社会语言学教程 期末复习材料
语言学教程[第七章语言文化社会]山东大学期末考试知识点复习
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第七章语言文化社会复习笔记I.语言与文化1.语言与文化的相互关系语言是文化不可替代的载体。
文化通过语言的使用得到更好的诠释。
2.萨丕尔一沃尔夫假说萨丕尔假说认为,语言塑造了我们的思维模式,相应地,不同的语言表达决定了人们认识世界方式的不同。
从这个观点出发,可以得到两点知识:一方面,语言可以决定我们的思维方式;另一方面,语言之间的相似性是相对的,结构性差异越大,反映出对于世界认识的越不同。
因此,这个假说也被称作“语言决定论”和“语言相对主义”。
3.语言教学中的文化总体而言,在语言课程中教授文化知识至少有以下三个目的:①有助于学生了解文化差异;②有助于语言学习者跳出自身文化的圈子,从目标文化的角度考虑问题;③有助于通过各种课堂练习,强调对语言与文化不可分离性的理解,促进外语学习。
II.语言与社会1.社会语言学社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的学科,研究社会因素是如何影响语言的结构和使用。
社会语言学是研究语言与社会关系的领域,研究语言的使用与语言使用者所处的社会结构的关系。
2.语言变体语言随着社会的变化而变化。
地域、社会群体和个人之间的差异也能产生语言的变化。
这些变化的结果就是语言的变体。
每种语言都不只有一种变体,特别是在口语中。
因此,语言变体是与地域、社会阶层、教育背景和被使用语言所处环境的正式程度是密切相关的。
这些语言的变体包括标准语言、方言、语域、皮钦语、克里奥尔语等。
(1)标准语言标准语言是指在群体或者国家拥有很高地位的语言变体。
它也是当地受过教育的人口语和书面语的语言基础。
(2)方言方言是指在一个特定的区域或一个特定的社会阶层内所使用的能够识别的语言变体。
方言不一定不如语言完整、逻辑和更具语言特征。
它是语言的一个变体,由于其不同之处能够划分为一个单独的实体,但是还不足以划分成为一门语言。
有时候方言的地位也会得到提升成为一个国家的标准语言。
对方言的研究称作方言学,方言学可以细分为以下几类:①地域方言:在一个地域范围内的语言变体。
社会语言学复习参考资料
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社会语言学复习参考资料考试题型一、填空题(共20个空,每空1分,共计20分)二、名词解释(共3个,每个5分,共计15分)三、简答题(共3题,每题10分,共计30分)四、教案设计(共1题,每题35分,共计35分)复习参考1.社会语言学有广义和狭义之分。
广义的社会语言学和狭义的社会语言学各包含哪些内容?从语言的社会属性出发,用社会学的方法研究语言,从社会的角度解释语言变体和语言演变社会语言学,顾名思义,与社会有关,也与语言有关,是研究语言与社会相互关系的学科,是语言学的重要分支之一。
目前它的定义在学术界还有一些分歧,大致可以分为广义和狭义。
广义的社会语言学也称为宏观语言学,是一门多学科性交叉学科;从它发展的趋向来看,它不只是社会若干学科的交叉,而且是社会科学和自然科学的结合部之一。
语言学,社会学,历史学,人类学,民族学,民俗学,考古学,国土学,心理学,概率论,控制论,信息论,系统论,神经科学等等学科,都会在这个结合部中发挥作用形成一个边缘学科。
社会语言学是富有强大生命力的。
狭义的社会语言学,社会语言学主要研究“什么人在什么场合对什么人说什么” 。
其中包含:“语言”,“语言使用者”,“语言使用场合”。
人与社会情景合起来就是社会因素。
社会语言学回答的就是语言与使用者的关系:谁对谁是用什么样的语言以及语言与语言情景的关系2.社会语言学产生的原因、地位和作用。
内部原因:语言学自身发展的需要,是语言学发展到一定阶段的产物。
历史比较语言学(重视历时,忽视共时)结构主义语言学(内部语言学,优先研究语言及其系统)转换生成语法学(倡导语言的“同一性” ,强调的是天生的语言能力)社会语言学(外部语言学,优先研究言语,强调的是交际能力,是后天获得的)外部原因:社会历史的一些亟待解决的问题:在美国主要是城市的政治和文化教育问题。
全球人口大流动使语言问题变得复杂。
科技发展及相关学科都在关注语言和社会的关系。
地位与作用:20世纪70年代以后,社会语言学的应用研究逐渐加强,到了20世纪80年代中期,社会语言学家特鲁杰明确提出了“应用社会语言学”这一概念。
语言学复习资料
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语言学复习资料下定义1.(P3)Sociolinguistics(社会语言学): The studies of all the social aspects of language and its relation with society is called sociolinguistics.2.(P7)Language(语言): Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3.(P8)Arbitrariness(任意性): This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.4.(P2)Phonetics(语音学):Phonetic refers to the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.5.(P16)Voicing(浊音化): Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds.6.(P26)Assimilation rule(同化规则): The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.7.(P29)Intonation(语调): When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.8.(P42)Syntax(句法): Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.9.(P42)Category(范畴): Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.10.(P48)Complementizers(补语化成分):Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizers.11.(P53)Head movement(中心语移动): The movement of a word from the head position in one phrase into the head positionin another is known as head movement.12.(P64-65)Linguistic context(语言语境): The linguistic context is concerned with the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word.13.(P66)Reference(所指): Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.14.(P70)Relational opposites(关系反义词): Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.15.(P74)Argument(论元): An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with a nominal element in a sentence.16.(P77)Pragmatics(语用学): Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.17.(P81)Constatives(表述句): Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable.填空题第一章1. (P3) If a linguistic aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive(描写性的). If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive(规定性的).2.(P4) The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic(共时的)study; the description of a language as it changes through time isa diachronic(历时的)study.3.(P4) Langue(语言)refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole(言语)refers to the realization of language in actual use4. (P5) Chomsky defines competence(语言能力)as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance (语言表现)the actual realization of his knowledge in linguistic communication.第二章5.(P17)As some speech sounds produced differ only in some detailed aspects, the IPA provides its users with another set of symbols called diacritics(发音符号/辨音符)6. (P23) A phoneme(音素)is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value, it is an abstract value.7. (P24) It can be easily observed that phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. If they are two distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast(音素对照),e.g. /p/ and /b/ in [pit] and [bit].8. (P24)When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occur the same position in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to from a minimal pair(最小配对).e.g pill and bill, pill and till are a minimal pair.9.(P25) Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language, the rules are called sequential rules(序列规则).10.(P27) The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental feature(超音段特征).第三章11.(P33)Morpheme(词素): the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme(自由词素). Whereas a morpheme that must beattached to another one is called bound morpheme(粘着词素).12.(P33) The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs(词素变体).第四章13. (P44) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases(短语), the category of which is determined by the word category around which the phrase is built.14. (P45)Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements: head(中心语), specifier(标志语)and complement(补语).15. (P48)The information about a word’s complement is included in the head andtermed subcategorization(次范畴化).16. (P52) Transformation(转换)is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.第五章17. (P67-68)Synonymy:近义关系的分类:1) Dialectal synonyms(方言同义词)-- synonyms used in different regional dialects.(来自不同地域的人使用同一种语言产生的不同)2) Stylistic synonyms(文体同义词) -- synonyms differing in style3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative(评价) meaning4) Collocational synonyms(搭配同义)5) Semantically different synonyms(不考)18.(P69) When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones(同音不同形不同义). When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs(同形不同音不同义). When twowords are identical in both sound and spelling, they are complete homonyms(同形同音不同义).19. (P70) Antonymy:反义关系的分类1) Gradable antonyms(可分等级的反义词)2) Complementary antonyms(互补反义词)3) Relational opposites(关系反义词)20.(P72) Componential analysis(成分分析)is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.第六章21. (P81)Three Speech Acts:三种言语行为According to Austin new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:locutionary act(言内行为), illocutionary act(言外行为), and perlocutionary act(言后行为).22.(P90)Pragmatic failure(语用失误) occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communicative purpose, or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary(言外之意) force of the speaker’s utterance in the context of c ommunication.第八章23.(P111) Speech variety(言语变体), or language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.24. (P117) Halliday further distinguishes three social variables(语域三变量)that determine the register: field of discourse(语场), tenor of discourse(语旨), and mode of discourse(语式).25. (P122) The term diglossia(双言制度) refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism where two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play.上一页下一页。
社会语言学概论复习资料
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社会语言学概论复习资料社会语言学概论复习资料社会语言学是研究语言与社会之间相互关系的学科。
它探究语言是如何受到社会因素的影响,以及语言如何反过来塑造社会。
本文将从语言的社会功能、语言变异和语言变化等方面进行复习。
一、语言的社会功能语言是人类社会交往的重要工具,它不仅仅是传递信息的媒介,还承载着社会认同、身份表达和社会关系构建的功能。
在社会语言学中,我们常常关注语言的社会功能。
首先,语言可以用来表达社会认同。
人们通过使用特定的语言、方言或口音来展示自己的身份认同。
例如,某些地区的居民可能会使用特定的方言或口音,以显示他们的地域归属感。
其次,语言可以用来建立社会关系。
通过使用特定的语言风格、词汇选择和语法结构,人们可以表达自己的社会地位和与他人的关系。
例如,在某些文化中,使用敬语可以显示对他人的尊重和礼貌。
最后,语言还可以用来构建社会共识。
通过使用共同的语言规范和语言习惯,人们可以建立共同的理解和共享的价值观。
这有助于社会成员之间的沟通和合作。
二、语言变异语言变异是指语言在不同社会群体中的差异。
这种差异可以体现在词汇、发音、语法和语用等方面。
语言变异的研究对于理解社会语言学具有重要意义。
首先,地理变异是一种常见的语言变异形式。
不同地区的人们可能使用不同的方言或口音。
例如,中国的南方和北方人们在词汇、发音和语法上存在明显的差异。
其次,社会变异是另一种重要的语言变异形式。
社会变异指的是不同社会群体之间的语言差异。
这种差异可能与年龄、性别、职业、教育水平等社会因素有关。
例如,不同年龄段的人可能在词汇选择和语法结构上存在差异。
最后,语用变异是指语言在不同社交场景中的差异。
人们在不同的社交环境中使用不同的语言风格和语言策略。
例如,在正式场合中使用正式语言,而在非正式场合中使用非正式语言。
三、语言变化语言是一个动态的系统,不断发展和变化。
语言变化是指语言在时间上的演变和发展。
社会语言学关注语言变化的原因和过程。
社会语言学复习资料
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社会语言学复习资料社会语言学是一门研究语言在社会中使用的学科。
它旨在理解语言与社会的联系,并探讨语言如何被用来塑造社会关系、群体认同和身份。
在本篇文章中,我们将提供一些社会语言学的重要概念和术语,以及一些相关的实例和问题,帮助大家复习这门学科。
1、语言变异语言变异是指语言在不同社会群体中的变化。
这种变化可能源于社会因素,如年龄、性别、社会地位等。
例如,在一种语言中,可能会出现标准语和方言两种形式,而这两种形式在不同的社会群体中被使用。
语言变异的研究有助于我们理解语言的多样性以及语言如何在不同的社会语境中被使用。
2、语言与社会阶层语言与社会阶层有密切的联系。
不同社会阶层的人在语音、词汇、语法等方面使用的语言可能会有所不同。
例如,在英语中,标准书面语通常被认为是受过教育的中产阶级使用的语言,而口语化的表达方式则常常被认为是下层社会的特征。
研究语言与社会阶层的关系可以帮助我们理解社会阶层如何影响人们使用语言的方式。
3、语言与性别语言与性别之间也存在联系。
男性和女性在语音、语法和词汇方面使用的语言可能会有所不同。
例如,在某些语言中,女性通常使用更为礼貌和正式的语调,而男性则更倾向于使用粗鲁和直接的言语。
研究语言与性别之间的关系可以帮助我们理解性别如何影响人们使用语言的方式。
4、语言接触语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的接触和交流。
这种交流可能会导致一种语言的词汇、语法和表达方式被另一种语言吸收或改变。
例如,在多元文化的城市中,可能会存在英语和汉语的混合使用,这种混合使用在日常生活中很常见。
研究语言接触可以帮助我们理解语言的融合和变化过程。
5、语言死亡语言死亡是指一种语言在社会中不再被使用或传承。
这通常是由于社会、政治和经济因素的影响。
例如,殖民统治和全球化可能会导致一种语言的消亡。
研究语言死亡可以帮助我们理解语言的演变和社会变革之间的关系。
总之,社会语言学是一门非常有趣的学科,它涉及到语言和社会之间的多个方面。
社会语言学概论复习资料word
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名词解释1.第二语言:第二语言指一个人除了第一语言之外,另外学习掌握的第二种语言,经常作为辅助语言以及通用语。
此外,第二语言亦可与第一语言并列为个人母语。
2.方法论:方法论,就是人们认识世界、改造世界的根本方法,是人们用什么样的方式、方法来观察事物和处理问题。
概括地说,世界观主要解决世界“是什么”的问题,方法论主要解决“怎么办”的问题。
方法论是一种以解决问题为目标的体系或系统,通常涉及对问题阶段、任务、工具、方法技巧的论述。
方法论会对一系列具体的方法进行分析研究、系统总结并最终提出较为一般性的原则。
3.复杂代码:那些结构比较完整和复杂、较多使用从句和连接词等复杂句法形式、很好地表现说话者的个性特点和语言修养的语言表达形式,叫复杂代码。
P474.惯用语:惯用语是一种习用的固定的词组,既有三音节为主的固定格式,又有比较灵活的结构和强烈的修辞色彩。
它通过比喻等方法而获得修辞转义。
5.宏观社会语言学:主要研究语言中的整体性、全局性的问题,包括语言与民族、一个国家的语言政策、语言规划、语言的规范化等,是把语言问题当作一个重要的社会问题来看待,例如我国推广普通话的政策和少数民族的语言政策。
P56.话语分析:话语分析也作”篇章分析",是研究语言的一种方法。
以大于句子的语言单位为研究对象,通过对实际使用中的语言的观察,探索语言的组织特征和使用特征,并从语言的交际功能和语言的使用者的认知特征方面来解释语言中的制约因素。
7.混合语:混合语是指由两种或两种以上的语言由于接触而混合成的语言。
混合语既不是甲语言,也不是乙语言,而是第三种语言。
P968.借词:借词就是借用其他民族语言中词语的形式而产生的次,又称外来词汇。
P1299.禁忌:禁忌语也是语言魔力的一种表现形式。
P153禁忌语指人们在说话时,由于某种原因,不能、不敢或不愿说出某些具有不愉快的联想色彩的词语。
而以之代替的词语。
10.局限代码:英国社会学家伯恩斯坦把那些结构简单、大量使用人称代词和附加问句、句法选择比较易于“预测”(较为普通,缺少个性)的语言表达方式,叫局限代码。
社会语言学期末重点总结
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社会语言学期末重点总结社会语言学是语言学的一个重要分支领域,主要研究语言与社会之间的相互关系。
它涵盖了语言的结构、习得、变异以及语用等方面,旨在理解语言使用的社会背景和语言变化的社会条件。
本文将总结社会语言学的几个重要概念和理论,以及一些研究方法和应用领域。
一、社会语言学的基本概念和理论1. 社会角色和语言使用:社会语言学认为,人们的社会角色和身份会影响他们的语言使用。
例如,年龄、性别、社会地位等因素都会对人们的语言选择和风格产生影响。
2. 语言变异和语言变化:语言变异是指语言系统内部的差异,而语言变化则指的是语言随着时间推移发生的变化。
社会语言学研究这些变异和变化的原因和机制,例如社会因素、地理因素、历史因素等。
3. 社会网络和语言:社会网络是指由个体之间的联系构成的复杂关系网络。
社会语言学通过研究社会网络中的语言交互和信息传递,揭示语言使用的社会特点和规律。
4. 社会变量和语言变异:社会变量是指与个体的社会身份、背景和关系相关的因素。
社会语言学通过研究社会变量与语言变异的关系,了解不同社会群体之间的语言差异和变异现象。
二、社会语言学的研究方法1. 问卷调查:问卷调查是社会语言学中常用的研究方法之一,通过向受访者提供一系列问题,了解他们的语言使用和态度等。
2. 语料库研究:语料库研究通过收集和分析大量真实语言数据,揭示语言使用的统计规律和趋势。
这种方法可以帮助我们了解语言变异和变化的社会因素。
3. 访谈和观察:访谈和观察是社会语言学中直接获取语言数据的方法。
研究者可以通过与受访者交谈和观察他们的语言使用来了解社会语言现象。
4. 社群参与:社群参与是指研究者深入社会群体中,与其共处一段时间,并参与其中的语言活动。
这种方法可以更好地理解社会语言现象和背后的社会背景。
三、社会语言学的应用领域1. 语言教育:社会语言学在语言教育中具有重要应用价值。
研究者可以通过了解学习者的社会身份和背景,设计更适合他们的教学方法和材料。
社会语言学考试资料
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. Sociolinguistics:is a branch of linguistics which studies all aspects of the relationship between language and society.What are the main factors leading to the growth of sociolinguistics?A. The general recognition of the importance of the fact that language is a very variable phenomenon and that this variability may have as much to do with society as with language.B. The demand made by the development of modern sciences and society and the financial support given by some capitalist governments such as the U.S. government.C. The healthy climate for its growth created by the development of disciplines like sociology, anthropology and psychology as it takes concepts and findings from them.Sociolinguistics and related disciplinesSociolinguistics is related to other disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, education and planning as it has drawn a lot (e.g. taking concepts and findings) from the work done by anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, educators and planners who also use much work of sociolinguistics to help their studies.The present situation of sociolinguistics?a. It has been a very important new branch of linguistics.b. It has been a recognized part of most courses at university level on linguistics or language.c. It is one of the main growth points in the study of language, from the point of both teaching and research.Features of the present sociolinguistics:Many numerous theories, vast amounts of data, and important consequences of new discoveries for areas such as education and language planning, but there is no central doctrine that must be adhered to。
社会语言学 复习资料 讲义
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绪论1、社会语言学社会语言学是研究语言与社会的关系的一门学科。
它从不同的社会科学去考察语言,进而研究在不同的社会条件下产生的语言变异。
变素不同的社会条件和语言变异因此社会语言学是研究社会与语言的共变的一门学科。
2、语言语言是一个特定的社会的成员所说的话。
这一定义简明扼要;缺点是:不好界定。
因为:1)语言具有不同的形式;2)人们可能使用不同的语言。
3、语言和社会之间可能存在的关系1)社会结构影响或决定语言结构(行为);2)语言结构(行为)影响或决定社会结构;3)语言和社会相互影响;4)语言结构和社会结构没有关系1)分支说: ①人物:英国郝德森。
②观点:社会语言学就是“社会+语言学”。
2)“两属”说: ①人物:前苏联德舍里耶夫。
②观点:“社会语言学不仅仅属于语言科学的范围,它诞生于其他学科之间,是一门学科际的学科”。
3)“语用”说: ①人物:美国佐伊基。
②观点:社会语言学主要研究who says what to whom on which occasion(什么人在什么场合对什么人说什么)。
4)“应用”说: ①人物:陈建民、陈章太。
②观点:社会语言学是研究语言与社会共变、语言与文化共存的一门应用学科。
5)“边缘”说: ①人物:陈原②观点:“社会语言学是一门多学科性交叉学科;从它发展的趋向看来,它不只是社会科学若干学科的交叉,而且是社会科学和自然科学的接合部之一。
……边缘学科是富有生命力的,社会语言学也不例外”。
4、社会语言学和语言社会学●有学者将“社会语言学”分为“宏观社会语言学”和“微观社会语言学”,“宏观社会语言学”相当于“语言社会学”。
●一方面这种区分是必要的,前者侧重于联系社会研究语言,后者侧重于联系语言联系社会。
但两方面的研究需要互补,不可画地为牢,这样才构成完整的“社会—语言”学。
●微观社会语言学——研究小群体的言语特征及其与社会环境的相互关系的●宏观社会语言学——研究国家或地区的语言状况及其与社会变迁的相互关系的三、研究对象●社会语言学要研究语言和客观的社会诸因素(如社会结构的各种不同成分)之间的关系,而且还要研究主观的社会诸因素(如社会态度、社会价值等)在语言活动中的反映。
社会语言学期末复习
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Key Terms1. Sociolinguistics:Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationships between language and society with the goal being a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication. It is the study of language in relation to society. That is to say, in sociolinguistics, we study language and society in order to find out as much as we can about what kind of thing language is. Coulmas puts it that sociolinguistics investigates “how social str ucture influences the way people talk and how language varieties and patterns of use correlate with social attributes such as class, sex, and age.” In sociolinguistics, we study, for example, linguistic variation, dialects, language attitude and its effect etc.2. Independent variable & dependent variableAn independent variable is an activity or characteristic believed to make a difference with respect to some behavior; a dependent variable is the change or difference in behavior that occurs as a result of the independent variable. For example, in Labov’s study of /r/, the social status of the people is an independent variable and the pronunciation of /r/ is the dependent variable as a result of the change of the social status.3. VarietyVariety refers to a set of linguistic items or human speech patterns (sounds, words, grammatical features), which can be uniquely associated with some external factor (e.g. a geographical area or a social group). For example, Black English is a variety of English related with the racial group and Beijing dialect is also a variety of Chinese Mandarin related with the geographical area.4. Language and dialectLanguage refers either to a single linguistic norm or to a group of related norms while dialect refers to one of the norms. For example, in Britain, the British speak the English language and there are dialects such as Yorkshire dialect etc.5. Style and registerStyle refers to differences in speech or writing in terms of degree of formality. It is usually associated with variations in situation, topic, addressee, and location. For example, our talk is much more formal in a public speech and less informal in daily conversation. Similarly we would talk more respectfully with an interviewer and less so with classmates or family members. Register refers to differences in speech or writing in terms of vocabulary. It is usually associated with a certain occupational or social group. For example, jargon is the vocabulary differences because of different occupations.6. Standard variety and non-standard varietyStandard variety is the variety which has the highest status in a community or nation and which is usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers. Other varieties are regarded as non-standard varieties. For example, in China, Mandarin is the standard variety that has the highest status, and is used in media, education etc and other varieties are non-standard ones.7. StandardizationStandardization refers to the process of making some aspect of language usage conforms to a standard variety. This may take place in connection with the writing or spelling system of a particular language and is usually implemented by a government authority.8. Dialect geography and isogloss.Dialect geography refers to the study of geographic distribution of linguistic items, the results plotted on maps (dialect atlases). Lines marking the boundaries of linguistic features on such maps are isoglosses. For example, in the following map which shows the distribution of /r/, /u/ and // pronunciation, the lines, both dotted and real lines are called isogloss./r/-full &/ //r/-less & / / /r/-full & /u//r/-less &/u/9. NetworksNetworks refer to groups of people who communicate with each other regularly. The density of a social network depends on the degree to which the people who form the social network all know each other.The concept “networks” is used to view how an individual relates to oth er individuals in society. That is, it studies how and on what occasions a specific individual A interacts now with B, then with C, and then again with D, how intensive the various relationships are, (does A interact more frequently with B than with C or D?) and how extensive A’s relationship with B is in the sense of how many other individuals interact with both A and B in whatever activity brings them together. People can be involved in a dense network if the people you know and interact with also know and interact with one another. If they do not, the network is a loose one. And people are said to be involved in a multiplex network if the people within it are tied together in more than one way.10. VariationVariation refers to language differences in speech and writing between speakers of different ages, genders, social classes or identities; or differences in differences in different situation, topic, addressee, and location; including difference over time. For example, to refer to the same automotive vehicle suitable for hauling, Americans and British would use different words: truck v.s. lorry, and spell the same word meaning the middle as something as “centre” v.s. “center”.11. Speech repertoireSpeech repertoire refers to the range of linguistic varieties which the speaker has at his disposal and which he may appropriately use as a member of his speech community. It can be used to describe the communicative competence of individual speakers. Each person will then have a distinctive speech repertoire. And quite often , many individuals will have virtually identical repertoire.12. IdiolectIdiolect refers to the speech characteristics and linguistic behavior of individuals.13. Lingua francaLingua franca refers to a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them. It can be spoken in a variety of ways. For example, today English is used in very many places and for very many purposes as a lingua franca, e.g., in travel and often in trade, commerce, and international relation. And the English can serve as a lingua franca in many parts of the world, and for some speakers, it is a native language, and still others a foreign language.14. Speech communitySpeech community has been defined differently by different people. But generally it can be used to refer to a group of people who form a community, e.g. a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one linguistic variety in common. Possible standards for defining a speech community are one single speech variety, shared attitudes towards linguistic behavior in the community, and in-group social cohesiveness.15. PidginPidgin refers to a linguistic variety which develops as a contact language when groups of people with different mother tongues come into contact and communicate with one another, as when foreign traders communicate with the local population or workers on plantations or in factories communicate with one another or with their bosses. It i s no one’s first language. For example, Tok Pisin is used as a unifying language among speakers of many different languages in Papua New Guinea.Characteristics of pidgin: simplifications of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar16. CreoleCreole refer s to a “pidgin” which has become the native language of a group of speakers, being used for all or many of their daily communicative needs.Characteristics of Creole when compared with pidgins: larger vocabulary; more complex grammar; more styles.17. CodeCode is a term used instead of language, speech variety, or dialect. It is sometimes considered to be a more neutral term than the others.18. DiglossiaDiglossia refers to a situation in which two very different codes exist side by side in a speech community, each with a distinct range of social functions. The key defining characteristic of diglossia is that the two varieties are kept quite apart in their functions. The High variety (or H-variety) is usually more standardized, and is used in government, the media, education, and for religious services; the Low-variety (or L-variety) is used in family conversation and other relatively informal setting. For example, in Switzerland, there are Standard German (H) and Swiss German (L) varieties, with the former one used in most of the formal situations, and the latter for other informal settings. And in Haiti, there are Standard French (H) and Haitian Creole (L).19. BilingualismBilingualism can refer to the community where two languages are used, and the ability to use tow languages either by an individual or by a speech community. Balanced, compound, and coordinate bilingualism20. Code-switchingCode-switching refers to a change by a speaker (or writer) from one code to another. It is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries, to create, evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations. For example, to hide meaning from a third party present at the conversation, the two speakers may switch to their hometown dialect to distance their relation.21. code-mixingCode-mixing is the mixed use of codes. Usually the two codes involved are not of equal position with one being predominant and the other subordinate. For example, “明天是peter的part,我们开一个party,好吗?”22. Implicational scaleImplicational scale is a term from variation theory particularly associated with the study of the post-creole continuum. It is introduced by the American linguist David DeCamp in 1971 as a way of showing relationships between linguistic varieties. He demonstrated that certain linguistic forms from the Jamaican social dialect continuum had both creole and standard variants. There variants can be ranked in terms of their “creoleness” and “standardness” on an implicatio nal hierarchy that is observed by (nearly all) speakers, such that usage by a speaker of creole forms from a particular point on the hierarchy implies that one can predict that he or she will also use creole forms from lower down on the hierarchy, but not necessarily from higher up. That is, some mesolectal forms are more basilectal or acrolectal than others. Similarly, use of standard forms from a particular point on the continuum also implies use of standard forms from higher up on the hierarchy, but not necessarily use of those from lower down.23. CultureCulture is the sum total of all contributions of a group of people, in a designated area, within a given time. It represents, more specifically, the aesthetic or intellectual achievement or appreciation of an individual or a society, and also the lifestyle of a society as passed on from generation to generation.24. Whorfian hypothesisWhorfian hypothesis has two versions: strong one and weak one.The strong version says that one’s thinking is c ompletely determined by his native language because one cannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language.The categories and distinctions encoded in one language system are unique to that system and incommsurable with those of other systems.The weak version puts it that the structure does not determine the world-view but is still extremely influential in predisposing speakers of a language toward adopting a particular world-view.25. Prototype theoryA prototype is the first model that is made of something new, first or original example, e.g. an aircraft, from which others have been or will be copied or developed.Prototype theory refers to the idea that concepts are best viewed as prototypes. A prototype-based concept can be learned on the basis of a very small number of instances, perhaps a single one, and without any kind of formal definition.26. EthnographyEthnography is a non-manipulative study of the cultural characteristics of a group in real world rather than laboratory setting, utilizing ethnographic techniques and providing a socio-cultural interpretation of the research data. For example, an ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the factors that are relevant in understanding how that event achieves its objective. And Lindenfeld’s ethnographical study offers an account of the language of a dozen long-standing urban marketplaces in Paris etc, the talk of vendors, vendor-customer talk, politeness routines, small talk, jokes, insults, etc. An alternative approach to devising ethnographies is to attempt to describe the different functions of language in communication. 27. EthnomethodologyEthnomethodology is the study of how individuals create and understand their daily lives. Subjects for such studies are not people in primitive tribes, but those in contemporary society. It is a branch of sociology, which ahs links with conversation analysis because of its use of recorded conversation material as data. Most ethnomethodologists study not language or speech, but talk. In particular, they are interested in what is not said. They focus on the shared common-sense knowledge speakers have of their society which they can leave unstated in conversation because it is taken fro granted by all participants.28. Communicative competenceCommunicative competence refers to the ability not only to apply the grammatical rules of a language in order to form grammatically correct sentence, but also to know when and where to use these sentences and to whom. CC refers to whether (and to what degree) something is formally possible, feasible, appropriate, and in fact done. It includes linguistic competence; sociolinguistic competence, discourse competence, and strategic competence.29. Speech actsUtterances as functional units in communication30. Turn-takingTurn-taking refers to the distribution of talk across participants in conversation. There are there ways of turn-taking (degree of control). Firstly, turn-taking happens by mentioning his/her name, current speaker selects the next speaker. Secondly, by asking a question, current speaker invites another speaker to speak but leaves the choice open. Thirdly, a certain hearer self-selects as the next speaker.31. Adjacency pairsIt refers to sequences of two utterances that are adjacent, produced by different speakers, ordered as a first part and a second part, typed so that a particular first part requires a particular second part or range of second parts. For example, a question can lead to an answer, which can lead to a comment, which can lead to an acknowledgment, and so on.32. SolidarityIt refers to support and unity resulting from common interests or feelings in communication, and feelings of shared experience and common group membership.33. PolitenessIt refers to recognition of other’s rights in a social situation. (positive and negative politeness by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson)34. Address termsAddress terms refer to second-person pronouns, or names, or titles, or endearments, and expressions used when speaking to someone. For example, the same person may be addressed by “you”, “Mr. James Martin”, “Professor Martin”, “dear”, or other expression.35. Language planning“Language planning is a government a uthorized, long-term, sustained and conscious effort to alter a language’s function in a society for the purpose of solving communication problems” (Weinsten, 1980). It refers to deliberate efforts to influence the behavior of others with respect to the acquisition, structure, or functional allocation of language. Typically it will involve the development of goals, objectives and strategies to change the way language is used. At a governmental level, language planning takes the form of language policy. Many nations have language regulatory bodies which are specifically charged with formulating and implementinglanguage planning policies.36. Status planningIt refers to deliberate efforts to allocate the functions of languages and literacies within a speech community. It involves status choices, making a particular language or variety an “official language”, “national language”, etc. Often it will involve elevating a language or dialect into a prestige variety, which may be at the expense of competing dialects. Status planning is often part and parcel of creating a new writing system. Status planning tends to be the most controversial aspect of language planning.37. Corpus planningIt refers to prescriptive intervention in the forms of a language. This may be achieved by creating new words or expressions, modifying old ones, or selecting among alternative forms. Corpus planning aims to develop the resources of a language so that it becomes an appropriate medium of communication for modern topics and forms of discourse, equipped with the terminology needed fro use in administration, education, etc. Corpus planning is often related to the standardization of a language, involving the preparation of a normative orthography, grammar, and dictionary for the guidance of writers, and speakers in a speech community. Efforts at linguistic purism and the exclusion of foreign words also belong the courpus planning, as do spelling reform and the introduction of new writing system.38. Linguistic assimilation and linguistic pluralismLinguistic assimilation is the belief that everyone, regardless of origin, should learn the dominant language of the society. (France example) Linguistic pluralism is the recognition of more than one language. It can be territorially based or individually based or there may be some combination of the two. It can be complete or partial, so that all or only some aspects of life can be conducted in more than one language in a society. (Canada)39. Vernacularizaion and internationalismVernacularization is the restoration or elaboration of an indigenous language and its adoption as an official language, e.g., Bahasa Indonesia in Indonesia.Internationalism is the adoption of a non-indigenous language of wider communication either as an official language or for such purposes as education or trade, e.g., English in Singapore, India, the Philipines, and Papua New Guinea.1.What is the scope of sociolinguistic research?The scope of sociolinguistic includes linguistic situation; dialects; language in communication; language attitude and its effect; language contact and language change; language planning and language standardization.2.What insights can we get from sociolinguistic?①Language is not a close and abstract system, and it is a social interaction and a conduct of communication.②Linguistic competence includes knowledge of language and knowledge of language use.③Linguistic variation and language change are closely related to the social context.3.What are the major approaches in sociolinguistic?①Linguistic sociolinguistic②Ethno-sociolinguistic③The sociology of language④The social psychology of language⑤Pragmatic sociolinguistic4.What is the interactional sociolinguistic research method?Research methods in IS involve several stages:① A preliminary period of ethnography②The main process of data collection, transcription and analysis③ A final effort of confirming the findings as consonant with current knowledge. Question 5. Please compare linguistics and sociolinguisticsLinguistics can be defined as a scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics includes at least five branches, namely, phonologic, morphologic, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic.Sociolinguistics is a kind of macro-linguistics, which shows an interdisciplinary nature between linguistics and sociology. The scope of sociolinguistic includes linguistic situation; dialects; language in communication; language attitude and its effect; language contact and language change; language planning and language standardization.6.Please compare dialectology and sociolinguistics.The study of language in society is called sociolinguistics. The real basis for much of sociolinguistics is that the differences in language among members of a speech community or between different regions speaking different varieties of the same language are often meaningful for society. Not everyone who speaks a given language speaks it in the same way. An individual's particular way of speaking is called an idiolect. Language variants spoken by entire groups of people are referred to as dialects. Dialectology is a branch of sociolinguistics that studies the systematic variants of a language. The term dialect was first coined in 1577 from the Latin dialectus, way of speaking. Dialectal variation is present in most language areas and often has important social implications.But dialectology and sociolinguistics have many differences as well:(1)Dialectology focuses on the pronunciation of the dialects, aiming at summarizing thephonology, but sociolinguistics does not necessarily do so, focusing on the linguistic variations, that is, the differences because of different statuses, different ages and different situations.(2)Both dialectologists and sociolinguists use the on-the-spot research method, but the formerwill regard the one-person-from-one-place as the standard, that is, the informant should be strictly selected without considering the aspects like age, gender, social class and so on. But the latter focuses on the different social strata and random sampling from more people and then proceed with the quantitative analysis to reach the linguistic rules.(3)Dialectologists indulge in the researches on the rural dialects and the dialects of old people,trying to find the rules of language slow changes; but sociolinguists more venture into the cities, because in cities there are more social classes, more linguistic phenomena.7. Explain the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis in your own words and give your comments.Explain:讲义答案:(1)One’s thinking is completely determined by his native language because one cannot butperceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in the language.(2)The categories and distinctions encoded in one language system are unique to that system andincommensurable with those of other systems.strong version:The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis makes the claim that the structure of the language one habitually uses influences the manner in which one thinks and behaves.weak version:The structure does not determine the world-view but is still extremely influential in predisposing speakers of a language toward adopting a particular world-view. Comment:The strong version goes to extremes but the weak version is acceptable. Different languages may refer to certain characteristics of the real world in terms of different sub-set of characteristics. However, speakers of both languages may still be aware of all the characteristics. The way a given language encodes experience semantically makes aspects of that experience not exclusively accessible, but just more salient for the users of that language. It’s absurd to say speakers of one language cannot have access to modern scientific thought because their language doesn’t allow them to.8. Do taboo and e uphemism serve any socially useful purpose? Or are they just ‘relics of the Dark Ages’ ?Taboo and euphemism do serve some socially useful purpose.Taboo is the prohibition or avoidance in any society of behavior believed to be harmful to its members in that it would cause them anxiety, embarrassment, or shame.Standards and norms change, linguistic taboos are also violated on occasion to draw attention to oneself, or to show contempt, or to be aggressive or provocative, or to mock authority, such as “damn it”, “shit” “you bastard”, “you son of bitch”, etc.Euphemism defined as “a good interpretation of a bad word” can mainly serve five functions: avoidance of taboo, avoidance of vulgarity, politeness, deception and satire.1.Avoidance of taboo: People’s fear of death generates many euphemisms for death, such as “go Heaven/ Paradise”, “be at peace”, “return to dust/ earth”.2.Avoidance of vulgarity: we use “go to the bathroom”, “wash hands”, “go to the powder room”for “go the toilet”.3.Politeness: we use “senior citizens”, “seasoned”, “well-preserved” for “old”.4. Deception:Governments often use substandard housing (次标准房) for slum(贫民区);revenue enhancement (税收加强) for tax increase (增税)5. Satire: “live on nothing”, original ly from Vanity Fair by William Thackeray, is used as aneuphemism to satirize those stingy misers.9. What difficulty do you encounter in discussing address terms with English speaking people? Do you ever experience difficulty because your terms and theirs fail to match? And what kind of terms do you use?Chinese address system is more complex than English address system. Therefore when discussing address terms with English speaking people, Chinese people may find many terms difficult to explain.1). Usage of kinship terms. Chinese kinship system includes a variety of address terms, which have no direct equivalents in English. For example, “aunt” means “舅母”, “姑姑”, “姨娘”, “婶婶”, etc. in Chinese.2). Some Chinese terms have different meanings in different occ asions. For example, “大爷”. If you ask a rather old man for the way to some place, it is just a appellation. It can also be used to address your father’s elder brother. In the old society, it is used to address those rich males or officers, landlords.3). Chinese people favor the use of post and rank titles, but there are not enough titles matching Chinese titles in English, for example, “科长”, “4). Some unique address terms of Chinese characteristics, such as “同志”, “小”, “老”. Take “叶老” as an example. “叶老” is a respectful address term to “叶圣陶”, but we can hardly find a counterpart of “老” in English.举例说明不能匹配的称谓语,如“司令”,“排长”—直接用Mr. 表示头衔“孩子他妈"—my wife “二姑奶”—my grandpa’s second sister. In order to explain those kinship terms, we have use more words to describe the relationship.10. Define the distinction of tu and vous at work in conversation?From the pronominal choice between tu and vous forms in languages, we can see that certain linguistic choices a speaker makes indicate the social relationship that the speaker perceives to exist between him or her and the listener or listeners. Many languages have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous (T/V) distinction in French, where grammatically there is a ‘singular you’ tu (T) and a ‘plural you’ vous (V) but the usage requires that you use vous with individuals on certain occasions. The T form is sometimes described as the ‘familiar’ form and the V form as the ‘polite’ one.The asymmetrical T/V usage such as the upper class addressed the lower classes with T but received V symbolizes a power relationship. Symmetrical V usage is ‘polite’ usage. Symmetrical T usage is to show intimacy and its use for that purpose also spread to situations in which two people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e., a feeling of solidarity, this mutual T for solidarity gradually came to replace the mutual V of politeness, since solidarity is often more important than politeness in personal relationships. Moreover, the use of asymmetrical T/V to express power decreased and mutual V was often used in its place, as between officer and soldier. Today, we can still find asymmetrical T/V uses, but solidarity has tended to replace power, so that now mutual T is found quite often in relationships which previously had asymmetrical usage, e.g., father and son, employer and employee. Tu should be used between spouses, between brothers and sisters regardless of age, between parents and children, between close relatives, between young people living or working closely together, and between adults who have a friendship of long-standing. Vous should be used between strangers, between those who have no ties of any kind, and between inferior and superior. Nowadays power is no longer as important as it once was in determining T/V usage; there has been a dramatic shift in recent years to solidarity.Different societies devise different ways of handling the T/V distinction e.g., T/V forms being differently employed in Germany, France, and Italy. English has no active T/V distinction. T/V usage is constantly involving. The evolution is not always toward solidarity and away from power. Power is still very much part of modern social structure.。
社会语言学期末复习资料全
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社会语言学期末复习资料全第二章理论与方法学一、什么是语言变项?社会语言学是怎么调查语言变项和社会变项之间的共变关系的?请举例说明1、语言变项和社会变项:人们使用各种语言变体地域方言和社会方言说话人使用某些语言变项与其社会背景有关研究者必须判定哪个社会变项与某个语言变项相关:地位,性别,年龄(语言变项,社会语言学常用术语之一,英文为Linguistic variable,指语言变异的项目。
语音、句法、词汇都可能成为语言变项。
社会语言学奠基人拉波夫所做的纽约语言调查,其中的(r)就是语言变项。
一个语言变项一般包含几个“变式”,比如(r)变项包括两个变式,一个是(r)变式,第二个是零变式。
又如话中零声母(w),是一个变项,它有两个变式,一个是(w),第二个是(v)。
)2、拉波夫(William Labov)的著名例子car, card, fourth语言变项:在元音前的辅音/r/发音或者不发音社会变项:地位结论:社会地位越高的人,越倾向于发出词语中的r音。
二、拉波夫(William Labov)对纽约[r]音的调查拉波夫:探索语言变异的个别理论纽约流行的r音假设:假如纽约市本地人中有任何两个集团在社会分层的阶梯上处于高低不同的地位,那么他们在发[r]音上也会表现出相应的差异。
假设被证实:越是社会地位高的人,或越是正规的场合,就会有越高的卷舌率语言变项:发r音/不发r音,w/v ,公交车/巴士语言变项可选择音位、词素、句法、词语等各层次上的某个结构单位语言变项的独特之处在于它同相应的社会变项发生有意义的共变。
60年代前半期拉波夫运用定量分析法研究语言变量与社会变量之间的关系拉波夫感觉到下层黑人倾向不发[r]音做出假设:假如纽约市本地人中两个集团处于不同的社会阶层,那么他们在发[r]音上也会表现出相应的差异。
怎样证实这个假设呢?怎么引导被试在自然状态下发出[r]音呢?1.确认这个商店第四层楼有什么商品(例如,女士鞋子)2.走进商店,向店员询问:“Excuse me, where are the women’s shoes?”3.店员会回答:“Fourth floor.”4.装作没听清,继续问:“Excuse me?”5.店员会重新放慢语速回答:“Fourth floor.”6.跑到店员看不到的地方记下以下信息:商店名称,所在楼层,性别,年龄(以五年为单位估测),职业(售货员,导购员,收银员,仓库管理等),人种,(是否有)方言或异国口音在每一层楼都会询问同样问题,在第四层则问“Excuse me, whatfloor is this?”一共264位受访者,长达六个半小时。
社会语言学教程期末复习材料
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社会语言学教程期末复习材料第一章1.“社会语言学”这一学科名称,是由“社会学”和“语言学”复合而成的。
其基本内容包括两个方面:1)一是社会语言学,其基本涵义是:从语言的社会属性出发,用社会学的方法研究语言,从社会的角度解释语言变体和语言演变。
2)二是语言社会学,其基本涵义是:从语言变体和语言演变的事实,来解释相关的社会现象及其演变和发展的过程。
3)两者的研究方向不同,简而言之,前者从社会研究语言,后者从语言研究社会。
2.社会语言学的三位先锋:拉波夫、特鲁杰和海姆斯。
3.着重调查研究不同阶层、不同年龄、不同场合的语言差异,即语言变项。
4.《纽约市百货公司(r)的社会分层》P105.特鲁杰的方言调查P11这个世界在亚马逊河的西北部地区。
该地区一半在巴西境内,一半在哥伦比亚。
它地广人稀,面积相当于英格兰,而人口只有1万左右。
居民大多数是土著印第安人,分为20多个部落,这些部落又组成了5个部落群。
每个部落都说不同的语言——不同到相互之间无法理解的程度,也非源于同一母语。
5个部落群实行族外通婚制。
结果是一个男子的妻子肯定说一种和他不同的语言。
妻子要住在丈夫长大的地方,与子女讲话的时候必须用丈夫的语言(“语言从夫婚姻”)。
母亲不能把自己的语言交给孩子,而是把自己只不过像外国人一样所讲的一种语言教给孩子。
孩子生活在大家庭里,跟讲父亲语言的人接触较多,他们的语言没有出现“退化”现象。
问题:1、语言确定部落;2、语言显示地位;3、在一个讲X语言的部落里,有土著语使用者,也有非土著语使用者。
如果要编写X 语言的语法,语法的适用对象究竟是谁?是所有土著语言使用者(包括散落在其他部落的妇女)?还是该部落里的所有说话者,包括土著人和非土著人?语言的接触、双语现象、语码的选择等。
一个部落里会有不同语言,对语言的选择往往根据需要而定(与子女讲话的时候必须用丈夫的语言这点除外)。
要是来了客人不懂X部落的语言,而部落中有人懂客人的语言,那么,主人在跟客人讲话的时候,就会使用客人的语言。
语言学期末复习资料整理版
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语言学期末复习资料整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
语言学-期末复习资料-整理版
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语言学-期末复习资料-整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言language$Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性¥Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophisticationand it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send."⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal u ser’s knowledge of the rules of his langu age.。
苏州科技学院人文学院汉语专业社会语言学复习资料
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社会语言学题目1.中国印度古希腊-罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统,是语言的三大发源地。
2.文字学音韵学训诂学是我国传统的语文学。
3.研究语言的结构,主要是研究语音词汇和语义语法三个部分。
4.运用语言传递信息的过程,可分为编码发送传递接收解码五个过程5.专语语言学可以从纵向和横向研究语言,由于研究角度不同,所以又分为历时语言学和共时语言学6.历史比较语言学的建立,标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。
7.布隆菲尔德的代表著作《语言论》,是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作。
8.索绪尔被称为现代语言之父,其代表作有《普通语言学教程》1.人和动物的区别是人会制造工具,而且人类有语言这是人类和动物相区别的重要标志之一。
2.一种语言中的句子的数量是无限的,人类之所以能掌握语言,是因为构成句子的语言材料和组织语言材料的规则是十分有限的。
3.语言是人类社会最重要的交际工具,而且也是思维的最重要最有意义的工具。
4.汉民族点头表示肯定摇头表示否定送别时挥手表示再见,鼓掌表示欢迎,咬牙切齿表示愤怒,手舞足蹈表示兴奋。
5.人的大脑分左右两半球,大脑的左半球控制语言活动,右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维6.汉语的姐姐、妹妹用英语表示sister 汉语的叔叔、姑父等,英语用uncle。
7.英语可以直接用数词修饰名词,汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上量词。
8. 儿童最早的智力活动就是学习语言9.语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有全民性没有阶级性10.语言和说话的关系可以这样理解:语言是社会的、全民共有的,说话是个人的;语言是抽象的,说话是具体的。
1.语言最主要的社会功能就是作交际工具。
(√)2.文字是辅助语言交际的工具,对语言交际起辅助作用。
(×)3.语言没有阶级性,一视同仁地为社会全体成员服务,这里的共同语言,是指阶级观念、思想感情,不是作为交际工具的语言。
(×)4.语言声音的发出和声波的传递具有自然属性的一面,但语言的音义结合却是社会赋予的,所以语言从本质上看是社会现象,而不是自然现象。
北京语言大学22春“汉语国际教育”《社会语言学》期末考试高频考点版(带答案)试卷号5
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北京语言大学22春“汉语国际教育”《社会语言学》期末考试高频考点版(带答案)一.综合考核(共50题)1.现场促销语言及话语的特征没有()特点。
A.在语言形式和结构关系方面有独特类型B.偏向正式语体C.以问答毗邻对为主,回应话轮多于主动话轮D.答话信息“供大于求”参考答案:A2.语言规划的任务不包括()。
A.保持语言稳定,杜绝一切语言变化现象的影响B.强化人们的语言规范意识,加强语言文字的规范化、标准化C.保障人民群众的语言权利,提高语言声望D.确定语言在国家、社会中的地位,协调语言关系参考答案:A3.对语言转用的认识有误的是()。
A.语言转用只能是整体转用型B.语言转用也是由语言接触引起的C.语言转用又称“语言替换” 、“语言替代”D.语言转用是指一个民族或一个民族的部分人放弃使用自己的母语而转用另一语言的现象参考答案:A4.“使客观现实与所表达的命题内容一致”属于塞尔(Searle)的言外行为()。
A.阐述类B.承诺类C.宣告类D.表达类参考答案:C5.关于社会集团、语言社团、语言社群的理解,有误的是()。
A.社会集团不一定就是语言社团B.语言社团一定是社会实体C.对某种语言持有相同的评价标准和一致的使用态度的一群人,也被视为一个语言社团D.语言社群比语言社团外延更小参考答案:B6.从语言规划角度去看,语言的人文性主要表现不包括()。
A.语言所反映的文化性质、文化价值和文化功能B.语言应用中折射出的各种文化现象,如经济形态、思想观念等C.语言交际中所反映的各个国家的政治制度、经济发展等社会因素D.语言交际中所反映的语言使用者的思维、情感、态度及其他文化背景等参考答案:C7.地域变体一旦被附加上了价值标准,就可以被称作社会变体。
()A.正确B.错误参考答案:A8.有关社会语言学与结构主义语言学的区别和关系,不对的是()。
A.结构主义语言学属于内部语言学,研究语言本体B.社会语言学属于外部语言学,研究运用的规则和演变C.社会语言学研究的是言语D.生成语法研究着重点是语言的运用能力参考答案:D9.以下不属于克里奥尔语的是()。
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第一章1.“社会语言学”这一学科名称,是由“社会学”和“语言学”复合而成的。
其基本内容包括两个方面:1)一是社会语言学,其基本涵义是:从语言的社会属性出发,用社会学的方法研究语言,从社会的角度解释语言变体和语言演变。
2)二是语言社会学,其基本涵义是:从语言变体和语言演变的事实,来解释相关的社会现象及其演变和发展的过程。
3)两者的研究方向不同,简而言之,前者从社会研究语言,后者从语言研究社会。
2.社会语言学的三位先锋:拉波夫、特鲁杰和海姆斯。
3.着重调查研究不同阶层、不同年龄、不同场合的语言差异,即语言变项。
4.《纽约市百货公司(r)的社会分层》P105.特鲁杰的方言调查P11这个世界在亚马逊河的西北部地区。
该地区一半在巴西境内,一半在哥伦比亚。
它地广人稀,面积相当于英格兰,而人口只有1万左右。
居民大多数是土著印第安人,分为20多个部落,这些部落又组成了5个部落群。
每个部落都说不同的语言——不同到相互之间无法理解的程度,也非源于同一母语。
5个部落群实行族外通婚制。
结果是一个男子的妻子肯定说一种和他不同的语言。
妻子要住在丈夫长大的地方,与子女讲话的时候必须用丈夫的语言(“语言从夫婚姻”)。
母亲不能把自己的语言交给孩子,而是把自己只不过像外国人一样所讲的一种语言教给孩子。
孩子生活在大家庭里,跟讲父亲语言的人接触较多,他们的语言没有出现“退化”现象。
问题:1、语言确定部落;2、语言显示地位;3、在一个讲X语言的部落里,有土著语使用者,也有非土著语使用者。
如果要编写X 语言的语法,语法的适用对象究竟是谁?是所有土著语言使用者(包括散落在其他部落的妇女)?还是该部落里的所有说话者,包括土著人和非土著人?语言的接触、双语现象、语码的选择等。
一个部落里会有不同语言,对语言的选择往往根据需要而定(与子女讲话的时候必须用丈夫的语言这点除外)。
要是来了客人不懂X部落的语言,而部落中有人懂客人的语言,那么,主人在跟客人讲话的时候,就会使用客人的语言。
6.“女国音”的例子:“女国音”——北京地区女国中生所特有的一种发音现象,将团音读作尖音。
当韵母是齐齿呼(i或者是i为韵头的韵母,如ian、ie等)与j、q、x相拼时,j、q、x就会被读作舌尖音z、c、s,如“界限”读作“ziesian”。
女国音的现象是出于社会因素(青春期女孩的爱美心理)而产生的语言现象。
7.配对变法(了解)P20第二章1.“语言变体”的含义:1)各种语言变异的存现形式就是“语言变体”2)语言变体”是一个内涵很宽泛的概念,大至一种语言的社会分布的范围,就是一种语言变体。
3)社会语言学所谓“语言变体”是能够区别社会意义的。
4)所以社会语言学的“语言变体”可以说是“能够辨别社会功能的语言变体”,是具有相同社会分布的一组语言形式。
填空题:1)名词解释:1)+2)简答题:1)-4)2.语言变体的种类称为“语言变项”。
例如英语后缀-ing是一个语言变项,它有两个变体:ing 和in。
较高阶层的人经常读ing,较低阶层的人经常读in。
3方言可以分为地域方言和社会方言两大类。
地域方言是语言在不同地域的变体。
一般说来.同一种地域方言分布在同一个地区或同一个地点。
4.社会方言是语言的社会变体。
使用同一种地点方言的人,因职业、阶层、年龄、性别、语用环境、个人风格等等不同,语音、措辞、谈吐也会有不同。
5.华人社会里阶层方言的主要差别表现在两个方面,一是文理和土白的使用频率;二是上下级或上下辈相互称呼的不平等关系。
6.文理和土白对立有两层意思:一是指读书时用文读音读汉字,说话时则离开汉字使用方言口语;二是指在日常口语中,词汇和表达方式有文理和土白之分。
7.(了解)方言词汇有土白词和文理词之分。
土白词是指日常口语使用的本地词汇;文理词是指书面语汇或官话词汇,还可以包括一些谦词和敬语。
8.(了解) “文理”词汇可分为两小类,一类是平时口语常用的,另一类是口语不用的书面语词汇,即所谓的“转文”。
9.上下级或上下辈相互称呼的不平等关系,是指上级对下级或上辈对下辈可以直呼其名,反之不可以直呼其名。
对上级一般在姓氏后面加头衔,对上辈只用称谓,回避姓名。
长幼有序,敬老孝悌。
10.性别变体(了解)P2711.“语域”是语言使用的场合或领域的总称。
12.地域方言又可以分为地区方言和地点方言两大类。
1)地区方言是指使用于较大区域的方言。
一个地区方言包括许多大同小异的地点方言。
2)地点方言是相对于地区方言而言的,它是指使用于某一个地点的方言,特别是指较大的城市使用的方言。
13.同一种语言的不同支派分化到什么样的程度才算是不同的方言?(语言和方言的区别)1)这不仅决定于语言因素本身,而且与政治、民族、文化、地理等方面的复杂因素有关。
2)彼此不同,但说话者不经过专门的语言训练,就能彼此听懂的语言形式(互通性)3)在政治上统一的地区内,通用的几种语言形式(地区通用)4)有共同的文字系统和书面古典作品的人们所说的几种语言形式(共同的书面形式)5)区分语言和方言更多地取决于说这些话的人在文化上的认同。
14.在方言地理上,方言基本上是成片存在的,但是有一种特殊的情况是,某一种方言的部门使用者脱离成片的大本营,身陷别的方言区,形成方言岛。
一是土著方言被移民方言包围成为方言岛,二是移民带来的方言直接造成方言岛。
15.方言——社会方言:1)社会方言:一种语言随社会阶级、性别、职业和年龄等社会范畴的不同而出现的各种变体。
2)来自不同地区的同一社会群体的人们语言相似性>同一地区的不同社会群体。
3)社会下层语言的地理变异>“社会顶层”的人18.语言(语码)转用的含义:一个言语社区或该社区的一部分人放弃使用母语而转用另一种语言或方言的现象称为语码转用。
注:语码转用和语码转换不是一回事中国目前的语码转用主要有三种类型19.语言转用是由四个方面的原因造成的:一是身份认同危机,可以以香港为例;二是政治因素促成,以台湾为例;三是双语现象不能长久维持;四是在语言接触中弱势语言的语言特征逐渐萎缩。
20.历史上的移民运动是语言宏观演变的最重要的原因。
21.移民运动造成汉语方言的宏观演变,至少有下述几种后果:(一)方言分化移民将原居地的方言带到新地以后,如果移民和原居地的人民很少联系,也即新地和旧地的方言很少接触。
那么两地的方言因演变的速度和方向不一样。
会分化成两种大不相同的方言。
(二)方言更替这里所谓“方言更替”是指一种方言被另一种方言完全被替换,不是指若干语言成分的替换。
方言更替有两种可能:由移民方言取代土著方言;或由土著方言取代移民方言。
两种方言从开始接触到最终完成取代,中间有一个双语阶段。
(三)方言融合如果移民和土著在人口、经济、文化等的综合力量上,大致平衡,并且移民和土著杂居在一起,交往又很频繁,那么两者的方言。
有可能互相融合,而不是互相替代。
22.政治变迁对语言的影响:1)政治政策,政局变化加速一种语言的灭亡或者衰弱。
例如:北魏孝文帝的汉化改革,拉丁语的萎缩2)政治势力的变化会影响到语言的地位例如:香港中文与英文地位的历史交替,台独势力“去中国化”的语言政策。
(影响到国语地位的下降)23.社会的渐变和突变(了解)1)社会的突变不会导致语言的突变,这是语言性质所决定的。
(必须由整个社会成员约定形成)2)由社会生产生活实践所决定的语言,在社会突变中有其稳定的基础。
当然也不是说语言在社会突变中无动于衷。
例如:辛亥革命与白话文,改革开放与汉语词汇的变化。
3)社会的突变主要是指社会形态的突变,其他基本是渐变。
24.现代社会变迁对语言的影响:1)隔阂会带来语言集团之间的分化,接触会导致更多语言上的相似。
2)中国南北方汉语的不同特点,大陆与台湾语言的语体分化。
日语和中文的可懂度。
3)“北车南船”:北方虽然广大,但方言却一致。
南方虽然小,但方言差异大,十分复杂。
反映了社会分隔对语言的影响。
25.词汇——外来词1)外来词进入汉语要有一个汉化的过程,就是外来词要适应汉语自身的特点。
2)日语借词比较特殊,以汉字为中介,直接反过来输入汉语。
3)“胡,番,西,洋”等词用汉语构词材料构成的词语不宜看做是外来词。
26.语法:语言三要素中,语法最稳定。
收到其他语言影响相对要少一些。
27.社会文化接触和汉语的发展:其中语言和语法方面的影响较小,词汇方面影响较大。
28.文革语言的特征:1)空前的“统一”和空前的混乱2)词语反映的社会风貌就是对人的摧残和迫害以及整个社会政治生活的混乱。
29.大陆和台湾汉语的分化:两岸汉语的差异在词汇上表现为有对应性和非对应性词汇两类。
例如:宇宙飞船,太空船,形势,情势第三章1.双重语言的成因:1)双重语言现象的形成有一个前提,即两种(或多种)方言相互的差别较为明显,以致影响通话。
2)在四种环境中,有可能产生双重方言现象:第一,杂居双重方言制。
母语不同的剧名杂居在同一个地方;第二,城市双重方言制。
城市中来自别的方言区的居民以及其后裔往往兼用母语和这个城市的方言;第三,边界双重方言制。
一个地区居民内部相互交际时使用本地方言,当跟邻接的方言区的居民交际时,则使用外地人的方言;第四,方言岛双重方言制。
方言岛在产生的初期一般使用单一的移民方言,久而久之,也可能使用岛外的本地方言。
3)从社会的角度看,双重语言现象是使用不同语言的社团(包括)家庭互相接触、交际中自然产生的。
也就是说,一个社会之所以产生双重语言现象,是因为社会生活需要有一种以上语言,而这些语言各有自己的社会功能。
2.双重语言的发展趋势:1)双重语言现象的发展趋势,会因为地区的不同而不同。
它是受各地不同文化背景所制约的,这些文化背景包括双重语言的社会地位是否平等、双重语言人对母语的忠诚态度、母语教育是否持续、母语社团的聚散等。
2)双重语言在言语社区的发展大致有一下几种趋势:第一,由双重语言现象发展到语言杂交,产生洋泾浜语或混合语。
第二,双重语言现象趋于消亡,即其中一种语言或方言被另一种同化。
每个地区都有一种地点方言是该地区的优势方言(或称权威方言),这个权威方言往往是该地区最大的城市所使用的方言。
第三,双重语言现象长久维持。
双重语言现象得以长久维持的主要动力是对母语的“语言忠诚”,此外,语言政策尤其是教学语言采用母语也是重要原因之一。
3.地区共同语是使用地域仅次于普通话或蓝青官话的语言。
地区共同语通行于整个方言区的大部分地方。
4.地区共同语还有以下两个特点:第一,地区共同语一定是某一方言区里的强势方言,例如广州话是粤语区里的强势方言。
第二,它不仅通行于整个方言区,而且大多是跨方言区的。
例如广州话不仅流行于粤语区,而且跨越粤语区,也流行于潮汕闽语区,许多潮汕人也会说广州话。
苏北江淮官话区的居民也在听的方面也能接受上海话。