翻译理论与实践(29)
慕课江西财经大学翻译理论与实践
慕课江西财经大学翻译理论与实践第一章 1.1翻译的定义1.翻译就是指翻译行为。
（错）2.翻译按其工作方式分为口译和笔译。
（对）3.翻译还包括非言语符号翻译。
（对）4.翻译既是一门艺术，也是一门科学。
（对）1.2翻译的标准1.不同学者提出了不同的翻译标准。
（对）2.作为翻译标准的“信、达、雅”是严复提的。
（对）3.奈达提出等值翻译标准。
（对）4.傅雷提出了“神似”的翻译标准。
（对）1.3直译和意译1.直译和意译是最常用的两种翻译方法。
（对）2.直译是一种既重原文内容又重原文形式的翻译方法。
（对）3.所谓意译，指忠实于原文内容而不拘泥于原文句型结构、语法形式和修辞手法的翻译方法。
（对）1.4零译和加注法1.自从有翻译活动，就存在零翻译现象。
（对）2.零翻译亦称原形转译,是将原语符号原封不动地转入译语的特殊转译方式，所译对象包括语言符号和非语言符号。
（对）3.零翻译通常包括缩略语零翻译、词语零翻译、语句零翻译和语篇零翻译。
（对）1.5形译和解释性翻译1.形译，也称像译，指翻译时通过具体形象直接表达原义，实物形状由译语文字直接显示或由译语词语的主要义素间接显示（对）2.所谓字形翻译，是指原语的字形被等值的译语字形所替换。
（对）3.释义法实际上是一种意译法。
它是指抛弃原文的具体语言表达形式，采用解释性的方式来翻译原文的意思。
（对）1.6音译原则1.音译，顾名思义，就是照着原文的读音翻译。
（对）2.词语音译有利也有弊。
（对）3.有些缩略词语音译，具有用词精简而又指意明确的效果。
（对）慕课单元作业 1翻译下列句子，注意一词多义。
1.a soft aboveground launching site2.The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May.3.The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour.4.Marijuanna is usually regarded as a soft drug.5.At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him from the hip.6. It is not right for children to sit up late.7. The plane was right above our heads.8. In the negative, right and left, and black and white are reversed.9.She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery.10. He is ill; that accounts for his absence.1.无坚固掩体的地面发射基地2.自从去年五月创造了这个纪录以来，这个纪录被认为是很容易被打破的。
英汉翻译教程自考题-29_真题-无答案
英汉翻译教程自考题-29(总分99,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ.Multiple Choice Questions**: This part consists of several sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness.1. "You see it take so long to call so many children by name, that I've given them each a different whistle."______A.“你看，要是一个一个挨着叫孩子的名字，得叫好半天，所以我就给了他们不同的哨子。
” B.“你看，要是一个一个挨着叫孩子的名字，得叫好半天，所以我就给了他们不同的哨声。
” C.“你看，要是一个一个挨着叫孩子的名字，得叫好半天，所以我就以不同的哨声来叫他们。
” D.“你看，这么多孩子，要是一个一个挨着叫名字，就得叫好半天，所以我就吹哨子，而且各有各的吹法。
”2. His air of complete self-assurance and somewhat lordly bearing would have frightened me, had it not been for his warm and hearty handshake.______A.要不是他那热情、真挚的握手，他那十分自信的神气和略为高傲的派头会使我害怕的。
B.他和我握手的时候那样热情，那样真挚，要不然他那十分自信的神气和略为高傲的派头真会使我害怕。
中石油18年8月《翻译理论与实践》在线考试客观题
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 在线考试（客观题）单选题 (共50道题)展开收起1.（2.0分） The first missile missed the target. 第一颗导弹没有击中目标。
A、意译B、直译C、肯定译成否定正确答案：此题得分：2.0分2.（2.0分） Our age is witnessing a profound political change. 我们的时代是深刻的政治变化的见证。
A、无灵译成有灵B、动态译成静态C、静态译成动态正确答案：此题得分：2.0分3.（2.0分） 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic of China.1949年中华人民共和国成立了。
A、无灵译成有灵B、动译成静C、词性转换正确答案：此题得分：2.0分4.（2.0分）“Good morning, class.”“同学们，早上好。
”A、概略译成具体B、无灵译成有灵C、意译正确答案：此题得分：2.0分5.（2.0分） Give a person a dose of his own medicine. 以其人之道还之其人之身。
A、具体译成抽象B、异化C、归化正确答案：此题得分：2.0分6.（2.0分） The Italians are wise before the deed, the Germans in the deed, the France after the deed. 意大利人事前聪明，德国人事中聪明，而法国人事后聪明。
A、具体译成抽象B、异化C、直译正确答案：此题得分：2.0分7.（2.0分） Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 车到山前必有路A、词性转换B、归化C、直译正确答案：此题得分：2.0分8.（2.0分） She has many shortcomings, but we are all fond of her.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A、她虽然有很多缺点，但我们都很喜欢她。
《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲.
《翻译理论与实践》课程教学大纲课程类型：专业课课程代码：06401405课程学时：56 学分： 3 适用专业：英语专业(师范、商务方向)开课时间：三、四年级（2）、（1）学期开课单位：外国语学院大纲执笔人：金惠康大纲审定人：翻译理论与实践（Theory and Practice for Translation）课程是英语专业的必修课之一。
它包括翻译理论与实践，有英语翻译成汉语与汉语翻译成汉语，现代翻译理论与技巧，翻译的跨文化交际与障碍。
一、教学目的与要求(从知识、能力、素质三个侧面及其相互的联系和在综合技能培养中的作用，说明本课程的教学目的和要求；说明本课程在对学生知识、能力、技能和素质等方面的教育培养的具体要求。
) 1．教学目的：翻译理论是翻译实践的指南。
开设这门课的目的是系统地传授翻译基本理论，结合翻译实践训练、翻译方法和技巧，从而大大提高研究生的翻译能力。
2．教学要求：学生通过72学时的学习，能够了解国内外翻译研究动态，掌握翻译学的理论系统，并能熟练地运用各种翻译方法和技巧，为他们走向成功打下坚实的基础。
二、教学重点与难点1. 教学重点：翻译理论；英译与汉译语基本实践2. 教学难点：翻译的基本技能技巧；翻译实践能力的培养三、教学方法与手段以讲授为主，课堂讨论，读辅导材料，写学习心得，参与翻译实践，注重理论联系实际。
四、教学内容、目标与学时分配(教学内容/教学目标/课时分配)本课程两学期，36课时/36课时，专题讨论1-3次，计9课时，考试2课时。
第一学期：第一章汉字英词（Chinese Characters & English Words）第二章汉英表达的不同（Different Ways of Expressing Ideas）第三章汉文明礼貌语言（Chinese Language of Respect & Humanity）第四章中国文化（Chinese Culture）第五章有中国文化特色的社会架构（Chinese Social System with Chinese Cultural Characteristics）第六章现代说法反映现代社会（Modern Sayings Reflect Modern Life）第七章语言，文化与社会（Language，Culture & Society）第八章跨文化交际（Cross-Cultural Communication）第九章语言与翻译（Language & Translation）第十章翻译技巧杂谈（一）（On Skills of Translation）（1）第十一章翻译技巧杂谈（二）（On Skills of Translation）（2）专题讨论一：翻译理论与翻译实践的关系专题讨论二：岭南文化翻译讨论第二学期：第一章跨文化传播与交际（Intercultural Communications）第二章跨文化差异与融合（Intercultural Difference and Integration）第三章跨文化理解与翻译（Intercultural Understanding and Translation）第四章中国传统文化介绍（Introduction to Traditional Chinese Culture）第五章文化旅游翻译（Translation of Culture and Tourism）第六章汉英修辞表达（Metaphorical Expressions in Both Languages）第七章汉英谚语与典故（Proverbs and Allusions in Both Languages）专题讨论三：中华文明翻译与介绍专题讨论四：中华文化旅游翻译五、考试范围与题型1.考试范围与分数：（1）现代翻译理论（10%）（2）现代翻译技巧（20%）（3）翻译实践（50%）（4）跨文化交际（10%）2．考试题型与分数比例：（1）理论问答题（10%）（2）英译汉（20%）（3）汉译英（50%）（4）段落翻译（20%）六、教材与参考资料1．教材：金惠康著，2003，《跨文化交际翻译》，2004《跨文化交际翻译续集》，中国对外翻译出版公司2．参考资料：《中国翻译》1993—2002年各期《中国科技翻译》1996—2002年各期《上海科技翻译》1996—2002年各期《文化研究》（人大复印报刊资）1997—2002年各期邓炎昌刘润青.语言与文化——英汉语言文化比较[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1992吴冰等编.大学英语口译（汉英）教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社出版，1994乐黛云主编.中西比较文学教程[N].高等教育出版社出版，1988柯平主编.英汉与汉英翻译教程[M].北京大学出版社出版，1993张培基等编.英汉翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社出版，1983英喻云根编.汉对比语言学[M].北京工业大学出版社出版，1994陈定安编着.英汉比较与翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1991范仲英编着.实用翻译教程[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1994吕瑞昌等编.汉英翻译教程[M].陕西人民出版社，1983胡文仲主编.英美文化辞典[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1995辛华.世界姓名译名手册[M].化学工业出版社，1987胡曙中.英汉修辞比较与研究[M].上海外语教学出版社，1992王德春等编.修辞学词典[M].浙江教育出版社，1987谭永祥.修辞新格[M].暨南大学出版社出版，1996陈望道.修辞学发凡[M].上海教育出版社，1976冯翠华编.修辞格[M].商务印书馆出版，1983钱冠连.汉语文化语用学[M].清华大学出版社，1997王秉钦.文化翻译学[M].南开大学出版社，1995连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].高等教育出版社，1993关世杰.跨文化交际学[M].北京大学出版社，1996林大津.跨文化交际研究[M].福建人民出版社，1996贾玉新.跨文化交际学[M].上海外语教育出版社，1997王宏印.跨文化传通——如何与外国人交往[M].北京语言学院出版社，1996胡文仲主编.文化与交际[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1994胡文仲/高一虹.外语教学与文化[M].湖南教育出版社，1997钟述孔.实用口译手册[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1991靳梅琳编着.英汉翻译概要[M].南开大学出版社，1995陈宏薇主编.汉英翻译基础[M].上海外语教育出版社，1998刘重德.文学翻译十讲[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1998金堤.等效翻译探索（增定版）[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1998金圣华.桥畔译谈：翻译散论八十篇[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1998林佩汀.中英对译技巧[M].世界图书出版公司，1997谭宝全.现代英语翻译诀窍[M].上海交通大学出版社，1996马祖毅.中国翻译简史（增定版）[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1998陈生保编着.英汉翻译津指[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1998刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1998金圣华/黄国彬.因难见巧：名家翻译经验谈[M]，中国对外翻译出版公司，1998辜正坤.中西诗鉴赏与翻译[M].湖南人民出版社，1998陈小慰，《语言.功能.翻译：汉英翻译理论与实践》，福建教育出版社，1998刘宓庆.当代翻译理论[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1999谭载喜编着.新编奈达论翻译[M].中国对外翻译出版公司，1999金惠康.贵州旅游（英汉双语版）[M].贵阳：贵州民族出版社，1994金惠康.编译《贵州旅游》（英汉双语版）体会[J].中国科技翻译，1998（2）：54金惠康.跨文化交际翻译：汉英语言文化比较[M].贵阳：贵州教育出版社，1997金惠康.汉英跨文化交际翻译[M].贵阳：贵州教育出版社，1998金惠康.中国英语[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2003金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2003金惠康.跨文化交际翻译续集[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2004金惠康.汉英文化旅游实用手册[M].广州：广东省旅游出版社，2003Baker，Mona.In Other Words：A Course book on Translation [M].外语教学与研究出版社and 劳特利奇出版社，2000Burton Raffel.The Art of Translating Poetry [M].The Pennsylvania State University Press，1988 Cao Xueqin.The Story of the Stone[Z].trans.Hawkes，D.London：Penguin Books Ltd，1973 Cao，Xueqin.A Dream of Red Mansions [Z].trans.Yang Hsienyi and Gladys Yang.Beijing：Foreign Language Press，1994.Dan Sheng.Literary Stylistics and Fictional Translation[M].北京大学出版社，1998Derald Wing Sue and David Sue.Counseling the Culturally Different：theory and practice[M]，Publishing Company，Belmont California，1990 John Wiley and Sons，Inc USAGrosjean，Francois.Life with Two Languages：an introduction to bilingualism[M].Cambridge，Harvard University Press，1982Hymes，nguage in Culture and Society[M].NY：Harper and Row，1964Larry A.Samovar，Richard munication between Cultures[M].Wadsworth，1991Jin，Huikang and Wang，Weigang（金惠康/王维纲）.JEFC and SEFC EnglishMethodology[M].Guiyang：Guizhou Minorities Publishing House，1996Jin，Huikang.Guizhou Tourism[M].Guizhou Educational Publishing House，Guiyang，PRC，1999 Jin，Huikang.Aspects of Guangdong Province [M].Guangzhou：Cartographic Publishing House of Guangdong Province，2002.Larry E.Smith.Discourse Across Cultures — Strategies in World Englishes[M].Prentice Hall International（UK）Ltd，1987Newmark，Peter.Approaches to Translation[M].Herfodshire：Prentice Hall，1986.Nida，Eugene nguage，Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Press，1993.Pinkham，Joan.TRANSLATOR’S GUIDE TO CHINGLISH[M].外语教学与研究出版社，2000 Raymond Gozzi，Jr.New Words — and A Changing American Culture [M].University of South Carolina Press，1990Saville/Troike，Murie.The Ethnography of Communication[M].Oxford：Basil Blackwell，1983 Wallerstein，nguage and Culture in Conflict[M].Addison-Wesley Publishing Company，Inc USA，1983Samovar，Larry A and Porter，Richard E and Stefani，Lisa munication Between Cultures [M].外语教学与研究出版社and汤姆森学习出版社，2000Scollon，Ron and Scollon，Suzanne Wong.Intercultural Communication：A Discourse Approach [M].外语教学与研究出版社and布莱克韦尔出版社，2000Venuti，Lawrence：The Translator’s Invisibility [M].London & New York：Routledge，1995.。
翻译理论与实践(28)
作业讲评：―一国两制‖就是说中国实现和平统一后，台湾和香港两地区可以保留资本主义制度，而大陆则搞社会主义。
两种社会制度在未来长时期内和平共存，互不相克。
从一九九七年七月起，中国对香港重新行使主权（sovereignty）。
确保香港的繁荣稳定和继续发展，符合中英两国的共同利益。
统一祖国、振兴（rejuvenate）中华，则是包括台湾人民和海外侨胞在内的所有中华儿女的共同愿望。
The phrase ―one country, two system s‖ means that after China reali zes peaceful reunification, Taiwan and Hong Kong, the two regions to which the idea applies, could maintain their capitalist systems while the mainland practices socialism. The two systems would coexist for a long time to come, without neither overwhelming the other. China will resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, beginning in July, 1997. It is the common interests of both China and Britain to ensure the stability, prosperity and continuing development of Hong Kong. China’s reunification and r ejuvenation is the common aspiration of the whole Chinese nation, including the people in Taiwan and those living abroad.Expose, verb[T]1to remove what is covering something so that it can be seen:The plaster on the walls has been removed to expose the original bricks underneath. He damaged his leg so badly in the accident that the bone was exposed.This photograph was under-/over-exposed (= too little/too much light was allowed to reach the film).2to make public something bad or dishonest:The review exposed widespread corruption in the police force.The newspaper story exposed him as(= showed that he was) a liar.expose sb to sth phrasal verb [usually passive]to make it likely that someone will experience something harmful or unpleasant:About 800, 000 children are exposed to poisons each year.It is feared that people living near the power station may have been exposed to radiation.Cater, verb[I or T]to provide, and sometimes serve, food:I'm catering for twelve on Sunday, all the family are coming.Which firm will be catering at the wedding reception?US Who catered your party?cater to sb/sth phrasal verbto try to satisfy a need, especially an unpopular or generally unacceptable need:This legislation simply caters to racism.Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法)English proper nouns include names of persons, places, organizations, newspapers, periodicals, radios, news agencies, books, films, etc. English technical terms include, broadlyspeaking, special words or expressions for things and ideas used in any branch of science andtechnology, social, natural, etc.Many troubles arise in translating proper names and technical terms. Great confusion may comefrom:* Transliteration of proper names from English spelling or pronunciation;* Variation in the spoken sound of Chinese characters used in translated names;chocolate“巧克力”、“巧可力”、“朱古律”、“朱古力”、“查古列”* Large number of homonyms (same spelling and pronunciation but different in meaning and origin: ―pole‖ in English, “黄”in Chinese), homophones (―site‖ ―sight‖ in English, ―人‖―仁‖ in Chinese) and homographs (same spelling, different in pronunciation and meaning ―tear‖in English, ―行‖in Chinese);* Mixed use of old and new translated names.For precision and standardization, we have to observe some rules for translation.1 Transliteration (音译)Proper nouns such as the names of persons and places of foreign countries are, as a rule, to be transliterated, i.e., to be translated by using Chinese characters to represent the sound in articulating these names.With English names of persons and places, translators should first refer to encyclopedias, dictionaries or handbooks such as 《英语姓名翻译手册》and 《世界地名翻译手册》translated and edited by qualified compilers, so that there can be a standardized transliteration. If the name cannot be found there, it should be transliterated in accordance with the Table on English-Chinese Transliteration (英汉译音表) as revised by the Xinhua News Agency. Some points, however, should be noted.1.1 Follow the Original Pronunciation of Proper Names (名从主人)Generally speaking, proper names should be transliterated directly from their original languages. This explains why some proper names are not transliterated from their English pronunciation. For example:Paris (French: [pae'ri:])巴黎(not transliterated from English as ['paeris]帕里斯)Rome (Italian: Roma ['rouma])罗马(not transliterated from English as [roum]罗姆)Germany (German: Deutsch)德意志(not 哲默尼as from English)Putin (Russian, 普京，not 普丁)Some proper names, however, are transliterated from their English pronunciations:Moscow ['moskao] 莫斯科(not from Russian "Moskva")Warsaw ['wo:so:]华沙(not from Polish "Warszawa")Prague [pra:g]布拉格(not from Czechoslovakian "Praha")Many Japanese names are transliterated into English according to the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese characters and are therefore quite different from what they ought to be in our pronunciation. In translation, these Chinese characters "borrowed" by the Japanese should be "returned" to their original owner—Chinese:Tokyo 东京Nagasaki 长崎Yokohama 横滨Hatoyama 鸠山Hiroshima 广岛Emiko 惠美子On January 1st, 1979, China's State Council announced the decision to use the Chinese phonetic alphabet to standardize the Romanization of Chinese names of persons and places. The following are the specific rules on implementing the new way of spelling:(1) The spelling of the name of the country will not change in languages using the Roman alphabet, "China" will remain "China" in English, "Chine" in French, "China" in German and "China" in Spanish,(2) In foreign languages, Chinese geographical names, in principle, will be spelt out in the Roman alphabet according to Chinese phonetic scheme, while common name parts such as province, municipality, autonomous region, river, lake, etc. will be translated by meaning. Yellow River(3) Some names of persons and places with specific meanings which need to be translatedaccording to their meanings for literary works, tourist maps and other publications can be so translated.(4) The traditional spelling of certain historical places and persons such as Confucius and Sun Yat-sen need not be changed. But, if required, the new spelling can be used and the old spelling given in parenthesis.(5) The names of overseas Chinese will be spelt according to their own usual way of spelling.(6) Trade marks and trade names already in use need not be changed.(7) All diplomatic documents, passports, certificates, contracts, agreements, publications and various kinds of export catalogues, sample books, explanations and bills which use traditional spelling can still be used if necessary. The new spelling should be used when reprinting.(8) The spelling of names of Chinese persons and places which are used in certain scientific terms need not be changed.(9) In telecommunications, forms of spelling which do not conform to telecommunication needs can be dealt with technically, for instance, "yu" can be used for "ii".(10) Since a transition period will be required in adopting the new way of spelling internationally, documents, telegrams, visas, etc. from abroad which use the old spelling should not be invalidated.The Chinese names of persons and places translated into English before January 1st,1979 according to the Wade system (韦德系统), local dialects, or something else should be transliterated in line with the above rules. Translations like the following are not in use, though they sometimes can be found in foot-notes or foreign publications:北京Peking 日喀则Shigatse厦门Amoy 松花江Sungari R.汕头Swatow 金门Quemoy烟台Chefoo 马祖Matsu沈阳Mukden 佛山Fatshan张家口Kalgan 黄浦江Whangpoo R.哈尔滨Harbin 珠穆朗玛峰Mount Everest广州Canton 罗布泊Lop Nor / Lob Nor大连Dairen 南沙群岛Spratly Is.旅顺Port Arthur 西沙群岛Paracels Is.1.2 Use the Standard Pronunciation of the Chinese Character (标准读音)One of the difficulties in transliterating a foreign name in Chinese characters lies in the lack of many foreign sounds in Chinese, and the variation in the pronunciation of the Chinese character causes confusion: the same Chinese character may be pronounced differently by people in different parts of our country. The remedy is to fix certain Chinese character(s) for a certain syllable of foreign names. This work has been done by the Xinhua News Agency, whose Table on E-C Transliteration (英汉译音表) is available.In using or choosing Chinese characters for foreign names, the following seven rules should be observed.(1)Avoid making transliterated names too long. This may be done by omitting some unclearor unimportant sounds:由于汉语是一字一音，属单音节文字，而英文等西方语言系多音节文字，引进时有必要加以改造，删除某些音节，使之与汉语发音习惯靠拢。
(最新整理)《翻译理论与实践》课程阅读书目
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闽江学院《翻译理论与实践》课程（学生课外阅读参考书目）1、 Bell, Roger. T。
1991， 2001. Translation and Translating： Theory and Practice [M］. London：Longman Group UK Ltd.；Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.2、 Benjamin， W。
1993。
The Task of the Translator［A]。
In: L。
Venuti ed. 2000. The TranslationStudies Reader［C]. London ＆ New York: Routledge。
3、 Davis, K. 2004。
Deconstruction and Translation ［M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiForeignLanguage Education Press。
4、 Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1990, 2001。
Discourse and the Translator［M］。
London:Longman Group UK Ltd.； Shanghai： Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press。
翻译理论与实践(笔译)期末复习及答案
翻译理论与实践(笔译)期末复习及答案work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR浙江广播电视大学英语专业(开放本科)《翻译理论与实践》期末复习题型：一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）二、翻译句子。
（每小题3分，共30分）三、篇章翻译（每小题40分，共40分）四、案例分析题（每小题10分，共10分）一、选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1.美国语言学家罗曼.雅各布森把翻译分成__________。
A. 语内翻译B. 语际翻译C. 符际翻译D. 以上选项都正确2. 下面哪个选项是错误的_________。
A. dry goods：纺织品 B．white goods：白色的货物C．white wine：白葡萄酒 D．toilet water：花露水3. “This is a special offer and is not subject to our usual discounts” 请问下面哪个译文最合适________。
A. 这是特殊报盘，不以我方通常折扣为条件。
B. 这是特惠报盘，我方通常折扣不适应于此盘。
C. 此系特惠报盘，不另加我方通常折扣。
D. 这是特殊报盘，不局限于我们通常折扣。
4．下面哪句话的描述是错误的________。
A．美国著名翻译理论家奈达提出了“动态对等”原则。
B．“动态对等”原则是指，运用交际理论和信息论的原理，将焦点从传统的译文与原文两个文本的比较转移到两个过程的比较，使人们注意到影响信息接收的各种语言和文化因素。
C．奈达曾将“动态对等”的提法改成了“功能对等”原则。
D．翻译求的是“形式对等”，而非”动态对等”。
5． _________提出了“美化之艺术，创优似竞赛”的翻译理念。
A．尤金.奈达 B．泰特勒C．许渊冲 D．鲁迅6. 下面哪个配对是错误的_____。
A．赤脚医生：barefoot doctor B．纸老虎：paper tigerC．to show one’s cards：摊牌 D．大海捞针：look for a needle in seaD B C D C D7.哪句话的描述是正确的______。
“翻译理论与实践”系列课程参考文献目录
“翻译理论与实践”系列课程参考文献目录［1］Arnold, D. et al. 1994. Machine Translation: An Introductory Guide [M]. London: Blackwells NCC.［2］Baker, Mona. 1992, 2000. In Other Words: A Course-book on Translation [Z]. London: Taylor&Francis Ltd.; Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.［3］Bell, Roger. T. 1991, 2001. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice [M]. London: Longman Group UK Ltd.; Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. ［4］Benjamin, W. 1993. The Task of the Translator[A]. In: L. Venuti ed. 2000. The Translation Studies Reader [C]. London & New York: Routledge.[5] Dann, Graham M.S. 1996. The Language of Tourism [M]. A Sociolinguistic Perspective.Wallingford: CAB International.［6］Davis, K. 2004. Deconstruction and Translation [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.［7］Delisle, J. 1988. Translation: An Interpretive Approach [M]. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press.［8］Hatim, Basil and Mason, Ian. 1990, 2001. Discourse and the Translator [M]. London: Longman Group UK Ltd.; Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. ［9］Jin Di and Eugene Nida. 1984. On Translation [M]. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation.［10］Lawson V. 1982. Machine Translation and People [A]. In: V. Lawson ed. 1982. Practical Experience of Machine Translation [C]. Amsterdam & New York & Oxford: NorthHolland Publishing Company.[11] Mellinkoff, David. 1963. The Language of the Law [M]. Boston /Toronto: Little Brown &Co. Law & Business.[12] Newmark, Peter. 1981, 2001. Approaches to Translation [M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press;Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.[13] Newmark, P. 1988. A Textbook of Translation [Z]. New York: Prentice Hall International.[14] Nida, E. A. 1964. Toward a Science of Translating, with Special Reference to Principlesand Procedures Involved in Bible Translating [M]. Leiden: Brill.[15] Nida, E. A. and C. Taber. 1969. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M]. Leiden: E.J.Brill.[16] Nida, E. 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Nan Ling: Guangxi University， 2003.[42] 李长栓. 汉英口译入门[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000.[43] 李照国. 中医英语教程[Z]. 西北大学出版社，1995.[44] 李照国. 中医英语翻译技巧[M]. 北京：人民卫生出版社，1997.[45] 李照国. 中医英语[M]. 上海：上海科学技术出版社，2002.[46] 李照国. 译海心语——中国古典文化翻译别论[M]. 上海中医药大学出版社，2007.[47] 李照国. 熵化·耗散·重构——汉英翻译理法探微[M].上海科学技术出版社，2008.[47] 李照国. 中医英语翻译技巧问难[M].上海：第二军医大学出版社，2009.[49] 李忠初. 现代汉语纲要[M]. 长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998.[50] 林相周. 英语理解与翻译[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社，2005.[51] 刘宓庆. 翻译与语言哲学[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001.[52] 刘士聪. 汉英·英汉美文翻译与鉴赏[M].（中英对照）译林出版社, 2003.[53] 刘重德.文学翻译十讲[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司. 1991.[54] 陆文惠.法律翻译——从实践出发. 北京：中国法律出版社. 2004.[55] 卢敏. 英语法律文本的语言特点与翻译. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2008.[56] 吕俊. 英汉翻译教程[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 2001.[57] 吕叔湘.中诗英译比录[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社. 1980.[58] 梅德明.英语口译教程.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.[59] 苗玲玲. 译可译，无常译[J]. 学术研究, 2002(8).[60] 潘文国. 汉英语对比纲要[M]. 北京：北京语言文化大学出版社，1997.[61] 彭长江. 英汉—汉英翻译教程[Z]. 长沙：湖南师范大学出版社，2002.[62] 邵志洪. 结构、语义、关系：英汉微观对比研究[C].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2008.[63] 申雨平. 西方翻译理论精选[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002.[64] 孙会军. 译论研究中的文化倾向[J].中国翻译, 2001(5).[65] 孙致礼. 译者的克己意识与创造意识[J]. 上海科技翻译, 2000(1).[66] 孙万彪.高级翻译教程[Z]. 上海：外语教育出版社， 2000.[67] 谭卫国. 最新报刊英语教程[Z]. 长沙：中南工业大学出版社, 2004.[68] 谭卫国、蔡龙权.新编英汉互译教程[Z].上海：华东理工大学出版社，2005.[69] 谭卫国. 英语背诵范文精华[Z]. 上海：华东理工大学出版社. 2005.[70] 谭卫国. 英语广告的语言特点与翻译[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社，2009.[71] 谭载喜. 翻译学[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 2000.[72] 倜西. 英汉翻译手册[Z]. 北京：商务印书馆. 2002.[73] 田德蓓.论译者的身份[J]. 中国翻译, 2000(6).[74] 王卫平. 英语科技文献的语言特点与翻译[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社，2009.[75] 王佐良. 文学翻译中的语言问题[J]. 中国翻译, 1993(2).[76] 谢天振. 翻译本体研究与翻译研究本体[J]. 中国翻译，2008（5）.[77] 许建平.英汉互译实践与技巧[M]. 北京：清华大学出版社， 2000.[78] 许明武. 英语新闻与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2003.[79] 许渊冲. 谈重译[J]. 外语与外语教学, 1996(6).[80] 许钧. 文学翻译的理论与实践——翻译对话录[M]. 南京：译林出版社. 2001.[81] 许钧. “创造性叛逆”和翻译主体性的确立[J]. 中国翻译, 2003(1).[82] 严俊仁. 科技阅读与翻译[M]. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2006.[83] 杨自俭. 语篇和语境[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报, 2003(2).[84] 张南峰.艾克西拉的文化专有项翻译策略评介[J]. 中国翻译, 2004(1).[85] 张培基. 英汉翻译教程[Z]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.[86] 张培基译注.英译中国现代散文选[Z].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.[87] 张炜. 外贸英语的语言特点与翻译[M]. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2008.[88] 赵志恒. 国际贸易实物[Z]. 北京：机械工业出版社，2006.[89] 郑海凌.文学翻译过程中的“距离”问题[J]. 中国翻译, 2002(3).[90] 周仪. 翻译与批评[M]. 武汉：湖北教育出版社. 1999.[91] 朱伊革. 英语新闻的语言特点与翻译[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社，2008.[92] 庄绎传. 英汉翻译简明教程[Z]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002.。
叶子南《高级英汉翻译理论与实践》(第3版)配套题库(含考研真题)(翻译的基本技巧 1.2 词性转换法
1.2词性转换法⊙名词转换1.a good sailor【译文】不晕船2.a slow walker【译文】走得慢3.a heavy smoker【译文】烟抽得很多/烟鬼4.a big eater【译文】吃得很多/能吃/饭量大5.a great believer in...【译文】笃信……6.the greatest sufferer【译文】受苦（害）最深7.the best singer【译文】唱得最好/最好的歌唱家8.a good swimmer【译文】很会游泳9.a good loser【译文】输得起10.the worst dancer【译文】最不会跳舞11.an early riser【译文】早起（床）的人12.a hard worker【译文】勤奋工作13.a fast runner【译文】跑得很快14.a slick talker【译文】能说会道/耍嘴皮子/耍花腔15.a willing worker【译文】乐意干活16.a duelist【译文】好决斗17.a good observer【译文】善于观察18.a great joker【译文】很会开玩笑19.a light sleeper【译文】睡眠时易醒/睡不熟/易警醒20.a good thief【译文】很会偷/善偷21.a bad liar【译文】不会说谎/很不善于撒谎22.a rapid writer【译文】笔头快/下笔快/写得快23.a good whistler【译文】口哨吹得好24.a bit of a fancier【译文】有点喜欢胡思乱想25.a good looker【译文】很好看/很漂亮/美人26.a master complicator【译文】真会捣乱27.a loner【译文】喜欢孤独的人/独立自主的人/不合群28.a clock-watcher【译文】老是看钟等下班（或下课等）的工人（或学生等）29.the best hater【译文】最会记仇30.a worrier【译文】放心不下/担心/发愁31.an idler or a loafer【译文】游手好闲/懒汉/闲荡32.a good worker【译文】干得好33.The speakers called for the downfall of imperialism,abolition of exploitation of man by man,liberation of the oppressed of China and the world.(G.Hatem:A Tribute)【译文】讲演者号召人们打倒帝国主义，消灭人剥削人的制度，解放中国和世界受压迫者。
翻译理论与实践_分句、合句法
一、分句法1. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.（中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。
）2. Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States.（顺便提一下，我希望在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。
）3. They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.（他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
）4. Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of “self-reliance”.（毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时，也许有些自豪感，这是可以理解的。
）5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.（那地区是个麻烦地方，这是大家最容易得出来的。
）6. He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial.（长期以来，他的同僚虽然看不起他，却还是对他有些亲切感；现在，除看不起之外，亲切感也没有了。
）7. A movie of me leaving that foxhole would look like a shell leaving a rifle.（我离开那个单人掩体速度之快，要是拍成电影的话，会象出膛的子弹一样。
）8. As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.（作为居住的地方，这里有许多不足之处。
翻译理论与实践(全套)精品PPT课件
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
Main Language points: 1. Comparative studies of language family 2. Comparative studies of word building in English and
Chinese 3. Comparative studies of syllable
Exercise
5
第三章：词语的翻译
教学目的：旨在帮助学生了解词义的多样性 （引申、褒贬）；并掌握词语翻译的选词技巧。
教学内容： 1. 词义的选择 2. 词义的引申 3. 词义的褒贬 4. 翻译练习
6
第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
教学内容： 1. 翻译的定义、分类 2. 翻译的标准 3. 翻译的过程：理解——表达——校对 4. 中、西译史
练习
4
第二章：英汉语言现象对比
Teaching aims: to learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese and English in word forming and vocabulary so as to translate them accurately.
二、教学过程：
1. 增译法 2. 省译法 3. 词类转换 4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
7
第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。
翻译理论与实践(29)
作业讲评：The founders of modern scienceThe men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。
翻译理论与实践TranslationtheoriesandPractice
翻译理论与实践（汉译英）Translation Theories and Practice (Chinese-English Translation )Teaching Notes for Senior College Students（2005年9月）刘国忠2578706*************.cnTopics at first:1. 解读汉译英《教学大纲》2. 解读汉译英《考试大纲》3. 汉译英学习指导①重要性②特性③实践性汉译英精典教材：1. 《英汉翻译教程》张培基喻天根《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌喻天根上海外语教育出版社 1980.92.《汉英翻译基础》陈宏薇上海外语教育出版社 1998/23.《英汉互译实用教程》宋天锡等国防工业出版社2000/14.《实用翻译教程》（英汉互译）增订本冯庆华上海外语教育出版社2002/55.《实用汉英翻译教程》曾诚外语教学与研究出版社2002/46.《翻译教学：实务与理论》刘宓庆中国对外翻译出版公司2003/1•汉译英主要内容：•一、汉译英实务教学•二、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析•三、汉译英练习与评析•—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英实务教学主要内容一、汉英词语对比二、汉英句法基本差异（一）汉英句子的主语比较三、汉英句法基本差异（二）汉语谓语动词的分析和翻译四、被动语态的翻译五、汉译英中的主谓定位六、汉译英中的句子整合问题增补内容：七、如何避免翻译中的Chinglish八、汉英翻译中的文化传递九、公示语的翻译十、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析十一、汉译英练习与评析—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英学习指导（一）如何保证翻译课的教学效果1.以―正当程序‖保证翻译质量无论英译汉，还是汉译英，译文都需要准确、通顺，这是翻译的基本要求。
表达准确的基础是对原文的准确理解：译者必须准确地理解原文的每个词、每句话和作者的意图。
表达通顺的基础是对译入语的熟练运用。
我们在做汉译英时，存在一个天然的劣势：由于英语不是我们的母语，做到表达的准确和通顺相当困难。
翻译理论与实践知到章节答案智慧树2023年湖南师范大学
翻译理论与实践知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新湖南师范大学第一章测试1.下列不属于翻译的是（）。
参考答案:甲用同一种语言转述乙的话2.将“翻译”比作“仆人”意在强调（）。
参考答案:翻译的难度之大3.下列不属于非文学翻译的类型是（）。
参考答案:科幻作品的翻译4.易之本在于（）。
参考答案:变化5.人类智慧是人工智慧的（）。
参考答案:创造者1.从语言运用考察传播，传播分为同语传播与异语传播。
（）参考答案:对2.翻译传播过程的系统模式用以解释整个过程中子系统、各要素及相关因素的互动关系，又可分为：（）。
参考答案:复合系统模式;单一系统模式3.根据传播的媒介方式，翻译传播现象划分不正确的选项包括：（）参考答案:个体翻译传播4.媒介作为翻译传播过程要素之一，不包括（）。
参考答案:出版社5.国际上四大主流通讯社包括：美联社、合众国际社、路透社和（）。
参考答案:法新社1.The rate of increase in China's car sales slowed dramatically in June, sendingthe market into potentially more perilous territory for the local andmultinational manufacturers that have recently committed more than $10 billion to new capacity in the country. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:null2.Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months ofdecline, challenging hopes that the government is successfully engineering a smooth economic “soft landing” and fuelling speculation that Beijing willsoon order an interest rate rise. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:Chinese industrial output growth rebounded in August after months of decline, // challenging hopes that the government is successfullyengineering a smooth economic “soft landing” //and fuellingspeculation that Beijing will soon order an interest rate rise.3.Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhaps because ofit-China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era by bypassing many of the costly transitional technologies that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:Despite this backwardness (in the communications) -or perhapsbecause of it-//China hopes to leapfrog into the digital era //bybypassing many of the costly transitional technologies //that industrial nations are now seeking to replace with more advanced digital systems.4.China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export of nuclearmaterials and technology in an important step to bring its policies onproliferation in line with those of Western powers. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:China has joined the multilateral group controlling the export ofnuclear materials and technology // in an important step to bring itspolicies on proliferation in line with those of Western powers.5.Beijing, China's capital, has become the latest of several industrial centres tofall victim to electricity shortages, with authorities preparing to imposerolling blackouts on some 6,400 factories from yesterday until the end ofAugust. 以下断句更为恰当的是（）参考答案:null第四章测试1.在许多情况下，“引申词意”和“化解词意”实际上是相似的。
translation exercises (1-100
《翻译理论与实践》第一学期课外翻译练习1 Car crashes are so frequent that they don’t rate a mention in the newspaper unless a lot of people are killed.2 Success can be won through skill, intelligence, sometimes sheer perseverance, regardless of birth, which has normally been accompanied by increased financial rewards in the American scene.3 Present –day concern with music is shown by the existence of over 100 summer schools in music in England which cater for all grades of musicians from the mere beginner to the skilled performer.4 Memory, as time goes by, is a selective thing.5 Today’s Japan is totally different from the Japan of five decades ago, particularly in social attitudes, which have strayed from traditional Asian values.6 Somebody lied, if he said my life is a happy little tale, or he told you I’m just an ordinary guy in the world.7 Self-esteem is feeling worthy and able to meet life’s challenges. It is as essential as the air we breathe, and just as intangible. It comes from the depths of our core, yet it is reflected in every single outward action we take, grand or small. It is the essence from which we measure our worth and the most important building block in the foundation of our intangible..8 Functioning like a magnet, Hollywood draws ambitious young people from all over the world.9 Acceptance or rejection of your body only carries weight in your mind; it has no bearings on how you actually look, so why not choose the ease of acceptance rather than the pain of rejection? The choice is yours.10 Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.11 Illegal immigrants are flooding into the United States, fuelling international disputes12 Many new industries which do not need to be close to their markets have been built up in the south and west, partly with the idea that well-qualified northern workers, alreadysatisfied by their high living standard, will think that better surroundings and warmer winters will make their living standards still higher.13 Many men have recognized the similarity of plants to the behavior of animals, and have dreamed wistfully, but forlornly, upon some method or source of rejuvenation such as Ponce de Leon sought in the Fountain of Youth several centuries ago.14 The automobile has brought many changes in American life---for example, the remarkable growth of the suburbs in the past 25 years as many people who work in the cities now enjoy country living because of good roads and the ease of commuting by automobile. Heavy use of the nation’s highways has created a demand for roadside businesses of various kinds, including outdoor movie theaters, where audiences watch films from th eir automobiles and convenient roadside hotels known as ―motels‖.15 His writings are devoured by Arabs from the castles of Morocco to the oil derricks of the Persian Gulf, by diplomats from Foggy Bottom to Peking.16 Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the works of our greatest writer.17Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English.18 He wondered if he ought to write a swansong, but laughed the thought away. There was no time. He was too impatient to be gone.19 Boxing has a reputation for being a brutal and dangerous game. This reputation is not really deserved.20 In fact the Lexicographer’s name was always on the lips of this majestic woman, and a visit he had paid to her was the cause of her reputation and her fortune.21The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.22Sometimes, indeed, it seems that the poetry of Shakespeare will disappear beneath the great mass of comment that has been written upon it.23The popularity of television and the serious problem of piracy have contributed to the decline of movie industry.24. Being a major concern now, the problem of cyber security calls for government measures for improvement.25. Sweeping across Asia, an information technology revolution is causing an acute shortage of high-tech labor.26. In an effort to reach more readers, many publications have gone on-line, making their materials available to people with personal computers.27. Attracted by reports of great economic opportunities and religious and political freedom, immigrants from many other countries flocked to the Untied States in increasing numbers, reaching a peak in the years 1880-1914.28. Electronic music has begun to bridge the gap between diverse groups, breaking through all of society’s barriers: race, gender, age, and culture.29. Humans, the biggest ―killer‖ rather than natural disasters, are forcing more and more animals to join the dinosaurs in the museum.30. During the wartime, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children.31. Hollywood’s fame and fortune reached its peak in the 1930s and 1940s, the golden days of the black and white movies.32. The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.33. A recent survey revealed that the divorce rate has rocketed as women’s financial dependence on men has plummeted.34. The music industry is getting raided by the internet because it is so easy to make unauthorized copies of songs.35. The increase in DINK families has shattered the traditional idea of Chinese family.36. Just as all nations can benefit from the promise of this new world, no nation is immune to its perils.37. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes deeper than the other.38There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it.39At first, I was poor. Then I became needy. Later I was underprivileged. Now I’m disadvantaged. I still don’t have a cent to my name, but I sure have a great vocabulary.(* euphemistic words used by the government to mean ―poor‖—added by xiao mi)40No transport system in the world carries so many passengers by night or by day as the Greyhound buses which go almost anywhere in the United States.41To save embarrassment to people still living I have given to the persons who play a part in this story names of my own contriving, and I have in other ways taken pains to make sure that no one should recognize them.42Public officials may be removed from office for failing to perform their duties properly as well as for serious violations of law.43I had unforgivably, in a stealthy manner, peeped at her correspondence.44The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time is too valuable to be wasted.45The greatness of a people is no more determined by their number than the greatness of a man is determined by his height.46. Emphasizing the English language’s impact by its commercial activities across the globe, the United States has brought facets of its culture to almost every country.47. Since the last travel and work restriction were abolished in the European Union, the young have pursued their ambitions freely, helping to make Europe’s economy even more vibrant.48. In British it is necessary to prepare food rapidly in large quantities, and the taste of the food inevitably suffers, though its quality, from the point of view of nourishment, is quite satisfactory.49. E-mail has challenged the fax machine which was the preferred method of transmitting printed matter in the early 1990s.50. He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.51. It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. ―Built-in obsolescence‖ provides the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get thinner and thinner. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.52. This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies mustlead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage pocket. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to the m. Recruiting tactics of this kind of have led to the ―brain drain‖, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the higher bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.53. The big cities must cope with inner-city poverty which spawns crime and drug abuse, and racism which arises from their multiracial populations.54. The agricultural revolution in the 19th century involved the invention of laborsaving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture.55. The economic differences between the North and the South and their different views of the relationship between the federal government and the states led to the Civil War in 1861.56. The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.57. Subjection of nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam-navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization of rivers, whole populations conjured out of the ground--- what earlier century had even a presentiment that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labour? (Manifesto of the Communist Party).58. Almost from the beginning of his term in office, President Clinton was dogged by rumors of his marital infidelity and financial corruption.59. The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.60. There is a mounting awareness on the part of the public of the gravity of corruption.61. Along with the realization that her superior was a venal official came understanding that the department under his thumb was not only oppressive but also rotten through and through.62. The thought that she would be separated from her husband during his long and dangerous journey saddened Mrs. Brown.63. Music whose meaning is slightly different with each hearing has a greater chance of remaining alive.64. American presidents tend to be judged less by the good deeds they set in motion than by how well they respond to crises.65. The line of demarcation between the adult and the child world is drawn in many ways. For instance, many American parents may be totally divorced from the church, or entertain grave doubt about the existence of God, but they send their children to Sunday school and help them, to pray. American parents struggle in a competitive world where sheer cunning and falsehood are often rewarded and respected, but they feed their children with nursery tales in which the morally good is pitted against the bad, and in the end the good inevitably is successful and the bad inevitably punished.66. Having children---especially the first child---puts a bigger strain on a couple’s relationship than anything else they ever do; some who stay together emerge stronger and richer, but a heck of a lot never recover.67. So a future of smaller families and more people choosing not to have children at all could well leave couple closer than they are today; for many, the purpose of being together would be solely to pleasure and support each other---an interesting prospect.68. Problems arise because too much water or too little water occurs at a certain place at a certain time, and these problems are increasing in number and magnitude each year.69. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.70. One-room schools are part of the heritage of the United States, and the mention of them makes people feel a vague longing for ―the way things were.‖71. He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off.72. The difference that distinguished them were obviously associated with the different social lives they had led.73. The main objection to vegetarianism on a long-term basis is the difficulty of getting enough protein, the body-building element in food.74. The combination of this Oriental city’s geography and the absence of import taxes has long made Hong Kong the ideal storehouse for transit goods to and from Asia.75. One attractive feature of the two-year college in the United States is that the faculty’s primary professional responsibility is to teach. At many four-year colleges and universities, research is, to put it mildly, at least as important as how an instructor performs in the classroom. The tension between research and teaching so common at comprehensive universities is not a factor at two-year institutions, where the good of the student is without doubt the instructor’s number-one concern.76 It is simple enough to say that since books have classes---fiction, biography, poetry---we should separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.77. Yet few people ask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices.78. If we could banish all such preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning. Do not dictate to your author: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice.79. If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of almost imperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into the presence of a human being unlike any other.80. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, and soon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far more definite. The thirty –two chapters of a novel---if we consider how to read a novel first---are an attempt to make something as formed and controlled as a building: But words are more impalpable than bricks; reading is a longer and more complicated process than seeing.81. Locked up with my reading, I am completely alone. It’s just my book and me. What a delight! No one can read this text, on this page, in my place. Moreover, no one knowswhat I’m reading. It’s a purely selfish pleasure. In the morning, I’m happier and fresher. I feel renewed. Like an athlete, I’m better at some moments than at others. This morning I’m the best at reading.82. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.83. Books of voyages and travels became my passion, and in devouring their contents, I neglected the regular exercises of the school.84. What makes community colleges unique within the spectrum of American higher education is their policy of open enrollment.85. When you first glimpse Macau on the ferry form Hong Kong, it looks less than impressive. The skyline is dull compared to the imposing glass skyscrapers of Hong Kong, and most people do not take the time to revise this first impression, devoting on more than a day trip to it. But this does not do justice to this city of two cultures, which hides plenty of interesting secrets.86. We know more about the moon 240,000 miles away than we know about the three-fourth of the earth covered with water.87. As this century unfolds and people look back on this day, they will conclude that in admitting China to the WTO we took a decisive step in strengthening the global economic trading system.88. He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a ―step up‖ toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up: money and power.89. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.90. And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born and the kind of people among whom he was born.91. If she did not speak with Rebecca on the tender subject, she compensated herself with long and intimate conversation with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the house keeper, who droppedsome hints to the lady’s maid, who may have cursorily mentioned the matter to the cook, who carries the news, I have no doubt, to all the tradesmen.92. A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.93. I visited the neighboring villages, and added greatly to my stock of knowledge, by noting their habits and customs, and conversing with their sages and great men.94. From the standpoint of the developing countries, the next decade should see a greatly accelerated program for scientific and technological co-operation, aimed at wide-spread dissemination of technology for meeting the basic needs of man, such as nutrition, shelter, communications, health and sanitation.95. There is, of course, no single pattern of American characters any more than there is a single English or Turkish or Chinese character.96. There is much to be desired for the government to crack down bribery and corruption.97. Examinations test your knowledge and your ability to apply your knowledge, but not very much more. What is o often forgotten is that there are many valuable qualities which cannot be tested by examinations. Can you imagine, for instance, an examination in tact or good manners, in kindness or in honesty?98 Not only do Englishmen get several different sorts of weather in one day, but they may very well get a spell of winter in summer and vice versa.99. The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He sees ---then seizes---markets worldwide.100. Someone once remarked that the British and the Americans are two peoples separated by the same language. Most epigrams exaggerate for effect, and this one is no exception. But it is, nevertheless, undeniably true that some commonly used words mean different things in these two cultures.Consider the seemingly single term-"the government." To parliamentarians trained in British terminology, "the government" means "the cabinet: a group of the legislature's own members, chosen by it to devise public policies, to manage the legislature's major activities, and to exercise executive powers.。
试论翻译理论与实践的关系及其结合方式
校园英语 / 翻译研究试论翻译理论与实践的关系及其结合方式对外经济贸易大学/苏盼【摘要】“翻译理论与实践”是高校英语专业的一门基础课程，要获得完美的翻译效果，必须要运用翻译理论来决定采用的翻译实践类型，通过翻译实践来完成译作，要厘清两者的关系并进行有机的结合。
本文介绍了翻译理论与实践的关系以及两者的结合方式。
【关键词】翻译理论 翻译实践 关系 结合方式一、前言翻译是一种交际活动，它是不同语言、文化和社会关系的交流，翻译同时也是一门科学和艺术。
如果认为精通了一门外语再借助于字典和工具书就可以翻译，是非常片面和错误的。
要做出具有专业水平和质量的译文，必须要深入的研究原语文化。
在翻译过程中熟悉两种语言是最基本的，语言是有灵魂和生命的，要通过语言表达的信息来了解其所反映的文化，这样才能深刻体会中西文化的差异。
不同的民族都有不同的生存环境，对于世界的认识也存在着差异，这些都造成了民族文化的差异。
人们通过本民族的文化理解方式来理解周围的信息，原文的作者和读者一般来说文化背景是相似的，读者会通过词汇表达意思的理解来理解文章的文化内涵，译者根据自己的语言理解和文化前景进行翻译，表达自己的情感和对原文信息，所以纽马克说“翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人”。
翻译者要精通两种语言，要通过大量的信息来了解两个语种文化的差异，这样才能找到一个契合点，才能让译者更客观的读懂原作，可以准确的把握原文的文化信息并进行传播，翻译理论和翻译实践缺一不可。
二、翻译理论与翻译实践1.翻译理论。
翻译理论的产生和发展一度呈现出百家争鸣、学派林业的局面，通过进行翻译理论的研究，更加深入了解翻译活动的本质，最初研究的是原文与译文，随着研究的深入，进行了对译文的读者、采取的翻译策略以及翻译者的心理活动等深层次的研究，通过翻译理论的日渐系统化，人们越来越重视翻译理论的研究。
比较有代表性的是英国翻译理论家彼得·纽马克的翻译理论，纽马克对翻译领域的各派系翻译理论进行了部结，在对翻译理论进行研究时融合了文体、话语分析、格语法、功能语法以及跨文化交际等理论内容，非常全面的论述了翻译理论、翻译教学和翻译技巧。
翻译理论与实践课后习题答案
第一章翻译概论第一节中外翻译史简介四、课内练习1. 东汉至唐宋时期。
2. 玄奘不仅译出了75 部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成为第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。
3. 20 世纪初的“五四”新文化运动，开创了白话文学和白话翻译的新纪元，语言从文言正宗转为白话本位。
五四运动前后，东西方各国的优秀文学作品，特别是俄国和苏联的作品开始被介绍进来，《共产党宣言》等一批马克思主义著作的译文就发表在“五四”时期，为中国后来的革命做了充分的理论和思想准备。
4. 圣经的翻译成为了西方翻译研究的重要源头之一。
5. 中外悠久的翻译历史已为我们积累了一份宝贵的文化遗产。
我们应当认真总结前人的翻译经验，借鉴吸收前人从实践中总结出的理论、方法，以便继续提高我们的翻译水平，为中外文化交流做出自己的贡献。
五、课后练习（一）将下列段落译成中文：一百年前的今天：一些海鸥；北卡罗来纳州杀魔山海岸警卫队的三个队员；救生站以及一些本地人，见证了威尔帕·莱特(Wilbur Wright)和奥维尔·莱特(Orville Wright)兄弟的第一次机动飞机飞行。
1903 年12 月17 日，莱特兄弟第一次用比空气重的飞行器进行了有动力的持续飞行。
1932 年，90 英尺高的杀魔山顶立起了一座60 英尺高的花岗岩纪念碑，用以纪念这两个来自俄亥俄州代顿市的梦想家。
莱特兄弟来自于美国中部。
他们有着天空般广阔的眼界，也有着十分务实的作风。
1892 年，他们在俄亥俄州的代顿开创了自己的自行车企业：莱特自行车公司。
虽然在当时世纪之交的美国，有着数不清的自行车公司，但只有一个在造轮子的同时造出了翅膀。
当莱特兄弟在1903 年最终着眼于动力载人飞行器，他们成功地使世界变小了……（二）将下列段落译成英文：As Jia baoyu，Xue Baoqin，Xing youyan and Ping’er had birthdays on the same day，the young ladies held a hilarious drinking party in the hall of the peony garden for them. When it was Xiangyun’s turn to compose a verse amid a drinking game，she made fun of the service maids by saying，holding a duck head in hand，“This ya tou （referring to the duck head in hand）is not that ya tou （referring to the service maids around，as both are homophones in Chinese），for this ya tou has applied no hair oil….”Everybody roared with laughter. Some service maids protested，laughing，“You made fun of us，so you have to drink another cup. Let’s pour a full cup her….”As the party went on drinkers’games continued with ceaseless laughter and people suddenly noticed that Xiangyun had disappeared. While they looked this way and that，a service maid rushed in laughing，“Young ladies. Hurry to have a look at the Lady Xiangyun. She’s sleeping on the stone bench over there.”The group tiptoed over，and sure enough，saw Xiangyun sleeping soundly. Fallen flowers scattered on her body，her hair and her face. Her fan had dropped on the ground aside. Bees danced in the air around her. Under her head was a make-shift pillow of peony flowers wrapped with her handkerchief. Amid laughter service girls gently woke her up and helped her-she was still mumbling something drunkenly-get inside theroom.第二节翻译的定义与性质四、课内练习（一）将下列英文译成中文：1. 海蒂读过阿瑟的信后陷入了绝望之中。
翻译理论与实践(31)
作业讲评：One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl of eighteen, presented herself at the clerk’s desk of the principal hotel in Columbus, Ohio, and made inquiry as to whether there was anything about the place that she could do. She was of helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. Any one could see where the daughter behind her got the timidity and shamefacedness which now caused her to stand back and look indifferently away. She was a product of the fancy, the feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with the gravity and poise which were characteristic of her father. Poverty was driving them. Together they presented so appealingly a picture of honest necessity that even the clerk was affected.1880年秋天的一个早晨，有一个中年妇人，带着一个18岁的青年女子，走进俄亥俄州科伦坡市的大旅馆里，到帐房的写字台面前，问他旅馆里有没有她能做的活。
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作业讲评：The Founders of Modern ScienceThe men who founded modern science had two merits which are not necessarily found together: immense patience in observation, and great boldness in framing hypothesis. The second of these merits had belonged to the earliest Greek philosophers; the first existed, to a considerable degree, in the later astronomers of antiquity. But no one among the ancients, except perhaps Aristarchus, possessed both merits, and no one in the Middle Ages possessed either. Copernicus, like his great successors, possessed both. He knew all that could be known, with the instruments existing in his days, about the apparent motions of the heavenly bodies on the celestial sphere, and he perceived that the diurnal rotation of the earth was a more economical hypothesis than the revolution of all the celestial spheres.创立近代科学的那些人有两种不一定并存的长处：作观察时十分耐心，设假说时有大无畏精神。
其中第二种长处最早期的希腊哲学家先前曾有过，第一种长处在古代晚期的天文家身上也有相当程度的表现。
但是在古代人中间，也许除亚里士达克外，没有人同时具备这两种长处，而中世纪的时候，更无人具备任何一种。
哥白尼像他的一些伟大的后继者，两者兼有。
关于各天体在天球上的外观运动，用当时已有的仪器所能知道的一切他全都知道；他并且认识到，地球每日自转一周这种讲法和所有天体旋转这讲法比起来，是个较简便的假说。
Translation of Proper Nouns and Technical Terms(专有名词和专门术语译法) (part 2)2 Semantic Translation (意译)Proper nouns such as the names of organizations, institutions, newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, news agencies, books, films, some names of places implying certain meanings, and most of technical terms, should generally be translated semantically. Translators should first refer to encyclopedias, dictionaries, and specialized handbooks such as 《各国政府机构手册》、《联合国组织机构名称》、《世界报刊、电台、通讯社译名手册》、《英汉技术词典》、各科专门术语手册.Daily Telegraph (英、澳、新)每日电讯报Pentagon 五角大楼(美国国防部所在地)AP (Associated Press) 美联社(美国联合通讯社)Whitehall 白厅(英国政府机关所在地)Fleet Street 舰队街(英国伦敦的一条街，报馆集中的地方)sandwich course 工读交替制课程In translating names of organizations, institutions, titles, etc, remember that different established versions may apply for different usage of the same term:President 总统；大学校长；会长；总裁；董事长；总经理；银行行长；等等Chairman(通常男性)主席；董事长；总裁；会长；理事长；委员长；等等Secretary of State 大臣(英国)；国务卿(美国) Governor (美)州长；(澳)州总督；(印)邦长；(泰)府尹Most technical terms should be translated semantically, so that they can be readily understood by readers. Nothing gives the translator who is a stranger to a given subject more trouble than the translation of technical terms.cruise missile 巡航导弹stereovision 立体视角picture phone 电视电话micro film 缩微胶卷modem (= modulator-demodulator) 调制解调器(调解器)balun (= balanced-unbalanced transformer) 平衡—不平衡变换器cermet (= ceramics + metal) 金属陶瓷avionics ( = aviation + electronics) 航空电子学voder (= voice operation demonstrator) 语音合成仪LLLTV (= low light level television) 微光电视English is characterized by its openness of vocabulary. Words borrowed from other languages are often translated semantically:cassette (法) 盒式磁带raster (德)光栅kamikaze (日)神风突击机tungsten (瑞典)钨silo (西班牙) 导弹发射井robot (捷)机器人；(南非)自动交通信号机Many common words have new meanings in the vocabulary of science and technology:child (计算机)子进程；子节点host (计算机)主机，宿主机jewel box (case) (计算机)光盘拿angel (无线电)仙波，杂散反射back up (计算机)备份；返回bug 窃听器；防盗报警器；故障A good command of the meanings implied in prefixes or suffixes and of the word-forma-tion of technical terms is of great help to translators.3 Both Transliteration and Semantic translation (半音音意译)Some proper names, technical terms or other common nouns may be partly transliterated and partly translated semantically:club 俱乐部kilowatt 千瓦Cambridge 剑桥neon sign 霓虹灯Brinell test 布氏试验Babbit metal 巴氏合金Ohm's law 欧姆定律Einstein equation 爱因斯坦方程式Some words may be transliterated with semantic translation added at the end or at the beginning (加字法):jeep 吉普车sardine 沙丁鱼utopia 乌托邦invar 因钢beer 啤酒flannel 法兰绒carbine 卡宾枪bar 酒吧card 卡片Dural 杜拉铝czar (tsar) 沙皇logic 逻辑学hamburger 汉堡包Malthusianism 马尔萨斯人口论Names from trade marks are often thus translated:Ford Escort (美)福特汽车公司护卫牌汽车Honda (日) 本田汽车公司Datsun (日)达特桑汽车公司Toyota Corolla (日)丰田汽车公司花冠牌汽车4 Shape-related Symbol Translation with a Semantic Explanation Added at the End (形译兼意译)cross 十字架zigzag wave 曲折波pyramid 金字塔T-beam 丁字梁mattock 鹤嘴锄I-steel 工字钢barrel 琵琶桶Y-pipe Y(叉)形管setsquare 三角板S-link S 形连接vanishing cream 雪花膏V-way V 形导轨herringbone gear 人字齿轮C-washer C 形垫圈5 Semantic Translation with the Original Alphabet, Abbreviation, or Number at the Beginning or at the End (意译兼字母、缩略语、型号、牌号、标号、数字)ATM (automated teller machine) ATM 机(自动柜员机)IC (integrated circuit) IC卡(集成电路卡)X ray X光(照片)pH (法语potentiel d'hydrogene) pH 值(氢离子浓度指数)AT cut (晶片的) AT切割p-n junction (半导体中的) pn结Vitamin-B12 维生素B12B-52 (美) B52轰炸机Boeing 737 波音737客机FORTRAN FORTRAN 语言Alfenol 16 含铝16%的铝铁高导磁合金Model SI-170A chuck lathe SI-170A型卡盘车床6 Borrowing of the Original Abbreviation (借用原文缩略语)Direct borrowings of the original abbreviations are more often used than before as a result of frequent cross-cultural communications, the development of foreign language education in China, the introduction of science and technology, and the remarkable progress in the spread of English as an international language. Their increasing use offers a direct and simpler way to express what has been newly created. The fifth edition of 《现代汉语词典》(2005) includes quite a number of these borrowings, such as:A V (audio-visual) 音频和视频TMD (Theater Missile Defense) 战区导弹防御系统WWW (World Wide Web) 万维网OTC (over the counter) 非处方药CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory) 只读光盘SOHO (small office home office)小型家居办公室IDD (international direct dial) 国际直拨电话ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 国际标准化组织CIP (cataloguing in publication) 在版编目；预编目录EMS (express mail service) 邮政特快专递GRIg (Graduate Record Examination) 美国等国家研究生入学资格考试ISBN (international standard book number)国际标准书号APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经济合作组织MP3 (MPEG I audio layer 3) 播放数字音频压缩格式音频文件的袖珍型电子产品7 Coinage of New Characters (创造新词)There seems a final way to translate technical terms, i.e., to coin new Chinese characters if need be. However, new characters should be acknowledged by scientists or specialists.* Chemical elements:uranium (U) 铀plutonium (Pu) 钚radon (Rn) 氡platinum (Pt) 铂* Chemical nouns:ammonia 氨ether 醚alkane 链烷benzene 苯* Medicines:sulfadiazine 磺胺嘧啶phenolphthalein 酚酞Drills for this section(1) Translate the following proper names of persons and places:1. Charles De Gaulle 9. Caesar (Cezar)2. Napoleon 10. Osaka3. Pearl S. Buck 11. Kakuei Tanaka4. Yoshida 12. Syngman Rhee5. Seoul 13. John Leighton Stuart6. Vladivostok 14. John King Fairbank7. Khabarovsk 15. Dr.Juan (Mexican)8. Gold Coast 16. Little Rock(2) Translate the following proper nouns:1. NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)2. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)4. Mathematics for the Million (magazine)5. Labour Monthly (British periodical)6. Baltimore Sun (American newspaper)7. Reader's Digest (American periodical)8. Malayan Monitor (newspaper)9. United Press International (UPI)10. Rebecca (American novel & film)11. The Gold Rush (American film by Chaplin)12. Oliver Twist (by Charles Dickens)(3) Translate the following technical terms:1. morphine 5. magneto phone2. barometer 6. p-n-p transistor3. photoflash 7. Trident-3B (British plane)4. sputnik (from Russian) 8. ground-to-air missile9. Sprint (--Solid Propellant Rocket Interceptor)10. Samos (=Satellite and Missile Observation System)(4) Explain your choices from the following translations:1. university college①大学学院②大学夜校部2. institute of technology①工艺学校②工科大学③理工学院3. career education①事业教育②生计教育③职业教育(cf.vocational education)4. middle school①中间学校②中学(cf. high school, secondary school)5. Xerox Corporation (美)①施乐公司②(克)塞罗克斯公司6. Texas Instruments (美)①午克萨斯仪器公司②德州仪器公司7. IBM (International Business Machine) (美)①国际商业机器公司②万国通用机器公司8. Control Data Corporation (美)①控制数据公司②资料管理公司9. President Reagan①里根总统(cf.Regan)②雷根总统10. analysis of variance program①不同程序的分析②方差分析程序11. description of population program①人口程序的叙述方法②总体描述程序12. sweetened condensed milk①甜炼乳②加糖冷凝牛奶13. Red Star over China (by Edgar Snow)①《西行漫记》②《红星普照中国》③《中国上空的红星》14. Uncle Tom's Cabin①《黑奴吁天录》(林纾译)②《汤姆叔叔的小屋》③《汤姆大伯的小屋》15. David Copperfield①《块肉余生述》(林纾译)②《大卫·科波菲尔》16. Ham]et①《王子复仇记》②《哈姆雷特》17. The Call of the Wild①《野性的呼声》②《荒野的呼唤》18. Wuthering Heights①《魂归离恨天》②《呼啸山庄》19. A Farewell to Arms①《战地春梦》②《永别了，武器》③《永别了，战争》20. For Whom the Bell Tolls (by E. Hemingway)①《战地钟声》②《丧钟为谁而鸣》③《钟为谁呜》21. Soldier's Home①《一个士兵的家庭》②《士兵回家》③《军人之家》22. Sister Carrie①《嘉莉姑娘》②《嘉莉妹妹》23. Gone With the Wind①《飘》②《随风逝去》③《往事如烟》④《乱世佳人》24. NewArabian Adventures (British film)①《新天方夜谭》②《新阿拉伯历险记》25. The V oyage of Damned (British film)①《该死的航程》②《苦海余生》26. A Night to Remember (British film)①《难忘的一夜》②《冰海沉船》27. The Last Snows of Spring (Italian film)①《父子情深》②《春天的残雪》28. Sound of Music (American fi]m)①《仙乐风飘处处闻》②《音乐之声》29. Waterloo Bridge (American film)①《魂断蓝桥》②《滑铁卢桥》30. Brief Encounter (British film)①《短暂的邂逅》②相见恨晚》31. Blood and Sand (American film)①《血和沙》②《碧血黄沙》All’s Well That Ends WellAs You Like ItCarve Her Name with PrideOliver TwistLove’s Labour’s LostMuch Ado About NothingThe Pilgrim’s ProgressShe Stoops to ConquerThe War of the WorldsHomework:One morning, in the fall of 1880, a middle-aged woman, accompanied by a young girl of eighteen, presented herself at the clerk’s dest of the pricipal hotel in Columbus, Ohio, and made inquiry as to whether there was anything about the place that she could do. She was of helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open counternance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the counternances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about. Any one could see where the daughter behind her got the timidity and shamefacedness which now caused her to stand back and look indifferently away. She was a product of the fancy, the feeling, the innate affection of the untutored but poetic mind of her mother combined with the gravity and poise which were characteristic of her father. Poverty was driving them. Together they presented so appealingly a picture of honest necessity that even the clerk was affected.。