3.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole is very similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance,but Saussure takes a ____________view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a__________ point of viewA. sociological, psychologicalB. psychological, sociologicalC. biological, psychologicalD. psychological, biological4.The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we write with indicates languageis______A. arbitraryB. rule-governedC. appliedD. illogical5.We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is______A.creativeB. arbitraryC. limitlessD. resourceful6.______means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speakerA.DualityB. DisplacementC. productivityD. Arbitrariness7.______examines how meaning is encoded in a languageB. syntaxC. SemanticD. Pragmatics8.______is concerned with the internal organization of words.B. syntaxC. SemanticD. phonology9.______refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaningB. Arbitrariness C .Replacement D. Creativity10.______of language makes it potentially creative, and______ of language makes learning a language laboriousA. Conventionality, arbitrarinessB. Arbitrariness, replacementC. Arbitrariness, conventionalityD. Conventionality, arbitrariness11.When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the______ function of languageB. creativeC. phaticD. metalingual12.____proposes a theory of metafunctions of language.A.Chomsky D. Halliday13.____function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations.B. TextualC. LogicalD. Ideational14.Interpersonal function enacts_________ relationship.A.socialB. experientialC. textualD. personal15.By_____________ function people establish and maintain their status in society.A.experientialB. referentialC. metalingualD.16.The study of the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech belongs to the studyof_____.B. phoneticsC. morphologyD. syntax17.In__________ phonetics, we investigate the properties of the sound waves.B. acousticC. auditoryD. sound18.French distinguishes between nouns like GARE(station)which is feminine and nouns like TRAIN which is masculine. This shows that French is a language which____.illogical B. has grammatical genderbiological gender D. has two casespetence, in the linguistic sense of the word, is______.skill B. intuitive knowledge of languageknowledge of language skill D. communicative ability20.French has Tu (means: you) aimer a (means: will love) Jean and English has You will love Jean. This shows us that____.A. both languages are alike in expressing future timeB.Both languages have a future tense but English requires more wordsC.English is loose while French is compactD.French forms its future tense by adding a special suffix21.Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question ofthe_____A.lexisB. syntaxC. semanticsD. pragmatics22.A(n)_____is a speaker/listener who is a member of homogeneous speech community, who knows language perfectly and is not affected by memory limitations or distractions.A. perfect language userB. ideal language userC. proficient userD. native language userIV. Analyze the following with your linguistic knowledge.e the following two examples to support the idea that language is not all arbitrary.a.They married and had a baby.b.They had a baby and married.2.Examine the way the following words are separated. Comment on the way of separation in relation to Bloomfield’s idea that word is minimal unit of meaning.3., is the difference between the following two statements in terms of attitude to grammar What kind of linguistic concepts do they representa.Never put an a before an uncountable noun.b.People usually do not put an a before an uncountable noun.4.How do you understand the sentence Music is a universal language5.What are the two interpretations of the sentence They are hunting dogs What is the linguistic knowledge that enables you to distinguish the meanings of this sentenceV. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.1. Match the linguistic items in Column A with one relevant item in Column2. Match the sentences in Column B with the language functions in Column。

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Exercises for chapter 1
Exercise I
For the following English sentences, please judge whether they are acceptable or unacceptable, well-formed or ill-formed. How do you know they are the cases you judge ?
a.Tom seems asleep
b.Tom seems sleeping
c.John wants Bill to go.
d.John wants Bill go.
e.Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
f.Colorless sleep green furiously ideas.
g.地球围着太阳转。

h.太阳围着地球转。

i.太阳转围地球着。

j.I knew that she was ill, but I was wrong.
k.My goldfish thinks that I’m a very bad cook.
l.My wife is not my wife.
m.My toothbrush is pregnant again.
Exercise II
The following statements about human language may be appropriate or inappropriate, please give your judgments according to what we have explained in the text.
nguage is a symbolic system for communication.
nguage is mainly for thinking, not necessarily for communication.
nguage is also a biological product and has biological properties.
nguage is outside(external to) the human body.
e.There are constraints on what can be a language. It is not true that any
symbolic system can serve as a human language.
nguage is a social product.
nguage is inside the human body.
h.Knowing a language undergoes a biological process. Knowing a language
is a biological process rather than a social process.
Exercise III
Discuss the following sentences, some of them may have two different interpretations, give an appropriate paraphrase for each interpretation.
a.He loves me more than you.
b.Who do you want to / wanna help?
c.Visiting relatives can be a nuisance.
d.The president is eager/easy to pleas
e.
e.They are hunting dogs.
f.Who would you like to visit?
g.Do Americans call cushions what the British call pillows?
Exercise IV
Are the following sentences grammatical? If they are, how to interpret these sentences? What kind reasons make them difficult to understand?
a.The milk that the rat that the cat killed ate lay in the house.
b.The rapidity that the motion that the wing that the bird has has has is
remarkable.
Exercise V
Are the following sentences well-formed? If they are, please paraphrase them. Do you have any difficulties in interpreting them? What reasons make you feel difficult?
a.The horse raced past the barn fell.
b.The cotton clothing is usually made of grows in Mississippi.
c.The glass shattered into pieces was useless.
d.The soldiers marched across the parade ground are a disgrac
e.
Exercise VI
Why should the linguists distinguish the concepts of Competence and Performance in their language study? What’s the main study scope for theoretical linguists: Competence or Performance ?
Exercise VII
Define the following terminologies:
Language merging operation
creativity discrete infinity
well-formed competence
grammar metalanguage。