生产自动化-外文翻译精品
自动化制造系统与PLC论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献外文原文Automating Manufacturing Systems with PLCs2.1 INTRODUCTIONControl engineering has evolved over time. In the past humans were the main method for controlling a system. More recently electricity has been used for control and early electrical control was based on relays. These relays allow power to be switched on and off without a mechanical switch. It is common to use relays to make simple logical control decisions. The development of low cost computer has brought the most recent revolution,the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The advent of the PLC began in the1970s, and has become the most common choice for manufacturing controls.PLCs have been gaining popularity on the factory floor and will probably remain predominant for some time to come. Most of this is because of the advantages they offer. • Cost effective for controlling complex systems.• Flexible and can be reapplied to control other systems quickly and easily.• Computational abilities allow more sophisticated control.• Tr ouble shooting aids make programming easier and reduce downtime.• Reliable components make these likely to operate for years before failure.2.1.1 Ladder logicLadder logic is the main programming method used for PLCs. As mentioned before, ladder logic has been developed to mimic relay logic. logic diagrams was a strategic one. By selecting ladder logic as the main programming method, the amount of retraining needed forengineers and trades people was greatly reduced.Modern control systems still include relays, but these are rarely used for logic. A relay is a simple device that uses a magnetic field to control a switch, as pictured in Figure 2.1. When a voltage is applied to the input coil, the resulting current creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field pulls a metal switch (or reed) towards it and the contacts touch, closing the switch. The contact that closes when the coil is energized is called normally open. The normally closed contacts touch when the input coil is not energized. Relays are normally drawn in schematic form using a circle to represent the input coil. The output contacts are shown with two parallel lines. Normally open contacts are shown as two lines, and will be open (non-conducting) when the input is not energized. Normally closed contacts are shown with two lines with a diagonal line through them. When the input coil is not energized the normally closed contacts will be closed (conducting).Figure 2.1 Simple Relay Layouts and SchematicsRelays are used to let one power source close a switch for another (often high current) power source, while keeping them isolated. An example of a relay in a simple control application is shown in Figure 2.2. In this system the first relay on the left is used as normally closed, and will allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input A. The second relay is normally open and will not allow current to flow until a voltage is applied to the input B. If current is flowing through the first two relays then current will flow through the coil in the third relay, and close the switch for output C. This circuit would normally be drawn in the ladder logic form. This can be read logically as C will be on if A is off and B is on.Figure 2.2 A Simple Relay ControllerThe example in Figure 2.2 does not show the entire control system, but only the logic. When we consider a PLC there are inputs, outputs, and the logic. Figure 2.3 shows a more complete representation of the PLC. Here there are two inputs from push buttons.We can imagine the inputs as activating 24V DC relay coils in the PLC. This in turn drives an output relay that switches 115V AC, that will turn on a light. Note, in actual PLCs inputs are never relays, but outputs are often relays. The ladder logic in the PLC is actually a computer program that the user can enter and change. Notice that both of the input push buttons are normally open, but the ladder logic inside the PLC has one normally open contact, and one normally closed contact. Do not think that the ladder logic in the PLC need so match the inputs or outputs. Many beginners will get caught trying to make the ladder logic match the input types.Figure 2.3 A PLC Illustrated With RelaysMany relays also have multiple outputs (throws) and this allows an output relay to also be an input simultaneously. The circuit shown in Figure 1.4 is an example of this, it is called a seal in circuit. In this circuit the current can flow through either branch of the circuit, through the contacts labelled A or B. The input B will only be on when the output B is on. If B is off, and A is energized, then B will turn on. If B turns on then the input B will turn on, and keep output B on even if input A goes off. After B is turned on the output B will not turn off.Figure 2.4 A Seal-in Circuit2.1.2 ProgrammingThe first PLCs were programmed with a technique that was based on relay logic wiring schematics. This eliminated the need to teach the electricians, technicians and engineers how to program a computer - but, this method has stuck and it is the most common technique for programming PLCs today. An example of ladder logic can be seen in Figure 2.5. To interpret this diagram imagine that the power is on the vertical line on the left hand side, we call this the hot rail. On the right hand side is the neutral rail. In the figure there are two rungs, and on each rung there are combinations of inputs (two vertical lines) and outputs (circles). If the inputs are opened or closed in the right combination the power can flow from the hot rail, through the inputs, to power the outputs, and finally to the neutral rail. An input can come from a sensor, switch, or any other type of sensor. An output will be some device outside the PLC that is switched on or off, such as lights or motors. In the top rung the contacts are normally open and normally closed. Which means if input A is on and input B is off, then power will flow through the output and activate it. Any other combination of input values will result in the output X being off.Figure 2.5 A Simple Ladder Logic DiagramThe second rung of Figure 2.5 is more complex, there are actually multiple combinations of inputs that will result in the output Y turning on. On the left most part of the rung, power could flow through the top if C is off and D is on. Power could also (and simultaneously) flow through the bottom if both E and F are true. This would get power half way across the rung, and then if G or H is true the power will be delivered to output Y. In later chapters we will examine how to interpret and construct these diagrams.There are other methods for programming PLCs. One of the earliest techniques involved mnemonic instructions. These instructions can be derived directly from the ladderlogic diagrams and entered into the PLC through a simple programming terminal. An example of mnemonics is shown in Figure 2.6. In this example the instructions are read one line at a time from top to bottom. The first line 00000 has the instruction LDN (input load and not) for input A. . This will examine the input to the PLC and if it is off it will remember a 1 (or true), if it is on it will remember a 0 (or false). The next line uses an LD (input load) statement to look at the input. If the input is off it remembers a 0, if the input is on it remembers a 1 (note: this is the reverse of the LD). The AND statement recalls the last two numbers remembered and if the are both true the result is a 1, otherwise the result is a 0. This result now replaces the two numbers that were recalled, and there is only one number remembered. The process is repeated for lines 00003 and 00004, but when these are done there are now three numbers remembered. The oldest number is from the AND, the newer numbers are from the two LD instructions. The AND in line 00005 combines the results from the last LD instructions and now there are two numbers remembered. The OR instruction takes the two numbers now remaining and if either one is a 1 the result is a 1, otherwise the result is a 0. This result replaces the two numbers, and there is now a single number there. The last instruction is the ST (store output) that will look at the last value stored and if it is 1, the output will be turned on, if it is 0 the output will be turned off.Figure 2.6 An Example of a Mnemonic Program and Equivalent Ladder LogicThe ladder logic program in Figure 2.6, is equivalent to the mnemonic program. Even ifyou have programmed a PLC with ladder logic, it will be converted to mnemonic form before being used by the PLC. In the past mnemonic programming was the most common, but now it is uncommon for users to even see mnemonic programs.Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) have been developed to accommodate the programming of more advanced systems. These are similar to flowcharts, but much more powerful. The example seen in Figure 2.7 is doing two different things. To read the chart, start at the top where is says start. Below this there is the double horizontal line that says follow both paths. As a result the PLC will start to follow the branch on the left and right hand sides separately and simultaneously. On the left there are two functions the first one is the power up function. This function will run until it decides it is done, and the power down function will come after. On the right hand side is the flash function, this will run until it is done. These functions look unexplained, but each function, such as power up will be a small ladder logic program. This method is much different from flowcharts because it does not have to follow a single path through the flowchart..Figure 2.7 An Example of a Sequential Function CharStructured Text programming has been developed as a more modern programming language. It is quite similar to languages such as BASIC. A simple example is shown in Figure 2.8. This example uses a PLC memory location i. This memory location is for an integer, as will be explained later in the book. The first line of the program sets the value to 0. The next line begins a loop, and will be where the loop returns to. The next line recalls thevalue in location i, adds 1 to it and returns it to the same location. The next line checks to see if the loop should quit. If i is greater than or equal to 10, then the loop will quit, otherwise the computer will go back up to the REPEAT statement continue from there. Each time the program goes through this loop i will increase by 1 until the value reaches 10.Figure 2.8 An Example of a Structured Text Program2.1.3 PLC ConnectionsWhen a process is controlled by a PLC it uses inputs from sensors to make decisions and update outputs to drive actuators, as shown in Figure 2.9. The process is a real process that will change over time. Actuators will drive the system to new states (or modes of operation). This means that the controller is limited by the sensors available, if an input is not available, the controller will have no way to detect a condition.Figure 2.9 The Separation of Controller and ProcessThe control loop is a continuous cycle of the PLC reading inputs, solving the ladder logic, and then changing the outputs. Like any computer this does not happen instantly. Figure 2.10 shows the basic operation cycle of a PLC. When power is turned on initially the PLC does a quick sanity check to ensure that the hardware is working properly.If there is a problem the PLC will halt and indicate there is an error. For example, if the PLC power is dropping andabout to go off this will result in one type of fault. If the PLC passes the sanity check it will then scan (read) all the inputs. After the inputs values are stored in memory the ladder logic will be scanned (solved) using the stored values not the current values. This is done to prevent logic problems when inputs change during the ladder logic scan. When the ladder logic scan is complete the outputs will be scanned (the output values will be changed). After this the system goes back to do a sanity check, and the loop continues indefinitely. Unlike normal computers, the entire program will be run every scan. Typical times for each of the stages is in the order of milliseconds.Figure 2.10 The Scan Cycle of a PLC2.1.4 Ladder Logic InputsPLC inputs are easily represented in ladder logic. In Figure 2.11 there are three types of inputs shown. The first two are normally open and normally closed inputs, discussed previously. The IIT (Immediate InpuT) function allows inputs to be read after the input scan, while the ladder logic is being scanned. This allows ladder logic to examine input values more often than once every cycle.Figure 2.11 Ladder Logic Inputs2.1.5 Ladder Logic OutputsIn ladder logic there are multiple types of outputs, but these are not consistently available on all PLCs. Some of the outputs will be externally connected to devices outside the PLC, but it is also possible to use internal memory locations in the PLC. Six types of outputs are shown in Figure 2.12. The first is a normal output, when energized the output will turn on, and energize an output. The circle with a diagonal line through is a normally on output. When energized the output will turn off. This type of output is not available on all PLC types. When initially energized the OSR (One Shot Relay) instruction will turn on for one scan, but then be off for all scans after, until it is turned off. The L (latch) and U (unlatch) instructions can be used to lock outputs on. When an L output is energized the output will turn on indefinitely, even when the output coil is deenergized. The output can only be turned off using a U output. The last instruction is the IOT (Immediate OutpuT) The last instruction is the IOT (Immediate OutpuT)that will allow outputs to be updated without having to wait for the ladder logic scan to be completed.3.1 INPUTS AND OUTPUTSInputs to, and outputs from, a PLC are necessary to monitor and control a process. Both inputs and outputs can be categorized into two basic types: logical or continuous. Considerthe example of a light bulb. If it can only be turned on or off, it is logical control. If the light can be dimmed to different levels, it is continuous. Continuous values seem more intuitive, but logical values are preferred because they allow more certainty, and simplify control. As a result most controls applications (and PLCs) use logical inputs and outputs for most applications. Hence, we will discuss logical I/O and leave continuous I/O for later.Outputs to actuators allow a PLC to cause something to happen in a process. A short list of popular actuators is given below in order of relative popularity.Solenoid Valves - logical outputs that can switch a hydraulic or pneumatic flow. Lights - logical outputs that can often be powered directly from PLC output boards.Motor Starters - motors often draw a large amount of current when started, so they require motor starters, which are basically large relays.Servo Motors - a continuous output from the PLC can command a variable speed or position.Outputs from PLCs are often relays, but they can also be solid state electronics such as transistors for DC outputs or Triacs for AC outputs. Continuous outputs require special output cards with digital to analog converters.Inputs come from sensors that translate physical phenomena into electrical signals. Typical examples of sensors are listed below in relative order of popularity.Proximity Switches - use inductance, capacitance or light to detect an object logically. Switches - mechanical mechanisms will open or close electrical contacts for a logical signal. Potentiometer - measures angular positions continuously, using resistance.LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) - measures linear displacement continuously using magnetic coupling.Inputs for a PLC come in a few basic varieties, the simplest are AC and DC inputs. Sourcing and sinking inputs are also popular. This output method dictates that a device does not supply any power. Instead, the device only switches current on or off, like a simple switch. Sinking - When active the output allows current to flow to a common ground. This is best selected when different voltages are supplied. Sourcing - When active, current flows from asupply, through the output device and to ground. This method is best used when all devices use a single supply voltage. This is also referred to as NPN (sinking) and PNP (sourcing). PNP is more popular. This will be covered in detail in the chapter on sensors.3.1.1 InputsIn smaller PLCs the inputs are normally built in and are specified when purchasing the PLC. For larger PLCs the inputs are purchased as modules, or cards, with 8 or 16 inputs of the same type on each card. For discussion purposes we will discuss all inputs as if they have been purchased as cards. The list below shows typical ranges for input voltages, and is roughly in order of popularity. PLC input cards rarely supply power, this means that an external power supply is needed to supply power for the inputs and sensors. The example in Figure 3.1 shows how to connect an AC input card.Figure 3.1 An AC Input Card and Ladder LogicIn the example there are two inputs, one is a normally open push button, and the second is a temperature switch, or thermal relay. (NOTE: These symbols are standard and will be discussed later in this chapter.) Both of the switches are powered by the positive/ hot output ofthe 24Vac power supply - this is like the positive terminal on a DC supply. Power is supplied to the left side of both of the switches. When the switches are open there is no voltage passed to the input card. If either of the switches are closed power will be supplied to the input card. In this case inputs 1 and 3 are used - notice that the inputs start at 0. The input card compares these voltages to the common. If the input voltage is within a given tolerance range the inputs will switch on. Ladder logic is shown in the figure for the inputs. Here it uses Allen Bradley notation for PLC-5 racks. At the top is the location of the input card I:013 which indicates that the card is an Input card in rack 01 in slot 3. The input number on the card is shown below the contact as 01 and 03.Many beginners become confused about where connections are needed in the circuit above. The key word to remember is circuit, which means that there is a full loop that the voltage must be able to follow. In Figure 3.1 we can start following the circuit (loop) at the power supply. The path goes through the switches, through the input card, and back to the power supply where it flows back through to the start. In a full PLC implementation there will be many circuits that must each be complete. A second important concept is the common. Here the neutral on the power supply is the common, or reference voltage. In effect we have chosen this to be our 0V reference, and all other voltages are measured relative to it. If we had a second power supply, we would also need to connect the neutral so that both neutrals would be connected to the same common. Often common and ground will be confused. The common is a reference, or datum voltage that is used for 0V, but the ground is used to prevent shocks and damage to equipment. The ground is connected under a building to a metal pipe or grid in the ground. This is connected to the electrical system of a building, to the power outlets, where the metal cases of electrical equipment are connected. When power flows through the ground it is bad. Unfortunately many engineers, and manufacturers mix up ground and common. It is very common to find a power supply with the ground and common mislabeled.One final concept that tends to trap beginners is that each input card is isolated. This means that if you have connected a common to only one card, then the other cards are not connected. When this happens the other cards will not work properly. You must connect acommon for each of the output cards.3.1.2.Output ModulesAs with input modules, output modules rarely supply any power, but instead act as switches. External power supplies are connected to the output card and the card will switch the power on or off for each output. Typical output voltages are listed below, and roughly ordered by popularity.120 Vac24 Vdc12-48 Vac12-48 Vdc5Vdc (TTL)230 VacThese cards typically have 8 to 16 outputs of the same type and can be purchased with different current ratings. A common choice when purchasing output cards is relays, transistors or triacs. Relays are the most flexible output devices. They are capable of switching both AC and DC outputs. But, they are slower (about 10ms switching is typical), they are bulkier, they cost more, and they will wear out after millions of cycles. Relay outputs are often called dry contacts. Transistors are limited to DC outputs, and Triacs are limited to AC outputs. Transistor and triac outputs are called switched outputs. Dry contacts - a separate relay is dedicated to each output.This allows mixed voltages (AC or DC and voltage levels up to the maximum), as well as isolated outputs to protect other outputs and the PLC. Response times are often greater than 10ms. This method is the least sensitive to voltage variations and spikes. Switched outputs - a voltage is supplied to the PLC card, and the card switches it to different outputs using solid state circuitry (transistors, triacs, etc.) Triacs are well suited to AC devices requiring less than 1A. Transistor outputs use NPN or PNP transistors up to 1A typically. Their response time is well under 1ms.中文翻译自动化制造系统与PLC2．1介绍控制工程随着时间的推移在不断发展。
自动化专业常用英语词汇
自动化专业常用英语词汇自动化是一门涉及机械、电子、计算机和控制系统等多个领域的学科，它致力于研究和开发能够自动执行任务的系统和设备。
在自动化专业的学习和工作中，熟悉和掌握常用的英语词汇是非常重要的。
下面是自动化专业常用英语词汇的详细介绍。
1. Automation - 自动化Automation refers to the use of technology to control and operate a system or process without human intervention. It involves the use of various control systems, such as computers and robots, to perform tasks automatically.2. Control system - 控制系统A control system is a set of devices or software that manages and regulates the behavior of a system. It includes sensors, actuators, controllers, and communication networks that work together to maintain the desired performance of the system.3. Robotics - 机器人技术Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, and operation of robots. It involves the use of mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering principles to create machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with human assistance.4. Sensor - 传感器A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical inputs, such as light, temperature, pressure, or motion. It converts these inputs into electrical signals that can be processed by a control system.5. Actuator - 执行器An actuator is a device that converts electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy into mechanical motion. It is used to control or move a mechanism or system, such as opening or closing a valve or moving a robotic arm.6. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) - 可编程逻辑控制器A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used to control and automate industrial processes. It is programmable and can be easily reconfigured to adapt to different tasks or requirements.7. Human-Machine Interface (HMI) - 人机界面The human-machine interface (HMI) is the user interface through which an operator interacts with a control system. It typically consists of a graphical display, buttons, and other input/output devices that allow the operator to monitor and control the system.8. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) - 监控与数据采集系统Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a system used to monitor and control industrial processes. It collects real-time data from various sensors and devices and provides a graphical interface for operators to monitor and control the system.9. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - 工业物联网The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the use of internet-connected devices and sensors in industrial settings to collect and exchange data. It enables real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of industrial processes, leading to improved efficiency and productivity.10. Machine Learning - 机器学习Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on the development of algorithms and models that allow computers to learn and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed. It is widely used in automation to improve system performance and decision-making.11. Control loop - 控制回路A control loop is a closed-loop system that continuously monitors and adjusts the output of a process to maintain a desired setpoint. It typically consists of a sensor, controller, and actuator that work together to regulate the system.12. Feedback - 反馈Feedback is the process of returning a portion of the output of a system back to the input for comparison and adjustment. It is used in control systems to continuously monitor and correct deviations from the desired performance.13. PID controller - 比例-积分-微分控制器A PID controller is a type of control algorithm that uses proportional, integral, and derivative actions to control a system. It is widely used in automation to achieve accurate and stable control of processes.14. Fault diagnosis - 故障诊断Fault diagnosis is the process of identifying and diagnosing faults or malfunctions in a system. It involves analyzing sensor data, system behavior, and performance to determine the cause of the problem and take appropriate corrective actions.15. Safety system - 安全系统A safety system is a set of measures and devices designed to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of personnel and equipment. It includes emergency stop buttons, safety interlocks, and protective barriers to minimize the risk of injury or damage.以上是自动化专业常用英语词汇的详细介绍。
生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
生产自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献随着科技的不断进步和人们对效率的追求，生产自动化已经成为现代工业的重要组成部份。
生产自动化通过引入先进的机械和电子设备，以及自动化控制系统，实现了生产过程的自动化和智能化。
本文将介绍一些关于生产自动化的研究和应用的外文翻译文献。
1. 文献一：《生产自动化的发展与趋势》这篇文献介绍了生产自动化的发展历程和未来的趋势。
文章指出，生产自动化的发展可以追溯到20世纪初，随着电子技术和计算机技术的不断进步，生产自动化得到了快速发展。
未来，生产自动化将更加注重智能化和柔性化，以适应不断变化的市场需求。
2. 文献二：《生产自动化在汽车创造业中的应用》这篇文献探讨了生产自动化在汽车创造业中的应用。
文章指出，汽车创造业是生产自动化的典型应用领域之一。
通过引入机器人和自动化生产线，汽车创造商可以大大提高生产效率和产品质量。
此外，生产自动化还可以减少人力成本和人为错误。
3. 文献三：《生产自动化对工作环境和员工的影响》这篇文献研究了生产自动化对工作环境和员工的影响。
文章指出，尽管生产自动化可以提高生产效率，但它也带来了一些负面影响。
例如，自动化设备的噪音和振动可能对员工的健康造成影响。
此外，自动化还可能导致一些工人失去工作机会。
因此，为了最大限度地发挥生产自动化的优势，必须采取适当的安全措施和培训计划。
4. 文献四：《生产自动化在食品加工行业中的应用》这篇文献讨论了生产自动化在食品加工行业中的应用。
文章指出，食品加工是一个复杂而繁琐的过程，生产自动化可以大大提高生产效率和产品质量。
通过引入自动化设备和控制系统，食品加工商可以减少人为错误和污染风险。
此外，生产自动化还可以实现对食品生产过程的精确控制和监测。
5. 文献五：《生产自动化在医药创造业中的应用》这篇文献探讨了生产自动化在医药创造业中的应用。
文章指出，医药创造是一个高度精细和复杂的过程，生产自动化可以提高生产效率和产品质量的同时，确保药品的安全和一致性。
生产自动化专业英文译文
Production AutomationIntroduction to production AutomationAutomation is a widely used term in manufacturing. In this context ,automation can be defined as technology concerned with the application of mechanical, electronic, and computer-based systems to operate and control production. Examples of this technology include:·Automatic machine tools to process parts.·Automated transfer lines and similar sequential production systems·Automatic assembly machines·Industrial robots·Automatic material handing and storage systems·Automated inspection systems for quality control.·Feedback control and computer process control.·Computer systems that automate procedures for planning, data collection, and decision making to support manufacturing activities.Automated production systems can be classified into two basic categories: fixed automation and programmable automation.Fixed AutomationFixed automation is what Harder was referring to when he coined the word automation. Fixed automation refers to production systems in which the sequence of processing or assembly operations is fixed by the equipment configuration and cannot be readily changed without altering the equipment. Although each operation in the sequence is usually simple, the integration and complex. Typical features of fixed automation include 1.high initial investment for custom-engineered equipment, 2.high production rates,3.application to products in which high quantities are to be produced ,and 4.relative inflexibility in accommodating product changes.Fixed automation is economically justifiable for products with high demand rates. The high initial investment in the equipment can be divided over a large number of units, perhaps millions, thus making the unit cost low compared with alternative methods of production. Examples of fixed automation include transfer lines for machining, dial indexing machines, and automated assembly machines. Much of thetechnology in fixed automation was developed in the automobile industry; the transfer line (dating to about 1920 ) is an example.Programmable AutomationFor programmable automation, the equipment is designed in such a way that the sequence of production operations is controlled by a program, i.e., a set of coded instructions that can be read and interpreted by the system. Thus the operation sequence can be readily changed to permit different product configurations to be produced on the same equipment. Some of the features that characterize programmable automation include 1. high investment in general-purpose programmable equipment, 2. lower production rates than fixed automation, 3. flexibility to deal with changes in product configuration, and 4. suited to low and / or medium production of similar products or parts (e.g. part families). Examples of programmable automation include numerically controlled machine tools, industrial robots, and programmable logic controllers.Programmable production systems are often used to produce parts or products in batches. They are especially appropriate when repeat orders for batches of the same product are expected. To produce each batch of a new product, the system must be programmed with the set of machine instructions that correspond to that product. The physical setup of the equipment must also be changed; special fixtures must be attached to the machine, and the appropriate tools must be loaded. This changeover procedure can be time-consuming. As a result, the usual production cycle for a given batch includes 1. a period during which the setup and reprogramming is accomplished and 2. a period in which the batch is processed. The setup-reprogramming period constitutes nonproductive time of the automated system.The economics of programmable automation require that as the setup-reprogramming time increase, the production batch size must be made larger so as to spread the cost of lost production time over a larger number of units. Conversely , if setup and reprogramming time can be reduced to zero, the batch size can be reduced to one. This is the theoretical basis for flexible automation, an extension of programmable automation. A flexible automated system is one that is capable of producing a variety of products ( or parts) with minimal lost time for changeovers from one product to the next. The time to reprogram the system and alter the physical setup is minimal and results in virtually no lost production time . Consequently, the system is capable of producing various combinations and schedulesof products in a continuous flow, rather than batch production with interruptions between batches. The features of flexible automation are 1. high investment for a custom-engineered system, 2. continuous production of mixtures of products , 3. ability to change product mix to accommodate changes in demand rates for the different products made, 4. medium production rates, and 5. flexibility to deal with product design variations.Flexible automated production systems operate in practice by one or more of the following approaches: 1. using part family concepts, by which the parts made on the system are limited in variety; 2. reprogramming the system in advance and / or off-line, so that reprogramming does not interrupt production; 3. downloading existing programs to the system to produce previously made parts for which program are already prepared; 4. using quick-change fixtures so that physical setup time is minimized; 5. using a family of fixtures that have been designed for a limited number of part styles; and 6. equipping the system with a large number of quick-change tools that include the variety of processing operations needed to produce the part family. For these approaches to be successful , the variation in the part styles produced on a flexible automated production system is usually more limited that a batch-type programmable automation system. Examples of flexible automation are the flexible manufacturing systems for performing machining operations that date back to late 1960s.Numerical ControlNumerical control ( often abbreviated NC) can be defined as a form of programmable automation in which the process is controlled by numbers, letters , and symbols. In NC, the numbers form a program of instructions designed for a particular workpart or job. When the job changes, the program of instructions is changed. This capability to change the program for each new job is what gives NC its flexibility . It is much easier to write new programs than to make major changes in the production equipment.NC equipment is used in all areas of metal parts fabrication and comprises roughly 15% of the modern machine tools in industry today. Since numerically controlled machines are considerably more expensive than their conventional counterparts , the asset value of industrial NC machine tools is proportionally much larger than their numbers. Equipment utilizing numerical control has been designedto perform such diverse operations as drilling, milling, turning, grinding, sheetmetal pressworking spot welding, are welding , riveting, assembly , drafting ,inspection, and parts handling. And this is by no means a complete list. Numerical control should be considered as a possible mode of controlling the operation for any production situation possessing the following characteristics:1.Similar workparts in terms of raw material (e.g. , metal stock formachining).2.The workparts are produced in various sizes and geometries.3.The workparts are produced in batches of small to medium-sized quantities.4.A sequence of similar processing steps is required to complete the operation on each workpiece.Many machining jobs meet these conditions. The machined workparts are metal, they are specified in many different sizes and shapes, and most machined parts produced in industry today are made in small to medium-size lot sizes. To produce each part, a sequence of drilling operations may be required, or a series of turning or milling operations. The suitability of NC for these kinds of jobs is the reason for the tremendous growth of numerical control in the metalworking industry over the last 25 years.Basic Components of an NC SystemAn operational numerical control system consists of the following three basic components :1.Program of instructions.2.Controller unit, also called machine control unit(MCU).3.Machine tool or other controlled process.Transfer MachinesThe highest degree of automation obtainable with special-purpose , multifunction machines is achieved by using transfer machines. Transfer machines are essentially a combination of individual workstations arranged in the required sequence, connected by work transfer devices, and integrated with interlocked controls. Workpieces are automatically transferred between the stations, which are equipped with horizontal, vertical, or angular units to perform machining, gagging, workpiece repositioning, assembling, washing, or other operations . The two major classes of transfer machines are rotary and in-line types.An important advantage of transfer machines is that they permit the maximum number of operations to be performed simultaneously. There is relatively no limitation on the number of workpiece surfaces of planes that can be machined, since devices can be interposed in transfer machines at practically any point for inverting, rotating, or orienting the workpiece, so as to complete the machining operations. Work repositioning also minimizes the need for angular machining heads and allows operations to be performed in optimum time. Complete processing from rough castings or forgings to finished parts is often possible.One or more finished parts are produced on a transfer machine with each index of the transfer system that moves the parts from station to station. Production efficiencies of such machines generally range from 50% for a machine producing a variety of different parts to 85% for a machine producing one part, in high production, depending upon the workpiece and how the machine is operated ( materials handling method , maintenance procedures, etc.)All types of machining operations, such as drilling , tapping, reaming, boring, and milling, are economically combined on transfer machines . Lathe-type operations such as turning and facing are also being performed on in-line transfer machine, with the workpieces being rotated in selected machining stations. Turning operations are performed in lathe-type bridge units. Workpieces are located on centers and rotated by chucks at each turning station. Turning stations with CNC are available for use on in-line transfer machines. The CNC units allow the machine cycles to be easily altered to accommodate changes in workpiece design and can also be used for automatic tool adjustments.Maximum production economy on transfer lines is often achieved by assembling parts to the workpieces during their movement through the machine . Such item as bushings, seals , welch plugs, and heat tubes can be assembled and then machined or tested during the transfer machining sequence. Automatic nut torquing following the application of apart subassemblies can also be carried out.Gundrilling or reaming on transfer machines is an ideal application provided that proper machining units are employed and good bushing practices are followed . contour boring and turning of spherical seats and other surfaces can be done with tracer-controlled single-point inserts, thus eliminating the need for costly special form tools. In-process gagging of reamed or bored holes and automatic tool setting are done on transfer machines to maintain close tolerances.Less conventional operations sometimes performed on transfer machines include grinding , induction heating of ring gears for shrink-fit pressing on flywheels, induction hardening of valve seats, deep rolling to apply compressive preloads, and burnishing.Transfer machines have long been used in the automotive industry for producing identical components at high production rates with a minimum of manual part handling . In addition to decreasing labor requirements , such machines ensure consistently uniform, high-quality parts at lower cost. They are no longer confined just to rough machining and now often eliminate the need for subsequent operations such as grinding and honing.More recently, there has been an increasing demand for transfer machines to handle lower volumes of similar or even different parts in smaller sizes, with means for quick changeover between production runs. Built-in flexibility, the ability to rearrange and interchange machining units , and the provision of idle stations increases the cost of any transfer machine, but such features are economically feasible when product redesigns are common. Many such machines are now being used in nonautomotive applications for lower production requirements.Special features now available to reduce the time required for part changeover include standardized dimensions, modular construction, interchangeable fixtures mounted on master pallets that remain on the machine, interchangeable fixture components , the ability to lock out certain stations for different parts by means of selector switches, and programmable controllers. Product design is also important, and common transfer and clamping surfaces should be provided on different parts whenever possible.Programmable Logic ControllersA programmable logic controller (PLC) is a solid-state device used to control machine motion or process operation by means of a stored program. The PLC sends output control signals and receives input signals through input / output (I/O) devices.A PLC controls outputs in response to stimuli at the inputs according to the logic prescribed by the stored program. The inputs are made up of limit switches , pushbuttons, thumbwheels, switches, pulses, analog signals , ASCII serial data, and binary or BCD data from absolute position encoders . The outputs are voltage or current levels to drive end devices such as solenoids, motor starters , relays, lights,and so on . Other output devices include analog devices, digital BCD displays , ASCII compatible devices, servo variable-speed drives , and even computers.Programmable controllers were developed (circa in 1968) when General Motors Corp, and other automobile manufactures were experimenting to see if there might be an alternative to scrapping all their hardwired control panels of machine tools and other production equipment during a model changeover .This annual tradition was necessary because rewiring of the panels was more expensive than buying new ones.The automotive companies approached a number of control equipment manufactures and asked them to develop a control system that would have a longer productive life without major rewiring , but would still be understandable to and repairable by plant personnel. The new product was named a “programmable controller”.The processor part of the PLC contains a central processing unit and memory .The central processing unit (CPU) is the “traffic director” of the processor, the memory stores information. Coming into the processor are the electrical signals from the input devices, as conditioned by the input module to voltage levels acceptable to processor logic . The processor scans the state of I/O and updates outputs based on instructions stored in the memory of the PLC .For example, the processor may be programmed so that if an input connected to a limit switch is true (limit switch closed),then a corresponding output wired to an output module is to be energized.This output might be a solenoid, for example . The processor remembers this command through its memory and compares on each scan to see if that limit switch is , in fact, closed . If it is closed, the processor energizes the solenoid by turning on the output module.The output device ,such as a solenoid or motor starter, is wired to an output module’s terminal, and it receives its shift signal from the process or, in effect, the processor is performing a long and complicated series of logic decisions. The PLC performs such decisions sequentially and in accordance with the stored program. Similarly, analog I/O allows the processor to make decisions based on the magnitude of a signal, rather than just if it is on or off. For example ,the processor may be programmed to increase or decrease the steam flow to a boiler (analog output) based on a comparison of the actual temperature in the boiler (analog input) to the desired temperature. This is often performed by utilizing the built-in PID (proportional, integral, derivative) capabilities of the processor.Because a PLC is “software based”, ifs control logic functions can be changed by reprogramming its memory. Keyboard programming devices facilitate entry of the revised program, which can be designed to cause an existing machine or process to operate in a different sequence or to respond to different levels of, or combinations of stimuli. Hardware modifications are needed only if additional, changed, or relocated input/output devices are involved.生产自动化生产自动化介绍自动化是一个在制造成业中广泛使用的术语。
自动化专业-外文文献-英文文献-外文翻译-plc方面
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自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Manufacturing Industry: Overview and TranslationIntroduction:Automation has revolutionized various industries, and the manufacturing sector is no exception. This article provides an overview of automation in the manufacturing industry, discussing its benefits, challenges, and future prospects. Additionally, a translation of the content into English is provided.Overview of Automation in the Manufacturing Industry:Automation refers to the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In the manufacturing industry, automation plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, productivity, and quality. It involves the use of advanced machinery, robotics, and computer systems to streamline production processes.Benefits of Automation in Manufacturing:1. Increased Efficiency: Automation eliminates the need for manual labor, allowing tasks to be completed at a faster pace. This leads to increased production output and reduced production time.2. Improved Quality: Automated systems ensure consistent and accurate production, minimizing errors and defects. This results in higher product quality and customer satisfaction.3. Cost Reduction: While initial investment in automation may be high, it results in long-term cost savings. Automation reduces labor costs, decreases material waste, and optimizes energy consumption.4. Enhanced Safety: Automation eliminates the need for workers to perform hazardous tasks, reducing the risk of workplace accidents and injuries.5. Flexibility and Adaptability: Automated systems can be easily reprogrammed to accommodate changes in production requirements. This allows manufacturers to quickly adapt to market demands.Challenges of Automation in Manufacturing:1. Initial Investment: Implementing automation systems requires significant upfront investment, including the cost of machinery, software, and employee training. This can be a barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises.2. Workforce Transition: Automation may result in job displacement, as some tasks previously performed by humans are now automated. Companies must provide training programs and support for employees to transition into new roles.3. Technical Complexity: Automation systems involve complex machinery and software, requiring skilled technicians to operate and maintain them. Companies need to invest in training and hiring qualified personnel.4. Cybersecurity Risks: As manufacturing processes become more digitized, the risk of cyber threats increases. Companies must implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive data and prevent unauthorized access.Future Trends in Automation:1. Collaborative Robots: Collaborative robots, also known as cobots, are designed to work alongside humans. They can perform repetitive or physically demanding tasks, enhancing productivity and worker safety.2. Internet of Things (IoT): The integration of IoT in manufacturing enables machines to communicate and share data, leading to improved efficiency and predictive maintenance.3. Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI technologies, such as machine learning and computer vision, can optimize production processes, detect anomalies, and make real-time adjustments.4. Cloud Computing: Cloud-based automation systems allow manufacturers to access and analyze data remotely, facilitating data-driven decision-making and improving overall efficiency.5. Sustainable Automation: Automation can contribute to sustainable manufacturing practices by optimizing energy consumption, reducing waste, and improving resource efficiency.Translation of the Content:自动化在制造业中的应用：概述与翻译简介：自动化已经彻底改变了各行各业，制造业也不例外。
自动化专业常用英语词汇
自动化专业常用英语词汇自动化专业是现代工程技术领域的重要学科之一，涉及到许多与自动化技术相关的概念和术语。
掌握自动化专业常用的英语词汇对于学习和工作都至关重要。
以下是一些常见的自动化专业英语词汇及其解释，供您参考。
1. Automation - 自动化Automation refers to the use of technology, machinery, and systems to perform tasks or processes with minimal human intervention.2. Control system - 控制系统A control system is a set of devices or software that manages, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems.3. Sensor - 传感器A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical or environmental changes, such as temperature, pressure, or motion.4. Actuator - 执行器An actuator is a device that converts electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy into mechanical motion to control or move a system or mechanism.5. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) - 可编程逻辑控制器A PLC is a digital computer used to control electromechanical processes in industries. It is programmed to automate specific tasks or processes.6. Human Machine Interface (HMI) - 人机界面HMI refers to the interface or interaction between humans and machines. It allows users to monitor and control automated systems through graphical user interfaces.7. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) - 监控与数据采集系统SCADA is a system that collects and analyzes real-time data from remote devices or processes. It is commonly used in industries to monitor and control large-scale systems.8. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) - 工业物联网IIoT refers to the network of interconnected devices, sensors, and systems used in industrial settings to collect and exchange data. It enables automation and data-driven decision-making.9. Robotics - 机器人技术Robotics involves the design, construction, and operation of robots. It combines elements of mechanical engineering, electronics, and computer science to create machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with human guidance.10. Artificial Intelligence (AI) - 人工智能AI refers to the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as speech recognition, decision-making, and problem-solving.11. Machine Learning - 机器学习Machine learning is a subset of AI that focuses on the development of algorithms and models that allow computers to learn and improve from data without being explicitly programmed.12. Control loop - 控制回路A control loop is a feedback system used in control systems to continuously monitor and adjust the output based on the desired input or setpoint.13. Feedback - 反馈Feedback is the information or signals received by a control system that allows it to compare the actual output with the desired output and make necessary adjustments.14. Process optimization - 过程优化Process optimization involves improving the efficiency, performance, or quality of a system or process through the use of automation and data analysis.15. Fault diagnosis - 故障诊断Fault diagnosis is the process of identifying and analyzing faults or malfunctions in a system or process. It often involves using sensors, data analysis, and diagnostic algorithms.16. System integration - 系统集成System integration refers to the process of combining different subsystems or components into a unified system that functions as a whole. It involves connecting, configuring, and testing various hardware and software components.17. Industrial control network - 工业控制网络An industrial control network is a communication network used to connect and control devices, sensors, and systems in an industrial environment. It enables data exchange and coordination between different components.18. Safety system - 安全系统A safety system is a set of measures, devices, or procedures designed to prevent accidents, protect personnel, and ensure the safe operation of automated systems.19. Process automation - 过程自动化Process automation refers to the use of technology and systems to automate and streamline industrial processes, reducing human intervention and improving efficiency.20. Data acquisition - 数据采集Data acquisition is the process of collecting and recording data from sensors, devices, or systems. It is an essential step in monitoring and controlling automated processes.以上是一些常见的自动化专业英语词汇及其解释。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译Automation in the Manufacturing IndustryIntroduction:Automation plays a crucial role in the manufacturing industry, revolutionizing the way products are produced. This article aims to provide a detailed overview of automation in the manufacturing industry, including its benefits, applications, and challenges. Additionally, a translation of this article into English will be provided.I. Definition and Benefits of Automation in the Manufacturing Industry:Automation refers to the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. In the manufacturing industry, automation has numerous benefits, such as increased productivity, improved quality, reduced costs, enhanced safety, and reduced lead times. By automating repetitive and manual tasks, manufacturers can optimize their operations and achieve higher efficiency.II. Applications of Automation in the Manufacturing Industry:1. Robotic Assembly:Robotic assembly involves the use of robots to perform complex assembly tasks. These robots are equipped with sensors and programmed to perform precise movements, ensuring accurate and efficient assembly of products. This application of automation significantly reduces human error and increases production speed.2. Automated Material Handling:Automated material handling systems use conveyors, robotics, and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) to transport materials within a manufacturing facility. These systems improve efficiency by reducing manual material handling, minimizing the risk of damage, and optimizing inventory management.3. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machining:CNC machining involves the use of computer-controlled machines to fabricate parts and components. These machines follow pre-programmed instructions, resulting in precise and consistent output. CNC machining offers increased flexibility, faster production times, and improved accuracy compared to traditional manual machining methods.4. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT):The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the network of interconnected devices, sensors, and machinery in a manufacturing environment. IIoT enables real-time data collection, analysis, and communication, allowing manufacturers to optimize processes, predict maintenance needs, and improve overall productivity.III. Challenges and Considerations in Implementing Automation:1. Cost of Implementation:Implementing automation in the manufacturing industry requires a significant upfront investment. Companies need to consider the cost of purchasing automation equipment, integrating it into existing systems, and training employees. However, the long-term benefits and cost savings outweigh the initial investment.2. Workforce Adaptation:Automation often leads to changes in job roles and responsibilities. While some tasks may be automated, new job opportunities arise in programming, maintenance, and supervision of automated systems. Companies must ensure that their workforce is properly trained and equipped to adapt to these changes.3. Cybersecurity:As automation relies heavily on interconnected devices and networks, cybersecurity becomes a critical concern. Manufacturers need to implement robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive data, prevent unauthorized access, and ensure the smooth operation of automated systems.IV. Conclusion:Automation has transformed the manufacturing industry, offering numerous benefits such as increased productivity, improved quality, and reduced costs. By leveraging technologies like robotics, automated material handling, CNC machining, and IIoT, manufacturers can streamline their operations and stay competitive in the global market. However, companies must carefully consider the challenges associated with implementing automation, including the cost of implementation, workforce adaptation, and cybersecurity. With proper planning and execution, automation can revolutionize the manufacturing industry and pave the way for a more efficient and sustainable future.Translation:自动化在制造业中的应用简介：自动化在制造业中扮演着至关重要的角色，彻底改变了产品生产的方式。
自动化专业翻译必备词汇
自动化专业翻译必备词汇自动化专业是一个涵盖广泛领域的学科，涉及到机械、电子、计算机和控制等多个学科的知识。
在进行自动化专业翻译时，了解并正确运用相关的专业词汇是非常重要的。
下面是一些自动化专业翻译中常用的必备词汇：1. Automation（自动化）：指通过使用控制系统、计算机和其他技术手段，实现对工业、商业、家庭等领域中的各种过程和操作的自动控制。
2. Control（控制）：指对系统、过程或设备进行监测和调节，以达到预期的目标。
3. Robotics（机器人技术）：涉及设计、制造和操作机器人的学科和技术。
4. Industrial Automation（工业自动化）：指应用自动化技术和设备来提高工业生产效率和质量的过程。
5. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)（可编程逻辑控制器）：是一种数字化电子设备，用于控制机械和工业过程中的自动化操作。
6. Human-Machine Interface (HMI)（人机界面）：是人与机器或设备之间进行信息交互的界面，通常包括显示器、触摸屏、键盘和鼠标等。
7. Sensor（传感器）：用于检测和测量物理量的装置，如温度、压力、湿度等。
8. Actuator（执行器）：将控制信号转换为机械运动或其他形式的能量输出的装置，如电动机、气缸等。
9. Feedback（反馈）：指将系统输出的信息返回给系统输入端，用于监测和调节系统的运行状态。
10. Process Control（过程控制）：指对工业过程中的物理和化学变量进行测量、监测和控制的技术。
11. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)（监控与数据采集系统）：是一种用于监控和控制分布式设备的软件和硬件系统。
12. DCS (Distributed Control System)（分布式控制系统）：是一种用于控制大型工业过程的计算机系统，具有分布式控制和数据采集功能。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译引言概述：自动化是现代工程技术领域中的重要学科，它涉及到自动控制系统、机器人技术、传感器技术等多个领域。
在自动化专业中，学习和掌握英语是必不可少的，因为英语是国际通用语言，也是自动化领域中的重要交流工具。
本文将介绍一些常见的自动化专业英语原文和翻译，以帮助学习者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
一、自动化概念及应用1.1 自动化定义英文原文：Automation refers to the use of technology to control and operate processes or systems without human intervention.翻译：自动化是指利用技术来控制和操作过程或系统，无需人为干预。
1.2 自动化应用领域英文原文：Automation is widely applied in manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and many other industries.翻译：自动化广泛应用于制造业、交通运输、医疗保健等许多行业。
1.3 自动化优势英文原文：Automation offers advantages such as increased productivity, improved efficiency, and enhanced safety.翻译：自动化提供了增加生产力、提高效率和增强安全性等优势。
二、自动控制系统2.1 自动控制系统定义英文原文：An automatic control system is a set of devices that manage and regulate the behavior of a system or process automatically.翻译：自动控制系统是一组设备，能够自动管理和调节系统或过程的行为。
2.2 自动控制系统组成英文原文：An automatic control system consists of sensors, actuators, controllers, and communication networks.翻译：自动控制系统由传感器、执行器、控制器和通信网络组成。
自动化专业翻译必备词汇
自动化专业翻译必备词汇自动化专业是现代工程技术中的重要领域，涉及到各种自动化系统的设计、开发和应用。
在进行自动化专业翻译时，熟悉相关的专业术语是非常重要的。
下面是一些自动化专业翻译中必备的词汇及其解释，以帮助您更好地理解和翻译相关文本。
1. Automation（自动化）Automation refers to the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. It involves the design and implementation of systems or processes that can operate automatically.2. Control system（控制系统）A control system is a set of devices or software that manages, regulates, and directs the behavior of other devices or systems. It ensures that the desired output is achieved by adjusting the input or parameters.3. PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）PLC stands for Programmable Logic Controller. It is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes. PLCs are widely used in industrial control systems to monitor and control machinery and processes.4. SCADA（监控与数据采集系统）SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It refers to a system that collects and analyzes real-time data from various remote locations. SCADA systems are commonly used in industries such as power plants, water treatment plants, and manufacturing facilities.5. HMI（人机界面）HMI stands for Human-Machine Interface. It is a graphical interface that allows users to interact with machines or systems. HMIs provide visual representations of data and enable operators to control and monitor processes.6. Sensor（传感器）A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical or environmental changes. It converts the measured data into electrical signals that can be processed by other devices or systems. Sensors are used to collect data for automation and control purposes.7. Actuator（执行器）An actuator is a device that converts electrical signals into physical action. It is used to control or move mechanical systems. Actuators are commonly used in automation systems to perform specific tasks or functions.8. Robotics（机器人技术）Robotics refers to the design, construction, and operation of robots. Robots are programmable machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with minimal human intervention. Robotics is an important field in automation technology.9. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)（工业物联网）IIoT refers to the network of interconnected devices, sensors, and systems in an industrial setting. It enables the exchange of data and information between machines, allowing for improved automation, efficiency, and productivity.10. Control algorithm（控制算法）A control algorithm is a set of mathematical equations or rules that determine how a control system behaves. It defines the relationship between the input and output variables and guides the system's response to achieve the desired control objectives.11. Feedback loop（反馈环路）A feedback loop is a mechanism in a control system that uses the output of a process to modify the input or parameters. It allows the system to continuously adjust and improve its performance based on the feedback received.12. PID controller（比例积分微分控制器）PID controller stands for Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller. It is a control algorithm widely used in industrial automation. The PID controller continuously calculates and adjusts the control signal based on the error between the desired setpoint and the measured process variable.13. Programmable automation（可编程自动化）Programmable automation refers to the use of programmable devices or systems to automate processes or tasks. It allows for flexibility and adaptability in changing or reprogramming the automation logic as needed.14. System integration（系统集成）System integration is the process of combining different subsystems or components into a unified and cohesive system. It involves connecting and coordinating various hardware and software elements to ensure seamless operation and communication.15. Fault diagnosis（故障诊断）Fault diagnosis is the process of identifying and analyzing faults or malfunctions in a system. It involves detecting, isolating, and troubleshooting problems to restore the system's normal operation.以上是一些自动化专业翻译中常用的词汇及其解释。
自动化专业中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译Automation of professional developmentAutomation in the history of professional development, "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional development of the two main line, "industrial automation" professional from the first "industrial enterprises electrified" professional.In the 1950s, the New China was just founded, the 100-waste question, study the Soviet Union established system of higher education, Subdivision professional. Corresponding to the country in the construction of industrial automation and defense, military construction in automatic control, successively set up the "electrification of industrial enterprises" professional and "control" professional (at that time in many schools, "Control" professional secrecy is professional) . After several former professional name of evolution (see below), and gradually develop into a "biased towards applications, biased towards strong," Automation, and the latter to maintain professional name of "control" basically unchanged (in the early days also known as the "automatic learning And remote learning, "" Automatic Control System "professional), and gradually develop into a" biased towards theory, biased towards weak, "the automation professional, and come together in 1995, merged into aunified" automatic "professional . In 1998, according to the Ministry of Education announced the latest professional undergraduate colleges and universities directory, adjusted, the merger of the new "automated" professional include not only the original "automatic" professional (including "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional ), Also increased the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part), "electrical technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and control of" professional (part).Clearly, one of China's automation professional history of the development of China's higher education actually is a new development of the cause of a microcosm of the history, but also the history of New China industrial development of a miniature. Below "industrial automation" professional development of the main line of this example, a detailed review of its development process in the many professional name change (in real terms in the professional content changes) and its industrial building at the time of the close relationship.First a brief look at the world and China's professional division history. We know that now use the professional division is largely from the 19th century to the beginning of the second half of the first half of the 20th century stereotypes of the engineering, is basically industry (products) for the objects to the division, they have been the image of people Known as the "industry professionals" or "trade associations." At present the international education system in two categories, with Britain and the United States as the representative of the education system not yet out of "industry professionals" system, but has taken the "generalist" the road of education and the former Soviet Union for Europe (close to the Soviet Union) as the representative The education system, at the beginning of theimplementation of "professionals" education, professional-very small, although reforms repeatedly, but to the current "industry professionals" are still very obvious characteristics.In the 1950s, just after the founding of New China, a comprehensive study and the Soviet Union and sub-professional very small; Since reform and opening up, only to Britain and the United States to gradually as the representative of the education system to move closer, and gradually reduce the professional, the implementation of "generalist" education through a number of professional Restructuring and merger (the total number of professionals from the maximum of 1,343 kinds of gradually reducing the current 249 kinds), although not out of "industry professionals" and "Mei Ming," but many of the colleges and universities, mostly only one of a Professional, rather than the past more than a professional.Before that, China's first professional automation from the National University in 1952 when the first major readjustment of the establishment of professional - electrified professional industrial enterprises. At that time, the Soviet Union assistance to the construction of China's 156 large industrial enterprises, automation of much-needed electrical engineering and technical personnel, and such professional and technical personnel training, and then was very consistent with China's industrial construction. By the 1960s, professional name changed to "industrial electric and automation," the late 1970s when to resume enrollment "Electric Industrial Automation" professional. This is not only professional name changes, but has its profound meaning, it reflects China's industries from "electrified" step by step to the "automatic" into the real history and that part of the development trend of China's automation professional reflects how urgent countries Urgent for the country'seconomic construction services that period of history and development of real direction.1993, after four years of the third revision of the undergraduate professional directories, the State Education Commission issued a call "system integrity, more scientific and reasonable, the harmonization of norms," the "ordinary professional directory of undergraduate colleges and universities." "Electric Industrial Automation" and "production process automation" merger of the two professional electrician to set up a kind of "industrial automation" professional, by the then Ministry of Industry Machinery centralized management colleges and universities to set up industrial automation teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the "Industrial Automation "professional teaching and guiding work at the same time," Control "was attributable to the professional category of electronic information, the then Ministry of Industry of electronic centralized management control to set up colleges and universities teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the" control " Professional teaching guide our work. After the professional adjustment, further defined the "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional "- both strong and weak, hardware and software into consideration and control theory and practical system integration, and the movement control, process control and other targets of control "The common characteristics with the training objectives, but also the basic set of" industrial automation "biased towards strong, professional, biased towards applications," Control "professional biased towards weak, biased towards the theory of professional characteristics and pattern of division of labor. 1995, the State Education Commission promulgated the "(University) undergraduate engineering leading professional directory", the electrical category "industrialautomation" professional and the original electronic information such as "control" of professional electronic information into a new category of "automatic" professional . As this is the leading professional directory, are not enforced, coupled with general "industrial automation" strong or weak, both professional "into" a weak professional category of electronic information is not conducive to professional development and thus many Schools remain "industrial automation" professional and "control" the situation of professional co-exist. Since 1996 more, again commissioned by the Ministry of National Education Ministry of Industry and electronic machinery industries of other parts of the establishment of the new session (second session) centralized management guidance at the University Teaching Commission, making the leading professionals have not been effective Implemented.1998, to meet the country's economic construction of Kuan Koujing personnel training needs, further consolidation of professional and international "generalist" education track by the Ministry of Education announced a fourth revision of the latest "Universities Undergraduate Catalog." So far in the use of the directory, the total number of professionals from the third amendments to the 504 kinds of substantially reduced to 249 species, the original directory is strong, professional electrician and a weak professional category such as electronics and information into categories Electric power, the unity of Information, a former electrician at the same time kind of "industrial automation" professional and the type of electronic information "control" professional formal merger, together with the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part) , "Electric technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and controlof" professional (part), the composition of the new (enforcement) are electrical information such as "automatic" professional. According to statistics, so far the country has more than 200 colleges and universities set up this kind of "automatic" professional. If the name of automation as part of their professional expertise (such as "electrical engineering and automation," "mechanical design and manufacturing automation," "agricultural mechanization and automation" and other professionals) included Automation has undoubtedly is the largest in China A professional.Of the characteristics of China's automation professional:Recalling China's professional history of the development of automation, combined with the corresponding period of the construction of China's national economy to the demand for automation and automated the development of the cause, it is not difficult to sum up following professional characteristics:(1) China's automation professional is not only a relatively long history (since 1952 have been more than 50 years), and from the first day of the establishment of professional automation, has been a professional one of the countries in urgent need, therefore the number of students has also been The largest and most employers welcome the allocation of the professional one.(2) China's automation is accompanied by a professional from the electrification of China's industrial automation step by step to the development of stable development, professional direction and the main content from the first prominent electrified "the electrification of industrial enterprises" step by step for the development of both the electric and automation " Industrial electric and automation ", highlighting the electrical automation" Electric Industrial Automation "and prominent automation" industrial automation ", then the merger of professional education reform in1995 and" control "of professional content into a broader" automated " Professional. From which we can see that China's automation professional Although the initial study in the Soviet education system established under the general environment, but in their development and the Soviet Union or the United States and Britain did not copy the mode, but with China's national conditions (to meet national needs for The main goal) from the innovation and development of "cross-industry professionals," features the professional.自动化专业的发展自动化专业的发展历史中，有“工业自动化”专业与“自动控制”专业两条发展主线，其中“工业自动化”专业最早源于“工业企业电气化”专业。
自动化专业英语
自动化专业英语自动化专业英语是指在自动化工程领域中所使用的英语词汇和表达方式。
自动化专业英语的学习对于自动化专业的学生来说非常重要，因为它能够帮助他们更好地理解和应用自动化技术。
下面将介绍自动化专业英语的相关内容。
一、自动化概述自动化是指利用计算机和控制设备对生产过程进行监控和控制的技术。
它可以提高生产效率、降低成本，并且能够实现生产过程的自动化管理。
自动化技术在各个行业中都得到了广泛的应用，如工业自动化、交通运输自动化、农业自动化等。
二、自动化专业英语词汇1. Automation（自动化）: The use of computers and control devices to monitor and control production processes.2. Control system（控制系统）: A system that manages and regulates the operation of machines and processes.3. Programmable logic controller (PLC)（可编程逻辑控制器）: A digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes.4. Sensor（传感器）: A device that detects and responds to physical input from the environment.5. Actuator（执行器）: A device that converts control signals into physical action or movement.6. Feedback（反馈）: Information about the output of a system that is used to adjust the system's input or operation.7. HMI (Human-Machine Interface)（人机界面）: The interface between humans and machines, typically consisting of a graphical user interface (GUI).8. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)（监控与数据采集系统）:A system for remote monitoring and control of industrial processes.9. Robotics（机器人技术）: The design, construction, and use of robots for automation.10. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)（工业物联网）: The network of physical devices, vehicles, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity to enable data exchange and automation in an industrial environment.三、自动化专业英语表达方式1. Introduction to Automation（自动化简介）Automation is the use of computers and control devices to monitor and control production processes. It has revolutionized various industries by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enabling automated management of production processes. With the advancement of technology, automation has become an integral part of many industries, including manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, and more.2. Control Systems（控制系统）Control systems are essential components of automation. They manage and regulate the operation of machines and processes, ensuring their efficiency and accuracy. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are commonly used in control systems. These digital computers are designed to automate electromechanical processes and provide precise control over various industrial operations.3. Sensors and Actuators（传感器和执行器）Sensors play a crucial role in automation by detecting and responding to physical input from the environment. They collect data on temperature, pressure, position, and other variables, which is then used for control and decision-making purposes. Actuators, on the other hand, convert control signals into physical action or movement. They enablemachines and processes to perform specific tasks based on the input received from sensors.4. Feedback and Control Loops（反馈和控制回路）Feedback is an important concept in automation. It refers to the information about the output of a system that is used to adjust the system's input or operation. By continuously monitoring and analyzing feedback data, control systems can make real-time adjustments to ensure optimal performance. This is achieved through control loops, which consist of sensors, controllers, and actuators working together to maintain desired system conditions.5. Human-Machine Interface（人机界面）The human-machine interface (HMI) is the interface between humans and machines. It allows users to interact with automation systems through a graphical user interface (GUI) or other input devices. HMIs provide real-time data visualization, system status monitoring, and control options, enabling operators to effectively manage and control automated processes.6. SCADA Systems（监控与数据采集系统）SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are used for remote monitoring and control of industrial processes. They collect data from various sensors and devices, analyze it, and provide real-time information to operators. SCADA systems play a crucial role in ensuring the efficient and safe operation of automated processes, as they enable operators to monitor and control multiple systems from a centralized location.7. Robotics（机器人技术）Robotics is a branch of automation that focuses on the design, construction, and use of robots. Robots are programmable machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with minimal human intervention. They are widely used in manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, and other industries to automate repetitive or dangerous tasks, improve efficiency, and enhance overall productivity.8. Industrial Internet of Things（工业物联网）The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity. IIoT enables data exchange and automation in an industrial environment. By connecting machines, systems, and processes, IIoT facilitates real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and improved decision-making, leading to increased efficiency and productivity in industrial operations.以上是关于自动化专业英语的相关内容，包括自动化概述、自动化专业英语词汇和表达方式。
【机械类文献翻译】生产自动化
Production Automation1.1.1Automation ConceptsAutomation may be defined as a system that is relatively safe-operating.Such a system includes complex mechanical and electronic devices and computer-based system that the place of observation,effort,and decision by a human operator.It is a system that exhibits properties of human being by following predetermined operations or responding to encoded instructions.1.1.2Computer process controlProcess control involves the control of variables in a manufacturing process,where one or any combination of materials and equipment produces or modifies a product to make it more useful and hence more valuable.In process control controls continuous operations.Two kinds of control systems are the open loop and the closed loop.In an open-loop control system,the computer dose not itself automate the process.That is,there is no self-correction.The process remains under the direct control of human operators,who read form various sources of information such as instruments,set calibrated dials for process regulation,and change the controlling medium.Closed-loop control systems use computers to automate the process.He computer is directly in charge of the process.It sdjusts all controls form the information provided by sensing devices in the system to keep the process to the desired specifications,a techniquethat uses a feedback mechanism.Feedback is the action of measuring the difference between the actual result and the desired result and using that difference to drive the actual result toward the desired result.The term feedback comes forms from a measured sample of the output of the process(production)function that becomes the input of the control function. That is,the output of the control function,meeting special designed requirements is the input to the control system.Thus,the signal begins at the output of the controlled production function and end at the input to the production.Typical functions of process control systems are moonitoring,data logging,quality control,maximizing profit for a given out put,supervisory control,and factory information systems(FIS).Benefits of computer process control system are increased productivity, improved product quality,and enhanced efficiency,safety,comfort,and convenience.1.1.3Management Information Systems(MIS)Management information systems are designed to aid in the performance of management functions.These systems are generated by computer systems and are developed to provide executives with up-to-the-minute information about the operations of the enterprise.When required,information systems are used to aid management in the decision-making functions of the enterprise.Viewing CIM(Computer Integrated Manufacturing)as an informations system for the enterprise for decision-making,CAPACS must be informations interconnected.As a result,there are many software packages associated with the CAPACSin Fig.1.2.Typical of there are CAPP,DCS,FIS and CAD.The concept of an MIS is a design objective,its goal being to get the correct information to the appropriate manager at the right time.As a result,MIS implementation varies considerably among manufacturing enterprises because of each organization's function,type of production,informations resources available,and organizational commitment to MIS.1.1.4EngineeringComputer are used extensively in most engineering functions.Engineering is a profession in which a knowledge of the natural sciences is applied with judgment to develop ways of using the materials and forces of nature.Typical engineering functions using CAPACS are design, process planning,analysis and optimization,synthesis,evaluation and documentation, simulation,modeling,and quality control ing CAPACS in engineering increases the productivity of engineers and improves the quality of designs.For example,the application of computers to an engineering design process is performed by a CAD system Engineers can design and thoroughly test concepts quickly and simply from one puters permit engineers to take a concept from its original design through testing to numerical control(NC)output,or a combination of steps in between.They perform complex scientific and engineering computations rapidly with high accuracy,calculate physical properties before actual parts are made and provide a fast,easy method to create models of even the most complex parts.The computer has influenced the way products are designed,documented and released for production.As technology develops,engineering operations are becomeing more and more automated and are relieving the engineer of many tedious manual calculations.1.1.5ProductionApplications of computers to the production process encompass such functions as computer monitoring,supervisory computer control,direct digital control(DDC),material handing, product fabrication,assembly and test/inspection operations.New ideas and technology developments are gaining acceptance on the factory floor.More important,the integration of more computers into the production process increases automation on the factory floor.Computer automation helps to organize,access,and provide vital information in a common date base system for use by all manufacturing puter automation helps to control and to schedule machines and process,and to control raw materials and parts.A computer automated system concept is shown in FIG.1.3.Each function in manufacturing has its own area controller under the control of a host computer in order to share information with other operations.生产自动化1.1.1自动化概念自动化可以被定义为一个操作比较安全的系统。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译自动化专业英语原文和翻译是指将自动化专业相关的文本内容进行英文原文和翻译的处理。
自动化专业是现代工程技术领域的一个重要学科，涉及到自动控制、机械电子、计算机科学等多个方面的知识。
在国际交流和学术研究中，使用英语进行交流和发表论文是非常普遍的。
下面是一段关于自动化专业的英文原文和翻译示例：原文：Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. It plays a crucial role in various industries, including manufacturing, transportation, and healthcare. Automation systems are designed to increase efficiency, improve safety, and reduce human errors. With the rapid development of technology, automation has become an essential part of modern society.翻译：自动化是一种通过最小化人类干预来执行过程或者程序的技术。
它在包括创造业、交通运输和医疗保健等各个行业中起着至关重要的作用。
自动化系统旨在提高效率、改善安全性并减少人为错误。
随着技术的快速发展，自动化已成为现代社会不可或者缺的一部份。
原文：In the field of automation, there are various sub-disciplines, such as industrial automation, process automation, and home automation. Industrial automation focuses on the use of control systems to operate industrial machinery and processes. Process automation involves the use of technology to automate repetitive tasks and streamline workflows. Home automation aims to provide convenience and comfort by integrating various household devices and systems.翻译：在自动化领域中，有各种子学科，如工业自动化、过程自动化和家庭自动化。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译英文原文：Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers, and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering, and stabilization of ships, aircraft, and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.自动化是一种通过最少的人力辅助来执行过程或程序的技术。
自动化或自动控制是使用各种控制系统来操作设备，例如机械、工厂中的工艺流程、锅炉和热处理炉、电话网络的开关、船舶、飞机和其他应用和车辆的控制和稳定，从而实现最小化或减少人类干预。
一些过程已经完全自动化。
Automation plays a crucial role in various industries and sectors, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and many others. It involves the use of advanced technologies and control systems to streamline processes, improve efficiency, and reduce human error.In the manufacturing industry, automation is used extensively to carry out repetitive tasks, such as assembly line operations. This not only speeds up production but also ensures consistent quality and reduces the risk of accidents. Robots and robotic systems are commonly employed in manufacturing plants to handle tasks that are dangerous or require high precision.在制造业中，自动化被广泛应用于执行重复性任务，例如流水线操作。
生产自动化-外文翻译 精品
生产自动化自动化是一个在制造业中广泛使用的术语。
文中，自动化可被定义为有关应用机械、电子和计算机的系统去管理和控制生产的技术，这种技术的例子包括：．加工零件的自动化机床．自动连续生产线和类似的顺序生产系统。
．自动装配机器。
．工业机器人．自动材料处理和储存系统．用于质量控制的自动检验系统。
．反馈控制和计算机程序控制．使支持制造业活动的计划、数据收集和决策的过程自动化的计算机系统。
自动化生产系统可被化分为两个基本类别硬件自动化和可编程自动化。
1 硬件自动化1.1 硬性自动化硬性自动化是哈德尔（Harder）杜撰“自动化”这个单词时所提出的硬性自动化是指生产系统中生产顺序或装配工作由设备配置确定，并且在没更换设备的情况下不能轻易改变。
虽然顺序中的每一个操作通常是简单的，但是，将许多简单的操作集成和协调成一个单一系统使硬性自动化变得复杂化。
硬性自动化的典型特点包括：1.定做设计设备的光期投资高；2.高生产效率；3.应用于大批量产品生产；4.适应产品变更的相对固定性。
硬性自动化对高需求率产品是经济合适的。
先期设备的高投人可以被大量部件分摊，也许是数百万件，这样与其他生产方法相比部件花费低。
硬性自动化的例子包括机加工连续生产线、转盘换位机械和自动装配机器。
硬性自动化的大部分技术是在汽车工业中发展起来的；连续生产线（追溯到大约1920年）就是一个例子。
1.2 机床数控系统的又一个元件是机床或其他被控制的工序。
它是数控系统完成有用工作的部分。
在最常见的数控系统例子中，一个设计来完成机加工操作的系统中，机床由工作台、主轴以及驱动它们所必要的马达和控制器组成。
它也包括刀具、工件夹具以及其他机加工操作中所需的辅助设备。
1.3 自动生产线使用自动生产线可以利用专用、多功能机床来实现最大程度的自动化。
自动生产线实质上是那些由工件传送装置连接起来的按所需顺序布置的单个工位的组合，并且通过连锁控制集成为一体。
工件在工位间被自动传送，每个工位都装配有用于加工、测量、工件再定位、组装、清洗或其他操作的卧式、立式及倾斜式设备。
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生产自动化
自动化是一个在制造业中广泛使用的术语。
文中，自动化可被定义为有关应用机械、
电子和计算机的系统去管理和控制生产的技术，这种技术的例子包括：
•加工零件的自动化机床
•自动连续生产线和类似的顺序生产系统。
.自动装配机器。
.工业机器人
.自动材料处理和储存系统
.用于质量控制的自动检验系统。
.反馈控制和计算机程序控制
.使支持制造业活动的计划、数据收集和决策的过程自动化的计算机系统。
自动化生产系统可被化分为两个基本类别硬件自动化和可编程自动化。
1硬件自动化
1.1硬性自动化
硬性自动化是哈德尔（Harder）杜撰自动化”这个单词时所提出的硬性自动化是指生产系统中生产顺序或装配工作由设备配置确定，并且在没更换设备的情况下不能轻易改变。
虽然顺序中的每一个操作通常是简单的，但是，将许多简单的操作集成和协调成一个单一系统使硬性自动化变得复杂化。
硬性自动化的典型特点包括：1•定做设计设备的光期投资高；2•高生产效率；3•应用于大批量产品生产；4.适应产品变更的相对固定性。
硬性自动化对高需求率产品是经济合适的。
先期设备的高投人可以被大量部件分摊，也许是数百万件，这样与其他生产方法相比部件花费低。
硬性自动化的例子包括机加工连续生产线、转盘换位机械和自动装配机器。
硬性自动化的大部分技术是在汽车工业中发展起来的；连续生产线（追溯到大约1920年）就是一个例子。
1.2机床
数控系统的又一个元件是机床或其他被控制的工序。
它是数控系统完成有用工作的部分。
在最常见的数控系统例子中，一个设计来完成机加工操作的系统中，机床由工作台、主轴以及驱动它们所必要的马达和控制器组成。
它也包括刀具、工件夹具以及其他机加工
操作中所需的辅助设备
1.3 自动生产线
使用自动生产线可以利用专用、多功能机床来实现最大程度的自动化。
自动生产线实质上是那些由工件传送装置连接起来的按所需顺序布置的单个工位的组合，并且通过连锁控制集成为一体。
工件在工位间被自动传送，每个工位都装配有用于加工、测量、工件再定位、组装、清洗或其他操作的卧式、立式及倾斜式设备。
自动生产线的两大主要类别是旋转式和直列式。
自动生产线的一个显著优点足它们允许同时完成大量的操作。
相对来说，对机加工工件表面或平面的数量没有限制，因为装置可介入自动生产线。
一个或多个成品件在一条带有每个传输系统标志的自动生产线上生产，传输系统使部件从一个工位运动到另一个工位。
这类生产线的生产效率通常为50%-85%，由一条生产线生产各式各样部件时为50%, 由一条生产线大批量生产一个部件时达85%，这取决于工件和如何操作自动生产线（材料处理方法、维护程序等）
2机器人
2.1机器人学的定义和机器人系统
要以一种方法来定义机器人而为每一个制造者和使用者普遍地接受那是困难的。
然
而，当统计、记录、清点一下在各个国家和工业部门中使用的机器人数量时候，一个清楚明确的机器人定义的重要性就变得非常明显。
此外，单一用途的机器，常称作刚性自动化设备的，具有某些看似机器人那样的特点。
在日本，根据报道过的在使用中的机器人就超过85000台，都是没有定义界定的。
如果将制造工程师协会（SME）所研究制定的定义应用来界定这85000台机器人，大约只有12000台才够格认定为机器人。
美国制造工程协会内的机器人制造者组成的一个团体即美国机器人研究所研究制定的定义是以下内容：机器人是一种可重复编程的多功能的操纵控制器，是被设计用来搬运材料、零部件、各种工具和特种装置的，它们是通过可变编程的运动机构来执行上述各项任务。
关键词是可重复编程和多功能，因为大多数单一用途的机器设备不能满足这两个要求。
当制造者着手创建的集成机器人自动化转变成日益复杂的生产装置时，机器人系统与
机器人之间的区别将在于是否通过计算机辅助设计和计算机辅助制造（CAD/CAM ）来进行编程和控制。
另方面，机器人手臂上的加工动作，根据生产工艺的需要由系统自动地改变。
为了理解当前机器人的技术水平和将来的发展趋势，先研究基本机器人系统是符合逻
辑的合理步骤。
2.2微机为基础的机器人模拟
微机为基础的机器人模拟软件包包括有许多新的特点，这些特点使得专业性微机基础的模拟和脱机编程经得起方案选择。
CAD绘图可能是从国外CAD软件包进口而来。
该软件包是利用DXF格式的，或者利用国内三维CAD系统来模拟目标，包括模拟表面实体结构的几何图形模拟，多线挤压成型模拟，实体和回转体模拟等。
超级VGA工程图学软件进行模拟标准化配制，这标准化配制是由工程图学软件包基础工作站来提供。
任何一般的机构，包括平行结构、树枝状结构以及新型机器人都可以进行模拟。
当然, 利用早已确认的140多种工业机器人中任一种都是可能的。
3可编程自动化
3.1 可编程自动化
对于可编程自动化，以由程序，即一套可以被系统识别和解释的编码指令来控制生产操作工序的方式来设计设备。
这样就可毫无困难地改变操作顺序以允许在同一设备上生产不同的产品结构。
表现可编程自动化的一些特性包括： 1.通用可编程设备的高投人；2.比
硬性自动化更低的生产率；3.应付产品结构变化的柔性；4.适合于类似产品或零件的小和 /或中等产量的生产（例如，零件族）。
可编程自动化的例子包括数控机床、工业机器人和可编程逻辑控制器。
可编程生产系统经常用于成批的生产零件或产品。
它们尤其适合于相同产品成批的重复订单为了生产一批新产品，必须为系统编制与新产品相适应的一套机器指令。
可编程自动化的经济性要求：随着设置一重编程时间增长，生产批量的大小必须被编得较大以便在众多设备中分散损失的生产时间的消耗。
相反，如果设置和重编程时间能降到零，则批量的大小可降至一个。
这是柔性自动化的理论基础，即可编程自动化的延伸。
柔性自动化系统是从一个产品转产到另一个产品时，时间损失最少的能生产许多种类产品
（或零件）的系统、系统重编程和改变实际装备的时间是最少的，并且事实上导致无生产时间损失。
因此，系统能在连续流程中生产不同的产品组合和进程，而不是批处理间有中断的批处理生产。
柔性自动化的特点包括： 1.用于工程定制系统的高投资；2.连续的产品
混合生产；3.改变产品混合以适应对所生产的不同产品的需求率变化的能力； 4.中等生产率；5.处理产品设计变更具有柔性。
3.2 数字控制
数字控制（常缩写为数控）可定义为一种可编程自动化的形式，其中工艺是由数字、字母和符号来控制的。
在数控中，数字构成了为某特定工件或任务设计的指令程序。
当任务变更时，指令程序也相应改变，改变每种新任务程序的能力使数控具有柔性。
编写新程序比改变主要生产设备要容易得多。
数控设备用于所有的金属零件制造领域，在当今工业的现代机床中大约占15%。
因为数控机床比传统机床昂贵得多，工业数控机床的资产价值比起他们的所占比位来要大得多。
应作数控的设备已被用来完成各式各样的操作，如钻削、铣削、车削、磨削、饭金压制、点焊、弧焊、铆接、装配、制图、检验及零件处理等。
这绝不是一个完全的列举。
应把数字控制看成一种加工控制的可行方法，用于具有下列特点的任何生产情况：
1）用原材料加工类似工件（如用于机加工的金属材料）。
2）零件被生产成各种尺寸和形状。
3）以小到中等规模批量生产工件。
4）完成每个工件的加工要求一系列的相似加工步骤。
许多机加工零件满足这些条件。
这些机加零件是金属的，给它们规定了不同的尺寸和形状，而且当今工业生产的大部分机加零件被制成小到中等规模的多种尺寸。
为了生产每一个零件，需要一系列的钻削操作或一系列的车削或铣削操作。
数字控制对这些零件的适应性是数字控制在过去25年中在金属制造业中巨大增长的原因。
3.3可编程逻辑控制器
可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）是一种固态电子装置，它利用已存入的程序来控制机器的
运行或工艺的工序。
PLC通过输入/输出（I/O）装置发出控制信号和接受输入信号。
PLC 依据已存入程序所规定的逻辑控制输出装置响应输入装置的激励。
输入装置由限位开关、按钮、手轮、开关、脉冲、模拟信号、ASCII系列数据和来自于绝对位置解码器的二进制
或BCD数据组成。
输出的是驱动电磁线圈、电动起动机、继电器、指示灯等终端设备的电压或电流电平。
其他输出装置包括模拟装置、数字BCD显示、ASCII兼容装置、伺服变速驱动器、甚至计算机。
PLC的处理器部分由中央处理器和存储器组成。
中央处理器（CPU）是处理器的交通控制器，存储器储存信息。
从输人装置来的电信号进入处理器后，经输入模块整理成处理器
逻辑单元可接受的电压电平。
处理器监测I/O的状态，然后依据储存在PLC存储器中指令更新
输出。
例如，处理器可被编程以便当连接限位开关的输入为真时（限位开关闭合），连在输出模块上的输出装置被接通，例如，这个输出装置可以是电磁线圈。
处理器通过存储器记录下这个指令并与每次检测相比较以确定限位开关是否真正闭合。
如果闭合，处理器通过接通输出模块接通电磁线圈。
诸如电磁线圈或电动起动机之类的输出装置被连接到输出模块的接线柱上，并从处理器接受它的位移信号。
实际上，处理器在完成一系列长而复杂的逻辑判断。