修辞学小论文
修辞学论文——公文中修辞学(英语)
Rhetoric in Official Document公文中的修辞学The significance of choosing the topic:选择这个论点的重要性：Rhetoric is the art of discourse, an art that aims to improve the facility of speakers or writers who attempt to inform, persuade, or motivate particular audiences in specific situations。
Because it can help the speaker express better, even obtain some unexpected effects, rhetoric is used so broadly that we can see it everywhere in our daily life. Similarly, rhetoric is indispensable in work, especially in official document in that rhetoric can help the speaker use lexical chunks more smoothly and present their views more accurately. Comparing to the usual writing, rhetoric is applied in practice and act upon practice, so that rhetoric in office document has its outstanding features and aesthetic effect. If somebody want conduct it proficiently, he should make strenuous effort to learn a great of knowledge and all kinds of abilities. In a word, rhetoric in official document is so practical and important that I think it's very necessary to talk about it.修辞，就是适应特定的交际需要与情境，增强那些想告知、说服或者鼓动特定人群的说话者或写作者的言辞或文句效果的一种说话艺术。
修辞学论文
浅析白岩松《我的故事以及背后的中国梦》之修辞与题旨情境内容【摘要】修辞是人们准确表达生活的必要手段。
修辞要适应题旨情境，要根据作者表达思想内容的需要恰当地运用各种修辞方法，以达到准确、鲜明、生动地表达思想的需要。
修辞方法是题旨情境的表现形式，题旨情境决定修辞方法的运用，内容决定形式，形式为内容服务。
本文将就修辞同题旨情境的关系，对白岩松在耶鲁大学发表的演讲《我的故事以及背后的中国梦》进行浅析。
【关键词】修辞必要手段适应题旨情境决定陈望道在《修辞学发凡》中提出“修辞以适应题旨情境为第一义”。
什么是题旨？题旨就是要表达的思想内容，大致包括主题思想和写说目的两个方面。
修辞运用恰当的语言形式，总是为了表达特定的内容，因此，修辞与题旨的关系，就是形式与内容的关系。
唯物辩证法认为，形式与内容是辩证地统一在一起的。
内容必须用形式表现出来，形式也必然有其表现的内容。
在内容与形式的关系上，内容决定形式，形式反作用于内容。
修辞所要表达的内容决定了人们采用与之相适应的修辞形式，适合内容的修辞形式可以更好地来表达内容。
在本篇演讲稿中，毋庸置疑，题旨就是题目，即我的故事以及背后的中国梦。
演讲内容围绕着“故事”和“中国梦”展开。
以自己出生的年份1968年作为开始，讲述了1968年、1978年、1988年、1998年、2008年五个年份的故事，讲述了自己如何从一个边远小城的绝望孩子，成长为见证无数重要时刻的新闻人，并以个人命运为线索折射了四十年中美关系发生的深刻变化。
虽然为我们呈现了5个年份的场景，但是题旨始终是“故事”以及“中国梦”。
情境即语境，语境就是语言环境。
狭义的语境指语言交际时的上下文或前言后语。
我们说一句话，常有上下文。
这里的上下文，既包括紧贴在它前后的语句，也包括出现在它前后的其他语句。
广义的语境是就语言外部环境而言的，既包括交际者的身份、职业、水平、修养、处境、心情等主观因素，又包括语言交际的时间、地点、场合、对象、背景等客观因素。
修辞的探讨论文
修辞的探讨论文摘要：《十日谈》与中国话本小说在叙事策略上不约而同地选择了“虚拟修辞策略”作为讲述手法，但在叙事效果和社会影响方面却大相径庭。
本文拟从叙事学文本分析和社会生活具体语境两方面展开讨论，剖析中外两部典型叙事作品在运用“虚拟修辞策略”时，如何形成了文学尺度与社会尺度的双重差异。
关键词：虚拟修辞策略；似真效果；话本小说语言学意义上的“修辞”关系本指对语言要素之间的巧妙配合所形成的交际效果的研究。
基于对它的模仿，W·C·布斯提出小说“修辞”关系：作者，叙述者如何通过选择不同的叙事技巧，形成与读者的最佳交流。
一《十日谈》与中国话本小说都在叙事过程中，通过灵活地运用“说话人的虚拟修辞策略”，采取“讲述”的方式，取得了“虚拟情境”中“似真效果”的最大化。
交流本应是人与人之间的双向互动，所谓交互流通。
但是在“说话人的虚拟修辞策略”中，说话人主控了叙事效果和读者的心理反应。
通过素材筛选，词汇挑选乃至把握叙事节奏，增加议论抒情性的诗词、歌曲等方法，说话人不断调整着整个故事的情感走势，让读者始终沿着既定的方向，完成对故事的情感体验。
说话人所希望达到的效果，不是众说纷纭，见仁见智的喧嚷，而是听众对故事主题绝对的一致性认同。
翻开《十日谈》，我们看到：讲述者们在慢慢摸索出使讲述得以规范化的方式：每天固定一个主题，故事围绕主题展开，形成一个集中、凝练的系列。
不论薄迦丘的创作意图是否有此一项，这种结构安排在客观的阅读效果上造成了“你中有我，我中有你”的文本间交流，也就是说，在戏剧的大幕拉开之前，演员们已经互为观众，评点对方了。
此种叙事结构让同一主题在不同的叙述者口中重现并被不断强化；与此同时，每当故事告一段落，现场听众的反应都被记录下来。
在第一天第4个故事中，第奥纽讲述了“小修士犯色戒，却施巧计逃脱修道院长的责罚”的故事。
结果“小姐们听着第奥纽的故事，起初很有些儿难为情，脸儿都不觉红了起来；她们你看看我，我望望你，终于忍不住了。
修辞学论文
修辞学论文浅谈《红楼梦》诗词中的引用修辞修辞学是一门门语言修辞的学问，修辞加强言辞或文句效果的功能需要通过比喻、排比、引用等具体的修辞手法来体现。
其中，引用作为修辞手法中非常重要的一类，在文学作品中有大量的应用。
《红楼梦》被称为我国封建社会的百科全书，不论是其本身的文学价值还是其中诗词歌赋、市井文化、中医养生都给后代留下了很大的研究空间。
曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中所写的诗词，有的出于仙道之口，有的出于大家闺秀之口，还有的出于纨绔子弟之口，各具情态，所用的修辞更是数不胜数，引用便是出现多次的一种。
引用，引用是指写文章时，有意引用现成语、诗句、格言、典故等，以表达自己的思想感情，说明自己对新问题、新道理的见解，这种修辞手法叫引用。
引用又分为很多种类。
根据作者引用的意图可以分为正引和反引。
正引又称“正用”，就是引用者对所引用的语句持肯定的态度，用在引文与原文意思相一致的场合。
正引一般是用来印证自己的观点，表达自己的思想感情。
它既可以是明引，也可以是暗引。
反引又称“反用”，就是引用者对所引用的语句加以评判，持否定的态度，即所使用的意思与原来的意思是相反的，以达到标新立异，或起到讽刺的作用。
反用从形式上还可以分为三类。
第一类是照录原文，然后对原文加以否定或修正；第二类是直接改动原文，使本文所用的意思与原文相反；第三类是引出原文的大意，然后再提出异议。
而根据作者引用的方式可以分为直接引用和间接引用。
直接引用多见于专著、论文集、学位论文、报告和论文集中的析出文献等。
此外，根据所引出处是否明示而言，有明引与暗引之别；按照所引文字与原文有无差异来说，有直引与意引之分；凭依所引出处或主旨正确与否立论，有确引与讹引之异。
要论《红楼梦》中的才女，就不得不提黛玉。
曹雪芹对林黛玉这一形象的塑造在一开篇就已明写出她从小就已经受到良好的教育这不同于同时代的其他女性，甚至不同于同是书中人物的贾府四春。
贾雨村也正是因为是林黛玉的老师才得到林如海的引荐，包括托付送黛玉进贾府。
修辞学论文
摘要:反语，我们通常所说的“说反话”，是一种话语的显义与隐义或命题内容与实际内容相反的修辞格。
主要分为言语反语，戏剧性反语和情景反语。
反语在我们生活中的运用随处可见。
当你想要直接表达禁止和压制时，可以用反语表达正面的意思。
当你面对荒谬，不硬加驳斥，而是谬上加谬使其荒诞之处极端放大而达到归谬目的。
当你正面语言难以表达强烈情绪之时，反语的表达可以加强效果。
也可以运用反语颠覆既定习惯，产生幽默的效果。
关键字：言语反语戏剧性反语情景反语一，言语反语（verbal irony）言语反语，即用与真正想要表达的意思相反的措辞来表达说话人意思。
如：Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act. (盗窃寡妇的存款真是够高尚的了)。
这里的noble实指mean,是对盗窃行为的讽刺。
另一方面，言语反语也可通过某些程度副词really, indeed, sure 等词来体现。
如：Jerry, failed in his exams for several courses . One of his classmates said to others :“He is really a genius.”不言而喻，从常理分析，谁都不会认为多门功课不及格的人是天才。
从句式来看，言语反语除了用陈述句外还可通过感叹句或修辞问句来体现。
如：a: A fine daughter you raised. (你可养了个好闺女)b: Why do you come so soon? (你怎么来的这么早)c: If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarette, don’t listen to it .They are probably trying to trick you into living.(如果有人苦口婆心的劝你戒烟，不要理他们，他们大概是想骗你活的长久些)d:当天气阻碍了你的出行，我们通常说“What a fine day!”这里所说的fine实际上是想说“bad”“awful”“abominable”（一）通过否定话语间接表达喜爱或赞扬等肯定态度或善意的幽默亲人和朋友之间常会用一些反语来表达一种唯有亲人朋友才能体会到的真实情感，达到意想不到的真实效果。
修辞学论文
修辞学论文浅谈《红楼梦》诗词中的引用修辞修辞学是一门门语言修辞的学问，修辞加强言辞或文句效果的功能需要通过比喻、排比、引用等具体的修辞手法来体现。
其中，引用作为修辞手法中非常重要的一类，在文学作品中有大量的应用。
《红楼梦》被称为我国封建社会的百科全书，不论是其本身的文学价值还是其中诗词歌赋、市井文化、中医养生都给后代留下了很大的研究空间。
曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中所写的诗词，有的出于仙道之口，有的出于大家闺秀之口，还有的出于纨绔子弟之口，各具情态，所用的修辞更是数不胜数，引用便是出现多次的一种。
引用，引用是指写文章时，有意引用现成语、诗句、格言、典故等，以表达自己的思想感情，说明自己对新问题、新道理的见解，这种修辞手法叫引用。
引用又分为很多种类。
根据作者引用的意图可以分为正引和反引。
正引又称“正用”，就是引用者对所引用的语句持肯定的态度，用在引文与原文意思相一致的场合。
正引一般是用来印证自己的观点，表达自己的思想感情。
它既可以是明引，也可以是暗引。
反引又称“反用”，就是引用者对所引用的语句加以评判，持否定的态度，即所使用的意思与原来的意思是相反的，以达到标新立异，或起到讽刺的作用。
反用从形式上还可以分为三类。
第一类是照录原文，然后对原文加以否定或修正;第二类是直接改动原文，使本文所用的意思与原文相反;第三类是引出原文的大意，然后再提出异议。
而根据作者引用的方式可以分为直接引用和间接引用。
直接引用多见于专著、论文集、学位论文、报告和论文集中的析出文献等。
此外，根据所引出处是否明示而言，有明引与暗引之别;按照所引文字与原文有无差异来说，有直引与意引之分;凭依所引出处或主旨正确与否立论，有确引与讹引之异。
要论《红楼梦》中的才女，就不得不提黛玉。
曹雪芹对林黛玉这一形象的塑造在一开篇就已明写出她从小就已经受到良好的教育这不同于同时代的其他女性，甚至不同于同是书中人物的贾府四春。
贾雨村也正是因为是林黛玉的老师才得到林如海的引荐，包括托付送黛玉进贾府。
修辞学范围论文
论修辞学研究的范围摘要：经过长时间的跋涉，中国修辞学形成了比较科学的系统，并发展成了一门独立的学科。
关于修辞学研究的范围，一直是修辞学界探讨的问题。
关于修辞学研究范围的讨论大概有两个方面，即过宽论和过狭论。
本文参照并综合了各家对修辞学研究范围的观点，在此基础上提出了自己的关于修辞学研究范围的看法。
关键词：修辞学研究范围从先秦时代模糊的修辞论发展至今，中国修辞学已建立、丰富并完善了其理论体系，在语言学科中有有一定的科学地位。
修辞学者们在诸多的修辞问题中抓住了最为关键、最为核心的问题，把握了修辞学研究的大体方向，努力使得中国修辞学朝着社会化、科学化和现代化方向发展。
但关于修辞学研究的范围一直是困扰修辞学者的问题，并且一直是修辞学者们争论的焦点，未来修辞学研究的范围及其发展的趋势是怎样的，这是我们值得注意和思考的问题。
一、关于修辞学研究范围的讨论先秦时代，即中国修辞思想的萌芽时期，修辞学常常与文学批评、文法学、文章学和文字学等混在一起，研究范围模糊不清晰。
五十年代末和六十年代初，中国修辞学界展开了关于修辞学研究对象和范围的争论，取得了一定的效果。
之后，陆续有关于修辞学研究范围的讨论，由于研究角度和视野的不同，各家对修辞学的研究范围有不同的观点，但大体可以分为两种倾向，即过狭论和过宽论。
所谓过狭论，就是只依据修辞学的局部理论，用修辞学的局部范围代替整个修辞学，或者把修辞学的某个范围排除在整个的修辞学之外。
过狭论有以下几种意见：消极修辞不是修辞学研究的范围、修辞格是修辞学研究的唯一内容或主要内容、篇章结构不是修辞学研究的范围、语体、语言风格不是修辞学研究的范围等。
所谓过宽论，就是指修辞学的研究范围超出它应有的范围，把某个学科或与其有联系的学科的研究领域纳入它的范围。
修辞学是一门边缘学科，它与文学批评、文章学、文字学和文艺学等其他学科发生或多或少的关系，导致有些人把修辞学和这些学科混为一谈，把属于这些学科研究的对象和范围纳入修辞学研究的对象和范围。
现代语言修辞论文修辞学论文
现代语言修辞论文修辞学论文中国古代的酒令与汉字修辞摘要：酒令是人们饮酒时劝酒佐兴的游戏，酒令文化中蕴含着丰富的辞格。
本文从汉字修辞的角度讨论了我国古代酒令中所运用的汉字修辞方式：拆字与并字；增笔与减笔；联边。
关键词：酒令文化汉字修辞运用酒令，是古代人们在宴饮和交游中助兴取乐的游戏，是我国古代社会文人雅士、市井游民追求“闲情雅致”的产物。
它的出现可追溯到酿酒初期，是祭祀活动中的一种礼序，被称为“酒礼”，后来逐渐演化成饮酒助兴和劝酒、罚酒的一种手段。
纵观漫长的中国古代酒令发展史，我们可以看出：酒令萌生在周代，变化于秦汉，成熟于魏晋，繁荣于唐宋，至明清两代发展到颠峰状态，成为中国民族文化中的一枝奇葩。
洒令的形式多种多样，有俗有雅，随饮者的身份、文化水平和趣味的不同而不同，大致可以分为游戏令、赌赛令和文字令三种，都可以即兴创造和自由发挥。
其中文字令比较文雅，它是一种以字词诗赋的巧变应对为内容的酒令，需要具有相当高的文化水准方能自如运用。
我们在阅读一些古代典籍或小说时，常常会看到一些情趣古雅的酒令，特别是出自文人之手的文字令。
“文字令”，故名思义，它是一种以汉字作为行令对象的酒令，作为一种书面语言系统交际的符号，汉字从诞生之日起，始终伴随着汉民族的文化进程，在履行语言交际职能的同时，又以其独特的表意特征和内部构成形式，承载了极其丰富的历史文化。
汉字的结构是点画成文，合文为字，组装灵活，变化多样，这种结构模式，使汉字增添了许多非语言性独特功能。
因此，人们常常在文本中运用汉字的形体来传道、领会或说明积淀在字形中的生活经验、人生哲理和文化心态，这就是修辞学中所说的汉字修辞。
汉字修辞，简言之，就是以汉字的形体为依托进行的修辞。
它是汉语修辞的一个分支，也是最具中华文化特征的修辞。
由于汉字形体结构的特点，以及受拆解字体风气的影响，人们在利用汉字形体进行交际的实践中，发现汉字修辞手段在文学艺术、民俗游艺等众多领域都具有特殊的价值，引发出种种具体文化现象，酒令中的文字令即是其中之一。
【妙用修辞文生辉_语文论文】 修辞学论文
【妙用修辞文生辉_语文论文】修辞学论文古人说话讲究辞令，写文章讲究文采，其中很有道理。
子曰：言之无文，行而不远，是十分中肯的意见。
一部《论语》，不但是儒家思想学问所在，其语言之精炼、优美、含蓄，堪称古文学典范。
刘勰在《文心雕龙·情采》中也说：言以文远。
大意是说，文章因有文采，才能流传千古。
这些，都说明了文采对于写作的重要性。
但是，现在有些人写文章不太重视文采，他们的笔下只有抽象的道理，缺少具体的形象；只有甲乙丙丁的描述，没有鲜明生动的论证，效果当然不会好。
俗话说：三分姿质，七分打扮。
写作文也是如此，只要经过事事四五通的装扮，何愁它不精妙世无双？装扮的手段很多，而最重要、最有效的手段就是使用辞格。
如朱自清在《荷塘月色》中曾这样来描绘月下的荷花：层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。
连用了拟人、比喻，袅娜写出了荷花柔软妩媚；羞涩写出荷花含苞待放的忸怩之态。
这两词把荷花写活了，可谓形神兼备物性人情统一。
刚出浴的美人，既写出了纤尘不染，使人想到清水出芙蓉，天然去雕琢、出淤泥而不染，濯清莲而不妖、可远观而不可亵玩，从而想到荷花的质朴、清新、纯洁、淡雅和高贵。
又使人想到水中月、雾中花，灯下观美人那种朦胧美的意境。
总之，经过多次比喻、拟人，这荷花就仿佛对着读者巧笑倩兮，美目盼兮。
巧妙运用各种修辞格式，会使你的作文语言文采焕然，瑰丽多姿。
常用的效果明显的修辞格式有比喻、排比、引用、拟人、仿拟等。
一、可巧用比喻。
比喻，用在记叙、说明、描写中，能使事物生动、形象、具体，给人以鲜明的印象；用在议论文中，能使抽象道理变得具体，使深奥的道理变得浅显易懂。
如2001年高考一安徽考生的作文《诚信归去来》中有这样一段话：诚信是一轮金赤朗耀的圆月，惟有与高处的皎洁对视，才能沉淀出对待生命的真正态度；诚信是一枚凝重的砝码，放上它，生命摇摆不定，天平立即稳稳的倾向一端；诚信是高山之巅的水，能够洗尽浮华，洗尽躁动，洗尽虚诈，留下启悟心灵的妙谛。
修辞学论文
修辞学论文就希特勒入侵苏联而发表的演说——修辞赏析本文是英国前首相丘吉尔在德国人入侵苏联后发表的广播演讲，号召英国人民摒弃前嫌，团结一切可以团结的力量，共同抗击法西斯。
在演讲中，丘吉尔使用了大量的排比句式，同时还有发文等修辞手段，时演讲富有感染力，号召力。
本文将会从不同的修辞手法出发，对本文进行一个系统的修辞分析，以求尽己所能对文章加以分析研究使大家对本文有更加深刻的认识。
Parallelism：（排比）In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. The application of parallelism in sentence construction improves writing style and readability. Parallelism may also be known as parallel structure or parallel construction. In English, parallelism of the predicate provides for one of the few structural situations in which the subject for each verb does not need restatement.排比是一种修辞手法，利用三个或三个以上意义相关或相近，结构相同或相似和语气相同的词组（主谓/动宾）或句子并排，达到一种加强语势的效果。
它可使文章的节奏感加强，条理性更好，更利于表达强烈的感情。
在本文中，丘吉尔运用了大量的排比句式来支撑他的观点，这些排比句式使内容集中，增强气势；叙事透辟，条分缕析；节奏鲜明，长于抒情。
In t his text, the sentences as follows are all parallelism structure:1.The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away.2.I see,...I see...I see…3.the return of the bread-winner, of their champion, of their protector.4.We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, weshall fight him i n the air5.Any man or state... Any man or state...6.Let us... Let us…在这一部分中，丘吉尔使用的排比句式有很大的不同，部分选用句子排比，部分选用词语排比，部分选用了短语上的排比，通过使用这一系列的排比句式，可以说在语言感染力的表达上远胜于了空洞的说教和吟唱！此外，在他的演讲中，这种形式的排比句式屡见不鲜，但是却让人读起来琅琅上口，层次选用较为分明，并不是毫不逻辑的生拉硬套。
修辞学论文 (最终版)
现代汉语修辞学期末论文题目：论“轻语言”中的“双关”修辞*****学院：人文学院系：中文系汉语言年级：2012学号：**************2014 年 5月论“轻语言”中的“双关”修辞摘要：由于现代媒体的不断发展和普及，小说、散文、戏曲等传统文体已渐渐淡出我们的生活，取而代之的是新媒介带来的新语体。
无论是在电视上、电脑上还是手机上，我们的每天的生活都被大量的广告、短信或者评论充斥着，我暂且称这些新语体为“轻语言”。
“轻语言”的发展不仅体现了时代的进步，还体现了语言修辞方面的革新。
尤其是“双关”修辞的运用最为广泛，收到接受者和传播者的双重青睐。
本文将从“轻语言”角度，并结合“双关”修辞的相关定义来阐述三个问题：1、“轻语言”中“双关”修辞的运用有哪些？具体包括“双关”理论的阐述及其分类。
2、“双关”修辞的作用以及为何受到大众青睐？3、“双关”修辞将何去何从？4、“谐音双关”与“同音仿词”之间的差别？希望本文对“双关”修辞的论述能加深我们对现行双关语的认识，而且能更好的运用双关语。
第一节“轻语言”简介“轻语言”是“轻小说”的结构变体，但其意义是相对于小说、散文等传统文体提出的概念，是当下流行于大众媒体中的广告语、短信语、评论语、标语等一类新兴的语体的总称。
从字面意思上看，“轻语言”有轻视语言的意义，但实际上是相对于传统的以书面传播为主、篇幅较大的文体而言的一种文体，“轻语言”的特点有，以现代媒介传播为主、篇幅较小、语体修辞较丰富多样、受当代大众喜爱、流传较快较广的一种文体。
“轻语言”包括，广告语、短信语、标语、评论语等语体。
第二节“双关”修辞概况一、“双关”的概念“双关”顾名思义就是使语句同时兼有双重意义，达到一箭双雕的效果。
关于“双关”的概念，各大家对其释义有些差别。
我们可以总结为几点：1、传统释义：双关是一种富有技巧性和创造性的修辞手段，它是一个具有表层含义和深层含义的词句，其中深层含义是主要表达的含义。
英语修辞学期末小论文
英语修辞学期末小论文Where Do We Go From Here (Original Text, Abridged)Martin Luther KingSo, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divi ne dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blo od pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic wa lls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams of the forces of justice. Let us be dissati sfied until those that live on the outskirts of hope are brought into the metropolis of da ily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast into the junk heaps of history, an d every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem b ut as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied unti l men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the cont ent of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfi ed. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol houses a governor who will do justly , who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a m ighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. And every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God ma de all men to dwellupon the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day whe n nobody will shout "White Power!" - When nobody will shout "Black Power!" - But everybody will talk about God's power and human power.Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertain ties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward st ride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clo uds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us r emember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigan tic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is l ong but it bends toward justice.Appreciation of the Rhetorical Devices Using in Where Do We Go From HereAs we all known that the speeches of Martin Luther King are studied by English-learners all over the world, because the using of rhetorical devices makes his speeches vivid, attractive and with the power of encouraging people’s spirit. I choose two typical paragraphs of his famous speech where do we go from here to analysis and appreciate the skillful using of his rhetorical devices and the effect they made.In this speech, the author writes that let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds. This sentence is the typical use of metaphor. Metaphor is a linguistic process used to make comparisons between the attributes of one thing and something else, and the more complex form of metaphor, embedded metaphor is used inthis sentence. The tenor is creeds and deeds, while blood pressure and anemia are used to describe the behaviors of white people. The authorities of America are good at making promise to black people, but fail to realize their commitment, and the black people still can’t get the equity and civil power which are guaranteed by the American charter. We can find that the ironical effect is very significant. He uses blood pressure to describe white people’s emotional and enthusiastic in making commitments to black people, which is more attractive and vivid. Blood pressure and anemia are easily understood by ordinary people, which arouse listeners’ sympathy to his idea.The using of transferred epithet is also a bright spot in this speech. The author writes that let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty. Transferred epithet means that an adjective or descriptive phrase is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong. We all know that there are two special kinds of transferred epithet, synaesthesia and empathy. Empathy is employed here, because the word tragic is used to describe the suffering that separation brought to black people, but in here it used to describe the wall. Transferred epithet is a charming rhetorical device, for it seems that the adjective is wrongly used, but it actually constitutes a special and active context. For instance, in this sentence, we can feel the strong rage and disappointment of Martin Luther King and mass black people. The gap between the poverty of black people and the comfort of white people is dramatic. Tragic thing is not the wall but the unfair situation toward black people, and the situation can’t be improved in a short time. Transferred epithet can make ourlanguage delicate, which may not common used as metaphor and simile, but it can strengthen the profundity of our passage and we should learn to use it freely.Another special rhetorical device synecdoche is employed by author: let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall…. Synecdoche may not be familiar to many learners. It uses a part of one thing to represent the whole, or uses the whole to represent a part. Here a part for the whole is used. We know that city hall is a building where municipal government lies: it’s the best symbol of municipal government. By using this method the la nguage of this speech is become charming and lively. It’s more close to our everyday life, which is the demand of a high-value speech. Synecdoche is widely used in passages. For example, in the New Testament there is asentence, Silver and gold have I none. Here silver and gold are used to represent fortune, which is very vivid. In speech and oral language this rhetorical device is especially highly valued.Simile may be the most often used rhetorical device in our writings. We can find plenty of similes in King’s speech, which directly enhance the liveliness of his language. Just set this sentence as example; let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like water and righteousness like a mighty stream. Simile is a way of comparing one thing with another by showing how it is similar to another thing. It explicitly signals itself in a text, with the words as or like. In this sentence, the tenor is justice and righteousness; the vehicle is water and stream; the corresponding is like, and the ground tremendous figure of both. The author expresses his hope to let real equity and civil right come to mass black people. This kind of equity is constrainted so long and just let it blast like water and mightystream. The advantage and effect of the using of simile are apparent; for it makes a picture in listeners’ mind and makes them have the interest to concentrate their attention.Allusion is also a rhetorical device appreciated by King, and he used this device in many places in his speech. For example, let us be dissatisfied until that day when lion and the lamb shall lie down together, and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree and none shall be afraid. Allusion is references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assure are familiar to their readers. The phrase, lion and lamb lie down together, and vine and fig tree are all come from the Bible. By this way, King describes an ideal world for the struggling black people. Bible is familiar and authoritative to Western people, which increases the convincing of his language at the same time. The stories in allusion usually have some deep meaning or historical origin. It needs college students to understand the related knowledge and then master the use of allusion.In addition, the rhetorical device, antithesis is also easily found in King’s speech. Let us look at this sentence, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. The phrase dark yesterdays and bright tomorrows form the antithesis. By this way the structure is well-organized and the rhythm is formed. Bright and dark, yesterday and tomorrow are totally antonyms, which form a bright picture in listeners’ mind and let them believe that tomorrow is not far away. It also reminds black people they are still in the severe situation and their distance to their dreams. They need to fight bravely for their final ambition. King’s convincing idea is become prominent through antithesis. Antithesis is a comparatively easy device to master by collegestudents, and it’s common used in Chinese language as well.In all the paragraphs above I choose the rhetorical devices metaphor, transferred epithet, synecdoche, simile, allusion and antithesis as example to appreciate and analysis the language using in where do we go from here. In fact, King used a number of rhetorical devices in his speech in addition to these six ones. All these rhetorical devices, along with his delicate language, make his speech attractive and convincing, which has inspired American black people from generation to generation, and worthwhile our English-learners to learn from him.。
修辞学论文
课程名称：修辞学院系：外语学院翻译系班级：13级4班姓名：蒋亦文学号：13350211676/2/2015Peer PressureWhen it comes to peers, especially peers among children, things have changed over the decades. Harmony has been replaced by struggles just as kindness has been replaced by competition.Admittedly, [1] t oday’s society is a dog-eat-dog battlefield(Metaphor暗喻), and w hat’s worse，a lot of us are in favor of such pressure and take it for granted without self-consciousness. For my part, I firmly against peer pressureand I think the reasons I maintained my position can be best understood by examining the arguments that are most frequently heard in opposition.1.The so-called “strawberry generation” needs to grow up.It is widely accepted that the offspring of Chinese is growing weaker and weaker, [2]in fact (Expletive), [3] children today are just like the strawberries. (Simile明喻) [4]They are extremely tender-hearted and easy to squeeze and unable to conquer hardships in their daily life.( Polysyndeton连词叠用) So thosewho think that peer pressure is good for children’s growth must consider it one of the most effective ways to enhance children’s competition. To some extent, it is true, but not completely. Children should grow mature through their own experiences instead of being forced to grow mature by such pressure,just as one sentence from the composition of my sister’s committed to my memory, [5]“Growth is such sweet pain for me, (Oxymoron 矛盾形容法，逆喻)[]and it seems that I am spending all my time learning. (Hyperbole 夸张)[6] I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry(Climax层进法anti-climax), but I really do not like study. I am tired of going to school every day [7] dressed in uniform and managed smile.(Zeugma軛式搭配法，用一个动词或形容词勉强修饰两个形容词，其中所修饰或支配的只有一个是合乎逻辑的) ”And parents are not qualified enough if they failed to bring happiness to their children’s childhood, because that is extremely unhealthy for their children’s psychological development.2.Peer pressure is good to strengthen the average level of teenagers. Admittedly, to some extent, this statement is reasonable, however, [8]hasthis ever occurred to you what if all the children followed the stereotype and became complete clones of each other? (Hypophora设问)[9]It ispeer pressure that kills individuality and diversity(Personification拟人).In order to live up to their parents’ and teachers’ expectations, they can’t be capricious and follow their hearts todo the things they really want. For example, a six- year-old boy is weak at studying but does well in playing the piano, however, in Chinese history, whether in ancient or current times, studying is always the first choice for a child, and[4]I can imagine that the boy’s mother would yell and scold andadvise him to give up playing that instrument (Polysyndeton), [9]“that stupid piano”(Personification), she would say, in fact,anything that has nothing to do with study is considered nonsense in our culture. It is a common practice for the boy’s mother to advise him spare more time s tudying instead of playing the piano. Maybe even, she would owe h er son’s weakness in study to the piano. In this way, without self-consciousness, the mother may destroy the next Mozart.3.Peer pressure can expose children to our society earlier. Yes, that is true, but when our society has become a battlefield, our children being exposed to it too early won’t get them anywhere. Because under pee r pressure, they had no choice but to compete against each other, we can imagine that during students’ growing periods, certain defects in psychological and physical would arise sooner or later. In this respect, they are not fully developed. So as teachers and parents, if you want to toughen them, it is better to ask your children to accomplish things alone, like to be volunteers or to go travelling on their own. All in all, it is the last choice for you to compare them with the other children because their opinions and values can be easily twisted through comparing. Please do not allow peer pressure to be the cause of children’s miseries in their childhood.Peer pressure set me thinking, wondering why we human beings [10]who claimed ourselves to be the most brilliant, industrious, and sensitive creatures(parallel structure平行结构)that are in possession of so many deep thoughts are losing our humanity and changing ourselves into completely fierce animals at certain time and circumstance. I think that we should always bear it in mind that[11]we are the people who once observe the traditional Chinese philosophy of co-existence, we are the people who saw to it that The Doctrine of Mean never went out of print (Anaphora首语重复法，指同一单词或短语出现在连续数句的开头).Above all, I think peer pressure does [12]no good(Litotes反叙法)to students and certain changes must take place to alter the current situation. I invite family and schools and society to fight together and shoulder your responsibilities andto create a better environment for our children to grow up in and I believe in that way we’ll cultivate a lot of [13]great minds (Synecdoche提喻法)to serve the mankind.Analysis :Throughout the passage, I developed 13 English rhetoric devices, they are helpful in making our language more vivid and keeping our reader’s attention.Firstly, metaphor is like a simile making a comparison between two unlike elements,and this comparison is implied rather than stated. Then comes the use of expletive, it is for the emphasis of the tone.Polysyndetonis a figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions not normally found in successive words, phrase or clauses, and greatly enriched the essay’s expressions. Oxymoron is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory terms, and then I used hyperbole, which is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis and polish the paragragh.Climax implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almostuniform rate of significance or intensity and helps to create the most excellent part. Zeugma is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, with properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses.Hypophora is a figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and the answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to his own questions. Personification gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions. Parallel structure is the similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. Anaphora is the device which successive clauses or sentences start with the same words.Euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. Litotes is a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its oppose. Lastly, Synecdoche is some kind of generalization or specification that involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part, “great minds” ref er to people who are cultivated and civilized and are able to serve our planet.That’s all for my analysis, hope you like it！。
修辞学论文
试析口语词汇在报刊语言中的修辞效果关键词：口语报刊语言修辞报刊语言是我们经常接触的一种语言，虽然它有很强的政治色彩，但是它的主要功能在于感染大众，把信息传达给人们，因此在报刊语言中我们会接触到一些口语词汇。
而这些口语词会达到作者想要表达的意思和效果，也会有一些修辞效果。
本文收集一些在报刊语言中使用的口语词汇，试图分析一下这些词汇所传达出的修辞效果。
语言是交际的工具，交际功能是语言的首要功能，要达到交际目的，必须了解词汇运用的情况，根据交际的需要分别选用。
为了使我们的语言能切合主题，恰当地传情达意，不仅需要语音、词汇、语法知识，还应研究语言单位的各种附加意义，了解不同交际领域的语言运用规律。
而这些问题恰恰是修辞学研究的范畴。
修辞学就是研究标准语语言手段的修辞性能以及根据题旨情境使用语言规律的一门语言学科。
报刊语言作为一种重要的语言形式为大众所熟知。
报刊语言以广大读者、听众为交际对象。
为了达到交际目的，在内容上要适合大众的接受水平。
因此，报刊语言比较大众化。
报刊中的词汇除了包括书面语，也运用大量的口语甚至是俗语，这是为了达到特殊的修辞效果。
因此，报刊语言中渗透了大量的口语。
在社会迅速发展、信息大爆炸的今天，报刊作为一种重要的传播媒介也紧跟时代，大量吸收口语和俚语词汇。
一些口语词汇用到报刊当中会使报刊语言产生简短灵活、形象生动、生活气息浓厚和感情丰富等语言特征。
这一语言现象充分体现了各语体相互交叉的原则和语言的经济原则。
在俄罗斯报刊上，使用口语俗语词汇频率极高，他们用来提高报刊语言的表现力，使之更具感染力。
本文将从动态的角度考虑报刊语言中的口语词汇。
1 使报刊语言具有通俗易懂、无拘无束的言语情调。
报刊语言，为了内容和语言的大众化，大量使用通俗活泼的日常口语词汇。
如：И вот сейчас меня мучает совесть.Незаслуженно получаю 86 рэв месяц,я уже “съел” таким образом более тысяч народных рублей. (《Учительская газета》)口语词рэ (р-рубль)生活气息很浓。
英语修辞学论文
Moving thoughtsLife is a long but not very even way. There are many difficult and choices. we may feel depressed, doubt and donnot know what should be done. So we need face them with mild and optimistic.The book which was named The Most Beautiful English of Giving Love an Open Hand and the article was one of it. It not just tell a story but tell some truth about life. It tells some situations in our life, such as couple, gains and losses, happiness and so on. And it also gives some suggestions, and teaches us to remember the people's virtue which make you unhappy, learn lessons from misfortunes. Learning all of these can make life more beautiful and we will be happier. Of course, the author also impled some rhetorics to make the article easy to understand."It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone, but it takes a lifetime to forget someone."In this sentence, it imply climax which means that the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses or sentences in ascending order of importance. It's about the process of love which from stranger to familiar. During different stage, it needs different time——from short term to long. And the felling is deepen gradually. It describe the love accurately. And also implied antithesis to explain that forgetting is hard. Thus, just the same as what has said that don't expect love in return. We only can require ourselves not others.In the content that followed also used this rhetoric. For example, "When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying."Antithesis is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balance structural forms. It can add vividness and appeals to the readers' emotion. Here, the author described the state of life correctly and it fit to everyone of us. Our parents and other relative expect our to come the world, so when we are born, they are all very happy. But we are cry for adjusting the new world. But we also can do something to change this. Try our best to do something meaningful, to help others, to enrich our life,to do what we are want to do and to be succussed. Thus, we will neverregret and can be accept dead at ease. At this time, our relatives and friends would cry, because they hate to part with us. Everything is opposite to each other, the key is how we treat it."May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy."In this sentence, parallelism was implied. In this construction, it's necessary to balance word to word, phrases to phrases, clauses to clauses, sentences to sentences. It crates a good visual image and gives emphasis, clarity and coherence of ideas as well as the rhythm of the language. In the article, it listed some important elements in life and discussed by positive way. We can make good better and worse thing be good. The key is how we treat them. Trials can make us depress but also make us strong, no one can always live a happy life, just as no one would in depress forever. When you treat the life with optimistic, you can find advantage from everything. The life that without sorrow is not complete, so we should cherish whatever we have."It's true that we don't know what we've got until we lose it, but it's also true that we don't know what we've been missing until it arrives."In the sentence, it implied antithesis and repetition. We have introduce antithesis, here, we main talk about repetition. Repetition is main used to emphasis the content that the author want to express. The sentence is lexical anaphora. Just as the word" It's true that we don't know......It's true that we don't know......". It express the fault that people have often make. When we have something, we can't find its benefit, but when we loss it, we will find its importance and feel regret. It tells us to cherish everything that we have and treat them seriously.Life is not a simple thing and there may be many things before us. How we do and what we do would always have a result. Will it good or not, just based on you how to treat it.Treat everything in the life with mild and optimistic, you will get a lot!附原文Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meeting the right one so that when we finally meet the right person, we will know how to be grateful for that gift.When the door of happiness closes, another opens, but often times we look so long at the closed door that we don't see the one which has been opened for us.The best kind of friend is the kind you can sit on a porch and swing with, never say a word, and then walk away feeling like it was the best conversation you've every had.It's true that we don't know what we've got until we lose it, but it's also true that we don't know what we've been missing until it arrives.Giving someone all your love is never an assurance that they'll love you back! Don't expect love in return; just wait for it to grow in their heart but if it doesn't, be content it grew in yours. It takes only a minute to get a crush on someone, an hour to like someone, and a day to love someone, but it takes a lifetime to forget someone.Don't go for looks; they can deceive. Don't go for wealth; even that fades away. Go for someone who makes you smile because it takes only a smile to make a dark day seem bright. Find the one that makes your heart smile.There are moments in life when you miss someone so much that you just want to pick them from your dreams and hug them for real!Dream what you want to dream; go where you want to go; be what you want to be, because you have only one life and one chance to do all the things you want to do.May you have enough happiness to make you sweet, enough trials to make you strong, enough sorrow to keep you human, enough hope to make you happy.Always put yourself in others' shoes. If you feel that it hurts you, it probably hurts the other person, too.The happiest of people don't necessarily have the best of everything; they just make the most of everything that comes along their way.Happiness lies for those who cry, those who hurt, those who have searched, andthose who have tried, for only they can appreciate the importance of people who have touched their lives. Love begins with a smile, grows with a kiss and ends with a tear. The brightest future will always be based on a forgotten past, you can't go on well in life until you let go of your past failures and heartaches.When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying.Please send this message to those people who mean something to you, to those who have touched your life in one way or another, to those who make you smile when you really need it, to those that make you see the brighter side of things when you are really down, to those who you want to let them know that you appreciate their friendship. And if you don't, don't worry, nothing bad will happen to you, you will just miss out on the opportunity to brighten someone's day with this message.。
修辞学论文
论修辞管控的得体性原则我们把修辞界定为伴随语辞行为的元语辞行为，就可以将其各类修辞观所界定的“修辞”海纳百川地统一于管控修辞观的门下。
这是因为修辞作为关于语辞行为的元语辞行为，要担当为语辞行为保驾护航的职责，拥有一些相关的修辞能力，谙熟一些相关的修辞规律。
修辞管控是需要遵循修辞规律的。
修辞的管控，绝对不是瞎折腾，只有遵循修辞的规律，才能取得成功和高效。
所以对语辞行为必须实施修辞管控所遵循的得体性原则。
一、得体性原则的阐述对得体的概念论述主要有以下五大类：其一是对得体作一般意义上的元语言解释，即把得体解释为“合适”或“有分寸”；其二是将得体看作适应文体、语体；其三是将得体与礼貌等量齐观，认为做到礼貌即为得体；其四是将交际效果作为得体的标准；最后一种是以道德规范的伦理性来阐释得体，认为符合道德的语辞行为即为得体的语辞行为。
第一类对得体的元语言解释虽然不错，但不够具体，在言语交际实践中没有指导意义，我们无从得知什么是合适，什么是不合适。
第二类将得体限定为文体有点狭窄，我认为语辞行为所涉及的得体远不止文体或语体，只有所有相关因素都得体，这一语辞行为才是得体的。
第三类的得体和礼貌并不能时刻保持一致。
有的语辞行为虽是礼貌的，但却不是得体的。
第四类的用交际效果来检验得体是有道理，但是要防止把得体和效果混为一谈，认为只要交际效果好的就一定是得体的观点过于片面。
最后一类将伦理道德和得体等同是不科学的，因为符合道德的语辞行为不一定能取得好的效果。
我觉得语辞行为的得体性涉及到的方面很多，比如说：交际目的、语境、道德等等，不能单从一个方面去对得体性下定义，必须要考虑多方面的因素之间的联系。
二、对得体性原则的重视人们早就认识到了得体性原则的重要性。
在《论语》、《墨子》《韩非子》等著作中，言语得体性就被提出了加以认真讨论了。
孔子对话语得体性就有研究，他说“可与言而不与之言，失人；不可与言而与之言，失言。
知者不失人，亦不失言。
修辞学大学英语小论文
Rhetorical Functions of Accuracy and Vagueness Vagueness, clearly, is a matter of degree, depending upon the extent of the possible differences between different systems represented by the same representation. Accuracy, on the contrary, is an ideal limit.1Generally speaking, vagueness is a language attribute, so we should bear it in mind that accuracy as well as vagueness is a comparative definition. However, as two important ways of expression, they both possess rhetorical functions.First of all, accuracy enables a speaker or writer to express ideas exactly and to the point while vagueness allows him or her to carry on the communication smoothly.Speech and writing are always man’s important methods of communication, which requires people to convey information and ideas in the exact degree. In other words, accuracy ensures exact expression in communicative function. Hereafter is an example about the British General Churchill, who highly stressed accuracy. During the WWII, an officer working in Department of Chief of General Staff of the British Army once reported that his troop had been fighting with the Germans at a small village in Italy. Back came Churchill’s copy that “We do not fight with Germans. We fight either for or against them.”In this example, the officer had expected to convey the information of fighting against enemies but failed to express it exactly, which aroused ambiguity in meaning.Thought it’s of great importance to adhere to accuracy, when one finds it impossible to be accurate or suddenly is at a loss about expressing something in a exact way, he or she may resort to a vague term to carry on the communication smoothly.. “Oh…in the trade somewhere round fifteen thousand dollars. But if it was bought on Fifth Avenue, I shouldn’t be surprised to hear that anything up to thirty thousand was paid it.”W. Somerset Maugham, Mr. Know-AllIn the example above, the expressions like “somewhere round”are vague 1Bertrand Russell, Vagueness, 2007reference because the speaker can hardly tell how much and where. By doing so, he was able to let the topic move on in a smooth and natural way.Secondly, accuracy allows no ambiguity, so accurate expression is always grand and direct. On the other hand, vagueness can fulfill a useful function of tactful expression.. “Could you do me a favor”“Sorry, I simply can’t promise.”In this example, “simply can’t”shows the speaker’s straightforwardness and frankness about refusal. Thus accuracy here conveys his attitude directly towards the other’s request for help.As to the function of vagueness, when one finds it unnecessary or unwise to be very accurate, he or she may make deliberate use of vagueness. In this respect, what people call “tactful expression” are most commonly used.. TV reporter: “Would you mind telling me frankly what do you think of our programs ”One of the audience: “Well, some are interesting, some could be better, and some are almost sort of rubbish.”In this dialogue, although the questioner was evidently trying to get some frank opinions, the answer was full of vague terms like “some…some…and some…”. The reason is that the person questioned didn’t want to hurt the reporter. Instead, he chose a tactful way of vagueness to show his opinion about the programs.Last but not least, accuracy features the function of persuasion while vagueness serves as a device for emphasis.. “You’ll be surprised to hear that Mrs. Ramsay bought that string at a department store the day before we left New York for eighteen dollars.”W. Somerset Maugham, Mr. Know-AllIn this example, the expressions like “the day before we left New York” and “for eighteen dollars”are accurate and exact reference to numbers and time. These definite terms not only show the speaker’s confidence but also add convictive evidence to his speech. In other words, accuracy here strengthens the persuasivepower of the speaker.Although vagueness usually blurs the idea, appropriate use of vague expression can help to emphasize expressions.. ThanksThanks a million.In the example above, “a million”are the vague expression. Compared with “Thanks”, “Thanks a million” strongly emphasizes the degree of one’s appreciation. In a word, vague elements can be found in rhetorical figures of hyperbole and understatement to function as emphasis.In conclusion, accuracy focuses on exact, direct and persuasive conveyance of ideas, attitudes and argumentations. Then vagueness speaks highly of smoothness, tact and emphasis in expression and communication. Therefore, both accuracy and vagueness give full play to their functions in communicative rhetoric exact, direct, smooth and tactful expressions as well as in aesthetic rhetoric persuasive power and figure of hyperbole.。
修辞学小论文
修辞学小论文：浅析网络流行语以及其发展趋势自从上个世纪九十年代，网络传入中国之后，短短的二十年间，网络在我们的生活当中，充着越来越重要的角色。
网络不仅仅丰富了我们的生活，让我们的生活更加地多姿多彩，还缩短了人与人之间的时间空间距离，让朋友跟朋友，亲人跟亲人的联系更加方便。
所有的事情都是有利有弊的，在网络发达的今天，走在街头，越来越多的“低头族”，中小学里面，越来越多带眼镜的学生。
网络发达的今天，运用应该要慎重。
在这里，我们要讨论的是在网络发达之下的衍生物————热门网络流行语以及其发展趋势。
对于网络流行语，每天都在运用网络（有些朋友甚至是严重依赖）的我们并不陌生。
近几年来，先是QQ，再到微博、微信等通讯软件的兴起，网络流行语也应运而生。
在我的记忆当中，中国大陆最早的网络流行语应该就是“火星文”吧。
“火星文”源自台湾，随着《劲舞团》等网游在大陆的流行，这一潮流随着网游等渠道进入大陆，一部分网友开始延续这种独特的文字，并自创了适合简体中文发挥的输入方式，比如“劳エ”(老公)、“侽喷叐”(男朋友)、“蒶ロ耐·”（很可爱），迅速在当时的游戏玩家中兴起来，当时作为青少年的80后是这一网络流行语的主要传播者，通过当时最热门的通讯软件，迅速在少年群体当中热起来。
纵观近几年的网络流行语，跟网络前期发展时期的不一样，所用的群体不再单一化，整个受众各个职业，各个年龄段的都有，并且，网络用语的主题不再是拗口难懂的文字，有些甚至是声情并茂的，带有音调语调的。
现在的网络流行语随着网络传播的越来越完善，传播的速度极其迅速，例如：网络流行语“DUANG”，意思是“加特效”，含戏虐性“很好玩”味道。
2015年2月24日前后，一部由成龙代言的曾被工商部门打假的广告再次被网友们挖出来进行了新一轮恶搞。
而这次恶搞的主要内容则是将成龙和庞麦郎的《我的滑板鞋》进行了神一般的同步成《我的洗发水》，一句“Duang”成了网络上最新最热门的词语。
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The Figure of Speech摘要辞格在修辞手段中占有很重要的地位，他指的是对一个词的普通和主要意义的偏离。
对于文字工作者来说，正确使用辞格能使文章更生动，更有可读性。
对于英语学习者来说，不但要会使用辞格，还要了解其英文名称。
本文从明喻，隐喻，转喻，夸张，反语，拟人等几方面介绍了这几种辞格的定义及用法，并结合作者的亲身实践讨论了记忆这些专业术语的方法，最后对修辞学这门课程做了简单总结。
关键字修辞学辞格记忆方法Abstract The figure of speech play a important role in the rhetoric, it is means that deviating from general and main meaning of a word. For a word troop,the text will be more vividly if he using the figure of speech properly. For a English learner, he should not only understand the knowledge, but also remember the spell of the professional language. This paper introduce the definition about simile , metonymy, metaphor, synecdoche, irony and personification. Meanwhile, the author discuss the way to remember the professional language combine with her practise, at last ,the paper gives a simple conclusion to the rhetoric class.Key words: rhetoric the figure of speech artificial memory1.Introduction of some general conceptsWords used in their original meanings are used literally,while words used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the reader's or listener's mind are used figuratively. There are various ways of using words figuratively. They are called figures of speech. Among the most common of them are:1.1 Simile It is a comparison between two distinctly different thing and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like:My love's like a red , red rose.That man can't be trusted. He's as slippery as an eel.The old man's hair is as white as snow.In the above three example people and things of different categories are compared: a woman and a rose, a man and an eel, and hair and snow. But each pair have one similarity: loveliness, slipperiness and whiteness. The discrepancy between the two things compared makes their similarity all the more striking.1.2 Metaphor: It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like. In sentences like " He is the soul of the team" and " Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture", soul and lifeblood are used mataphorically.1.3 Metonymy It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. Thus the crown can stand for royalty, the White House for the American government, the bottle for wine, and the bar for the legal profession. When metonymy is well used, brevity and vividness may be achived:Sword and cross in hand, the European fell upon the America.When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.His purse would not allow him that luxury.1.4 Synecdoche When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied:The farms were short of hands during the harvest season.He had earn his daily bread by doing odd job.The poor creature could no longer endure her sufferings.In the above sentences hands stands for men, bread for food or living expense, and creature for a woman.Metonymy and synedoche are similar as both involve substitution. Sometimes they can hardly be distinguished from metaphor, which in a way is also substitution.1.5 Irony It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect. Suppose you plsnned an outing on a certain day, expecting it to be fine; but when the day came it was raining heavily. If you said,"What fine weather for outing!" you were speaking ironically. If a barbarous act was called civilized or cultural, irony was used.1.6 Personification It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities. In poetry personification is very common: Youth is hot and bold,Age is weak and cold,Youth is wild, and Age is tame.____William ShakespearIn these lines Youth and Age are described like two person.2 . My own way to distinguish the conception about figure of speechAccording to my learning experience of figure of speech, many classmates feels that distinguish the conception about "Metonymy", "Synecdoche" and " Metaphor" are quite difficult, as well as I am. But after I looking into these words, I find something interesting and I get my own way to remember them. The study fruit as follow:2.1 Metonymy Firstly we should know the conception of the word. It is means that substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated. Secondly, we should pronounce the word inChinese, it is sounds like mo tuo mi ni, means mini-motorcycle. The key is that mini is closely associated with motorcycle compare with car or other motor vehicle.So when I see the word metonymy I can associate with the conception .2.2 Synecdoche I use the same way as the first one to understand the word. Firstly, synecdoche means that a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part. In Chinese, we may pronounce it like xi ni duo che , xi ni stands for Sydney,the whole phrase means that in Sydney ,there are many many cars (the transport is terrible like in Beijing or Shanghai's), so think more further, it is also means that in cosmopolitan city ,as well as Sydney ,there are a lot of cars. In this place, Sydney is a part substituted such big and modernize city.2.3 Metaphor Actually, I have to admit that the motorbike helps me a lot. We can speak metaphor in Chinese as mo tuo fei, follow the concept of metaphor, it is comparison between two different kinds of substance,and it is used without as or like. So in the Chinese phase, motor and fly are two conception of matter, but when we driving a motorbike speedy we will feel like fly in the sky, at the same time, we should pay attention, I haven't use as or like in the phase.3. ConclusionTo conclusion, I remember these word using associating mode , it is main about using partial tone between English and Chinese.I find it is a powerful way to help us understand and remember these words. I pass the writing exam by use this method that all created by myself. So I write down then share with my classmates.All in all, I leaned a lot from rhetoric class including knowledge and ideation.参考书目：《英语写作手册》（A handbook of writing)《现代英语修辞学》（Modern English rhetoric)。