武汉大学博士英语结课考试

一、段落分析

Concept-defining

(一)Content 容（from paragraph level）

1 T opic 话题（特点general笼统）

2 Aspect (supporting sentence)

from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神

from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理

from idea/mentality to behavior从思想到行为

from technology to society

from individual to social aspects从个体到社会

from oneself to others从自身到他人

from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接

from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构

3 Perspective (point of view)角度+ Key words

=thesis 论点+evidence论据

=theme主题（main idea）+aspects方面

4 Form/Function形式（passage level）

Structure: the organization of the whole article

Introduction (what)

Body (why)

Conclusion (how)

(二)Paragraph development

1 Skill/Pattern；Fact/Detail

Statistics统计

Examples例证

Statements阐述

Quotation引言

2 Method针对所选用的skill的方法

1)topic order

2)causal order = cause and effect

3)spatial order = space order

4)chronological order = time order

5)problem and solution

6)means and ends

7)process and result

8)classification

9)hierarchical structure 分层次、等级的(from least to most)

10)a ntithesis对偶、排比

11)p rogression递进(a gradual process of change or developing over period of

time)

12)c omparison (相似) and contrast(差异) 对比

3 Logic relationship (from passage level) (what, why, how)

1)Cause and effect因果关系=why & how

2)Means and ends = process and purpose = how手段和目的；过程和目的

3)Topic/idea and reason (introduction)= what & why

4)Problem and solution = what & how

5)Example = how

(三)Developing Paragraph/Body(正文/主体)

1Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关

2Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分

Common Methods of Development

1)exemplification例证

2)facts事实

3)citation引证

4)comparison and contrast比较与对比

5)analysis分析

6)classification分类

3Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然

1)transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词

2)from the most important to the least important or vice verse由重到轻，反之亦

然

3)general principle by classification:总原则（分类）

from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神

from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理

from individual to social aspects从个体到社会

from oneself to others从自身到他人

from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接

from physical environment to economic and social structure从地理环境到社会经济结构

第一课的第三段：

Our second major discovery was that the Information Marketplace will dramatically affect people and organizations on a wide scale.Besides its many uses in commerce, office work, and manufacturing, it will also improve health care, provide new ways to shop, enable professional and social encounters across the globe, and generally permeate the thousands of things we do in the course of our daily lives. It will help us pursue old and new pleasures, and it will encourage new art forms, which may be criticized but will move art forward, as new tools have always done. It will also improve education and training,