水利水电专业英语
水利水电工程专业英语教材
高等学校水利类统编教材《水利专业外语》迟道才周振民主编上传人单位：华北水利水电学院水利系目录Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性 (3)Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环 (5)Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学 (7)Lesson 4 underground water 地下水 (11)Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的 (16)Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质 (19)Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划 (22)Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库 (26)Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性 (30)Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土基本概念 (35)Lesson 11 dams 坝 (38)Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝 (42)Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝.. 46 Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝 (51)Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道 (56)Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力 (61)Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程 (65)Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量 (68)Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法 (71)Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道 (79)Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水 (83)Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法 (88)Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机 (92)Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电 (96)Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量（微差水准测量） (102)Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备 (107)Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济 (110)Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持 (116)Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化 (120)Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价 (124)Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同 127 Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文 (131)Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundant of all chemical compounds occurring in relatively pure form on the earth’s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in combination with hydrogen to the extent of 89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earth's surface and permeates cracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions (原文polar regions) are overlaid with vast quantities of ice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vapor in quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mile of land on a mild summer day is of the order of 50,000 tons.在地球表面以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。
水利水电专业英语词汇
施工总平面布置Construction general layout施工总平面布置 (施工总体布置 ) construction general layout施工组织 Consruction Programming施工组织设计 construction planning施工坐标系（建筑坐标系） construction coordinate system湿化变形 soaking deformation湿润比 percentage of wetted area湿润灌溉 wetting irrigation湿室型泵房 wet-pit type pump house湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient湿陷起始压力 initial collapse pressure 湿陷系数 (湿陷变形系数 ) coefficient of collapsibility湿周 wetted perimeter十字板剪切试验 vane shear test石袋 honeycomb时均流速 time average velocity时均能量 time average energy时效硬化 (老化) age hardening (ageing) 时针式喷灌系统 (中心支轴自走式系统 ) central pivot sprinkler system实测放大图 surveyed amplification map 实腹柱 solid column实际材料图 primitive data map实时接线分析real time connection analysis实时控制 real-time control实时数据和实时信息 real time data and real time information实体坝 solid dike实体重力坝 solid gravity dam实物工程量 real work quantity实验站 experimental station实用堰 practical weir示流信号器 liquid-flow annunciator示坡线 slope indication line示误三角形 error triangle示踪模型 tracer model事故 failure (accident)事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident事故低油压 tripping lower oil pressure 事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal)事故运行方式 accident operation mode 事故闸门 emergency gate事故照明 accident lighting事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel势波 potential wave势流 potential flow势能 potential energy势涡 (自由涡 ) potential vortex视差 parallax视差法测距（基线横尺视差法） subtense method with horizontal staff视差角 parallactic angle视准线法 collimation line method视准轴（照准轴） coolimation axis试验处理 treatment of experiment试验端子 test terminal试验项目 Testing item试验小区 experimental block试运行 test run试运行 test run收敛测量 convergence measurement收敛约束法convergence-confinement method收缩断面 vena-contracta收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint)收缩水深 contracted depth手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset手动[自动]准同期 manual [automatic] precise synchronization手动调节 manual regulation手动控制 manual control手动运行 manual operation手工电弧焊 manual arc welding首曲线（基本等高线） standard contour 首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线） prime meridian受油器 oil head枢纽布置 layout of hydroproject疏浚 dredging输电系统 transmission system输电线 transmission line输入功率试验 input test输沙量 sediment runoff输沙率 sediment discharge输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance输水沟 conveyance ditch输水建筑物 water conveyance structure 输水渠道 water conveyance canal鼠道 mole drains鼠道犁 mole plough鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor竖井定向测量 shaft orientation survey 竖井贯流式水轮机 pit turbine竖井联系测量 shaft connection survey 竖井排水 drainage well竖井式进水口 shaf tintake竖轴弧形闸门 radial gate with vertic alaxes数字地面模型digital terrain model （DTM）数字化测图 digitized mapping数字通信 digital communication数字图像处理 digital image processing 数字仪表 digital instrument甩负荷 load dump (load rejection,load shutdown)甩负荷试验load-rejection test (load-shutdowntest)双层布置 double storey layout双调节调速器 dual-regulation governor 双扉闸门 double-leaf gate双回线 double-circuit line双击式水轮机 cross flow turbine,Banki turbine双极高压直流系统 bipolar HVDC system 双金属标 bimetal bench mark双列布置 double row layout双母线接线 double-bus connection双曲拱坝 double curvature arch dam 双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft双吸式离心泵 double-suction pump双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况 ]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump水泵比转速 specific speed of pump水泵并联扬程曲线 head curve of parallel pumping system水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线 head curve of series pumping system水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump 水泵电动机机组 Motor-pump unit水泵反常运行 pump abnormal operating 水泵工况 (抽水工况 ) pump operation水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operating point水泵供水 water feed by pump水泵机械效率 mechanical efficiency of pump水泵机组 pump unit水泵类型 Classification of pumps水泵零部件 Components of pumps水泵流量 pump discharge水泵容积效率 volumetric efficiency of pump水泵输出功率 output power of pump水泵输入功率 (水泵轴功率 ) input power of pump水泵水力效率 hydraulic efficiency of pump水泵水轮机 Pump-turbine水泵无流量输入功率 no-discharge power of pump水泵效率 pump efficiency水泵扬程 (水泵总扬程 ) total head of pump水泵站 Pumping Station水泵装置 pump system水锤 (水击) water hammer水锤泵站 hydrauli cram pump station水锤波 (水击波 ) wave of water hammer 水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer水电站 Hydroelectric Station水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station (hydroelectric power station) 水电站保证出力 firm power, firm output 水电站厂房 (发电厂房 ) power house水电站厂房的类型 Types of power house of hydroelectric station水电站出力 power output of hydropower station水电站出力和发电量 Power and energy output of hydropower station水电站的水头、流量、水位 Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station水电站引用流量 quotative discharge of hydropower station水电站装机容量 installed capacity of hydropower station水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station水跌 hydraulic drop水动力学 Hydrodynamics水斗 bucket水斗式水轮机 (贝尔顿式水轮机 ) pelton turbine水工建筑物 hydraulic structure水工建筑物的类别及荷载 Classification and load of hydraulic structures水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure水工金属结构及安装 Metal Structures and Their Installation水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞 Hydraulic tunnels水工隧洞构造 Components of hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels水管冷却 pipe cooling水柜 water pool水环真空泵 liquid ring pump水灰比 water-cement ratio水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall)水静力学 Hydrostatics水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir水库测量 reservoir survey水库串联运用operation of serial-connected reservoirs水库调度 reservoir operation水库调度图 graph of reservoir operation 水库回水变动区 fluctuating back water zone of reservoir水库浸没 reservoir immersion水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding水库库底清理 cleaning of reservoir zone 水库泥沙 Reservoir sediment水库泥沙防治 Prevention of sediment水库年限 ultimate life of reservoir水库渗漏 reservoir leakage水库水文测验 reservoir hydrometry水库塌岸 bank ruin of reservoir水库特征库容 Characteristic capacity of reservoir水库特征水位 Characteristic level of reservoir水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir水库蓄清排浑 clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoir inundation水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没界线测量 reservoir inundation line survey水库淹没区 zone of reservoir inundation 水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation水库异重流 density current in reservoir 水库异重流排沙 sediment releasing by density current水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey水库淤积极限 limit state of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积平衡比降 equilibrium slope of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extension of reservoir deposition水库淤积纵剖面 longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing水库自然滞洪 free flood retarding水冷式空压机 water-cooled compressor 水力半径 hydraulic radius水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling水力冲填坝 hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin水力粗糙度 hydraulic roughness水力粗糙区 hydraulic roughness region 水力共振 hydraulic resonance水力光滑区 hydraulic smooth水力机械 Hydraulic Machinery水力机械与电气设备 HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT水力机组 hydropower unit水力机组测试 Measurement and test for hydropower unit水力机组的安装和试运行 Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit水力机组调节系统 Regulating system of hydropower unit水力机组辅助系统 Auxiliary system for hydropower unit水力开挖 hydraulic excavation水力坡降 (水力比降 ) hydraulic slope (energy gradient)水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method水力侵蚀 (水蚀) water erosion水力学 Hydraulics水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements水力指数 hydraulic exponent水力自动闸门 hydraulic operating gate 水力最优断面 optimal hydraulic cross section水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project水利计算Computation of water conservancy水利区划 zoning of water conservancy 水利枢纽 hydroproject水利水电工程等别 rank of hydroproject 水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING水利水电工程技术术语标准 Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering水工建筑物专业英语词汇岸墙 land wall坝顶 dam crest，dam top坝踵 dam heel坝趾 dam toe板桩 sheet pile边墩 side pier，land pier变形模量 deformation modulus 鼻坎 bucket lip 毕肖普法 Bishop method 冰压力 ice pressure 剥离 desquamation 侧槽式溢洪道 side channel Spillway 沉降 settlement 齿墙 cut-off trench 冲沙闸（排沙闸） silt-releasing Sluice 纯拱法 independent arch method 刺墙 key-wall 大头坝 massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思 单宽流量 discharge per unit width 单曲拱坝 single-curvature arch dam 挡潮闸 tidal sluice 导流隧洞 river diversion tunnel 倒悬度 Overhang degree 底流消能 energy dissipation by underflow 地震作用 earthquake action 垫座 cushion abutment 动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure 断层 fault 堆石坝 rock-fill dam 多拱梁法 multi-arch beam method 阀门 valve gate 防浪墙 wave wall 防渗铺盖 impervious blanket 非常溢洪道 emergency spillway 分洪闸 flood diversion sluice 副坝 auxiliary dam 刚体极限平衡法 limit equilibrium method for rigid block 拱坝 arch dam 拱冠梁 crown cantilever 拱冠粱法 crown cantilever method 工作桥 service bridge 固结灌浆 consolidation grouting 灌溉隧洞 irrigation tunnel 灌浆帷幕 grout curtain 管涌 piping 海漫 apron extension 横缝 transverse joint 虹吸式溢洪道 siphon spillway 蝴蝶阀 butterfly valve 护坡 slope protection 护坦 apron 弧形闸门 radial gate 滑雪道式溢洪道 ski-jump spillway 化学管涌 chemical piping 混凝土防渗墙 concrete cut-off wall 混凝土面板堆石坝 concrete faced rock-fill dam 基本断面 primary section 简化毕肖普法 simplified Bishop method 浆砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam 浆砌石重力坝 stone masonry gravity dam 交通桥 traffic bridge 接触冲刷 contact scouring 接触灌浆 contact grouting 接缝灌浆 joint grouting 截水槽 cut-off trench 节制闸 check sluice 进水口 water inlet 进水闸 inlet sluice 井式溢洪道 shaft spillway 静水压力 hydrostatic pressure 均质坝 homogeneous earth dam 抗滑稳定分析 analysis of stability against sliding 抗滑稳定性 stability against sliding 空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam 空化 cavitation 空蚀 cavitation erosion 空注阀 hollow jet valve 宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam 宽尾墩 flaring pier 廊道 gallery 浪压力 wave force 理论计算 theoretical computation 拦河闸 river sluice 沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete 连拱坝 multiple-arch dam 流土soil flow 流网法 flow net method 锚杆 anchor rod 面板 face slab面流消能 energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验 model experiment泥沙压力 silt pressure碾压混凝土坝 Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿 Corbel排沙隧洞 silt-releasing tunnel排水 drainage排水闸 outlet sluice喷混凝土 sprayed concrete平板坝 flat slab buttress dam平面闸门 plane gate破碎带 crushed zone铺盖 blanket砌石护坡 stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞 solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层 soft intercalated layer实用断面 practical section试载法 trial-load method双曲拱坝 double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物 hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel水力发电隧洞 hydropower tunnel水利枢纽 hydro-complex水力学方法 hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸 sluice弹性模量 elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜 geomembrane土石坝 earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil wall土质斜心墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil core 土质心墙坝 earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting温度荷载 temperature load温度控制 temperature control温度应力 temperature stress温度作用 temperature action无压隧洞 free level tunnel消力池 stilling pool消力戽 roller bucket消能工 energy dissipater泄洪隧洞 spillway tunnel泄水建筑物 discharge structure泄水孔 outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙 breast wall扬压力 uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘 plunge pool溢流坝 overflow dam、翼墙 wing wall应力分析 stress analysis优化设计 optimization design有限单元法 finite element method有压隧洞 pressure tunnel闸墩 pier闸门 gate闸门槽 gate slot正槽式溢洪道 normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝 monolithic gravity dam趾板 toe slab支墩坝 buttress dam重力坝 gravity dam重力墩 gravity abutment周边缝 peripheral joint驻波 standing wave锥形阀 cone valve自由跌流 free drop自重 dead weight纵缝 longitudinal joint键槽 key strench伸缩缝 contraction joint施工缝 construction joint反弧段 flip bucket拦污栅 trash rack渐变段 transition泄槽 chute发电进水口 power intake通气管 air vent检修门 bulkhead gate事故门 emergency gate工作门 service gate堰 weir通气管 air vent胸墙 breast wall梁 beam柱 column回填混凝土 backfill concrete 接地 earth一期混凝土 primary concrete 二期混凝土 secondary concrete 叠梁门 stoplog门机gantry crane止水 waterstop钢筋 reinforcement模板 formwork围堰 cofferdam马道 bench；berm蜗壳 volute水轮机 turbine电站 power house车间 workshop发电机 generator变电站 transformer station副厂房 auxiliary power house 安装间 erection bay尾水闸门 tail lock尾水渠 tailrace引水渠 approach channel前池 fore bay导墙 lead wall隔墙 partition wall接触灌浆 contact grouting回填混凝土 backfill concrete 帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting挡墙 retaining wall港口 harbour港口建筑物 port structure 船闸 navigation lock船闸充水 lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统 locking filling and emptying system船闸前池 upper pool船闸上下游水位差 lock lift船闸闸首 lock head升船机 ship elevator；ship lift鱼道 fish canal旁通管 by-pass齿槽 cut-off wall水工建筑物专业词汇岸墙 land wall坝顶 dam crest，dam top坝踵 dam heel坝趾 dam toe板桩 sheet pile边墩 side pier，land pier变形模量 deformation modulus鼻坎 bucket lip毕肖普法 Bishop method冰压力 ice pressure剥离 desquamation侧槽式溢洪道 side channel Spillway沉降 settlement齿墙 cut-off trench冲沙闸（排沙闸） silt-releasing Sluice纯拱法 independent arch method刺墙 key-wall大头坝massive-head buttress dam *buttress 是扶壁的意思单宽流量 discharge per unit width单曲拱坝 single-curvature arch dam挡潮闸 tidal sluice导流隧洞 river diversion tunnel倒悬度 Overhang degree底流消能energy dissipation by underflow地震作用 earthquake action垫座 cushion abutment动水压力 hydrodynamic pressure断层 fault堆石坝 rock-fill dam多拱梁法 multi-arch beam method阀门 valve gate防浪墙 wave wall防渗铺盖 impervious blanket非常溢洪道 emergency spillway分洪闸 flood diversion sluice副坝 auxiliary dam刚体极限平衡法limit equilibrium method for rigid block拱坝 arch dam拱冠梁 crown cantilever拱冠粱法 crown cantilever method工作桥 service bridge固结灌浆 consolidation grouting灌溉隧洞 irrigation tunnel灌浆帷幕 grout curtain管涌 piping海漫 apron extension横缝 transverse joint虹吸式溢洪道 siphon spillway蝴蝶阀 butterfly valve护坡 slope protection护坦 apron弧形闸门 radial gate滑雪道式溢洪道 ski-jump spillway化学管涌 chemical piping混凝土防渗墙 concrete cut-off wall混凝土面板堆石坝concrete faced rock-fill dam基本断面 primary section简化毕肖普法 simplified Bishop method 浆砌石拱坝 stone masonry arch dam浆砌石重力坝 stone masonry gravity dam 交通桥 traffic bridge接触冲刷 contact scouring接触灌浆 contact grouting接缝灌浆 joint grouting截水槽 cut-off trench节制闸 check sluice进水口 water inlet进水闸 inlet sluice井式溢洪道 shaft spillway静水压力 hydrostatic pressure均质坝 homogeneous earth dam 抗滑稳定分析analysis of stability against sliding抗滑稳定性 stability against sliding 空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam空化 cavitation空蚀 cavitation erosion空注阀 hollow jet valve宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam宽尾墩 flaring pier廊道 gallery浪压力 wave force理论计算 theoretical computation拦河闸 river sluice沥青混凝土 asphalt concrete连拱坝 multiple-arch dam流土soil flow流网法 flow net method锚杆 anchor rod面板 face slab面流消能 energy dissipation by surface flow模型试验 model experiment泥沙压力 silt pressure碾压混凝土坝 Roller Compacted Concrete Dam牛腿 Corbel排沙隧洞 silt-releasing tunnel排水 drainage排水闸 outlet sluice喷混凝土 sprayed concrete平板坝 flat slab buttress dam平面闸门 plane gate破碎带 crushed zone铺盖 blanket砌石护坡 stone pitching人工材料面板坝artificial material faced dam人工材料心墙坝artificial material-core dam溶洞 solution cavern软基重力坝gravity dam on soft foundation软弱夹层 soft intercalated layer实用断面 practical section试载法 trial-load method双曲拱坝 double-curvature arch dam水工建筑物 hydraulic structure水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel，waterway tunnel水力发电隧洞 hydropower tunnel水利枢纽 hydro-complex水力学方法 hydraulics method水平施工缝horizontal joint水闸 sluice弹性模量 elastic modulus挑流消能energy dissipation by trajectory jet土工膜 geomembrane土石坝 earth-rock dam土质斜墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil wall土质斜心墙坝 earth dam with inclined soil core土质心墙坝 earth dam with soil core帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting温度荷载 temperature load温度控制 temperature control温度应力 temperature stress温度作用 temperature action无压隧洞 free level tunnel消力池 stilling pool消力戽 roller bucket消能工 energy dissipater泄洪隧洞 spillway tunnel泄水建筑物 discharge structure泄水孔 outlet hole新奥法NATM（New Austrian Tunneling Method）胸墙 breast wall扬压力 uplift溢洪道spillway水垫塘 plunge pool溢流坝 overflow dam、翼墙 wing wall应力分析 stress analysis优化设计 optimization design有限单元法 finite element method有压隧洞 pressure tunnel 闸墩 pier闸门 gate闸门槽 gate slot正槽式溢洪道 normal channel spillway 整体式重力坝 monolithic gravity dam 趾板 toe slab支墩坝 buttress dam重力坝 gravity dam重力墩 gravity abutment周边缝 peripheral joint驻波 standing wave锥形阀 cone valve自由跌流 free drop自重 dead weight纵缝 longitudinal joint键槽 key strench伸缩缝 contraction joint施工缝 construction joint反弧段 flip bucket拦污栅 trash rack渐变段 transition泄槽 chute发电进水口 power intake通气管 air vent检修门 bulkhead gate事故门 emergency gate工作门 service gate堰 weir通气管 air vent胸墙 breast wall梁 beam柱 column回填混凝土 backfill concrete接地 earth一期混凝土 primary concrete二期混凝土 secondary concrete叠梁门 stoplog门机gantry crane止水 waterstop钢筋 reinforcement模板 formwork围堰 cofferdam马道 bench；berm蜗壳 volute水轮机 turbine电站 power house车间 workshop发电机 generator变电站 transformer station副厂房 auxiliary power house安装间 erection bay尾水闸门 tail lock尾水渠 tailrace引水渠 approach channel前池 fore bay导墙 lead wall隔墙 partition wall接触灌浆 contact grouting回填混凝土 backfill concrete帷幕灌浆 curtain grouting挡墙 retaining wall港口 harbour港口建筑物 port structure船闸 navigation lock船闸充水 lock filling船闸充水和泄水系统 locking filling and emptying system船闸前池 upper pool船闸上下游水位差 lock lift船闸闸首 lock head升船机 ship elevator；ship lift鱼道 fish canal旁通管 by-pass齿槽 cut-off wall。
水利水电工程专业英语——灌溉与排水篇
水利水电工程专业英语——灌溉与排水篇1. Consumptive Use of Water1. 消耗性用水Consumptive use of water involves problems of water supply, both surface and underground, as well as problems of management and economics of irrigation projects. Consumptive use has become a highly important factor in the arbitration of controversies over major stream systems where the public welfare of valleys, states, and nations is involved. Before available water resources of a drainage basin in arid and semiarid regions can be satisfactorily ascertained, careful consideration must be given to consumptive use requirements for water in various subbasins.消耗性用水涉及到地表和地下供水问题，也包括管理和灌溉工程的经济性问题。
消耗性使用已经成为一个评判包含河谷、州和国家公共福利的主要河流系统争议的重要因素。
在干旱和半干旱地区流域的可利用水资源被确定之前，必须仔细考虑各个子流域内对消耗性用水的需求。
1.1 Definition of Consumptive Use1.1 消耗性用水的定义Consumptive use, or evapotranspiration, is the sum of two terms: (1) transpiration, which is water entering plant roots and used to build plant tissue or being passed through leaves of plant into the atmosphere, (2) evaporation, which is water evaporation from adjacent soil, water surfaces, or from the surfaces of leaves of the plant. Water deposited by dew, rainfall, or sprinkler irrigation and subsequently evaporating without entering the plant system is part of consumptive use.消耗性用水，或者说腾发量，是两项的总和：（1）蒸腾，即水分进入植物的根系用来构建植物体或者通过植物叶片被传输到大气中；（2）蒸发，即水分从邻近的土壤、水面或者从植物叶面蒸发的过程。
水利水电工程专业英语_水工结构篇
水利水电工程专业英语——水工结构篇1. Planning Approach and its Physical Factors1.规划方法和物理因素Dams are one of the groups of important civil engineering work constructed by man for his physical, economic, and environmental betterment. This list also includes waterways, highways, bridges, pipelines, electrical transmission lines, dikes and levees, railroads, tunnels, jetties, breakwaters, docks, irrigation structures, recreational lakes, and others.大坝是重要的土建工程组之一，由人们以改善其物质、经济和环境的目的而建设。
其中还包括航道、公路、桥梁、管道、输电线路、堤坝和防洪堤、铁路、隧道、导流堤、防波堤、码头、灌溉建筑物、旅游湖泊，等等。
In almost every water project plan or situation one or more dams are important elements of a project plan. However, it is seldom that the dam is the sole or only facility. In a flood control plan, a dam and reservoir may be the only project works, but it is more likely accompanied advantageously with levees and other channel control works. In water supply-irrigation, municipal, industrial, and domestic-and in power generation, dams are one of a combination of project features needed to accomplish the desired project. In such cases, the dam cannot be justified independently of the other project facilities. To be economically, financially, socially, and environmentally justified it must be evaluated jointly with the group combination of project features and the total plan evaluated and judged as to its merit. Planning for a dam is one part of the planning process for the total project objective. The location, size, and design of a dam will be influenced, and often controlled, by the selection of the attainable and best warranted overall project plan.Physical factors of plan formulation include the followings:在几乎所有的水工程计划或选址中，一个或多个大坝对于一个项目计划来说是非常重要的因素。
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇
strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他（Others）系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线（测dense mix 浓浆量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量（）triangulation 测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure）角度测量（compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测）mark 标志（明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜（）1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量（Topographic Survey focusing 调焦）boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量（Distance Measure）field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量（Height Measurement地物、目标）plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面（图）、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stake out 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪（测点）准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities）国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meterinvar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程（Procession of Installation）plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料（倾角tilt meter 计）简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他（Others）计砼无应力间）Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件（行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录data recordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete）initial set Aggregate）初凝骨料（abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂（Admixture）视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水（Water）量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼（水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete）砼拌和物（水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious ）material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion of mixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土（Soil强度保证率）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿）硬化砼（太堡界限（界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度）California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concretecoefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验自振频率natural frequencyconsolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation（砼）蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivitydirect shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rateeffective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specific expansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋（steel hydrometer method 比重计法）bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood）准则木材（curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主）沥青（应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration testsaturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形）质量管理（average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代（Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages）影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界））岩石类型（Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪（系）Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪（系）Silurian period (system)侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）成石碳纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪（系）Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪（系）acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）第Tertiary period (system) 三纪（系）超基性岩ultrabasic rock第Quaternary period (system) 四纪（系）花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造（）porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩）理（叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerateorthoclase 正长石siltstone 粉砂岩plagloclase 斜长石mudstone 泥岩biotite shale 页岩黑云母muscovite saline rock 盐岩白云母amphibole 角闪石limestone 石灰岩phroxene 辉石白云岩dolomiteolivine marl 泥灰岩橄榄石dolomite 白云石volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩kaolinite 高岭石火山块集岩volcanic agglomeratemontmorillonite 蒙脱石tuff 凝灰岩膨润土bentonite metamorphic rock 变质岩斑脱石、illite 板岩slate 伊力石garnet 石榴子石phyllite 千枚岩chlorite 绿泥石schist 片岩serpentine 蛇纹石gneiss 片麻岩pyrite 岩黄铁矿石quartzite 英marble 大理岩hematite 赤铁矿糜棱岩magnetite 磁铁矿mylonitemigmatite 混褐铁矿limonite 合岩）工程地质（cataclasite 碎裂岩Engineering Geology 技土工eotechnics ( geotechnique) 土工学（sediment(deposit) 沉积物（层）G）岩石工程术、漂石boulder 、顽石cobble 卵石岩石力学rock mechanics砾石gravel 力学soil mechanics 土岩石力学地质力学sand 砂、geomechanics engineering geological 粉siltstone 土clay 黏土地质条件conditons 工程砂质黏sandy clay 土问题engineering geological problem 工程地质clayey sand 岩体结构粘质砂土rock mass structure地形黏壤sandy loam 土、亚土geographic and geomorphic conditions土、表土浮regolith ( topsoil ) 地貌条件物理黄loess 土地质现象geophysical phenomenon 土红laterite 水文地质条件hydrogeological conditionsnatural materials 泥炭peat 天然材料海泥、ooze 软泥水库reservoir沉降Rock-forming 造岩矿物（settlement位移Minerals）displacementdeformation 变形滑石talctectonic stress 石膏gypsum 构造应力残余应力residual stress 方解石calcite内摩擦角萤石fluorite angle of internal friction凝聚力）磷灰石apatite 、cohesion 内聚力（粘聚力feldspar pressure tunnel 长石压力隧洞8underground cavern/cavity 地下洞室alluvium 冲积物（层）proluvium(diluvium) 洪积物（层）overburden 覆盖物deluvium 坡积物（层）bed rock(base rock/foundation rock) 基岩eluvium 残积物（层）firm/sound rock 坚硬岩石eolian deposit weak/soft rock 软弱岩石风积物（层）lake deposit 湖积物（层）interbed 夹层marine deposit 海积物（层）zone of fracture (broken zones ) 破碎带glacial (drift) deposit 冰川沉积物（层）homogeneity 均质性colluvial deposit (colluvium)nonhomogeneity/heterogeneity 非均质性崩积物（层）isotropy 各向同性cross-bedding 交错层geologic structure 地质构造anisotropy 各向异性geotectonics 矿物质的物理性质(Physical Character of 大地构造学graben Minerals)地堑horst 地垒hardness 硬度cordance(conformity) 整合光泽lusterdiscordance(unconformity) color 颜色非整合deceptive cordance /conformity 假整合transparencey/pellucidity 透明度地质作用(Physical Geology Action) 条痕streakweathering 风化rent/fracture 断口erosion 侵蚀crystal form 晶形transportation 搬运(Petrology) 岩石学deposition/sediment 类沉积classification 分denudation structure 构造应力剥蚀corrasion 磨蚀texture 结构corrosion fabric 腐蚀组构dissolution 成mineral composition 矿物组溶蚀landslide 滑坡crystalline 结晶质collapse(rock fall) 崩塌非晶质amorphous substance mud flow fossil 化石泥石流earthquake 地震磨圆度degree of roundingintensity 烈度degree of grains 粒度magnitude 震级(Stratum andPhysiognomy) 地层地貌◆水文盆地basin (Hydrology)ground water(subsurface water) 地下水river valley 河谷surface water 地表水河床river bedatmospheric water 地形topography 大气水runoff terrain 径流地势fresh /plain /sweet water attitude 产状淡水river flow/discharge rock base ( batholite) 河水流量岩基peak flood flow 洪峰流量rock stock 岩株flood out flow 岩流rock flow 洪水下泄流量dry season rock loccolith 岩盖枯水季wet season 丰水季岩盆rock lopolithflood (raining) season 岩墙rock dike 汛期non-flood season 岩床rock sill 非汛期5% frequency flood 20 年一遇洪水vein dyke 岩脉flood control 沉积物（层）sediment(deposit) 防汛9（二）工程施工.机电类trunion beam 支饺梁dogging beam 锁定梁◆金属结构（Hydromechanical work)启闭机（Hoist）闸门(Gate)wire rope hoist 固定卷扬式启闭机工作门service gatehydraulic hoist emergency gate 事故门液压启闭机monorail hoist 单轨启闭机maintenance gate 检修门overhead crane 桥机sector gate 弧形闸门bridge crane 偏心铰闸门桥机eccentric hinge sector gatesupport frame 机架plane gate 平面闸门reducer 减速器fixed wheel plane gate 定轮平面闸门motor 电动机trashrack 拦污栅pulley 滑轮trash rake 清污机live pulley ）动滑轮预埋件（Embedded Partsfixed pulley 底sill 砍定滑轮equalizer pulley 平衡滑轮main guide 主轨drum 卷筒副轨auxiliary guidesteel wire rope 钢丝绳reverse guide 反轨position sensor 高度传感器side guide 侧轨load sensor 荷载传感器lintel 门楣brake 制动器steel liner 钢衬hydraulic system 液压系统高压冲水管high pressure water pipeoil cylinder 油缸pressure balance water pipe 冲水水平管piston rod 活塞杆）部件（组件/Assembly/partspump station gate leaf 门泵站叶oil tank 邮箱crank 拐臂pipe 管道arm 支撑filter seal 水封过滤器accumulator 蓄能器主main seal 水封valve 阀侧水封side seallogic valve top seal 顶水封逻辑阀check valve 单向阀底bottom seal 水封ball valve 球阀节流器水封辅auxiliary seal 助、cartridge valve 插装阀clip plate 压板solenoid operated directional slide block 滑块valve 电磁换向阀side slide block 侧向滑块门式起重机（Grantry Crane）反reverse slide block 向滑块rail 轨道定轮fixed wheellifting mechanism 起升机构轮主main wheeltraveling mechanism 运行机构side wheel 侧轮inspection trolley 重配ballast 检修小车gantry 吊耳lifting ear 门架support column 拉杆门腿lifting linkprimary beam 主梁支饺trunionbridge beam 横梁铰链hingecross beam 端梁饺座hinged supportside beam 铰轴hinged shaft 边梁lifting beam 端盖cover 起吊梁10hook 吊狗progressively 逐渐地purity 纯度buffer 缓冲装置push 推rail clamping device 夹轨器reliable driving wheel 主动轮可靠的residual oil 余油driven wheel 从动轮retraction 回缩其他（Others）run abnormal vibration 反常运行震动secure activate 激活保护separately or simultaneously 单独/anti-clockwise 逆时针同时地set up anticorrosion 防腐架设setting 设置/carry on 继续进行读数shim 行薄垫片执carry outslack 松弛clockwise 顺时针static loading test 静载试验试运行commissioningstill water 静水concentricity deviation 同心度偏差switch off 切断connect 连接synchronize 同步debris 碎片tighten de-energize 拧紧断电under water head condition 探测水压作用条件下detectwet test dry test 无水试验有水试验◆焊接和无损检验（Welding and dynamic loading test 动载试验Nondestructive Testing）加电给energize ……焊接{erection 架立Welding）arc strike 引弧/伸展expansion 弧伤arc welding 扣紧电弧焊fastenautomatic welding fit 安装自动焊back gouging 背面清根flowing water 动水backing 垫板闭门gate closurebase metal gate opening 启门母材build-up welding 堆焊/补焊门位恢复gate position restorationbutt joint 空载试验对接接头idle testcarbon rode impact 碳棒碰撞complete fusion 完全融合in pressure balance condition 平压条件下……lift……into position 将起吊到位角接接头corner joint涂料焊条covered electrode 定位locate降下试件coupon lowerdirect current electrodemanual operation 手动操作直流电极接负noise 噪声negative(DCEN)direct current electrodenote 记录operating gap 直流电极接正运作空隙positive(DCEP)衬垫pack double welding 双面焊particle 微粒double-bevel groove weld 双斜边坡口焊缝执行perform 型坡口焊缝double-J groove weld 双面J型坡口焊缝双面精确定位position accurately Udouble-U groove weld型坡口焊缝精确的precise V double-Vee groove weld 双面/预置/预留pre-set 电极焊条electrode按下按钮press button electrode holder 焊钳11electrosgas welding 电气焊weldment 焊件无损检验（电渣焊Nondestructive Testing）electroslag weldingangled beam filler metal 填充金属斜射波back scatter 背散射fillet weld 角焊缝calibration block 校准试块full fillet weld 大填角焊缝cleaning agent flat welding 平焊清洗剂contact beam 接触波flux 焊剂couplaut 偶合剂药芯焊丝弧焊flux cored arc weldingcrimp 褶皱forehand welding 左焊法definition 清晰度摩擦焊friction weldingdelayed sweep full penetration weld 全融透焊缝延时扫描detergent 去污剂fusion 熔合developer 显像剂fusion line 熔合线double-wall viewing 双壁透照groove weld 坡口焊缝echo 回波heat affecter zone 热影响区eddy current examination 涡流检验横焊horizontal weldingemulsifier 乳化剂lap joint 搭接接头examination medium 检验介质machine welding 机器焊exposure 暴光manual welding 手工焊inage quality indicator overhead welding 象质显示器仰焊inspector 检验师oxyfuel gas cutting(OFC) 氧燃料气割liquid penetrants testing 渗液检验oxyfuel gas welding(OFW) 氧燃料气焊magnetic particle testing 磁粉检验partial penetration weld 非全融透焊缝mass spectrometer 质普仪焊道passnondestructive inspection peening 锤击无损探伤penetrameter 等离子弧焊透度计plasma arc weldingpenetrant plug weld 塞焊渗透剂radiographic testing 射线检验气孔porosityscan postheating 后热扫描scratch 焊后热处理postweld heat treatment 划痕search unit 探头preheating 预热single-wall viewing 电阻焊resistance welding 单壁透照sniffer seal weld 密封焊缝嗅探器straight beam 直射波缝焊seam weldingstreak 条纹半自动焊semi-automatic weldingultrasonic instrument 超声仪单斜边坡口焊缝single-bevel groove weldultrasonic testing 超声波检验型坡口焊缝J single-J groove weld 单面visual testing 目测、外观检验型坡口焊缝单面single-U groove weld Uwheel search unit 轮式探头V单面single-Vee groove weld 型坡口焊缝夹渣slag inclusion X-ray machine X-射线仪）点焊spot welding ◆水轮机（Hydraulic Turbine直坡口焊缝水轮机hydraulic turbine square groove weldreaction turbine 反击式水轮机埋弧焊submerged arc weldingimpulse turbine 冲击式水轮机定位焊tack welding混流式水轮机咬边undercut francis turbine立焊vertical welding axial turbine 轴流式水轮机焊道weld head prototype turbine 原型水轮机12rated head 额定水头inertia 惯性flywheel effect 飞轮效应effective head 有效水头time constant 时间常数net head 净水头mandoor 进入门maximal head 最大水头pit liner 最小水头机坑里衬minimal head elastic layer 弹性垫层spiral case 蜗壳turbine pit 机坑stay ring 座环feedback 反馈wicket gate 导叶main distributing valve main shaft 主轴主配压阀solenoid 主轴密封shaft seal 线圈relay 继电器coupling flange 连接法兰transfer function 传递函数runner 转轮◆runner crown 转轮上冠机械通用词汇abrasion performance 耐磨性runner band 转轮下环abrasion test 磨耗试验runner cone 转轮泄水锥accessory 附件、配件、零件runner blade/bucket 转轮叶片accuracy 准确性、精度head cover 顶盖anti-corrosion 抗蚀底环bottom ringbalance test 平衡试验discharge ring 基础环bearing 轴承draft tube 尾水管bearing box draft tube cone 尾水锥管轴承箱bearing bush 轴瓦、轴套尾水肘管draft tube elbowbearing carrier governor 调速器轴承座bearing collar 轴承环、推力头调速器柜governor cubicle/cabinetbearing cover 轴承盖oil pressure tank/vessel 压力油罐bearing journal 轴颈回油箱oil sump tankbend 弯头gate ring 控制环bend radius 弯曲半径distributor 导水机构bending strength shear pin 剪断销抗弯强度bolt 螺栓筒形阀ring gatebore 钻孔servomotor 接力器bore machine 效率efficiency 镗床brake valve output 出力制动阀by-pass 旁通流量dischargecallipers 卡尺sir admission system 补气系统cardan shaft 万向轴涡流检验vortexcast special tool 专用工具铸造characteristic test auxiliary equipment 特性试验辅助设备chock damper/absorber/cushion 减震器、阴尼器楔子、垫块clamp runout 卡头、夹板摆度clearing of fault 水击water hammer 故障排除clip 导轴承guide bearing 夹具、钳coat operation condition 运行工况涂层correction value 矫正值开度openingcottor pin 开口销空蚀cavitationcoupling flange 抗磨涂层erosion resistant coating 联结法兰damping device 负荷load 缓冲装置13deflection 挠度monkey wrench 活动扳手nail 钉子density 密度nipple 管接头derusting 除锈nut 螺母descale 除垢o-ring O 偏差形环deviationoperating condition 运行情况dial 刻度盘pretreatment 预处理dial gauge 千分尺process 流程、工艺distort 变形screw cap 螺帽dowel pin (setpin) 定位销spigot 偏心凸轮套管、止口eccentric camstroke 偏心销eccentric pin 行程valve 偏心、偏心率、偏心度阀门eccentricityelastic bearing 弹性轴承verticality 垂直度弹性变形elastic deformation washer 垫圈elastic limit 弹性极限楔子板wedgeElectrical Equipment 电气设备及元器件（◆facility 设备、设施）& Element Partsfactory assembly 工厂装配发电机generator 型钢fashioned ironfeed pipe 供水管电动机motor3-phase squirrel-cage asynchronous motor female end 内止口field welding 现场焊缝三相鼠笼式电动机三相绕线式电动表面光洁度、精加工finish 3-phase wind asynchronous机fitting allowance 装配公差电枢motor armature fitting assembling 零件装配fitting face 配合面电刷brush线圈、绕组coil 法兰flangeflatness 平整度energizing coil 励磁线圈stator 缺陷flaw 定子stator core 定子铁芯flexibility 挠性、柔性forge stator winding 定子绕组锻造foundation 基础rotator 转子transformer 变压器摩擦friction隔离变压器isolating transformer gauge 规、计、表互感器齿轮gear mutual inductor globe valve 球阀电流互感器current transformer(CT)grade 电压互感器potential transformer(PT) 等级hardness 硬度高压电器high-voltage equipment热处理heat treatment breaker 断路器interface 分界面、接触面、接口isolating switch 隔离开关bushing 接头、接缝、连接、焊接joint套管结合面、接缝面joint face 绝缘子insulator 润滑剂、润滑材料lubricant 悬式绝缘子suspended insulatorlubrication circuit 润滑管道column-type insulator 支柱绝缘子lubrication oil 润滑油reactor 电抗器电容器机加工machine capacitorlightning rod 机床machine tool 避雷针（器）外止口male end low-voltage electric appliance 低压电器14knife switch 刀开关wiring terminal 接线端子terminal block 接线板、接线盒fuse 熔断器illuminator 照明automatic switch 自动开关lamp 灯contactor 接触器lightning distribution box(board) 触点照明配电箱contact constant close contact 常闭触点screw socket 螺口灯头fluorescence lamp 常开触点日光灯constant open contactbuld 灯泡starter 启动器socket 插座overtravel-limit switch 行程开关grounding 接地changeover switch 转换开关grounding resistance 接地电阻controller 控制器grounding switch 接地开关resistor 电阻器ground connector light resistor 光敏电阻接地体galvanized flat steel 变阻器镀锌扁钢varistorground wire 电磁铁electromagnet 接地线working grounding 母线工作接地busprotection grounding bare bus bar 裸母线保护接地others 其他cable 电缆master switch power cable 电力电缆主令开关induction coil 感应线圈control cable 控制电缆magnetic coil 电磁线圈armored cable 铠装电缆stabilizator 稳压器cab-type cable 橡皮绝缘软电缆bell 电铃电缆夹cable clampIPC cable connector 电缆接头共控机local control unit (LCU) 现地控制单元cable core 电缆芯programmable logic电缆卷筒cable drumcontroller(PLC) 可编程控制器电缆挂钩cable hangerprogrammer 编程器cable rack 电缆架motor valve 电缆终端cable terminal end 电动阀electromagnetic valve 电磁阀H cable 屏蔽电缆◆电气通用词汇裸线bare wirealternation current(AC) 交流电ammeter 电流表allowed value 容许值欧姆表ohmmeter ampere voltmeter 电压表安培automatic operation 电度表kilowatt-hour meter 自动操作bridge megger 兆欧表电桥cabling diagram 继电器relay 电缆连接图capacity of storage battery over current relay 过流继电器蓄电池容量欠流继电器under current relay charging 充电time relay (timer) 时间继电器charging current 充电电流thermal relay 闭合热继电器closeshortdown relay 常闭触点constant close contact 断路继电器constant open contact 蓄电池battery 常开触点battery charger 蓄电池充电器control circuit 控制电路盘屏pannel 电流强度current intensitydirect current (DC) 配电盘swithboard 直流电分线（配电）盒distributing cabinetde-energise (deenergize) 切断、断电15dynamic test 动态试验transient current 瞬时电流transient voltage 瞬时电压electric arc 电弧volt 伏（特）electric leakage 漏电voltage 电压flash test 高压闪络试验wiring scheme generator active power 发电机有功功率接线图withstand voltage test 耐压试验发电机效率generator efficiency◆计算机监控系统（generator reactive power 发电机无功功率Computer Supervisoryinput 输入（量）and Control System）A/D converter 绝缘涂层模数变换器insulating coatinganalog control loop 模拟控制回路insulation grade 绝缘等级automatic-restoration 自恢复insulation test 绝缘试验automatic element 自动化元件interlocker(interlocking) 联锁装置block diagram 方框图kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时、度coaxial cable 同轴电缆leakage protection 漏电保护command 指令line-to-line short circuit 线间短路communication 通信malfunction 误动作compatibility manual operation 手动操作兼容性console 控制台megohm 兆欧current transducer 电流变送器mis-operation 误操作cursor （显示器）光标欧姆ohmD/A converter 数模变换器outlet 引出线、电源插座data bus 数据总线outlet box 引出盒、接线盒database 输出线路数据库outlet linedigital signal 输出量output 数字信号digital screen 显示屏overcurrent protection 电流过载保护electric quantity transducer 电量变送器并联电路parallel circuiteletromagnetic interference power factor 功率因数电磁干扰fiber optic cable 光纤电缆电源power supplyfloppy disk 一次电路软盘primary circuitflowchart rated current 额定电流流程图。
水利水电工程专业英语Chapter 2 (25-38)
倍数的比较
• A is N times as large (long，heavy……）as B • A is N times larger (longer, heavier…) than B • A is larger (longer、heavier···) than B by N times
The oxygen atom is 16 times heavier than the hydrogen atom。 氧原子的重量是氢原子的16倍。 This substance reacts three times as fast as the other one 这一物质的反应速度比另一物质快两倍。
倍数的减少
half as much as twice less than
• “比……少一半”或“比……少二分之一”
The new engine may use half as much oil as the old one。 新引擎的油耗比旧引擎少一半。 The power output of the machine is twice less than its input。 该机器的输出功率比输入功率小二分之一。
倍数的译法
as+形容词+as+数词+…… 动词+as+副词+数词+…… as large as+数词……可译成“大到(至)……" as many as十数词… 可译成“多达……” as high as+数词…… 可译成“高达……” as low as十数词…… 可译成“低到(至)……” The temperature of liquid nitrogen is as low as -196℃
最全水利水电工程专业英语词汇
水利水电工程专业英语词汇施工总平面布置(施工总体布置) construction general layout施工组织Consruction Programming施工组织设计construction planning施工坐标系（建筑坐标系）construction coordinate system湿化变形soaking deformation湿润比percentage of wetted area湿润灌溉wetting irrigation湿室型泵房wet-pit type pump house湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure湿陷系数(湿陷变形系数) coefficient of collapsibility湿周wetted perimeter十字板剪切试验vane shear test石袋honeycomb时均流速time average velocity时均能量time average energy时效硬化(老化) age hardening (ageing)时针式喷灌系统(中心支轴自走式系统) central pivot sprinkler system实测放大图surveyed amplification map实腹柱solid column实际材料图primitive data map实时接线分析real time connection analysis 实时控制real-time control实时数据和实时信息real time data and real time information实体坝solid dike实体重力坝solid gravity dam实物工程量real work quantity实验站experimental station实用堰practical weir示流信号器liquid-flow annunciator示坡线slope indication line示误三角形error triangle示踪模型tracer model事故failure (accident)事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident 事故低油压tripping lower oil pressure 事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal)事故运行方式accident operation mode事故闸门emergency gate事故照明accident lighting事故照明切换屏accident lightingchange-over panel势波potential wave势流potential flow势能potential energy势涡(自由涡) potential vortex视差parallax视差法测距（基线横尺视差法）subtense method with horizontal staff视差角parallactic angle视准线法collimation line method视准轴（照准轴）coolimation axis试验处理treatment of experiment试验端子test terminal试验项目Testing item试验小区experimental block试运行test run试运行test run收敛测量convergence measurement收敛约束法convergence-confinement method收缩断面vena-contracta收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint)收缩水深contracted depth手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset 手动[自动]准同期manual [automatic] precise synchronization手动调节manual regulation手动控制manual control手动运行manual operation手工电弧焊manual arc welding首曲线（基本等高线）standard contour首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线）prime meridian受油器oil head枢纽布置layout of hydroproject疏浚dredging输电系统transmission system输电线transmission line输入功率试验input test输沙量sediment runoff输沙率sediment discharge输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance 输水沟conveyance ditch输水建筑物water conveyance structure输水渠道water conveyance canal鼠道mole drains鼠道犁mole plough鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor竖井定向测量shaft orientation survey竖井贯流式水轮机pit turbine竖井联系测量shaft connection survey竖井排水drainage well竖井式进水口shaf tintake竖轴弧形闸门radial gate with vertic alaxes 数字地面模型digital terrain model（DTM）数字化测图digitized mapping数字通信digital communication数字图像处理digital image processing数字仪表digital instrument甩负荷load dump (load rejection,load shutdown)甩负荷试验load-rejection test(load-shutdowntest)双层布置double storey layout双调节调速器dual-regulation governor双扉闸门double-leaf gate双回线double-circuit line双击式水轮机cross flow turbine,Banki turbine双极高压直流系统bipolar HVDC system双金属标bimetal bench mark双列布置double row layout双母线接线double-bus connection双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct 双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft 双吸式离心泵double-suction pump双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate 水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump水泵比转速specific speed of pump水泵并联扬程曲线head curve of parallel pumping system水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线head curve of series pumping system水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump 水泵电动机机组Motor-pump unit水泵反常运行pump abnormal operating水泵工况(抽水工况) pump operation水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operating point水泵供水water feed by pump水泵机械效率mechanical efficiency of pump 水泵机组pump unit水泵类型Classification of pumps水泵零部件Components of pumps水泵流量pump discharge水泵容积效率volumetric efficiency of pump 水泵输出功率output power of pump水泵输入功率(水泵轴功率) input power of pump水泵水力效率hydraulic efficiency of pump 水泵水轮机Pump-turbine水泵无流量输入功率no-discharge power of pump水泵效率pump efficiency水泵扬程(水泵总扬程) total head of pump 水泵站Pumping Station水泵装置pump system水锤(水击) water hammer水锤泵站hydrauli cram pump station水锤波(水击波) wave of water hammer水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer 水电站Hydroelectric Station水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station (hydroelectric power station)水电站保证出力firm power, firm output水电站厂房(发电厂房) power house水电站厂房的类型Types of power house of hydroelectric station水电站出力power output of hydropower station水电站出力和发电量Power and energy output of hydropower station水电站的水头、流量、水位Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station水电站引用流量quotative discharge of hydropower station水电站装机容量installed capacity of hydropower station水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station水跌hydraulic drop水动力学Hydrodynamics水斗bucket水斗式水轮机(贝尔顿式水轮机) pelton turbine水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工建筑物的类别及荷载Classification and load of hydraulic structures水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure 水工金属结构及安装Metal Structures and Their Installation水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞Hydraulic tunnels水工隧洞构造Components of hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels水管冷却pipe cooling水柜water pool水环真空泵liquid ring pump水灰比water-cement ratio 水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall)水静力学Hydrostatics水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir水库测量reservoir survey水库串联运用operation of serial-connected reservoirs水库调度reservoir operation水库调度图graph of reservoir operation水库回水变动区fluctuating back water zone of reservoir水库浸没reservoir immersion水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding水库库底清理cleaning of reservoir zone水库泥沙Reservoir sediment水库泥沙防治Prevention of sediment水库年限ultimate life of reservoir水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库水文测验reservoir hydrometry水库塌岸bank ruin of reservoir水库特征库容Characteristic capacity of reservoir水库特征水位Characteristic level of reservoir 水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir水库蓄清排浑clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoir inundation水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没界线测量reservoir inundation line survey水库淹没区zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation水库异重流density current in reservoir水库异重流排沙sediment releasing by density current水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake 水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey水库淤积极限limit state of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积平衡比降equilibrium slope of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extension of reservoir deposition水库淤积纵剖面longitudinal pro deposit in reservoir水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing水库自然滞洪free flood retarding水冷式空压机water-cooled compressor水力半径hydraulic radius水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling水力冲填坝hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin水力粗糙度hydraulic roughness水力粗糙区hydraulic roughness region水力共振hydraulic resonance水力光滑区hydraulic smooth水力机械Hydraulic Machinery水力机械与电气设备HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT水力机组hydropower unit水力机组测试Measurement and test for hydropower unit水力机组的安装和试运行Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit水力机组调节系统Regulating system of hydropower unit水力机组辅助系统Auxiliary system for hydropower unit水力开挖hydraulic excavation水力坡降(水力比降) hydraulic slope (energy gradient)水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method水力侵蚀(水蚀) water erosion水力学Hydraulics水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements水力指数hydraulic exponent水力自动闸门hydraulic operating gate水力最优断面optimal hydraulic cross section 水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project水利计算Computation of water conservancy 水利区划zoning of water conservancy水利枢纽hydroproject水利水电工程等别rank of hydroproject水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING水利水电工程技术术语标准Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering水利水电工程勘测SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION FOR HYDROENGINEERING 水利水电工程施工CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING水量分布曲线water distribution curve水流动力轴线(主流线) dynamic axis of flow 水流连续方程continuity equation of flow水流流态State of flow水流阻力和能头损失Flow resistance and head loss水轮泵站turbine-pump station水轮发电机Hydraulic generator水轮发电机hydraulic turbine-driven synchronous generator (hydro-generator) 水轮发电机组Hydraulic turbine-generator unit水轮发电机组hydraulic turbine-generator unit水轮机hydraulic turbine,water turbine水轮机[水泵]额定流量rated discharge of turbine[pump]水轮机安装Installation of hydraulic turbine 水轮机安装高程setting of turbine水轮机保证出力guaranteed output of turbine 水轮机比转速specific speed of turbine水轮机参数和特性Turbine parameters and turbine characteristics水轮机层turbine storey (turbine floor)水轮机的机械效率mechanical efficiency of turbine水轮机的容积效率volumetric efficiency of turbine水轮机的水力效率hydraulic efficiency of turbine水轮机调节系统turbine regulating system水轮机调节系统静特性试验static characteristic test of regulation system of hydraulic turbine水轮机调速器turbine governor水轮机额定输出功率(水轮机额定出力) rated output of turbine水轮机飞逸转速runaway speed of turbine水轮机工况(发电工况) turbine operation水轮机空载流量no-load discharge of turbine 水轮机类型Classification of turbines水轮机零、部件Components of hydraulic turbine水轮机流量turbine discharge水轮机模型试验model test of turbine水轮机磨蚀与振动Erosion and vibration of hydraulic turbine水轮机气蚀系数cavitation factor of turbine,cavitation coefficient of turbine水轮机设计水头design head of turbine水轮机试运行Test runof hydraulic turbine水轮机室turbine casing水轮机输出功率(水轮机出力) turbine output 水轮机输入功率turbine input power水轮机水头(水轮机净水头) turbine net head 水轮机吸出水头损失suction head loss of turbine水轮机效率turbine efficiency水轮机压力管道(高压管道) penstock水轮机引水室turbine flume水轮机主轴turbine main shaft水轮机最大输出功率(水轮机最大出力) maximum output of turbine水轮机最高效率maximum efficiency of turbine水面曲线water surface profile水面蒸发量evaporation from water surface 水能waterpower, hydropower水能计算hydropower computation水能开发方式Types of hydropower development水能利用Water power utilization 水能利用规划waterpower utilization planning水能资源(水力资源) waterpower resources, hydropower resources水泥比表面积specific surface of cement水泥罐cement silo水泥水化热hydration heat of cement水泥体积安定性soundness of cement水平底坡horizontal slope水平地质剖面图geological plan水平度levelness水平沟horizontal ditches水平阶地horizontal terraces水平位移工作点operative mark of horizontal displacement水平位移观测horizontal displacement observation水平位移基点datum mark of horizontal displacement水生态学hydrobiology水头water head水头损失head loss水头预想出力expected power, expected output水土保持soil and water conservation水土保持工程措施Soil and water conservation works水土保持规划Planning of soil and water conservation水土保持林业措施Afforestation measures for soil and water conservation水土流失Soilandwaterloss水土流失(土壤侵蚀) soil erosion(soil and waterloss)水位water stage (water level)水位、流速、流量Water stage, flow velocity, flow discharge水位传导系数coefficient of water level conductivity水位调节装置water level regulator水位计water-level gauge水位流量关系曲线stage-discharge relation curve水位信号water-level indicating signal水位站water stage gauging station水文测验hydrometry水文测站hydrometrical station水文测站和站网Hydrometrical station and network水文地质Hydrogeology水文地质基础Basichydrogeology水文地质试验Hydrogeologicaltest水文地质图hydrogeological map水文调查hydrological investigation水文分析计算Hydrological analysis and computation水文观测hydrological observation水文观测Hydrological observation and measurement水文过程线hydrograph水文核技术nuclear technology in hydrology 水文计算Hydrologic computation水文计算及水文预报Hydrological Computation and Forecasing水文空间技术space technology in hydrology 水文模型hydrological model水文年鉴hydrological almanac(hydrological yearbook)水文频率曲线hydrological frequency curve 水文手册hydrological handbook水文统计hydrological statistics水文图集hydrological atlas水文遥测技术hydrological telemetering technology水文要素hydrological data水文预报Hydrological forecast水文站hydrometrical station水文站网hydrological network水文资料整编hydrological data processing 水系(河系,河网) hydrographic net(river system)水下爆破under water blasting水下地形测量underground topographic survey水下混凝土浇筑underwater concreting水下接地网under water earthed network水压力hydraulic pressure水跃hydraulic jump 水跃长度length of hydraulic jump水跃高度height of hydraulic jump水跃函数hydraulic jump function水跃消能率coefficient of energy dissipation of hydraulic jump水运动学Hydrokinematics水运动学及水动力学Hydrokinematics and hydrodynamics水闸sluice (barrage)水闸类型Classification of sluices水闸组成部分Components of sluice水质water quality水质标准water quality standard水质监测站water quality monitoring station 水质评价water quality assessment水质污染Water quality pollution水质预报water quality forecast水中起动starting in water水中起动力矩starting torque in water水柱water column水坠坝sluicing siltation earth dam水准测量leveling水准点benchmark水准路线leveling line水准器分划值（水准器角值，水准器格值）scale value of level水准网平差adjustment of leveling network 水准仪（水平仪）level水准仪与经纬仪Leveland theodolite水资源water resources水资源规划water resources planning水资源开发利用Development and utilization of water resources水资源开发利用water resources development税金tax顺坝longitudinal dike (training dike)顺坡(正坡) positive slope顺行波advancing downstream wave顺序控制系统sequential control system顺直型河流straight river瞬动电流instantaneous acting current瞬发雷管(即发雷管) instantaneous blasting cap瞬时沉降(弹性沉降,初始沉降,形变沉降) initial settlement瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph 瞬时电流速断保护(无时限电流速断保护) instantaneous over current cut-off protection瞬时流速instantaneous velocity瞬态法finite increment method死库容(垫底库容) dead storage死区dead band死水位minimum pool level(dead water level)松动爆破loosening blasting (crumbling blasting)松方loose measure松散系数bulk factor素混凝土(无筋混凝土) plain concrete素图simple map速动时间常数promptitude time constant速度环量velocity circulation速度三角形velocity triangle速凝(瞬时凝结) quick set (flash set)速凝剂accelerator塑料导爆管(传爆管) plastic primacord tube 塑限(塑性限度,塑性界限含水量) plastic limit 塑性铰plastic hinge塑性指数plasticity index溯源冲刷[淤积] backwarderosion[deposition]算术平均粒径arithmetic mean diameter算术平均水头arithmetic average head算术平均效率arithmetic average efficiency 随动系统servo system随动系统不准确度inaccuracy of servosystem 随机波random wave随机性水文模型(非确定性水文模型) stochastic hydrological model碎部点（地形特征点）detail point碎裂结构clastic structure碎屑结构clastic texture隧洞衬砌tunnel lining隧洞导流tunnel diversion隧洞渐变段tunnel transition section隧洞开挖tunnel excavation 隧洞排水tunnel drainage隧洞钻孔爆破法(隧洞钻爆法) drill-blast tunneling method损失容积(死容积) lost volume缩限(收缩界限) shrinkage limit锁坝closure dike锁定装置dog device (latch device,gate lock device)锁锭装置locking device (checking device) 它励(它激) separate excitation塔式进水口tower intake踏面rolling face台车式启闭机platform hoist台阶结构面step structural plane台阶掘进法heading and bench method坍落度slump坍落拱collapse arch探槽exploratoryt rench探洞exploratory adit探井exploratory shaft探坑exploratory pit碳素钢(碳钢) carbon steel塘堰pond掏槽孔(掏槽眼) cut hole套管casing pipe套闸(双埝船闸) double dike lock特大暴雨extraordinary rainstorm特大洪水extraordinary flood特高压(特高电压) ultra-high voltage (U.H.V.)特类钢(C类钢) type C steel特殊地区施工增加费additional cost for special condition特殊荷载specia lload (unusual load)特殊荷载组合special load combination特性和参数Characteristics and parameters 特性阻抗(波阻抗) characteristic impedance (wave impedance)特征线法characteristics method特征斜率characteristic slope梯段爆破bench blasting梯级水电站cascade hydroelectric station梯形堰trapezoidal weir锑恩锑(三硝基甲苯) TNT (trinitroto luene)提升式升船机lifting type ship lift提水灌溉pumping irrigation提水排水pumping drainage体积模量bulk modulus体积压缩系数coefficient of volume compressibility天然骨料natural aggregate天然密度(天然容重) naturaldensity(naturalunitweight)天文潮astronomical tide田间持水量field capacity田间工程farml and works田间排水沟(墒沟) field ditch田间排水试验experiment for farm land drainage田间渠系farm canal system田间水利用系数water efficiency in field田间需水量(田间耗水量) water consumption on farmland填埋式管(上埋式管) buried pipe line填石笼gabion填筑filling填筑含水量placement watercontent(placement moisture content)挑坎(挑流鼻坎) flip bucket。
水利水电工程专业英语——水文与水资源篇
水利水电工程专业英语——水文与水资源篇1.Hydrological Cycle and Budget1.水文循环与预算Hydrology is an earth science. It encompasses the occurrence, distribution, movement, and properties of the waters of the earth and their environmental relations. Closely allied fields include geology, climatology, meteorology and oceanography.水文学是一门地球科学。
它包含地球水资源的发生、分布、运动和特质，以及其环境关系。
与之密切相关领域包括地质学，气候学，气象学和海洋学。
The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process by which water is transported from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the sea. Many sub-cycles exist. The evaporation of inland water and its subsequent precipitation over land before returning to the ocean is one example. The driving force for the global water transport system is provided by the sun, which furnishes the energy required for evaporation. Note that the water quality also changes during passage through the cycle; for example, sea water is converted to fresh water through evaporation.水文循环是一个连续的过程，在这个过程中水从海洋被运输到大气中，降落到陆地，然后回到海洋。
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇
水利水电工程专业英语英文词汇strain meter 应变计set out 放线、放样stake-line temperature sensor 温度传感器测桩线state plane coordinate system 国家平面坐标集线站terminal station其他（Others）系survey point 测点check hole 检查孔theoretical point 灌区理论点compartmenttraverse(polygon) 导线（测dense mix 浓浆量）、横断error of traverse 导线闭合差foundation uplift 基础隆起lattice traverse 网格状导线灌浆孔grout holelong side traverse instrument hole 仪器孔长导线open traverse 非闭合primary/secondary and tertiary grout holes 一导线short side traverse 短导线序、二序、三序灌浆孔traverse closure 导线闭合加密灌浆孔距spilt spacingtraverse station 导线点waste mix 弃浆traverse survey 导线测量Survey◆测量（）triangulation 测量方法及术语（Methods and Terms）三角测量triangulation network 三角网调整校正adjust 、triangulation of high order 高等级三角网adjustment 平差triangulation point 容许误差allowance 三角点三边测量backsight point 后视点trilateration程控制网basic point 基础点vertical-control net 高bench mark 水准点木桩wood pile Angular Measure）角度测量（compass 罗盘azimuth 方位角chainage(station number) 桩号象限角bearing 方位三角锁chain of triangulation 、器、水准buddle 、check 校核对照气泡圆盘circle 度盘、控制control point 点器圆水坐标点coordinate point 准circular bubbledatum 基础面轴视准collimation axis点基datum point 准十字丝cross-line(cross-hair)偏差depression angle 俯角deviationeasily identifiable point elevation angle 仰角点容易识别eyepiece(ocular) error 误差目镜量field pole(staff) 标杆一等三角测first order triangulationgeodetic foot-screw 学的大地测量脚螺栓量geodetic surveying 大地测水平角horizontal angle量合联测）mark 标志（明joint survey已知点known point 物镜objective lens面水level surface 准垂线铅垂、plumb(plummet)局local triangulation networks 准、观测sight 瞄部三角网准瞄target 国national coordination system 家坐标网目标、监视观测observe 、纬仪theodolite 经point to be located 待定点横轴tranverse axistripod 三脚架置位、定位position踏勘、选点reconnaissance 竖直角vertical angle参考点reference point vertical axis 竖轴量二等三角测second order triangulation Telescope望远镜（）1centering 对中reduced level 归化高差run back 返测盘左face leftrun out 往测face right 盘右three-wire leveling 三丝法水准focus 集中、焦点测量地形测量（T opographic Survey focusing 调焦）boundary 边界、界线index error 指标误差inverted position of telescope(reverse construction stake 施工标桩contour 等高线盘右telescope)倒镜、normal position of telescope(direct telescope)contour interval 等高距contouring 绘等高线、正镜盘右contour-length method 光学垂准器等高线延长法optical plummetcontour line 等高线round 测回control network 控制网set 套、组detail 细部、详图station 测站draw 绘图距离测量（Distance Measure）field 外业气barometer 压计fix 固定、确定base line(basic line/datum line) 基线form line 地形图电battery 池EDM(electromagnetic distance measurement) grid 格网information 注记、资料、情报电磁波测距marginal information 轮廓注记滤波器滤光片filter 、large-scale 大比例尺的laser alignment system 激光准直系统latitude 纬度、范围laser beam 激光束latitude circle 纬圈prism 棱镜latitude line range 纬线距离测程、legend 图例long range 远程location 定线、程medium range 中定位longitude 经short range 短程度longitude line 测距仪经线range findermap signal 地图、制图信号mapping 制图、测spring balance 弹簧称图、地质素描match line 拼接线卷尺tapemonument 标石invar tape 铟瓦钢卷尺、石柱object 高程测量（Height Measurement地物、目标）plan 程、高海拔平面图、略图altitude/elevationplot 近似approximate leveling 置绘图粗平平、profile 断面（图）、纵剖图准自动定平水automatic level 仪difference in altitude(difference of record 记录、资料setup 定置elevation ,height difference) 高差仪器site location error of closure in leveling 差合闭准定位水stakeout 放样、定线平置、精平exact leveling 确、立桩symbol 仪（测点）准水level 符号、记号topographic detail 水level circuit 地形细部环合准闭topographic map 地形图尺垫准水level shoe◆原形观测观测仪器和设施线路准水line of level {Instrumentationand Facilities）国national geodetic vertical datum 家大地高air-entraining meter 面准基程掺气剂2Carlson-type piezometer 卡尔逊式渗压计component 零部件coordinator 坐标仪concrete strain meter 砼应变计damping box 阻尼角convergent point 收敛测点differential resistance direct plumb line 正垂线差动电阻double layer rubber sleeve earth pressure cell 土压力盒双层保护forced centering plate 强制embankment piezometer 坝体渗压计对中盘instrument lead 仪器电堤应变计缆embankment strain meter invar wire 铟瓦丝extended wire 引张线metal ring 计金属环foundation piezometer 基础渗压plumb coordinate meter horizontal inclinometer 水平测斜仪垂线坐标仪pulley 滑轮hydraulic instrument 水力学仪器regulator 调节器水听器hydrophoneriser 立管inclinometer casing 测斜管sensor interface joint meter 界面变位传感器计spool inverted plumb line 倒垂线绕轴steel socket 钢micro piezometer 微压计底座tablet 多点位移计药片multiple position extensometertensioning weight 张拉重锤observation point 观测标点thermistor 热敏电observation well 观测井阻tip 测头视optical alignment line 准线安装过程（Procession of Installation）plate strain meter 钢板计assemble 组装pneumatic piezometer 气压式渗压计couple 连接脉动压力pressure fluctuation meter 计prestressed tendon anchorage 埋设embed安装install 索dynamometer 预应力锚测力计绝缘insulate rock bolt extensometer 锚杆测力计维护计single point extensometer 单点位移maintenancespiral sensor 测扭仪监测monitor测压standpipe 管仪器保护protection of instrumentation归纳reduce 强震仪strong-motion seismograghsurface monument 表密封seal 面标点拼接temperature sensor 温度传感器splice提供终端房terminal house supplyterminal station 终端站测试testInformation资料（倾角tilt meter 计）简图计时均压力time average pressure cell assemble schematic 装配合格证书总压力盒total pressure cell certificate书说计velometer 流速使用明descriptionvertical inclinometer 垂直测斜仪维护指南maintenace guideline书震旋式渗压vibrating wire piezometer 计manual 说明振旋式沉降vibrating wire settlement sensor 理工作原operating principle 作仪范围operating restraint 操序procedure 水堰量的带微压weir with micro piezometer 计程程基点工作working base point 序分trouble shooting procedure 鼓掌析zerostress-strain meter 其他（Others）计砼无应力间）Acessories and Spare Parts附件及配件（行annular space 环空coil data acquisition 盘绕数据采集 3cement mark(strength of cement /cement 数据记录datarecordinggrade) 水泥标号leas drilling hole 引线孔consumptive use of water normal consistance 永久记录permanent record 标准稠度用水readout device 读数设备量degree of mobilization 流动性saturated 饱和的dissolution heat ( solution heat ) 溶解热seepage isolation dike 截渗堤final set trapezoidal 梯形终凝flexural strength 抗弯强度◆水工常规试验flyash 粉煤灰砼原材料试验（Test of Raw and Processedhydration heat 水化热Material of Concrete）initial set Aggregate）初凝骨料（abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler loss on ignition(ignition loss) 烧矢量setting time 凝结时量间洛杉机磨耗silica fume 计accumulated retained percentage 累筛余百硅粉soundness 水泥的安定性分率specific surface area 比表acicular and flaky grain in aggregate 针状与面积specific heat 量片状颗粒含比热water demand ratio 吸水alkali-aggregate reaction 碱骨料反应量比外加剂（Admixture）视密度apparent densitybubble stability 泡沫稳定性bulk density (unity weight) 容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate bubbling ability 起泡能力chloride content 氯化物含量块及易碎颗粒含土量黏compressive strength rate 抗压强度比软化系数coefficient of softeningcontract with dry rate crush index 压碎指标干缩率dispersing coefficient 干燥状态dry state 分散系数dispersing ability of waterexceeding and inferior grain in-reducing agent 减水剂aggregate 超逊径颗粒含量分散能力loss of slump 塌落度损失细度模数fineness modulussulphate content 硫酸盐含空隙率量gaping place ratesolid content 分计grader retained percentage 筛余百固体含分率量surface tension 颗粒级grain composition 配表面张力water-reducing rate 减水率粒径grain size水（Water）量lightweight matter in aggregate 轻物质含alkalinity 碱度量云母含mica contentcalcion 含水率钙离子moisture content(water rate)carbonic acid mud content 钙酸含泥量chlorion 有机质含organic content 量氯离子equivalent concentration 骨料潜在活性potential reactivity of aggregate 当量浓度oxygen consumption saturation 饱和的耗氧量normal solution (standard 曲线筛sieving curve 分solution) 量soft grain in aggregate 软弱骨料含标准溶液PH value PH坚固性值soundnesswater analysis 水值面含水率表surface moisture content 分析砼（水溶性硫化物water-soluble sulphide Concrete）砼拌和物（水硬性胶凝材料Mixture(Hydraulicity cementitious ）material) assurance strength of concrete 砼保证强度bleeding rate age 泌水率龄期4cement-sand ration 灰砂比砂浆（Cement）cement lime mortar 标号水泥石灰砂浆design strength of concrete 砼设计cement mortar 水泥砂浆flowability of concrete 砼的流动性cement-clay mortar 水泥黏土mix proportion (proportion ofmixture) 砼配合砂浆epoxy mortar 环氧砂浆比lime mortar 石灰砂浆mixture uniformity 拌和物的均匀性plastering mortar 抹面砂浆penetration-obstruction method 贯入阻力法pointing joint mortar probability of ensuring strength of concrete 砼勾缝砂浆土（Soil强度保证率）accumulation curve (cumulative curve) 累砂率sand rate 计曲线单位用水量unit consumption of wateractivity index 活性指标water retention (water retentiveness) 保水性angle of frictionwater-cement ratio 摩擦角水灰比Atterberg limits(water content as limit) Hardened concrete 阿）硬化砼（太堡界限（界限含水量axial tensile strength 轴向抗拉强度）California bearing ratio 导热系数载重比coefficient of thermal conductivitycoarse-grained soil cooling rate 冷却率粗粒土coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数砼芯样core of concrete coefficient of cubical徐变变creep deformation (time deformation )compressibility 体积压缩系数形coefficient of curvature 曲率系数form coefficient(form factor) 形状系数compression 压缩freezing -melting circulation 冻融循环compression index frost-resistance mark 抗冻标号压缩指数compression modulus 压缩模数砼热学性能heat property of concreteconsolidated-undrained (quick) shear test height-diameter ration 高径比固结不排水剪（固结快剪）试验linear expansion coefficient 线膨胀系数consolidated-drained (slow) shear test loss of weight 重量损失固结不排水剪（慢剪）试验自振频率natural frequency consolidation 固结permeate 渗透consolidation coefficient 透permeated height 渗高度固结系数consolidation settlement 固结沉降permeated-resisting mark 抗渗标号consolidation stress 系固结应力透relative coefficient of permeability 相对渗continuous grading/gradation 连接级配数contraction test(shrinkage test) 收缩试验振频率共resonance frequencycore cutter method sample 试环刀法件creep curve self-grown volume deformation（砼）蠕变曲线自生体积critical slope 变形逸出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy's law 达西定律劈裂抗拉强度splitting tensile strengthdegree of consolidation 固结度static compressive modulus of elasticity 静力degree of free swelling 自由膨胀率抗压弹数direct shear test 导温系数直接剪切试验temperature conductivity direct shear test of reiteration 反复直剪强度试抗拉弹性模tensile modulus of elasticity 量验绝热温升thermal insulation warmingdistribution curve 分极限拉应变ultimate tensile strain 布曲线drift soil (shifting soil/mass flow) 极限抗拉强度ultimate tensile strength 流土effective angle of inner friction 有效内摩擦角磨损率wear rate effective strength envelope 有效强度抗冲磨强度wear-resisting strength 包线5expansion force 膨胀力剪（快剪）试验variable head method 变水头法expansion ration(specificexpansion) 膨胀率void(pore) ratio 孔隙比渗流filtering flow(seepage flow)water replacement method 灌水法fine-grained soil 细粒土wet density 湿密度flow net(drift net) 流网其它建筑材料hydraulic slope 水力坡降钢筋（steel hydrometer method 比重计法）bending and unbending 反常水头法复弯曲hydrostatic head methodcold bending test 冷弯试验limit equilibrium state 极限平衡状态elongation test 拉伸试验liquefaction 液化nominal diameter 公称直径liquid limit 液限ratio of elongation liquidity index 液化指标伸长率relaxation test maximum dry density 最大干密度松弛试验steel strand 钢绞线method of sieving 筛分法tensile yield strength 拉伸屈服强度Mohr's stress circle 莫力应力圆ultimate tensile strength 极限抗拉强度库伦破坏Mohr-coulomb failure criteria 莫尔-Wood）准则木材（curshing strength paralled to the normal stress 法向应力（正应力）oedometer curve 顺纹抗压强度grain 压缩曲线tensile strength paralled to the 量optimum moisture content 最优含水顺纹抗拉强度涌piping 管graincrushing strength across th e plastic limit 塑限横纹抗压强度grain plasticity index 塑性指标tensile strength across to the 空隙水压力pore water pressure空隙率porosity 横纹抗拉强度grainprincipal stress 主）沥青（应力Asphalt脆化点试验Proctor compaction test 普氏击实试验brittle temperature test 相对密度relative density 延伸度试验expansion testsand replacement method 灌砂法针入式试验penetration test saturability (saturation degree/percent 软化点试验softening point testtest of aging saturation) 饱和度老化试验viscosity test 饱和容重saturated unit weight 粘滞性试验Quality Management透seepage deformation 渗变形）质量管理（average 力渗seepage force(seepage pressure) 透平均值deviation standard(error of mean 透渗seepage line 线均方差squares) 速度渗seepage speed 透deviationcoefficient(dispersion shear stress 切向应力（剪应力）离差系数缩限shrinkage limit coefficient)断级间skip(gap/jump) grading 配相关系数index of correlation土specific gravity of soil particle 粒比重界限management limit 管理steady seepage field 统计数稳定渗流场mathematic statistics 理maximum 应力路径stress path 最大值值minimum 最线包总强度total strength envelope 小布三轴压缩试验triaxial compression test 正态分normal distributionunconfined compression strength 保证量quality assurance 无侧限抗压质量强度检测质quality examinationunconsolidated undrained test regression curve 不固结不排水回归曲线 6relative dampness 相对湿度mud crack 泥痕rain print 雨痕本容量sample capacity 样orientation of bedrock 岩层产状sampling frequency 取样频率strike specimen 样品走向dip 倾向统计分析statistical analysisangle of dip (dip angle ) 倾角technical specification 技术规范fold technical standard 褶皱技术标准anticline testing circumstance 试验环境背斜syncline 向斜testing error 试验误差Monocline (homocline) 单斜testing regulation 试验规程dome 穹隆析variance analysis 方差分soft stratum ◆地质(Geology)软弱岩层zone of fracture(broken zone ) 破碎带地质年代（Geochronology of Geologicaffected zone Ages）影响带platy structure 板状构造Archaeozoic era (erathem) 太古代（界）解理cleavage Proterozoic era (erathem) 元古代（界）fracture(rupture) 断裂古生代（界）Palaeozoic era (erathem)fissure(crack/fracture) 裂隙Mesozoic era (erathem) 中生代（界））岩石类型（Rock typeCenozoic era (erathem) 新生代（界）岩石学petrology Sinian period (system) 震旦纪（系）岩igneous rock 火成寒武纪（系）Cambrian period (system)Ordovician period (system) 奥陶纪（系）岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩lava(vocanic rock) 志留纪（系）Silurian period (system) 侵入岩intrusive (invade) rock Devonian period (system) 泥盘纪（系）成石碳纪（系）Carboniferous period (system) 岩effusive rock 深成岩pypabussal rock 二叠纪（系）Permian period (system) 浅三叠纪（系）acid rock 酸性岩Triassic period (system) 侏罗纪（系）Jurassic period (system) 中性岩inter-mediate rock基性岩basic rock Cretaceous period (system) 白垩纪（系）第Tertiary period (system) 三纪（系）超基性岩ultrabasic rock 第Quaternary period (system) 四纪（系）花岗岩granite斑岩Geologic Structural地质构造（）porphyryrhyolite 玢岩断层faultsyenite normal fault 正断层流纹岩逆断层reversed fault trachyte 粗面岩diorite parallel fault 平移断层闪长岩andesite 安山岩断层泥gouge擦痕stria 辉长岩gabbrojoint 理节玄武岩basaltprimary joint 理原生节细晶岩aplitesecondary joint 理次生节pegmatite 伟晶岩tension joint lamprophyre 煌斑岩理张节diabase 理卸荷节unloading joint 辉绿岩理片schistosity 橄榄岩dunite理层bedding pumice 浮岩）理（叶理板foliation 沉积岩sedimentary rock波痕ripple mark clastic rock 碎屑岩7clay rock 黏土岩quartz 石英topaz 黄玉chemical rock 化学岩corundum 刚玉biolith 生物岩diamand 金刚石砾岩conglomerate。
水利水电工程专业英语
Specialized EnglishforGraduates of 2011Contents1 HYDROPOWER PLANT (1)1.1 Hydropower (1)1.2 Advantages of Hydropower (1)1.3 Disadvantage of a Hydroplant (2)1.4 Multi-Purpose Uses (2)1.4.1 Irrigation (2)1.4.2 Flood control (2)1.4.3 Navigation (2)1.4.4 Recreation (2)1.4.5 Fish Breeding (3)1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric Plant (3)1.5.1 Dam or Barrage (3)1.5.2 Water-Conduit System (3)1.5.3 Power House (3)1.5.4 Tail Race (3)1.5.5 Electrical Power Transmission (4)1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric Plants (4)1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load Plants (4)1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows: (4)1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available Heads (7)2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES (10)2.1 Introduction (10)2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water Turbine (10)2.2 Classification of Water Turbines (10)2.3 Pelton Turbine (12)2.3.1 Injector (12)2.3.2 Runner (12)2.3.3 Number of Nozzles (13)2.3.4 Distributor (14)2.3.5 Casing (15)2.3.6 Jet Brake (16)2.3.7 Tail Water Depressor System (16)2.4 Francis Turbine (17)2.4.1 Main Components (18)2.4.2 Scroll Case (18)2.4.3 Stay Vanes Ring (18)2.4.4 Guide Vanes Mechanism (19)2.4.5 Runner (19)2.4.6 Draft Tube (21)2.4.7 Head Cover (22)2.4.8 Bottom Ring (22)2.4.9 Shaft (23)2.4.10 Turbine Pit Liner (23)2.4.11 Dewatering of Turbine (23)2.5 Propeller and Kaplan Turbine (23)2.5.1 Introduction (23)2.5.2 Improvement in Efficiency (24)2.5.3 Main Components of the Runner (24)2.5.4 Location of Servomotor (26)2.5.5 Scroll Case (26)2.5.6 Automatic Air Valves (27)2.5.7 Shaft of the Hydrounit (27)2.5.8 Over-speed Protective Devices (27)2.6 Deriaz Turbine (27)2.6.1 Introduction (27)2.6.2 Servomotor (29)3 HVAC (30)3.1 Background (30)3.2 Heating (31)3.3 Ventilation (33)3.3.1 Mechanical or forced ventilation (33)3.3.2 Natural ventilation (34)3.3.3 Airborne Illnesses (34)3.4 Air conditioning (34)3.5 Energy efficiency (36)3.5.1 Heating energy (36)3.5.2 Geothermal Heat Pump (37)3.5.3 Ventilation Energy recovery (37)3.5.4 Air conditioning energy (37)3.6 Air Filtration and Cleaning (37)3.6.1 Clean Air Delivery Rate and Filter Performance (38)3.7 HVAC industry and standards (38)3.7.1 International (38)3.7.2 North America (USA) (38)3.7.3 Europe (United Kingdom) (39)3.7.4 Australia (40)3.7.5 Asia (India) (40)1 HYDROPOWER PLANT1.1 HydropowerIt is the power generated by using water as the energy-supplying agent. In this case, water is allowed to flow from a higher level to a lower level through a turbine where the potential energy of water is converted into kinetic energy and the turbine, in turn, rotates a generator to produce electricity.Hydropower generation depends upon the availability of rainwater. Clouds are formed because of the heating of seawater by the sun. They move towards the land, where low-pressure zones are formed and as they get cooled, moisture starts precipitating. The rainwater starts moving towards lower levels becauseof gravity, through a system of natural drains consisting of nullahs, rivulets, rivers and so on. This water can be stored in reservoirs created on the rivers, by construction of dams and can be used to generate power. After generation, the water is let out into the river and gradually travels further and ultimately reaches the sea. Here it is heated up by the sun to start the next cycle. Therefore, hydropower is nothing but conversion of solar energy into electricity through a circuitous route.1.2 Advantages of HydropowerHydropower generation is non-wasting self-replenishing and non-polluting.It is a physical phenomenon and no chemical change is involved. Water come out unchanged from the turbine after imparting its energy and can be used again either for power generation or for irrigation. In fact, this is done in multi-purpose river-valley schemes like the Chambal Valley development in India and the Tennessee Valley development in U.S.A. In the case of the Chambal Valley development, power is generated with the help of the same water in three powerhouses, situated one after another on the river, before being released into irrigation canals. As against this, coal, oil or nuclear fuel can only be used once.The supply of water is automatic and the water utilized in one season is replenished by nature in the next season. The water reaches the powerhouse site on its own-no mining operations and transportation are involved as in the case of coal or oil.Waterpower is clean as it does not produce any pollutants, whereas in the case of thermal or nuclear power generation pollution is inevitable, as toxic by-products are emitted.The hydropower plants have very high efficiencies. The turbine efficiency is above 90 percent and the overall efficiency can be above 80 percent which is much higher than that of thermal plants. The hydro-plants are long lasting and many plants are still in service even 40 years after commissioning. The percentage of outages is very low, as shutdowns for repairs and maintenance are fewer. The plants are available for instant loading and a set can start taking full load within five minutes, starting from the standstill position, whereas thermal plants may take about five to six hours.1.3 Disadvantage of a HydroplantThe initial investments are very heavy and the specific cost is high compared to a thermal plant. The time needed for construction is quite long and it affects the economy adversely as returns start flowing in late. When a lake is formed, land submergence creates its own problem.As the availability of water varies from year to year, in low rainfall years the plant capacity is under-utilized.Anyway the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.1.4 Multi-Purpose UsesAs already started earlier, a number of additional benefits can be obtained from water stored besides generating power, such as irrigation, flood control, navigation and so on. The multi-purpose use of water gives much better returns on investment and there is marked improvement in the cost-benefit ratio.1.4.1 IrrigationThe water being discharged from a powerhouse can be fed into a canal network to provide irrigation facilities to land situated down stream. As a matter of fact, in many multi-purpose projects in India, water is stored predominantly for irrigation purposes with power generation playing a secondary role.1.4.2 Flood controlCreation of lake on a river has the inherent possibilities of flood moderation. The flood waters may be fully or partly absorbed in the lake and only regulated quantities of water are allowed to pass downstream, protecting the lower areas from floods. This aspect assumes great importance in the case of rivers, which go on devastating large tracts of fertile land and valuable property year after year.1.4.3 NavigationThe formation of storage reservoir increasesthe normal water level in a river. Many pools and shallow stretches of the river get submerged underwater and a sufficient depth of water becomes available for ship to navigate these stretches. Thus facilitates economic transport of cargo and passengers.The multi-purpose development of the river Danube in Europe is a typical example of combining navigation with power generation. It 'li s nking up with the river Rhine has allowed the ships to pass from the North Sea to the Black Sea. Barrages have been constructed at a number of points in the river increasing the upstream water levels and power is being generated at these places. The only additional construction needed is to provide navigational locks at the sites of the barrage for the uninterrupted movement of a ship.1.4.4 RecreationCreation a reservoir of water considerably enhances the beauty and charm of surrounding areas and tourist resorts and picnic spots are being developed in these areas.1.4.5 Fish BreedingIt can take place on a large scale and fish can be made available economically to the populati on liv ing in the n eighbori ng areas.1.5 Typical Components of a Hydroelectric PlantThe mai n comp onents are (Fig.1.1): (i) The dam, (ii) The water-c on duit system, (iii) The powerhouse, (iv) The tail-water system, (v) The switchyard, and (vi) The transmission lin es.1.5.1 Dam or BarrageA dam or a barrage is con structed on the river course result ing in an in crease in the upstream water level because of the formatio n of a reservoir whose storage capacity is decided by the water requireme nt for power gen erati on.1.5.2 Water-Conduit SystemWater-c on duit system carries water from the reservoir to the power stati on .It may con sist of a pressure tunnel an d/or pipes called pen stocks which may be laid above ground or un dergro und. One pen stock may feed a nu mber of turb in es, where a nu mber of bran ches have to take off. Flow-c on trol valves may be provided before water is admitted to the turb in es. A surge tank is occasi on ally provided to restrict the effects of water hammer.Fig.1.1 Typical layout of a high head hydroelectric pla nt1.5.3 Power HouseThe powerhouse accommodates the turb ines and gen erators, the con trol equipme nt and in some cases the tran sformers. Its locatio n can be either at the surface or un dergro und and it may be away from, at the foot of, or in the body of, the dam.1.5.4 Tail RaceThe water, after pass ing through the turb in e, is discharged into the tailrace which, in tur n, carries it to a river.The tailrace can be an ope n cha nnel as in the case of a surface powerhouse, or a tunnel as in the case of an underground powerhouse. The discharge from all the turbines is collected in the tail race at its beginning by means of branch channels. The tailrace may discharge into the original river itself or, in rare cases, some other river when there is an inter-basin transfer of water.1.5.5 Electrical Power TransmissionThe electrical power generated by the generators is fed to the step-up transformers by means of cables as the generating voltage may be much less than the transmission voltage. The power is then supplied to the transmission network via a switchyard where the switchingand protective equipment is installed. The switchyard is located within a short distance of the powerhouse.Transmission lines take off in different directions to supply power to the consumers.In the case of combined hydropower and irrigation multi-purpose projects, a canal network is established downstream of dam.1.6 Classification of Hydroelectric PlantsThey can be classified on the basis of the operating heads, the output or some other important features, such as the nature of duty.1.6.1 Base-Load and Peak-Load PlantsEvery hydro-plant is an individual entity and no two plants are identical as regards the head, availability of power and so on. A hydro-plant works as a base-load plant if there is continuous power generation. This is especially the case if the flow through the river has to be maintained constant for meeting the irrigation or navigation requirements.If the conditions prevailing at the power station permit regulated releases, the plant can be used to generate peak power. For example, the Roseland plant (France) is designed to meet the peak winter demand from water largely stored during the summer period.1.6.2 Plants can also be classified as follows:(a) Conventional hydro-plants with valley storage.(b) Run-of-the-river plants.(c) Diversion type of plants.(d) Pumped storage plants.(e) Tidal-power plants.Valley storage plantsIn the case of conventional hydro-plants, a reservoir has to be created on the river to store sufficient rainwater, for power generation throughout the year by construction of a dam. These types of plants are sub-divided into high-head plants, medium-head plants, and low-head plants (Fig.1.2).It is difficult to lay down exact ranges. However, the following limits are recommended (they are arbitrary and are as good as any other arbitrary ranges recommended):(i) High-head pla nts - hav ing heads of more tha n 250 m.(ii) Medium-head pla nts - hav ing heads betwee n 50 m and 250 m.(iii) Low-head pla nts - hav ing heads less tha n 50 m.Fig.1.2 The Geheya n valley storage pla nt (Chi na)Today, the plant capacities range from a few hundred kilowatts to thousands of megawatts with in dividual unit capacities ranging from few hun dred kW to 700,000 kW and it is rather difficult to classify the plants on capacity basis.Run-of-the-river plantsFig.1.3 Chief Joseph Dam n ear Bridgeport, Wash ington, USA, is a major run-o f-the-riverstati on without a sizeable reservoirThese pla nts gen erate power on rivers with a con ti nu ous flow throughout the year with minor seasonal variations. Such conditions prevail mainly in colder countries but rarely in tropical regions. The storage needed is minor and can be created by building a barrage across the river, which raises the water level creat ing some head for power gen erati on. The site chosen should be on a stable reach of the river with stable bed and banks. The maximum flood an ticipated should have a low value and water should not carry muchsedime nt. Creati ng a small pool does not create problems of land acquisiti on and does not substantially alter the original topography along the banks of the river as submergence is low. This pool may also be useful for n avigati on (Fig.1.3).Such pla nts are quite popular in Europe. A cha in of such pla nts have bee n con structed on the Danube to fully utilize its power and navigation potential.Diversion Canal PlantsThese diversi on type of pla nts can gen erate power, tak ing adva ntage of the level differe nce on a curved mean deri ng stretch of a river with a steep bed-slope.A divers ion canal with a flat slope in which the flow from the river is diverted takes off from the higher reaches of the main river. A weir is constructed at the end of the canal to create a small pool of water, called the forebay. The water from the forebay is fed by means of the pen stocks to the powerhouse situated in the low reach of the river (Fig.1.4).Pumped Storage Plants A pumped-storage pla nt uses two reservoirs, one located at a much higher elevati on tha n the other. During periods of low dema nd for electricity, such as ni ghts and weeke nds, en ergy is stored by revers ing the turb in es a nd pump ing water from the lower to the upper reservoir. The stored water can later be released to turn the turb ines and gen erate electricity as it flows back into the lower reservoir.* ju IntakeFig.1.4 Diversio n hydropower plantThese are peak load pla nts where water is pumped up to a higher level duri ng off peak periods to gen erate peak power duri ng the high dema nd period.Gantry CraneRepEbM F^jmp-turbrieFig.1.5 Pumped storage pla ntTidal Power PlantsThese depend on tides for generating power. This source is unconventional and a lot of importa nee is being give n to this type of pla nt.1.6.3 Classification on the Basis of Available HeadsThere are various classificati ons of hydroelectric power pla nts. Based on the total head of water available the hydroelectric power pla nts are classified in to three types: low head hydroelectric power plants, medium head hydroelectric power plants, and high head hydroelectrci power pla nts.163.1 Low head hydroelectric power plantsFig.1.6 Cross-sectio n of a typical low head pla ntThe low head hydroelectric power plants are the ones in which the available water head is less than 30 meters. The dam in this type of power plants is of very small head may be eve n of few meters only. In certa in cases weir is used and in other cases there is no dam at all and merely flowing water in the river is used for generation of electricity. The low head types of hydroelectric power pla nts cannot store water and electricity is produced only when sufficient flow of water is available in the river. Thus they produce electricity only duri ng particular seas ons whe n abundant flow of water is available. Since the head of water is very small in these hydroelectric power plants, they have lesser power produci ngcapacity .In such pla nts Fran cis, Propeller or Kapla n types of turb ines are used. Also no surge tank is required.163.2 Medium head hydroelectric power plantsThe hydroelectric power plants in which the working head of water is more than 30 meters but less tha n 300 meters are called medium head hydroelectric power pla nts. These hydroelectric power pla nt are usually located in the mountainous regi ons where the rivers flows at high heights, thus obtaining the high head of the water in dam becomes possible. In medium head hydroelectric plants dams are constructed behind which there can be large reservoir of water. Water from the reservoir can be take n to the power gen erati on system where electricity is gen erated. The turb ines used are Fran cis type of the steel en cased variety.Fig.1.7 Cross-sectio n of a typical medium head pla nt1.6.3.3 High head hydroelectric power plantsIn the high head hydroelectric power plants the head of water available for producing electricity is more than 300 meters and it can extend even up to 1000 meters. These are the most commonly constructed hydroelectric power plants. In the high head hydroelectric power pla nts huge dams are con structed across the rivers. There is large reservoir of water in the dams that can store water at very high heads. Water is mainly stored duri ng the rainy seas onsand it can be used throughout the year. Thus the high head hydroelectric power pla nts can gen erate electricity throughout the year. The high head hydroelectric power pla nts are very importa nt in the n ati onal grid because they can be adjusted easily to produce the power as per the required loads.Whe n con struct ing the high head types of hydroelectric power pla nts a nu mber of factors especially those related to the environment and natural ecosystem of the land and water should be con sidered. The total height of the dam depe nds upon a nu mber of factors like qua ntity of available water, power to be gen erated, surro unding areas, n atural ecosystem etc.Mainly in these plants pressure tunnel is provided before the surge tank, which in turn conn ected to pen stock. A pressure tunnel is take n off from the reservoir and water brought to the valve house (not show n in picture) at the start of the pen stocks. The pen stocks are huge steel pipes which take large qua ntity of water from the valve house to the power house. The valve house contains main sluice gates and in additi on automatic isolati ng valves which come into operati on whe n the pen stock bursts, cutt ing further supply of water. Surge tank is an ope n tank and is built just in betwee n the begi nning of the pen stocks and the valve house. In abse nee of surge tank, the water hammer can damage thefixed gates. Normally the high head pla nts are 500 meters above and for heads above 500 meters Pelt on wheels are used.Fig.1.8 Cross-secti on of a typical high head pla nt2 HYDRAULIC TURBINES2.1 IntroductionHydraulic turbines are machines which convert water energy into mechanical energy. So they can be considered as motors run by water. Water stored in a reservoir at higher level flows through the turbine to the tail race channel situated at a lower level imparting potential energy to the turbine.The theoretical foundations of the modern turbine were laid by Euler. The first practical turbines were made by Fourneyron and Bourdin. Forneyron installed a 40 H.P. turbine at St. Blassius, France in 1835. Other prominent names in the field are Pelton, Francis and Kaplan. The impulse turbine is named after Pelton who contributed a lot to its development. The mixed flow reaction turbine is named after Francis, who built the first well designed unit in 1849. The movable blade propeller type turbine is named after Kaplan.The function of a water turbine is to rotate the generator coupled to it to produce electricity. The conversion of energy to the electrical form is necessary because electrical energy can be transmitted over long distances with proportionately very small losses compared to mechanical or hydraulic energy.2.1.1 Sub-systems of a Water TurbineEssentially any water turbine must have the following sub-systems:(i) Guide passages to admit water to the rotating element with minimum loss of energy. (ii) A governing mechanism to instantaneously adjust the quantity of water being admitted, to match the load fluctuations.(iii) A rotating element or a runner where the conversion of energy takes place. A torque is developed which rotates the generator coupled to the turbine.(iv) Passages to lead the water out of the turbine body.In the case of water turbines, the density remains constant while water is passing through all above stages. In steam turbines and gas turbines the density varies. Hence their construction differs materially from water turbines.2.2 Classification of Water TurbinesThe water turbines are divided into two main categories: the impulse type and reaction type (Fig.2.1). In the impulse type, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet such that all the pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy. This jet hits one of a series buckets mounted on a runner. Because of the impact, the runner is rotated about the axis. Therefore the turbine is called the impulse turbine. The water comes out of the nozzle at atmospheric pressure. Hence the pressure throughout the turbine is atmospheric, i.e., constant. Therefore the turbine is also called a constant pressure turbine.bucketstationarynozzleFig.2.1 Prin ciple of the basic impulse turbi ne (left) and react ion turbi ne (right)The reacti on type of turb ine works on the prin ciple of react ion. Water en ters the turbi ne at high pressure and low velocity in the guide passage. Some pressure energy is conv erted in to kin etic en ergy and water the n en ters the runner (rotor) and pressure en ergy is successively con verted into kin etic en ergy. As the water flow ing through the runner is accelerated, it creates a reaction on the runner vane and the runner is rotated (Fig.2.2). As the static fluid pressure acts on both sides the vane, it does not do any work. Work is en tirely done due to con vers ion of en ergy into kin etic form. It is to be no ted that relative velocity goes on in creas ing from inlet to outlet though the absolute velocity decreases. In a reaction turbine water is under pressure and the turbine is filled with water when work ing. Therefore, the turb ine must be en closed in a cas ing which should be able to withstand the pressure. In the case of an impulse turbine, the casing protects the runner and does not allow the water to splash out. It does not serve any hydraulic function. In a reaction turbine, water can be admitted all over the runner at one time. Therefore, it is sometimes called a full admissi on turb ine.Fluid inletFig.2.2 Francis turbi ne (react ion type)Only three turb ines have served the test of time. They are Pelt on turb ines of the impulse type and Francis and Kapla n turb ines of the react ion type.Therefore, these three will be discussed in some detail. Rece ntly, ano ther type of turb ine known as Deriaz turb ine or diag onal flow turb ine has bee n developed which is a cross between a Francis turbine and a Kaplan turbine.2.3 Pelton TurbineThe Pelt on turbi ne (Fig.2.3) is an impulse type of turb in e. It was n amed after L.A.Pelo n (1829-1908) who in 1880, patented and improved the form of impulse wheels. In impulse turbine, water flows out of a nozzle in the form of a jet in the atmosphere, converting hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. The jet delivers an impact to one of a series of blades mounted on the runner, which starts rotating. As the pressure is atmospheric and constant, this turbine is also called constant pressure turbine. This turbine is essentially a high head turb ine and is curre ntly being used for a head range of 300 m to 1800 m. The specific speed range is from Ns=4 to Ns=70.The turb ine esse ntially con sists of three comp onen ts: (i) the in jector (ii) the runner and (iii) the cas ing.2.3.1 InjectorThe fun cti on of the injector are (a) to direct the water received from the pen stock at the proper an gle on the runner (b) to vary the quality of water to suit in sta ntan eousload con diti ons, thereby gover ning the turb ine.The injectors are located either at the end of a bend fitted to the pen stock of in the case of multi-nozzle turbines, or at the end of the distribution branches.The injector consists of (a) a nozzle (b) a spear rod also called a needle and (c) a deflector. The spear rod slides coaxially in the nozzle. Its movement controls the area of the nozzle opening and therefore the quantity of water being admitted to the runner.Fig.2.3 Cross sect ion of a Pelt on turb ine2.3.2 RunnerThis consists of a cylindrical disc with the blades mounted on its periphery (Fig.2.4).The blades, also called buckets, look like twin hemi-ellipsoided cups joined in the middle by means of a ridge. This shape is give n to obta in maximum efficie ncy con diti ons. The jet of water enters the bucket in the center, bifurcates into two portions and travels over the bucket and leaves at the outlet tips. This bifurcation counter balances any axial thrust developed.Fig.2.4 An in tegrally cast Pelt on turbi ne runnerThe jet is deflected at an an gle of 168o to 176o, such that it just clears the back of the succeed ing bucket.For the most efficient conditions, the jet should hit the bucket perpendicularly. But this is not always possible as each bucket intercepts the jet at an angle of 2 n/n (where n = nu mber of buckets). For the jet to hit the bucket perpe ndicularly for the maximum time, the buckets are inclined backwards to the radius, the inclination varying from 10to 18oA notch is provided at the tip of the bucket, so that the succeeding bucket does not interfere with the jet hitting the previous bucket.The nu mber of bucket is decided by two con diti ons:(i) The nu mber must be adequate to the in tercept the jet at all times and no water should go to the tail race directly without imparting energy to the runner.(ii) The nu mber of buckets provided curre ntly varies from 18 to 24, though the extreme limits may be from 14 to 30.2.3.3 Number of NozzlesThe Pelt on turb in e can have either a horiz on tal axis or a vertical axis layout. If the axis is horizontal, the runner can be fed either by one nozzle or by two nozzles (Fig.2.4). Sometimes the turbi ne may have twin runners placed side by side or alter natively, the gen erator may be drive n by two turb ines placed on either side.In the vertical shaft disposition, there is only one runner, the number of nozzles varying from 2 to 6, though most of the turb ines have either 4 or 6 no zzles (Fig.2.5).Fig.2.5 Distributor of a six no zzle Pelt on turbi ne2.3.4 DistributorTo feed water to these no zzles a distributor is provided which a pipe attached to the end of pen stock. For a two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout, the distributor is Y-shaped with bends being attached to the two arms of the bifurcate for mounting of the injectors (Fig.2.6). The angle of the Y varies between 70cTo 90oFig.2.6 A two-no zzle horiz on tal shaft layout with Y-shaped distributorFor the vertical shaft layout, the simplest type of distributor consists of annular pipe starti ng from the pen stock with successively decreas ing cross-sectio nal area and with a runner of arms project ing in side for fitti ng of the no zzles (Fig.2.5).。
水利水电工程专业英语词汇
水利水电工程专业英语词汇施工总平面布置(施工总体布置) construction general layout 施工组织Consruction Programming 施工组织设计construction planning 施工坐标系（建筑坐标系）construction coordinate system 湿化变形soaking deformation 湿润比percentage of wetted area 湿润灌溉wetting irrigation 湿室型泵房wet-pit type pump house 湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient 湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure 湿陷系数(湿陷变形系数) coefficient of collapsibility 湿周wetted perimeter 十字板剪切试验vane shear test 石袋honeycomb 时均流速time average velocity 时均能量time average energy 时效硬化(老化) age hardening (ageing) 时针式喷灌系统(中心支轴自走式系统) central pivot sprinkler system 实测放大图surveyed amplification map 实腹柱solid column 实际材料图primitive data map 实时接线分析real time connection analysis 实时控制real-time control实时数据和实时信息real time data and real time information 实体坝solid dike 实体重力坝solid gravity dam 实物工程量real work quantity 实验站experimental station 实用堰practical weir 示流信号器liquid-flow annunciator 示坡线slope indication line 示误三角形error triangle 示踪模型tracer model 事故failure (accident) 事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident 事故低油压tripping lower oil pressure 事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal)事故运行方式accident operation mode 事故闸门emergency gate 事故照明accident lighting 事故照明切换屏accident lighting change-over panel 势波potential wave 势流potential flow 势能potential energy 势涡(自由涡) potential vortex 视差parallax 视差法测距（基线横尺视差法）subtense method with horizontal staff 视差角parallactic angle 视准线法collimation line method 视准轴（照准轴）coolimation axis 试验处理treatment of experiment 试验端子test terminal 试验项目Testing item 试验小区experimental block 试运行test run 试运行test run 收敛测量convergence measurement 收敛约束法convergence-confinement method 收缩断面vena-contracta 收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint) 收缩水深contracted depth 手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset 手动[自动]准同期manual [automatic] precise synchronization 手动调节manual regulation 手动控制manual control 手动运行manual operation 手工电弧焊manual arc welding 首曲线（基本等高线）standard contour 首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线）prime meridian 受油器oil head 枢纽布置layout of hydroproject 疏浚dredging 输电系统transmission system 输电线transmission line 输入功率试验input test 输沙量sediment runoff 输沙率sediment discharge 输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance 输水沟conveyance ditch 输水建筑物waterconveyance structure 输水渠道water conveyance canal 鼠道mole drains 鼠道犁mole plough 鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor 竖井定向测量shaft orientation survey 竖井贯流式水轮机pit turbine 竖井联系测量shaft connection survey 竖井排水drainage well 竖井式进水口shaf tintake 竖轴弧形闸门radial gate with vertic alaxes 数字地面模型digital terrain model （DTM）数字化测图digitized mapping 数字通信digital communication 数字图像处理digital image processing 数字仪表digital instrument甩负荷load dump (load rejection,load shutdown) 甩负荷试验load-rejection test (load-shutdowntest) 双层布置double storey layout 双调节调速器dual-regulation governor 双扉闸门double-leaf gate 双回线double-circuit line 双击式水轮机cross flow turbine,Banki turbine 双极高压直流系统bipolar HVDC system 双金属标bimetal bench mark 双列布置double row layout 双母线接线double-bus connection 双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam 双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct 双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft 双吸式离心泵double-suction pump 双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate 水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump 水泵比转速specific speed of pump 水泵并联扬程曲线head curve of parallel pumping system 水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线head curve of series pumping system 水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump 水泵电动机机组Motor-pump unit 水泵反常运行pump abnormal operating水泵工况(抽水工况) pump operation 水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operating point 水泵供水water feed by pump 水泵机械效率mechanical efficiency of pump 水泵机组pump unit 水泵类型Classification of pumps 水泵零部件Components of pumps 水泵流量pump discharge 水泵容积效率volumetric efficiency of pump 水泵输出功率output power of pump 水泵输入功率(水泵轴功率) input power of pump 水泵水力效率hydraulic efficiency of pump 水泵水轮机Pump-turbine 水泵无流量输入功率no-discharge power of pump 水泵效率pump efficiency 水泵扬程(水泵总扬程) total head of pump 水泵站Pumping Station 水泵装置pump system 水锤(水击) water hammer 水锤泵站hydrauli cram pump station 水锤波(水击波) wave of water hammer 水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer 水电站Hydroelectric Station 水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station (hydroelectric power station) 水电站保证出力firm power, firm output 水电站厂房(发电厂房) power house 水电站厂房的类型Types of power house of hydroelectric station 水电站出力power output of hydropower station 水电站出力和发电量Power and energy output of hydropower station 水电站的水头、流量、水位Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station 水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station 水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station 水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station 水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station 水电站引用流量quotative discharge of hydropower station 水电站装机容量installed capacity of hydropower station 水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station 水跌hydraulic drop 水动力学Hydrodynamics 水斗bucket 水斗式水轮机(贝尔顿式水轮机) pelton turbine 水工建筑物hydraulic structure 水工建筑物的类别及荷载Classification and load of hydraulic structures 水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure 水工金属结构及安装Metal Structures and Their Installation 水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel 水工隧洞Hydraulic tunnels 水工隧洞构造Components of hydraulic tunnel 水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels 水管冷却pipe cooling 水柜water pool 水环真空泵liquid ring pump 水灰比water-cement ratio 水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall) 水静力学Hydrostatics 水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir 水库测量reservoir survey 水库串联运用operation of serial-connected reservoirs 水库调度reservoir operation 水库调度图graph of reservoir operation 水库回水变动区fluctuating back water zone of reservoir 水库浸没reservoir immersion 水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding 水库库底清理cleaning of reservoir zone 水库泥沙Reservoir sediment 水库泥沙防治Prevention of sediment 水库年限ultimate life of reservoir 水库渗漏reservoir leakage 水库水文测验reservoir hydrometry 水库塌岸bank ruin of reservoir 水库特征库容Characteristic capacity of reservoir 水库特征水位Characteristic level of reservoir 水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir 水库蓄清排浑clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing 水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation 水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoir inundation 水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation 水库淹没界线测量reservoir inundation line survey 水库淹没区zone of reservoir inundation 水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation 水库异重流density current in reservoir 水库异重流排沙sediment releasing by density current 水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake 水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir 水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey 水库淤积极限limit state of sediment deposition in reservoir 水库淤积平衡比降equilibrium slope of sediment deposition in reservoir 水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extension of reservoir deposition 水库淤积纵剖面longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir 水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing 水库自然滞洪free flood retarding 水冷式空压机water-cooled compressor 水力半径hydraulic radius 水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling 水力冲填坝hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin 水力粗糙度hydraulic roughness 水力粗糙区hydraulic roughness region 水力共振hydraulic resonance 水力光滑区hydraulic smooth 水力机械Hydraulic Machinery 水力机械与电气设备HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT 水力机组hydropower unit 水力机组测试Measurement and test for hydropower unit 水力机组的安装和试运行Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit 水力机组调节系统Regulating system of hydropower unit 水力机组辅助系统Auxiliary system for hydropower unit 水力开挖hydraulic excavation 水力坡降(水力比降) hydraulic slope (energy gradient) 水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method 水力侵蚀(水蚀) water erosion 水力学Hydraulics 水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements 水力指数hydraulic exponent 水力自动闸门hydraulic operating gate 水力最优断面optimal hydraulic cross section 水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project 水利计算Computation of water conservancy 水利区划zoning of water conservancy 水利枢纽hydroproject 水利水电工程等别rank of hydroproject 水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING 水利水电工程技术术语标准Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering 水利水电工程勘测SURVEYAND INVESTIGATION FOR HYDROENGINEERING 水利水电工程施工CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 水量分布曲线water distribution curve 水流动力轴线(主流线) dynamic axis of flow 水流连续方程continuity equation of flow 水流流态State of flow 水流阻力和能头损失Flow resistance and head loss 水轮泵站turbine-pump station 水轮发电机Hydraulic generator 水轮发电机hydraulic turbine-driven synchronous generator (hydro-generator) 水轮发电机组Hydraulic turbine-generator unit 水轮发电机组hydraulic turbine-generator unit 水轮机hydraulic turbine, water turbine 水轮机[水泵]额定流量rated discharge of turbine[pump] 水轮机安装Installation of hydraulic turbine 水轮机安装高程setting of turbine 水轮机保证出力guaranteed output of turbine 水轮机比转速specific speed of turbine 水轮机参数和特性Turbine parameters and turbine characteristics水轮机层turbine storey (turbine floor) 水轮机的机械效率mechanical efficiency of turbine 水轮机的容积效率volumetric efficiency of turbine 水轮机的水力效率hydraulic efficiency of turbine 水轮机调节系统turbine regulating system 水轮机调节系统静特性试验static characteristic test of regulation system of hydraulic turbine 水轮机调速器turbine governor 水轮机额定输出功率(水轮机额定出力) rated output of turbine 水轮机飞逸转速runaway speed of turbine 水轮机工况(发电工况) turbine operation 水轮机空载流量no-load dischargeof turbine 水轮机类型Classification of turbines 水轮机零、部件Components of hydraulic turbine 水轮机流量turbine discharge 水轮机模型试验model test of turbine 水轮机磨蚀与振动Erosion and vibration of hydraulic turbine 水轮机气蚀系数cavitation factor of turbine,cavitation coefficient of turbine 水轮机设计水头design head of turbine 水轮机试运行Test runof hydraulic turbine 水轮机室turbine casing 水轮机输出功率(水轮机出力) turbine output 水轮机输入功率turbine input power 水轮机水头(水轮机净水头) turbine net head 水轮机吸出水头损失suction head loss of turbine 水轮机效率turbine efficiency 水轮机压力管道(高压管道) penstock 水轮机引水室turbine flume 水轮机主轴turbine main shaft 水轮机最大输出功率(水轮机最大出力) maximum output of turbine 水轮机最高效率maximum efficiency of turbine 水面曲线water surface profile 水面蒸发量evaporation from water surface 水能waterpower, hydropower 水能计算hydropower computation 水能开发方式Types of hydropower development 水能利用Water power utilization 水能利用规划waterpower utilization planning 水能资源(水力资源) waterpower resources, hydropower resources 水泥比表面积specific surface of cement 水泥罐cement silo 水泥水化热hydration heat of cement 水泥体积安定性soundness of cement 水平底坡horizontal slope 水平地质剖面图geological plan 水平度levelness 水平沟horizontal ditches 水平阶地horizontal terraces 水平位移工作点operative mark of horizontal displacement水平位移观测horizontal displacement observation 水平位移基点datum mark of horizontal displacement 水生态学hydrobiology 水头water head 水头损失head loss 水头预想出力expected power, expected output 水土保持soil and water conservation 水土保持工程措施Soil and water conservation works 水土保持规划Planning of soil and water conservation 水土保持林业措施Afforestation measures for soil and water conservation 水土流失Soilandwaterloss 水土流失(土壤侵蚀) soil erosion(soil and waterloss) 水位water stage (water level) 水位、流速、流量Water stage, flow velocity, flow discharge 水位传导系数coefficient of water level conductivity 水位调节装置water level regulator 水位计water-level gauge 水位流量关系曲线stage-discharge relation curve 水位信号water-level indicating signal 水位站water stage gauging station 水文测验hydrometry 水文测站hydrometrical station 水文测站和站网Hydrometrical station and network 水文地质Hydrogeology水文地质基础Basichydrogeology 水文地质试验Hydrogeologicaltest 水文地质图hydrogeological map 水文调查hydrological investigation 水文分析计算Hydrological analysis and computation 水文观测hydrological observation 水文观测Hydrological observation and measurement 水文过程线hydrograph 水文核技术nucleartechnology in hydrology 水文计算Hydrologic computation 水文计算及水文预报Hydrological Computation and Forecasing 水文空间技术space technology in hydrology 水文模型hydrological model 水文年鉴hydrological almanac(hydrological yearbook) 水文频率曲线hydrological frequency curve 水文手册hydrological handbook 水文统计hydrological statistics 水文图集hydrological atlas 水文遥测技术hydrological telemetering technology 水文要素hydrological data 水文预报Hydrological forecast 水文站hydrometrical station 水文站网hydrological network 水文资料整编hydrological data processing 水系(河系,河网) hydrographic net(river system) 水下爆破under water blasting 水下地形测量underground topographic survey 水下混凝土浇筑underwater concreting 水下接地网under water earthed network 水压力hydraulic pressure 水跃hydraulic jump 水跃长度length of hydraulic jump 水跃高度height of hydraulic jump 水跃函数hydraulic jump function 水跃消能率coefficient of energy dissipation of hydraulic jump 水运动学Hydrokinematics 水运动学及水动力学Hydrokinematics and hydrodynamics 水闸sluice (barrage) 水闸类型Classification of sluices 水闸组成部分Components of sluice 水质water quality 水质标准water quality standard 水质监测站water quality monitoring station 水质评价water quality assessment 水质污染Water quality pollution 水质预报water quality forecast水中起动starting in water 水中起动力矩starting torque in water 水柱water column 水坠坝sluicing siltation earth dam 水准测量leveling 水准点benchmark 水准路线leveling line 水准器分划值（水准器角值，水准器格值）scale value of level 水准网平差adjustment of leveling network 水准仪（水平仪）level 水准仪与经纬仪Leveland theodolite 水资源water resources 水资源规划water resources planning 水资源开发利用Development and utilization of water resources 水资源开发利用water resources development 税金tax 顺坝longitudinal dike (training dike) 顺坡(正坡) positive slope 顺行波advancing downstream wave 顺序控制系统sequential control system 顺直型河流straight river 瞬动电流instantaneous acting current 瞬发雷管(即发雷管) instantaneous blasting cap 瞬时沉降(弹性沉降,初始沉降,形变沉降) initial settlement 瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph 瞬时电流速断保护(无时限电流速断保护) instantaneous over current cut-off protection 瞬时流速instantaneous velocity 瞬态法finite increment method 死库容(垫底库容) dead storage 死区dead band 死水位minimum pool level(dead water level) 松动爆破loosening blasting (crumbling blasting) 松方loose measure 松散系数bulk factor 素混凝土(无筋混凝土) plain concrete 素图simple map 速动时间常数promptitude time constant 速度环量velocity circulation 速度三角形velocity triangle 速凝(瞬时凝结) quick set (flash set) 速凝剂accelerator 塑料导爆管(传爆管) plastic primacord tube 塑限(塑性限度,塑性界限含水量) plastic limit 塑性铰plastic hinge 塑性指数plasticity index 溯源冲刷[淤积] backward erosion[deposition] 算术平均粒径arithmetic mean diameter 算术平均水头arithmetic average head 算术平均效率arithmetic average efficiency 随动系统servo system 随动系统不准确度inaccuracy of servosystem 随机波random wave 随机性水文模型(非确定性水文模型) stochastic hydrological model 碎部点（地形特征点）detail point 碎裂结构clastic structure 碎屑结构clastic texture 隧洞衬砌tunnel lining 隧洞导流tunnel diversion 隧洞渐变段tunnel transition section 隧洞开挖tunnel excavation 隧洞排水tunnel drainage 隧洞钻孔爆破法(隧洞钻爆法) drill-blast tunneling method 损失容积(死容积) lost volume 缩限(收缩界限) shrinkage limit 锁坝closure dike 锁定装置dog device (latch device,gate lock device) 锁锭装置locking device (checking device) 它励(它激) separate excitation 塔式进水口tower intake 踏面rolling face 台车式启闭机platform hoist 台阶结构面step structural plane 台阶掘进法heading and bench method 坍落度slump坍落拱collapse arch 探槽exploratoryt rench 探洞exploratory adit 探井exploratory shaft 探坑exploratory pit 碳素钢(碳钢) carbon steel 塘堰pond 掏槽孔(掏槽眼) cut hole 套管casing pipe 套闸(双埝船闸) doubledike lock 特大暴雨extraordinary rainstorm 特大洪水extraordinary flood 特高压(特高电压) ultra-high voltage (U.H.V.) 特类钢(C类钢) type C steel 特殊地区施工增加费additional cost for special condition 特殊荷载specia lload (unusual load) 特殊荷载组合special load combination 特性和参数Characteristics and parameters 特性阻抗(波阻抗) characteristic impedance (wave impedance) 特征线法characteristics method 特征斜率characteristic slope 梯段爆破bench blasting 梯级水电站cascade hydroelectric station 梯形堰trapezoidal weir 锑恩锑(三硝基甲苯) TNT (trinitroto luene) 提升式升船机lifting type ship lift 提水灌溉pumping irrigation 提水排水pumping drainage 体积模量bulk modulus 体积压缩系数coefficient of volume compressibility 天然骨料natural aggregate 天然密度(天然容重) natural density(naturalunitweight) 天文潮astronomical tide 田间持水量field capacity 田间工程farml and works 田间排水沟(墒沟) field ditch 田间排水试验experiment for farm land drainage 田间渠系farm canal system 田间水利用系数water efficiency in field 田间需水量(田间耗水量) water consumption on farmland 填埋式管(上埋式管) buried pipe line 填石笼gabion 填筑filling 填筑含水量placement water content(placement moisture content) 挑坎(挑流鼻坎) flip bucket。
水利水电工程专业英语——水文与水资源篇
水利水电工程专业英语——水文与水资源篇1。
Hydrological Cycle and Budget1。
水文循环与预算Hydrology is an earth science. It encompasses the occurrence，distribution, movement, and properties of the waters of the earth and their environmental relations. Closely allied fields include geology，climatology，meteorology and oceanography。
水文学是一门地球科学。
它包含地球水资源的发生、分布、运动和特质，以及其环境关系。
与之密切相关领域包括地质学，气候学，气象学和海洋学。
The hydrologic cycle is a continuous process by which water is transported from the oceans to the atmosphere to the land and back to the sea. Many sub—cycles exist. The evaporation of inland water and its subsequent precipitation over land before returning to the ocean is one example. The driving force for the global water transport system is provided by the sun, which furnishes the energy required for evaporation. Note that the water quality also changes during passage through the cycle；for example，sea water is converted to fresh water through evaporation。
(整理)水利专业英语1
生态开发整治工程ecological exploitation and regulation project Segregation 骨料分离Macadam 碎石Screed 抹面用的刮板南水北调south-to-north water diversion. •,南水北调工程divert water from the south to the north project 总规划面积the total planning area干燥少雨dry and rainless水系water system断流discontinuous flow沙化desertification污染源pollution source水源地waterhead area地下水开采量amount of groundwater mining供水量service discharge总体规划general planning一期工程first phase of construction总投资gross investment污水治理工程waste water treatment project污水处理厂sewage treatment plant排水管网network of drains生态防护林ecological shelter forest总面积gross area两岸side banks防洪工程flood control project导流堤training wall基础设施infrastructure路网road net防洪prevent or control flood汊河anabranch跌水drop河道river course复式断面compound cross section现浇混凝土on-site concrete预制混凝土precast concrete防渗结构seepage prevention示意图schematic diagram自然植被vegetation绿化带green belt湿地wetland/marsh橡胶坝rubber damBulkhead Gate 检修门，预备门Emergency Gate 事故闸门，检修闸门Frame crane 龙门吊Frequency converter 变频机Parallel to the flow direction 顺水流方向Transverse to the flow direction 垂直水流方向SEZ special economic zone 经济特区Settlement 沉陷，沉降SE by E =southeast by east 东南偏东Supporting ring 支承环；垫环Setting retarder 缓凝剂Service gate 工作闸门Stoplog gate 叠梁门Submerged gate 水下闸门Self-collapsing gate 自溃闸门Draft tube gate 尾水闸门Backwater gate 挡潮闸门，防倒灌闸门8-tonne self propelled vibrating roller 8吨振动碾a complete set of equipment 成套设备accumulation of stress 应力集中air-condition 空调alluvium [地]冲积层, 淤积层anti-abrasion concrete 耐磨混凝土as-built drawings 竣工图asphaltic 沥青bench 马道bid 出价，投标blasting cap 起爆雷管borehole 钻孔borrow 土料场catchment 集水区域closestool 马桶corbel-piece 牛腿CUT OFF WALL 齿槽culvert 涵洞dam base width 大坝底宽elevation 立视图，高程free draining 自由穿流genset=generate set 发电机gevr=grout enriched vibratable rcc 变态混凝土ha. 公倾hand operated vibrating roller 手扶振动碾fire hydrant 消防栓fire fighting 消防inspect 监理invert slab 底板joint venture 联营体LIFT 浇筑层mobile crane 汽车吊mortar 灰浆overhead 管理费parapet 栏杆, 低墙, 扶手, 胸墙rear elevation 后视图reservoir 水库, 蓄水池small backhoe 挖机soil nail 土锚钉sub-contractor 分包商switching station 开关站tipping trucks 自卸车truck with grout mixer and water tank 搅拌车Weathered 被风化的Release agent 脱模剂Segment gate 弧形闸门Overflow gate 溢流式闸门Overpour gate 顶溢式闸门Jet-flow gate 射流式闸门Minute - Minute of Progress Meeting 会议纪要Claim - 索赔、进度付款(Progressive claim)Contigency - 不可预见费Lump Sum - 总价，与单价项目对应Truss 桁架Client - 业主，有时用Employer很少Consultant - 一般为设计咨询,Advisor比Consultant 更高一级的咨询Supervisor - 监理人员fault - 断层Bench - 马道，有用的bermRebar 指螺纹钢筋而bar统指钢筋Admixture 外加剂Additive 掺和料Workability 混凝土的和易性Binder of concrete 胶凝材料Diversion Tunnel 导流洞Saddle Dam - 副坝Piping - 管涌Packer Test -压水试验Lugeon值是帷幕灌浆的主要参数倒虹吸- SiphonCulvert - 涵管Aqueduct - 渡槽Chainage - Residual Distance （R.D.）桩号Grout - 浆液\灌浆Grout mix - 混合浆液Take of grout - 吃(耗)浆量Setting - 混凝土凝固，养护-curingTest fill - 碾压试验Seepage - 渗透Failure against seepage - 渗透破坏Failure against sliding - 滑动破坏Abutment - 坝肩Foundation pit - 基坑Joint - 节理（地质），接缝（设计）Hose - 软（皮）管Embankment - 土坝。
水利水电工程专业英语词汇整理_ZCJ
A:asphalt沥青aquifer含水层adiabatic绝热的arch dam拱坝a storage or conservation reservoir蓄水水库accessory附件，配件at the foot of..坝后arch action拱效应abutment坝肩ancillary附属的available 可获得的available material 现有的材料angle折角air-driven气动annual temperature cycle稳定温度appurtenant structure次要建筑物age龄期alkali-aggregate reaction碱骨料反应absorption吸水性B:bus母线，总线be monolithic with与..连成整体bed河床be away from..引水式bulk cement散装水泥bituminous沥青的best advantage最优binding agent胶凝材料buttress dam支墩坝Bulk-mineral 矿物质batch配料batch plant拌和楼bucket料，罐C:construction施工concrete混凝土creep徐变，渗水cutoff截流constant常数condensation凝结conceptual概念上的cyclone气旋collide碰撞convection对流convergence集中conduit管道conduit system输水系统current 流c.大约的cyclopean masonry巨石cf.参阅constrain抑制concrete face面板curvature曲率cupola or double curvature arch dam双曲拱坝cut-off防渗墙categorized分类coarse-grained粗粒度的compact压实consideration考虑因素cure养护cement hydration process水泥硬化过程coarse aggregate粗骨料crane起重机cableway缆机content用量consolidate巩固consolidation密实consistency稠度closest practicable最可行的correct emphasis on恰如其分地强调crushing strength抗压强度cylinder圆柱体cube立方体cutting core取芯样chemical attack化学侵蚀crack裂缝composite material复合材料compressive strength抗压强度compressive stress压应力D:dispose处理，处置deposition沉积作用，沉淀droplet小水滴dew point露点depression洼地dissipate消散diversion system引水系统draft tube尾水管dry mortal干砂浆derivative衍生物dome圆屋顶decked buttress大头坝draw-off抽取discharge排水decked rockfill dam面板堆石坝zoned rockfill dam分区堆石坝discrete离散的defined zone分区designated指定的designation名称durability耐久性dozer推土机distribution分部desirable structure理想结构E:estuary河口evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration蒸散发eutrophication富营养化elevated提高的erosion腐蚀equator赤道energy dissipation消能empoly采用embankment dam土石坝earthfill embankment土坝escalate逐步增强，逐步上升excavate开挖external外部的elastic modules弹性模量F:feasible可行的，切实可行的feed water供水function函数，运行foerbay前池fresh water淡水flood plain洪泛区flood wall防洪墙front锋flow-control valve流量控制阀facing装饰面floor of the valley谷底flat slab buttress平板坝frictional摩擦力的fine aggregate细骨料facilitate使便利fresh concrete新拌制的混凝土fatigue strength疲劳强度flexural strength抗弯强度floor slab楼板G:generate 发电granite花岗岩groundwater地下水geo-membrane土工膜generate 产生gravity dam重力坝gate闸门guide vane导叶generator发电机gallery廊道green cut冲毛gradient梯度given特定的H:hydroelectric power station 水力发电站hydrologic cycle水文循环hydrosphere水圈hail冰雹head水头hydraulic structure水工建筑物horizontal construction joint水平施工缝hollow gravity dam空腹重力坝homogeneous section均质断面horizontal arch水平拱high-capacity mechanical plant重型机械highly mechanized process高度机械化的过程high-pressure air-water jet高压水-气喷射heat generated as cement hydrates水泥水化产生的热量harden硬化的I:interception植物截留impervious不透水的irrigation灌溉infiltration渗透intensity强度intake进水口initially最初地interval间隔integrity完整性impound蓄水instance例子impervious element防渗体intensively集中的intensive密集的incorporate采用impermeability抗渗性installation安装in some manner从某种程度上instantaneous stiffness瞬时刚度J:joint接缝K:karst岩溶Karez,Kariz坎儿井kinetic动力学的，动的L:large power station 大型电站load荷载lithosphere岩石圈levee堤防latent energy潜在能量lightened轻型的labour劳动lean贫M:masonry砖石结构，砌石meander 蜿蜒manifold多支管motion运动，移动merge汇moisture湿气，水气masonry dam圬工坝mechanical energy机械能mass concrete大体积混凝土multiple arch dam连拱坝moisture content含水量mix搅拌monolith坝段，巨型独石mix design配合比设计mixture proportioning配合比main reinforcement主筋N:navigation航运nature of duty工作特性normal maximum water level正常蓄水位nonoverflow section非溢流坝段compaction压实normal法向negative moment负弯矩O:overstressing超限应力P:perched water table上层滞水面pore 毛孔，小孔，气孔precipitation降水percolation渗水，渗漏pondage贮水pressure tunner压力隧道penstock压力管道periods of peak flows蓄水期periods of low flows枯水期power house厂房profile外形，轮廓，剖面pulverized fuel ash(PFA)粉煤灰principal主要的prominent最杰出的passage通过pervious透水的place铺筑，浇筑plant intensive机械化proportion配比preparation备仓perform实施precooling 预冷postcooling 后冷pozzolans火山灰property性质paste binder砂浆，水泥浆prefabricated units预制构件part of a structure结构部位precast concrete预筑混凝土preassemble预先绑扎,预装配permeability渗透性positive moment正弯矩preclude妨碍Q:quartzite石英岩R:runoff径流resettlement移民reservoir水库retaining structure挡水建筑物rainfall降雨rainfall intensity降雨强度rigid dam刚性坝R.C.C.（roller compacted concrete）碾压混凝土rack（trash rack）进水口拦污栅rotor转子rotate旋转rubble碎石rockfill dam堆石坝radius半径rarity罕见river diversion导流readily容易地rail有轨机车rapid placement using construction technique快速浇筑施工工艺relative proportion相对比例right angle直角S:strength强度sufficient足够的storage capacity库容saturation饱和sleet雪籽,霰sublimation升华spillway溢洪道surge tank调压室stator定子switchgear开关装置switch yard 开关站slag矿渣structurally结构上的shell壳体结构seismic disturbance地震扰动stilling basin消力池shaft竖井,轴secondary次要的secondary dam副坝section坝段supporting shoulders (心墙上下游侧的)坝壳slender薄的solid concrete structure实体砼结构site condition坝址条件slump坍落度spread摊铺successive layer连续层spud-type vibrator插入式振捣器mould 铸模，模具specimen试件simulate模拟sleeper枕木static ultimate极限静荷载splitting tensile strength劈裂抗拉强度shear strength抗剪强度stirrup箍筋steelbars钢筋stem from起源于stiffness刚度strain应变stress 应力shrinkage收缩subject受..的影响T:tracker(boat tracker) 纤夫turbid浑浊的transpiration蒸腾topography地形，地势tailwater尾水turbine涡轮transformer变压器step-up升压tailrace尾水渠transverse contraction joints横缝thermal热的term术语tensile stress拉应力tensile strength抗拉强度transverse bars横向钢筋longitudinal steel纵筋timber木材U:uniformly均一地utilize利用undergo 遭受，忍受，经历undesirable segregation and voids不理想的骨料分离和孔隙upstream上游的upstream face上游面V:variant变种volume of concrete混凝土的体积vertical垂直的vibration振捣vulnerability脆弱性vibratory rollers震动碾volume changes体积变化version版本vertical joint纵缝W:watershed流域water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering水利水电工程water table：top of zone of saturation地下水位线wetland湿地weir堰water hammer水锤water load水荷载workability工作度，和易性wet sand-blasting湿沙喷射water/cement ration水灰比weathering风化wear磨损widening开展Y:yield 屈服。
水利工程专业英语,水利水电工程从业者必备
intensity of excavation，开挖强度制爆破 sequence)overexcavation (overbreak)，超挖data of explosive filled，装药参数backfill，回填pump sump，水泵坑data of holes drilled，钻孔参数blend，混合underexcavation (underbreak)，欠挖delayed blasting，延时爆破compact，碾压underbreak treatment，欠挖处理exploratory hole，探孔controlled sprinkling，控制散水洞挖及地下开挖（tunnel and explosive quantity，药量cut the slope，削坡underground excavation) explosive quantity in a sound，单口向药dump，卸料a round of excavation，一个开挖循环量 exploit，开采adit，支洞handing misfire，处理哑炮level，整平advance，进尺light charge，少量装药load，装料advanced depth，进尺深度loosening blasting，松动爆破moisture condition，分水调节breaking hole，崩落孔pattern，布孔方式place and spread，摊铺cushion hole，缓冲孔distance between holes，孔足巨remove，清除drift，掏槽distance between rows，排距replace，重新填筑bottom drift，底部掏槽post shearing blasting，微差爆破retread (do the work again)，返工center drift，中心掏槽prespliting blasting，预裂参数scarify，翻松，刨毛side drift，边部掏槽quantity of holes，孔数screen and wash，筛分禾口冲洗top drift，顶部掏槽smooth blasting，光面爆破take s sample，取样drilling，钻孔岩石支护（rock support)test，测试driving (progress) rate，进尺率expansion shell rock bolt，胀壳式张拉transport，运输easer，掏槽孔锚杆 treat，处理erecting supports for the roof and side feature rock anchor，随机锚索trim，休整wall，对顶拱及边墙进行支护 feature rock bolt，随机张拉锚杆缺陷（defects)full face excavation，全断面开挖feature rock dowel，随机砂浆锚杆calcium particles姜石heading and bench excavation，导洞与feature rock reinforcement，随机加固contaminated material，受污染料台阶开挖 lattice girder，钢珩架，格够大梁declination of the boundary，料界偏差loading and hauling muck (mucking)，pattern cement grouted rock dowel，系dry，干燥装拉碴 统水泥砂浆锚杆 lack of comp action， 漏压loading (charging)，装药pattern resin grouted rock dowel，系统lump，结块perimeter hole，周边孔树脂浆锚杆 muddy，泥泞pilot tunnel，导洞pattern rock dowel，系统砂浆锚杆oversize material，超粒径料removing dust，除尘pattern rock reinforcement，系统加 固pocket，囊穴removing ground water，清除地面积permanent rock support，永久支护seepage，渗流水 post-tensioned cement grouted tendon separation，分离shooting the explosive (blasting)，方文rock anchor，后张拉水泥浆锚索shear area，剪力区炮，爆破 rebound material，回弹料lens，透镜体top heading excavation，上导、洞开挖return rock bolt，回头张拉锚杆其他（others)ventilation，通风return rock reinforcement，回头加固bonding surface，结合面钻孔爆破（drilling and blasting) shotcrete anchorage，喷锚byproduct，副产品abandoned hole，废孔shotcrete with wire mesh，挂网喷砼controlling parameter，控制参数average hole depth，平均孔深steel fabric shotcrete，钢纤维喷砼fill placement record，填筑记录average quantity used in unit volume steel rib，钢拱架frog area，蛙夯区blasted，平均单耗temporary rock support，临时支护required embankment，必要填方blasting result，爆破结果tensioned resin grouted rock bolt，树月旨subzone，分区blockness，块度张拉锚杆 混凝土（concrete)controlled perimeter blasting，周边控air-entrained concrete ( aerated土石料的填筑及碾压（working 2concrete)加气混凝土缺陷（defects) impermeability，抗渗性asphalt concrete，沥青混凝土bug hole (pitted surface)麻面initial setting strength，初凝强度blinding concrete，垫层混凝土cavity狗洞mix design，配合比设计cast-in-site (site，place) concrete，cold joint，冷缝resistance to freezing and thawing，抗现浇混凝土 crack，裂缝洞融性plastic concrete，塑性混凝土deformation，变形shear strength，抗剪强度fibrous concrete，纤维混凝土depression，坑洼slump，塌落度fist stage concrete，一期混凝土fire-damaged concrete，火损坑specific weight/gravity，比重foamed concrete，泡沬混凝土formwork shifting (moving)，跑模stability against sliding，抗滑稳定性high-performance concrete，高性會旨混grout leakage，漏浆（挂帘）strain，应变凝土 honeycomb，蜂窝surface finish，表面平整度high-strength concrete，高强混凝土incomplete vibration，不完全振捣，tensile strength，抗拉强度intrusion concrete，压浆混凝土漏振 tensile stress，拉应力lean concrete (poor concrete)，贫混irregularity，不规贝丨J thermal stress，温度应力凝土 segregation (bleeding)，离析water-cement ratio，水灰比lightweight aggregate concrete，轻骨stair (staggered joint)，错台working stress，工作应力料混凝土 tie rod hole，拉杆孔其他（others)mass concrete，大体积混凝土water leakage，漏水acceptance，验收non-fines concrete，无砂混凝土water seepage，渗水age，龄期non-plastic concrete，干硬性混凝土夕卜加齐1J(admixture) aggregate，骨料non-shrinkage concrete无受缩混凝accelerator，速凝剂fine aggregate，细骨料土 air-entraining agent，弓 1气齐lj coarse aggregate，粗骨料normal concrete，常态混凝土bloating (bulking，expansion) agent，air pocket，气囊plain concrete，素混凝土膨胀剂 airtightness，气密性porous concrete，多孔混凝土coloring admixture，着色剂alternative，替代物，替换方法prestressed concrete，预应力混凝土early-strength admixture，早强齐lj apply，应用，施加 reinforced concrete，钢筋混凝土gas-forming admixture，发气齐lj bending moment，弯矩pump concrete，泵送混凝土fluidizer，塑化剂block，仓号roller compacted concrete (rollcrete)，retarding agent，缓凝齐lj binding strength，黏结强度碾压混凝土 set-controlling admixture，调凝齐lj calibration，标定second stage concrete，二期混凝土super-plastidzer，增塑齐lj，高效减水cement anchor，锚固卷作业（activity) 剂 concrete plug，混凝土塞clearance (cleaning)，清理surface-active agent，表面活性齐lj concrete precast element，混凝土预制concrete pouring( placement，casting)，water-reducing agent，减水齐lj 件混凝土养护 accelerating water reducer，速凝型减concrete release sheet，发料单curing，养护水剂 construction joint，施工缝membrance curing，薄膜养护retarding water reducer，缓凝型减水contamination/pollution，污染moist curing，湿润养护剂 conversion (reconstruction)，改建normal curing，标准养护waterproof agent，防水齐lj coverage，覆盖范围stream curing，蒸汽养护指标（indexes)curing agent，养护齐U repairing，修补compressive strength，抗压强度delivery sheet，运料单scabbling (chipping， roughening)，compressive stress，压应力direct discharge，直接入仓凿毛 concrete class，混凝土等级elevation，高程，正视图greencutting，冲毛final strength，终凝强度epoxy mortar application，环氧砂浆抹surface finishing，收面graduation，级配面vibrating，振捣graduation curveexisting，现有的，级配曲线 3piston，活塞steel basin，搅拌槽point to be located，待定点plug，堵头strain meter，应变计position，定位，位置reducer socket，变径管套temperature sensor，温度传感器reconnaissance，选点，踏勘return pipe，回浆管terminal station，集线站reference point，参考点tee piece，三通管其他（others) second order triangulation，二等三角reducer tee piece，变径三通管check hole，检查孔测量swivel-clamp，转卡compartment，灌区set out，放线，放样u-bend， U弯头dense mix，浓浆stake-line，测桩线union，活接头foundation uplift，基础隆起state plane coordinate system，国家平ventilation pipe，排气管grout hole，灌浆孔面坐标系water supply，水包instrument hole，仪器孔survey point，测点参数及指标（parameter and indexes)primary， secondary and tertiary grout theoretical point，理论点consistency，稠度holes，一序、二序、三序灌浆孔 traverse，导线，导线测量，横段 fineness，会田度度split spacing，加密灌浆孔举距error of traverse，导线闭合差grout take，吃浆量waste mix，弃浆lattice traverse，网格状导线high take，吃浆量大测量（survey)long side traverse，长导线grouting pressure，灌浆压力测量方法及术语（method and terms)open traverse，非闭合导线leakage rate，漏水率adjust，校正，调整 short side traverse，短导线lugeon，吕容adjustment，平差traverse closure，导线闭合mix proportion，浆比allowance，容许误差traverse station，导线点pumping rate，迸浆率backsight point，后视点traverse survey，导线测量refusal criteria，拒浆标准basic point，基础点triangulation，三角测量refusal time，拒浆时间bench mark，水准点triangulation network，三角网water absorption，吸水率compass，罗盘triangulation of high order，高等级三仪器设备（plant and instrument)chainage (station number)，桩号角网agitator，搅拌站chain of triangulation，三角锁triangulation point，三角点automatic recorder，自动记录仪check，校核，对照 triangulation，三角测量chiller plant (cooling plant)，制冷站control point，控制点vertical-control net，高程控制网displacement point，位移点coordinate point，坐标点wood pile，木桩electronic grout flow meter，电子流量datum，基准面，己知数，数据 角度测量(angular measurement)计 datum point，基准点azimuth，方位角extensometer，变位计deviation，偏差bearing，方位，象限flow transmitter，流量传感器easily identifiable point，容易识另丨J点bubble，气泡，水准器 foundation displacement indicator，基error，误差circle，度盘，圆盘础位移指示器 first order triangulation，一等三角测circular bubble，圆水准器grout pump，灌浆泵量 collimation axis，视准轴hydrometer，比重计geodetic，大地测量学的cross-line (cross-hair)，十字丝joint meter，测缝计geodetic surveying，大地测量depression angle，俯角mixing plant，制浆站joint survey，联合测量elevation angle，仰角monitor，监测器known point，己知点eyepiece (ocular)，目镜osmometer，渗压计level surface，水准面field pole，标杆pendulum，钟摆local triangulation networks，局部三角foot-screw，脚螺栓portable instrument，便携式仪器网 horizontal angle，水平角pressure gauge，压力表national coordination system，国家坐mark，标志点，标明 pressure sensor，压力传感器标网 objective lens，物镜reinforcement meter，钢筋计observeplumb (plummet)，铅锤，垂线，观测，监视 5sight，瞄准，观测 automatic level，自动定平水准仪object，地物，目标target，目标，瞄准 difference in altitude (difference of plan，平面图，略图 theodolite，经纬仪elevation，height difference)，高差plot，绘图transverse axis，禾黄车由error of closure in leveling，水准闭合profile，断面，纵剖面，断面图 tripod，三脚架差 record，记录，资料vertical angle，竖直角exact leveling，精（确置）平setup，定置仪器vertical axis，竖车由level，水准仪，水准测点 site location，定位望远镜（telescope) level circuit，水准闭合环stake out，放样，定线，立桩 centering，对中level shoe，水准尺垫symbol，符号，记号face left，盘左line of level，水准线路topographic detail，地形细部face right，盘右national geodetic vertical datum，国家topographic map，地形图focus，集中，焦点 大地高程基准面 原型观测focusing，调焦reduced level，归化高差观测仪器与设施（instrumentation and index error，指标，误差run back，返测facilities)inverted position of telescope(reverse run out，往测air-entraining meter，掺气计telescope)，倒镜，盘右three-wire leveling，三丝法水准测量Carlson-type piezometer，卡尔逊式渗normal position of telescope (direct 地形测量（topographic survey)压计telescope)，正镜，盘左boundaty，界线，边线concrete strain meter，混凝土应变计optical plummet，光学垂准器construction stake，施工标桩convergent point，收敛观测点round，测回contour，等高线direct plumb line，正垂线set，套，组 contour interval，等高距earth pressure cell，土压力盒station，测站contouring，绘等高线embankment piezometer，坝体渗压计足巨离测量（distance measurement)contour-length method，等高线延长法embankment strain meter，提应变计barometer，气压计contour line，等高线extended wire，引张线base line (basic line，datum line)，基control network，控制网foundation piezometer，基石出渗压计线 detail，细部详图horizontal inclinometer，水平测斜仪battery，电池draw，绘图hydraulic instrument，水力学仪器EDM ( electromagnetic distance field，外业hydrophone，水听器measurement)，电池波测足巨fix，固定，确定 inclinometer casing，测斜管Filter，滤光片，滤波器 form line，地形线interface joint meter，界面变位计laser alignment system，激光准直系统grid，格网inverted plumb line，倒垂线laser beam，激光束infomation，注记，资料，情报micro piezometer，微压计prism，棱镜marginal information，图廓注记multiple position extensometer，多点range，测程，距离 large-scale，大比例尺的位移计long range，远程latitude，纬度，范围observation point，观测标点medium range，中程latitude circle，维圈observation well，观测井short range，短程latitude line，纬线optical alignment line，视准线range finder，测足巨仪legend，图例plate strain meter，钢板计signal，信号location，定线，定位pneumatic piezometer，气压式气压计spring balance，弹簧禾平longitude，经度pressure fluctuation meter，脉动压力tape，卷尺longitude circle，经圈prestressed tendon anchorage invar tape，钢卷尺longitude line，经线dynamomter，预应力锚索测力计高程测量(height measurement)map，地图，制图 rock bolt extensometer，锚杆测力计altitude/elevation，高程，高度，海拔mapping，制图，测图，地质素描 single point extensometer，单点位移approximate leveling，近4以置平，粗match line，拼接线计平 monument，标石，石柱spiral sensor，测扭仪standpipe，测压管assemble，组装apparent density，视密度static liquid level，静力水准系统couple，连接bulk density (unitweight)，容重strong-motion seismograph，强震仪embed，埋设clay lumps and friable particles in surface monument，表面标点install，安装aggregate，黏土块及易碎颗粒含量 temperature sensor，温度传感器insulate，绝缘coefficient of softening，软化系数terminal house，终端房maintenance，维护crush index，压碎指标terminal station，终端站monitor，监测dry state，干燥状态tilt meter，倾角计protection of instrumentation，仪器保exceeding and inferior grain intime average pressure cell，时均压力护 aggregate，超逊径颗粒含量计 reduce，归纳fineness modulus，会田度模数total pressure cell，总压力盒seal，密封gaping place rate，空隙率velometer，流速计splice，拼接grader retained percentage，分计筛余vertical inclinometer，垂直测斜仪supply，提供百分率vibrating wire piezometer，振弓玄式渗test，测试grain composition，颗粒级配压计资料（information) grain size，粒径vibrating wire settlement sensor，振弓玄assemble schematic，装配简图lightweight matter in aggregate，轻物式沉降仪 certificate，合格证书质含量weir with micro piezometer，带微压计description，使用说明书mica content，云母含量的量水堰 maintenance guideline，维护指南moisture content (water rate)，含水率working base point，工作基点manual，说明书mud content，含泥量zero stress-strain meter，混凝土无应operating principle，工作原理organic content有机物质含量力计 operating restraint，操作范围potential reactivity of aggregate，骨料附件及配件（accessories and spare procedure，程序潜在活性parts)trouble shooting procedure，故障分析saturation，饱禾口coil，盘绕程序 sieving curve，筛分曲线component，零部件其他（others) soft grain in aggregate，软弱颗粒含量coordinator，坐标仪annular space，环行空间soundness，坚固性damping box，阻力箱data acquisition，数据采集surface moisture content，表面含水率differential resistance，差动电阻data recording，数据记录water-soluble sulphide，水容性硫化物double layer rubber sleeve，双层护套lead drilling hole，引线孔水硬性胶凝材料（hydraulicity forced centering plate，强制对中盘permanent record，/大久记录cementitious material) instrument lead，仪器电缆readout device，读数设备age，零期invar wire，铟瓦丝saturated，饱禾口的cement mark (strength of cement，metal ring金属环seepage isolation dike，截渗提cement， cement grade)，水泥标号plumb coordinate meter，垂线坐标仪trapezoidal，梯形consumptive use of water normal pulley，滑轮水工常规试验 consistence，标准稠度用水量regulator，调节器I、degree of mobilization，流动度混凝土原材料试验（test of rawriser，立管and processed materials of concrete) dissolution heat (solution heat)，溶角早sensor，传感器骨料（aggregate) 热spool，绕轴abrasion volume by Los Angeles final set，终凝steel socket，钢底座rattler，落杉矶磨耗量 flexural strength，抗挠（弯）强度tablet，药片accumulated retained percentage，累计flyash，粉煤灰tensioning weight，张拉重锤筛余百分率 hydration heat，水化热thermistor，热敏电阻acicular and flaky grain in aggregate，initial，初凝tip，测头 针状与片状颗粒含量 loss on ignition (ignition loss)，烧失安装过程（procession of installation) 量setting time，凝结时间concrete，混凝土强度保证率 升silica fume，硅粉sand rate，砂率ultimate tensile strength，极限拉应变soundness，水泥的安定性unit consumption of water，单位用水wear rate，磨损率specific surface area，比表面禾只量 wear-resisting strength，抗冲磨强度specific heat，比热water retention (water retentiveness)，砂浆（cement)water demand ratio，吸水量比保水性 cement lime mortar，水泥石灰砂浆夕卜加齐1J(admixture) water-cement ratio，水灰比cement mortar，水泥砂浆bubble stability，泡沬的稳定性硬化混凝土（hardened concrete) cement-clay mortar，水泥黏土砂浆bubbling ability，气泡能力axial tensile strength，轴向抗拉强度epoxy mortar，环氧砂浆chloride content，氯化物含量coefficient of thermal conductivity，导lime mortar，石灰砂浆compressive strength rate，抗压强度比热系数 plastering mortar，抹面砂浆contract with dry rate，干缩率cooling rate，冷却率pointing joint mortar，沟缝砂浆dispersing coefficient，分散系数core of concrete，混凝土芯样III、土（soil)dispersing ability of water-reducing creep deformation(time deformation)，accumulation curve n cumulative agent，减水剂分散能力 徐变变形 curve)，累计曲线loss of slump，塌落度损失creep of concrete，混凝土徐变activity index，活性指标sulphate content，硫酸盐含量expand with wet and contract with angle of friction，磨擦角solid content，固体含量，干缩湿胀 Atterberg limits n water content as surface tension，表面张力form coefficient (form factor)，形状limit)，阿太堡界限（界限含水量） water-reducing rate，减水率系数 California bearing ratio，载重比水（water) freezing-melting circulation，冻融循环coarse- grained soil，粗粒土alkalinity，碱度frost-resistance mark，抗冻标号coefficient of compressibility，压缩系calcion，钙离子heat property of concrete，混凝土热学数carbonic acid，碳酸性能 coefficient of cubical compressibility，chlorion，氯离子height-diameter ratio，高径比体积压缩系数equivalent consumption，当量浓度linear expansion coefficient，线膨胀系coefficient of curvature，曲率压缩系normal solution (standard solution)，数 数标准溶液 loss of weight，重量损失compression，压缩PH value，PH值natural frequency，自振步页率compression index，压缩指数Water analysis，水质分析permeate，渗透compression modulus，压缩模量II、混凝土（concrete) permeated height，渗透高度consolidated-undrainedn quick) shear 混凝土拌和物（mixture) permeated-resisting mark，抗渗标号test，固结不排水剪（固结快煎）试 assurance strength of concrete，撤凝土relative coefficient of permeability，相HA验保证强度 对渗透系数 consolidation，固结bleeding rate，泌水率resonance frequency，共振步页率consolidation coefficient，固结系数cement-sand ratio，灰砂比sample，试件consolidation settlement，固结沉降design strength of concrete，砼设计标self-grown volume deformation，自生consolidation stress，固结应力号 体积变形 continuous grading/gradation，连续级flowability of concrete，混凝土的流动splitting tensile strength，劈裂抗拉强配性 度 contraction test (shrinkage test)，收缩mix proportion ( proportion of static compressive modulus of 试验mixture)，混凝土的配合比 elasticity，静力抗压弹模core cutter method，环刀法mixture uniformity，拌和物的均匀性temperature conductivity，导温系数creep curve，蠕变曲线penetration-obstruction method，贯入tensile modulus of elasticity，抗拉弹critical slope，溢出坡降（临界坡降）阻力法 性模量 Darcy's law，达西定律degree of free swelling，自由膨胀率saturated unit weight，饱禾口容重brittle temperature test，脆化点试验direct shear test of reiteration，直接剪seepage deformation，渗透变形expansion test，延j申度试验切试验 seepage force(seepage pressure)，渗透penetration test，针入度试验direct shear test of reiteration，反复直力 softening point test，软化点试验接强度试验 seepage line，渗透线test of aging，老化试验distribution curve，分布曲线seepage speed，渗透速度viscosity test，粘滞性试验drift soil (shifting soil，mass flow)，shear stress，切向应力（剪应力）V、质量管理(quality management) 流土 shrinkage limit，缩|限average，平均值effective angle of inner friction，有效skip(gapjump) grading，间断级配deviation standard ( error of mean内摩擦角 specific gravity of soil particle，土粒比squares)，均方差effective strength envelope，有效强度重 deviation coefficient ( dispersion包线 steady seepage field，稳定渗、流场coefficient)，离差系数expansion force，膨胀力stress path，应力路径index of correlation，相关系数expansion ratio (specific expansion)，total strength envelope，总强度包线management limit，管理界限艮膨胀率 triaxial compression test，三轴压缩试mathematic statistics，数理统计maximum，最大值filtering flow (seepage flow)，渗流HA验fine- grained soil，会田粒土unconfined compression strength，无minimum，最小值flow net (drift net)，流网恻限压缩试验 normal distribution，正态分布hydraulic slope，水力坡降unconsolidated undrained test，不固结quality assurance，质量保证hydrometer method，比重计法不排水剪（快剪）试验 quality examination，质量检测hydrostatic head method，常水头法variable head method，变水头法regression curve，回归曲线limit equilibrium state，极限平衡法void(pore) ratio，空隙比relative dampness，相对湿度liquefaction，液化water replacement method，罐水法sample capacity，样本容量liquid limit，液限wet density，湿密度sample frequency，取样步页率liquidity index，液性指标IV、其他建筑材料 specimen，样品maximum dry density，最大干密度钢筋（steel) statistical analysis，统计分析method of sieving，筛分法bending and unbending，反复弯曲technical specification，技术规范Mohr's stress circle，摩尔应力圆cold bending test，冷弯试验technical standard，技术标准Mohr-coulomb failure criteria，摩尔-elongation test，拉伸试验testing circumstance，试验环境库仑破坏曲线 nominal diameter，公称直径testing error，试验误差normal stress，法向应力ratio of elongation，伸长率testing regulation，试验规程oedometer curve，压缩曲线relaxation test，松弛试验variance analysis，方差分析optimum moisture content，最优含水steel strand，钢绞线地质（geology)率 tensile yield strength，抗拉屈月艮强度地质年代（geochronology of geologic piping，管涌ultimate tensile strength，极限抗拉强ages)plastic limit，塑限度 Archaeozoic era (erathem)，太古代plasticity index，塑性指标木材（wood) (界）pore water pressure，孔隙水压力crushing strength parallel to the grain，Proterozoic era (erathem)，元古代porosity，空隙率顺纹抗压强度 (界）principal stress，主应力tensile strength parallel to the grain，顺Palaeozoic era( erathem)，古生代（界）proctor compaction test，普氏击实试纹抗拉强度 Mesozoic era (erathem)，中生代(界) HAcrushing strength across the grain，横Cenozoic era (erathem)，新生代(界)验relative density，相对密度纹抗压强度 Sinian period (system)，震旦纪己（系）sand replacement method，罐砂法tensile strength across the grain，横纹Cambrian period ( system )，寒武纪saturability (saturation degree，percent 抗拉强度 (系）(系） cleavage，角早理volcanic agglomerate，火山块集岩Silurian period (system)，志留纪（系）fracture (rupture)，断裂mff，凝灰岩Devonian period (system)，泥盆纪fissure (crack， fracture)，裂隙metamorphic rock，变质岩(系）岩石类型（rock type) slate，板岩Carboniferous period (system)，石炭petrology，岩石学phyllite，千枚岩纪（系） igneous rock，火成岩schist，片岩Permian period(system)，二叠纪（系）magmatic rock，岩浆岩gneiss，片麻岩Triassic period (system)，三叠纪（系）lava (vocanic rock)，火山岩quartzite，石英岩Jurassic period (system)，侏罗纪（系）intrusive (invade) rock，侵入岩marble，大理岩Cretaceous period (system)，白垩纪effusive rock，喷出岩mylonite，糜棱岩(系） plutonic rock，深成岩migmatite，混合岩Tertiary period (system)，第三纪（系）pypabyssal rock，浅成岩cataclasite，碎裂岩Quaternary period (system)，第四纪acid rock，酸性岩sediment (deposit)，沉积物、沉积层(系） inter-mediate rock，中性盐boulder，漂石、顽石地质构造（geologic structure) basic rock，基性岩cobble，卵石fault，断层ultrabasic rock，超基性岩gravel，砾石sand，砂normal fault，正断层• j -i+‘ t±j山granite，花冈石reversed fault，逆断层porphyry，斑岩silt，粉土paralled fault，平移断层porphyrite，玢岩clay，粘土gouge，断层泥rhyolite，流纹岩sandy clay，砂质粘土stria，擦痕syenite，正长岩clayey sand，粘质砂土joint，节理trachyte，粗面岩sandy loam，壤土、亚黏土primary joint，原生节理diorite，闪长岩regolith (topsoil)，浮土（表土）secondary，次生节理andesite，安山岩loess，黄土tension joint，张节理gabbro，辉长岩laterite，红土unloading joint，卸荷节理basalt，玄武岩peat，泥炭schistosity，片理aplite，细晶岩ooze，软泥（海泥） bedding，层理pegmatite，伟晶岩造岩矿物（rock-forming minerals) foliation，板理（叶理）lamprophyre，煌斑岩talc，滑石ripple mark，波痕diabase，辉绿岩gypsum，海石mud crack，泥痕dunite，橄榄岩calcite，方解石rain print，雨痕pumice，浮岩fluorite，萤石orientation of bedrock，岩层产状sedimentary rock，沉积岩apatite，磷灰石strike，走向clastic，碎屑岩feldspar，长石dip，倾向 clay rock，黏土岩quartz，石英angle of dip (dip angle)，倾角chemical rock，化学岩topaz，黄玉fold，褶皱biolith，生物岩corundum，冈lj玉anticline，背斜conglomerate，石乐岩diamand，金刚石syncline，向斜siltstone，粉砂岩orthoclase，正长石monocline (homocline)，单斜mudstone，泥岩plagloclase，斜长石dome，穹隆shale，页岩biotite，黑云母soft stratum，软弱岩层saline rock，岩盐muscovite，白云母zone of fracture (broken zone)，破碎limestone，石灰岩amphibole，角闪石带 dolomite，白云岩phroxene，辉石affected zone，影响带marl，泥灰岩 olivine，橄榄石kaolinite，高岭石带 eolian deposit，风积物（层）montmorillonite，蒙脱石homogeneity，均质性lake deposit，湖积物（层）bentonite，斑脱石（膨润土） nonhomogeneity (heterogeneity)，非marine deposit，海积物（层）illite，依砾石均质性 glacial (drift) deposit，冰川沉积物garnet，石榴子石isotropy，各向同性(层）chlorite，绿泥石anisotropy，各向异性colluvial deposit (colluvium)，崩积物serpentine，蛇纹石矿物质的物理性质（physical(层）pyrite，黄铁矿character of minerals) cross-bedding，交错层hematite，赤铁矿hardness，硬度geologic structure，地质构造magnetite，磁铁矿luster，光泽geotectonics，大地构造学limonite，褐铁矿color，颜色graben，地堑工程地质(engineering geology)transparency (pellucidity)，透明度horst，地垒geotechnics (geotechnique)，土工学、streak，条痕cordance (conformity)，整合土工技术、岩石工程 rent (fracture)，断口discordance (unconformity)，不整合rock mechanics，岩石力学crystal form，晶形deceptive cordance/conformity，1 叚整soil mechanics， 土力学岩石学(petrology)合geomechanics，地质力学（岩石力学）classification，分类地质作用（physical geology action) engineering geological conditions，工structure，构造weathering，风化程地质条件 texture，结构erosion，侵岩engineering geological problems，工程fabric，组成transportation，搬运地质问题 mineral composition，矿物组成deposition/sediment，沉积rock mass structure，岩体结构crystalline，结晶质denudation，录lj蚀geographic and geomorphic amorphous substance，非晶质corrasion，磨蚀conditions，地形地貌条件fossil，化石corrosion，腐蚀geophysical phenomenon，物理地质现degree of rounding，磨圆度dissolution，溶蚀象 degree of grains，粒度landslide，滑坡hydrogeological conditions，水文地质地层地貌(stratum and physiognomy)collapse (rock fall)，崩塌条件 basin，盆地mud flow，泥石流natural materials，天然材料river valley，河谷earthquake，地震reservoir，水库river bed，河床intensity，烈度settlement，沉降topography，地形magnitude，震级displacement，位移terrain，地势水文（hydrology) deformation，变形attitude，产状ground water (subsurface water)，地tectonic stress，构造应力rock base (batholite)，岩基下水residual stress，残余应力rock stock，岩株surface water，地表水angle of internal friction，内摩擦角rock flow，岩流atmospheric water，大气水cohesion，内聚力（凝聚力、粘聚力） rock loccolith，岩盖runoff，径流pressure tunnel，压力隧洞rock lopolith，岩盆fresh water(plain water，sweet water)，underground cavern/cavity，地下洞室rock dike，岩墙淡水overburden，覆盖物rock sill，岩床river flow/discharge，河水流量bed rock (base rock，foundation rock)，vein dyke，岩脉peak flood flow，洪峰流量基岩 sediment (deposit)，沉积物（层）flood out flow，洪水下卸流量firm rock (sound rock)，硬岩alluvium，冲击物（层）dry season，枯水季weak rock (soft rock)，软岩proluvium (diluvium)，洪积物（层）wet season，丰水季interbed，夹层deluvium，坡积物（层）flood (raining) season，汛期zone of fracture (broken zones)，破碎eluviumnon-flood season，非汛期，残积物（层） 115% frequency flood，20 年一遇洪水trunnion，支铰gantry，门架flood control，防汛hinge，铰链support column，门腿(二）工程施工、机电类 hinged support，铰座primary beam，主梁金属结构（hydromechanical work) hinged shaft，铰轴bridge beam，横梁闸门（gate) cover，端盖cross beam，端梁service gate，工作门trunnion beam，支铰梁side beam，边梁emergency gate，事故门dogging beam，锁定量lifting beam，起吊梁maintenance gate，检修门启闭机（hoist) hook，吊勾sector gate，弧型闸门wire rope hoist，固定卷扬机buffer，缓冲装置eccentric hinge sector gate，偏心铰弧hydraulic hoist，液压启闭机rail clamping device，夹轨器型闸门 monorail hoist，单轨启闭机driving wheel，主动轮plane gate，平面闸门overhead crane，桥机driven wheel，从动轮fixed wheel plane gate，定轮平面闸门bridge crane，桥机其他（others)trashrack，拦污栅support frame，机架abnormal vibration，反常震动trash rake，清污机reducer，减速器activate，激活预埋件（embedded parts) motor，电动机anti-clockwise，逆时针sill，底坎pulley，滑轮anticorrosion，防腐main guide，主轨live pulley，动滑轮carty on，继续进行auxiliary guide，副轨fixed pulley，定滑轮carry out， 执行reverse guide，反轨equalizer pulley，平衡滑轮clockwise，顺时针side guide，恻轨drum，卷筒commissioning，试运行lintel，门楣steel wire rope，钢丝绳concentricity deviation，同心度偏差steel liner，钢衬position sensor，高度传感器connect，连接high pressure water pipe，高压冲水管load sensor，荷载传感器debris，碎片pressure balance water pipe，冲水平压brake，制动器de-energize，断电管 hydraulic system，液压系统detect，探测组件 / 部件（assembly/parts) oil cylinder，油缸dry test，无水试验gate leaf，门叶piston rod，活塞缸dynamic loading test，动载试验crank，拐臂pump station，泵站energize，给加电arm，支臂 oil tank，油箱erection，架立seal，水封pipe，管道expansion，伸展main seal，主水封filter，过滤器fasten，扣紧top seal，顶水封accumulator，蓄會旨器fit，安装side seal，恻水封lubricating oil，润滑油flowing water，动水bottom seal，底水封valve，阀gate closure，闭门auxiliaty seal，辅助水封，节流器logic valve，逻辑阀gate opening，启门clip plate，压板check valve，单向阀gate position restoration，门卫个灰复slide block，滑块ball valve，球阀idle test，空载试验reverse slide block，反向滑块cartridge valve，插装阀impact，碰撞side slide block，恻向滑块solenoid operated directional valve，电in pressure balance condition，平压条fixed wheel，定轮磁换向阀 件下main wheel，主轮门式起重机（gantry crane) lift into position，将起吊到位side wheel，恻轮rail，轨道locate，定位ballast，配重lifting mechanism，起升机构lower，降下lifting ear，吊耳traveling mechanism，运行机构manual operation，手动操作lifting link，拉杆inspection trolleynoise，噪声，检修小车 12note，记录covered electrode，涂料焊条plug weld，塞焊operating gap，运作间隙coupon，试件porosity，气孔pack，衬垫direct current electrode negative posdtheading，后热particle，微粒(DCEN)，直流电极接负 postweld head treatment，焊后热处理perform，执行direct current electrode positive preheating，预热position accurately，精确定位(DCEP)，直流电极接正 resistance welding，电阻焊precise，精确的double welding，双面焊seal weld，密封焊缝pre-set，预留，预置double-bevel groove weld，双斜边坡seam welding，焊缝press button，按下按纽口焊缝 semi-automatic welding，半自动焊缝progressively，逐渐的double-j groove weld，双面 J型坡口single-bevel groove weld，单斜边坡口purity，纯度焊缝 焊缝push，推double-u groove weld，双面 U型坡口single-J groove weld，单面 J型坡口焊reliable，可靠的焊缝 缝residual oil，余油double -Vee groove weld，双面 V型single-U groove weld，单面 U型坡口retraction，回缩坡口焊缝 焊缝run，运行 electrode，焊条，电极single-V groove weld，单面 V型坡口secure，保护electrode holder，焊钳焊缝sensitive，反应灵敏的electrosgas welding，电气焊slag inclusion，夹渣separately or simultaneously，单独或electroslag welding，电渣焊spot welding，点焊同时的 filler metal，填充金属square groove weld，直坡 口焊缝set up，架设fillet weld，角焊缝、submerged arc welding，埋弧焊setting，设置，读数full fillet weld，大填角焊缝tack welding，定位焊shim，薄垫片 flat welding，平焊undercut，咬边slack，松弛flux，焊剂vertical welding，立焊static loading test，静载试验flux cored arc welding，药芯焊丝弧焊weld bead，焊道still water，静水forehand welding，左焊法weldment，焊件switch off，切断friction welding，摩擦焊无损检验(nondestructive testing) synchronize，同步full penetration weld，全融透焊缝angled beam，斜射波tighten，拧紧fusion，熔合back scatter，背散射under water head condition，水压作用fusion line，熔合线calibration block，校准试块条件下 groove weld，坡 口焊缝cleaning agent，清洗齐ljwet test，有水试验heat affected zone，热影响区contact beam，接角虫齐lj焊接和无损检验（welding and horizontal welding，横焊couplaut，偶合剂nondestructive test) lap joint，搭接接头crimp，褶皱焊接（welding) machine welding，机器焊definition，清晰度arc strike，引弧、弧伤manual welding，手工焊delayed sweep，延时扫描arc welding，电弧焊overhead welding，仰卬焊detergent，去污齐lj automatic welding，自动焊oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC)，氧燃料气developer，显像剂back gouging，背面清根割 double-wall viewing，双壁透照backing，垫板oxyfuel gas welding (OFW)，氧燃料echo，回波base metal，母材气焊 eddy current examination，涡流检验build-up welding，堆焊，补焊partial penetration weld，非全熔透焊emulsifier，乳化剂butt joint，对接接头缝 examination medium，检验介质carbon rode，炭棒pass，焊道exposure，暴光complete fusion，完全融合peening，锤击image quality indicator，象质显示器corner joint，角接接头plasma arc weldinginspector，检验师，等离子弧焊 13。
水利水电类专业英语
水利水电类专业英语Water and electricity as an important part of the field of humanlife and production, the development and application of water and electricity professional has been injected into the vitality for development of economy and society.Water and electricity professional, as its name implies, refers tothe professional engaged in the related activities of water andelectricity industry. Including surveying, designing and calculating of the related project of water and electricity transportation, power generation and transformation, water resourcesology, water engineering and construction, electricity engineering and construction, engineering geological disaster prevention and risk analysis, power station design and manufacturing, automation and electrical debugging, electric motor and motor repair and maintenance, electric power purchaser and other fields.To cultivate professional personnel, various colleges anduniversities have set up corresponding water and electricity professional. However, the professional cultivation requires students to receive a deep theoretical foundation, understand the water andelectricity professional knowledge in the modern engineering application, and be capable of effectively applying the technology and knowledge learned to the actual engineering practice. What's more, they should be competent in the use of modern measuring instruments, computer related language and software.In short, water and electricity professional plays an irreplaceable role in the construction and development of modern society. Only through our continuous efforts and hard work can we get a better development and promote the vigorous development of the water and electricity industry.。
水利水电工程专业英语词汇和句子
设计阶段 (design stage)河流规划 river planning选址 selecting damsite预可行性研究 pre-feasibility study可行性研究feasibility study初步设计 preliminary design技施设计tech-construction design招标设计tender design施工详图设计 detail construction drawing design 水工建筑物 (hydraulic structure)水利枢纽 hydroproject枢纽布置 layout of hydroproject挡水建筑物water retaining structure取水建筑物water intake structure泄水建筑物water release structure输水建筑物water conveyance structure通航建筑物navigation structure过鱼建筑物fish pass structure永久性建筑物 permanent structure临时性建筑物 temporary structure水工建筑物 (hydraulic structure)水利枢纽hydroproject枢纽布置layout of hydroproject挡水建筑物water retaining structure 取水建筑物water intake structure泄水建筑物water release structure输水建筑物water conveyance structure 通航建筑物navigation structure过鱼建筑物fish pass structure永久性建筑物 permanent structure临时性建筑物 temporary structure•主坝 main dam•副坝 auxiliary dam•坝轴线 dam axis•坝高 high dam•坝长 length of dam•坝顶 dam crest•坝底 dam base•坝坡 dam slope•坝间 dam abutment•坝踵 dam heel•坝趾 dam toe•坝段 dam monolith重力坝 gravity dam实体重力坝 solid gravity dam混凝土重力坝 concrete gravity dam碾压混凝土坝 roller compacted concrete dam 浆砌石重力坝 masonry gravity dam空腹重力坝 hollow gravity dam宽缝重力坝 slotted gravity dam预应力重力坝 prestressed gravity dam溢流重力坝 overflow gravity dam灌浆廊道 grouting gallery排水廊道 drainage gallery检查廊道 inspection gallery•拱坝 arch dam•拱轴线centerline of arch•单曲拱坝single curvature arch dam •双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam •抛物线拱坝parabolic arch dam•椭圆形拱坝elliptical arch dam•薄拱坝thin arch dam•重力拱坝gravity arch dam•空腹重力拱坝hollow gravity arch dam •溢流拱坝overflow arch dam•支墩坝buttress dam•平板坝flat slab buttress dam•大头坝massive-head dam•连拱坝mutiple-arch dam•土石坝 earth-rock dam•土坝 earth dam•均质土坝 homogeneous earth dam•粘土心墙土石坝 clay core earthrock dam•沥青混凝土心墙土石坝 asphaltic concrete core earth-rock dam•粘土斜墙土石坝 sloping core earth-rock dam•沥青混凝土面板土石坝 asphaltic concrete facing earth-rock dam•溢流土石坝 overflow earth-rock dam•钢筋混泥土面板堆石坝 reinforced concrete facing rockfill dam防浪墙 wave wall (parapet)护坡 slope protection防渗铺盖 impervious blanket棱体排水 prism drainage反滤层 filter溢洪道 spillway开敞式溢洪道 open channel spillway正常溢洪道 main spillway非常溢洪道 emergency spillway陡槽式溢洪道 chute spillway虹吸式溢洪道 siphon spillway•进水渠 entrance channel•闸门gate•泄槽 chute•跳流鼻坎flip bucket;deflecting bucket •出水渠 outlet channel•冲刷坑 scour hole; washout•水工隧洞 hydraulic tunnel•导流隧洞 diversion tunnel•泄洪隧洞 spillway tunnel•发电隧洞 power tunnel•灌溉隧洞 irrigation tunnel•放空隧洞 emptying tunnel•有压隧洞pressure tunnel•无压随洞 free-flow tunnel•不衬砌随洞 unlined tunnel•排水随洞 drainage tunnel•涵洞 culvert•填埋管 buried pipeline•沟埋管 trenched pipeline•钢性管 rigid pipe•柔性管 flexible pipe•钢筋混凝土管 reinforced concrete pipe •塔式进水口 tower intake•竖井式进水口 shaft intake•沉沙池 sedimentation basin•渡槽 aqueduct (fiume)•倒虹吸管 inverted siphon•落差建筑物 drop structure•通航建筑物 navigation structure•船闸 navigation lock (ship lock)•多级船闸 muti-line lock (mutiple lock)•Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a condenser, and its ability to storeelectrical energy is termed capacitance. 电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开两块金属板中。
最全水利水电工程专业英语词汇
水利水电工程专业英语词汇施工总平面布置(施工总体布置) construction general layout施工组织Consruction Programming施工组织设计construction planning施工坐标系（建筑坐标系）construction coordinate system湿化变形soaking deformation湿润比percentage of wetted area湿润灌溉wetting irrigation湿室型泵房wet-pit type pump house湿陷变形系数soaking deformation coefficient湿陷起始压力initial collapse pressure湿陷系数(湿陷变形系数) coefficient of collapsibility湿周wetted perimeter十字板剪切试验vane shear test石袋honeycomb时均流速time average velocity时均能量time average energy时效硬化(老化) age hardening (ageing)时针式喷灌系统(中心支轴自走式系统) central pivot sprinkler system实测放大图surveyed amplification map实腹柱solid column实际材料图primitive data map实时接线分析real time connection analysis 实时控制real-time control实时数据和实时信息real time data and real time information实体坝solid dike实体重力坝solid gravity dam实物工程量real work quantity实验站experimental station实用堰practical weir示流信号器liquid-flow annunciator示坡线slope indication line示误三角形error triangle示踪模型tracer model事故failure (accident)事故备用容量reserve capacity for accident 事故低油压tripping lower oil pressure 事故音响信号emergency signal (alarmsignal)事故运行方式accident operation mode事故闸门emergency gate事故照明accident lighting事故照明切换屏accident lightingchange-over panel势波potential wave势流potential flow势能potential energy势涡(自由涡) potential vortex视差parallax视差法测距（基线横尺视差法）subtense method with horizontal staff视差角parallactic angle视准线法collimation line method视准轴（照准轴）coolimation axis试验处理treatment of experiment试验端子test terminal试验项目Testing item试验小区experimental block试运行test run试运行test run收敛测量convergence measurement收敛约束法convergence-confinement method收缩断面vena-contracta收缩缝(温度缝) contraction joint (temperature joint)收缩水深contracted depth手动[自动]复归manual [automatic] reset 手动[自动]准同期manual [automatic] precise synchronization手动调节manual regulation手动控制manual control手动运行manual operation手工电弧焊manual arc welding首曲线（基本等高线）standard contour首子午线（本初子午线，起始子午线）prime meridian受油器oil head枢纽布置layout of hydroproject疏浚dredging输电系统transmission system输电线transmission line输入功率试验input test输沙量sediment runoff输沙率sediment discharge输水钢管steel pipe for water conveyance 输水沟conveyance ditch输水建筑物water conveyance structure输水渠道water conveyance canal鼠道mole drains鼠道犁mole plough鼠笼型感应电动机squirrel cage induction motor竖井定向测量shaft orientation survey竖井贯流式水轮机pit turbine竖井联系测量shaft connection survey竖井排水drainage well竖井式进水口shaf tintake竖轴弧形闸门radial gate with vertic alaxes 数字地面模型digital terrain model（DTM）数字化测图digitized mapping数字通信digital communication数字图像处理digital image processing数字仪表digital instrument甩负荷load dump (load rejection,load shutdown)甩负荷试验load-rejection test(load-shutdowntest)双层布置double storey layout双调节调速器dual-regulation governor双扉闸门double-leaf gate双回线double-circuit line双击式水轮机cross flow turbine,Banki turbine双极高压直流系统bipolar HVDC system双金属标bimetal bench mark双列布置double row layout双母线接线double-bus connection双曲拱坝double curvature arch dam双曲拱渡槽double curvature arch aqueduct 双室式调压室double-chamber surge shaft 双吸式离心泵double-suction pump双向挡水人字闸门bidirectional retaining mitre gate 水泵[水泵水轮机的水泵工况]的反向最大稳态飞逸转速steady state reverse runaway speed of pump水泵比转速specific speed of pump水泵并联扬程曲线head curve of parallel pumping system水泵参数与特性Parameters and characteristics of pump水泵串联扬程曲线head curve of series pumping system水泵的最大[最小]输入功率maximum[minimum] input power of pump 水泵电动机机组Motor-pump unit水泵反常运行pump abnormal operating水泵工况(抽水工况) pump operation水泵工作点(水泵工况点) pump operating point水泵供水water feed by pump水泵机械效率mechanical efficiency of pump 水泵机组pump unit水泵类型Classification of pumps水泵零部件Components of pumps水泵流量pump discharge水泵容积效率volumetric efficiency of pump 水泵输出功率output power of pump水泵输入功率(水泵轴功率) input power of pump水泵水力效率hydraulic efficiency of pump 水泵水轮机Pump-turbine水泵无流量输入功率no-discharge power of pump水泵效率pump efficiency水泵扬程(水泵总扬程) total head of pump 水泵站Pumping Station水泵装置pump system水锤(水击) water hammer水锤泵站hydrauli cram pump station水锤波(水击波) wave of water hammer水锤波波速wave velocity of water hammer 水电站Hydroelectric Station水电站(水力发电站) Hydroelectric station (hydroelectric power station)水电站保证出力firm power, firm output水电站厂房(发电厂房) power house水电站厂房的类型Types of power house of hydroelectric station水电站出力power output of hydropower station水电站出力和发电量Power and energy output of hydropower station水电站的水头、流量、水位Waterhead, discharge, water lever of hydropower station水电站发电成本generation cost of hydropower station水电站发电量energy output of hydropower station水电站建筑物hydroelectric station structure 水电站经济指标Economie index of hydropower station水电站类型Types of hydroelectric station水电站引用流量quotative discharge of hydropower station水电站装机容量installed capacity of hydropower station水电站自动化automation of hydroelectric station水跌hydraulic drop水动力学Hydrodynamics水斗bucket水斗式水轮机(贝尔顿式水轮机) pelton turbine水工建筑物hydraulic structure水工建筑物的类别及荷载Classification and load of hydraulic structures水工建筑物级别grade of hydraulic structure 水工金属结构及安装Metal Structures and Their Installation水工隧洞hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞Hydraulic tunnels水工隧洞构造Components of hydraulic tunnel水工隧洞类型Classification of hydraulic tunnels水管冷却pipe cooling水柜water pool水环真空泵liquid ring pump水灰比water-cement ratio 水窖(旱井) water callar(dry wall)水静力学Hydrostatics水库并联运用operation of parallel-connected resertvoir水库测量reservoir survey水库串联运用operation of serial-connected reservoirs水库调度reservoir operation水库调度图graph of reservoir operation水库回水变动区fluctuating back water zone of reservoir水库浸没reservoir immersion水库控制缓洪controlled flood retarding水库库底清理cleaning of reservoir zone水库泥沙Reservoir sediment水库泥沙防治Prevention of sediment水库年限ultimate life of reservoir水库渗漏reservoir leakage水库水文测验reservoir hydrometry水库塌岸bank ruin of reservoir水库特征库容Characteristic capacity of reservoir水库特征水位Characteristic level of reservoir 水库泄空排沙sediment releasing by emptying reservoir水库蓄清排浑clear water impounding and muddy flow releasing水库淹没补偿compensation for reservoir inundation水库淹没处理Treatment of reservoir inundation水库淹没处理范围treatment zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没界线测量reservoir inundation line survey水库淹没区zone of reservoir inundation水库淹没实物指标material index of reservoir inundation水库异重流density current in reservoir水库异重流排沙sediment releasing by density current水库诱发地震reservoir induced earthquake 水库淤积Sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积测量reservoir accretion survey水库淤积极限limit state of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积平衡比降equilibrium slope of sediment deposition in reservoir水库淤积上延(翘尾巴) upward extension of reservoir deposition水库淤积纵剖面longitudinal profile of deposit in reservoir水库滞洪排沙flood retarding and sediment releasing水库自然滞洪free flood retarding水冷式空压机water-cooled compressor水力半径hydraulic radius水力冲填hydraulic excavation and filling水力冲填坝hydraulic fill dam水力冲洗式沉沙池hydraulic flushing sedimentation basin水力粗糙度hydraulic roughness水力粗糙区hydraulic roughness region水力共振hydraulic resonance水力光滑区hydraulic smooth水力机械Hydraulic Machinery水力机械与电气设备HYDRAULIC MACHINERY AND ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT水力机组hydropower unit水力机组测试Measurement and test for hydropower unit水力机组的安装和试运行Installation and starting operation of hydropower unit水力机组调节系统Regulating system of hydropower unit水力机组辅助系统Auxiliary system for hydropower unit水力开挖hydraulic excavation水力坡降(水力比降) hydraulic slope (energy gradient)水力破裂法(水力致裂法) hydro fracturing method水力侵蚀(水蚀) water erosion水力学Hydraulics水力要素(水力参数) hydraulic elements水力指数hydraulic exponent水力自动闸门hydraulic operating gate水力最优断面optimal hydraulic cross section 水利工程经营管理management and administration of water project水利计算Computation of water conservancy 水利区划zoning of water conservancy水利枢纽hydroproject水利水电工程等别rank of hydroproject水利水电工程规划PLANNING OF HYDROENGINEERING水利水电工程技术术语标准Standard of Technical Terms on Hydroengineering水利水电工程勘测SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION FOR HYDROENGINEERING 水利水电工程施工CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING水量分布曲线water distribution curve水流动力轴线(主流线) dynamic axis of flow 水流连续方程continuity equation of flow水流流态State of flow水流阻力和能头损失Flow resistance and head loss水轮泵站turbine-pump station水轮发电机Hydraulic generator水轮发电机hydraulic turbine-driven synchronous generator (hydro-generator) 水轮发电机组Hydraulic turbine-generator unit水轮发电机组hydraulic turbine-generator unit水轮机hydraulic turbine,water turbine水轮机[水泵]额定流量rated discharge of turbine[pump]水轮机安装Installation of hydraulic turbine 水轮机安装高程setting of turbine水轮机保证出力guaranteed output of turbine 水轮机比转速specific speed of turbine水轮机参数和特性Turbine parameters and turbine characteristics水轮机层turbine storey (turbine floor)水轮机的机械效率mechanical efficiency of turbine水轮机的容积效率volumetric efficiency of turbine水轮机的水力效率hydraulic efficiency of turbine水轮机调节系统turbine regulating system水轮机调节系统静特性试验static characteristic test of regulation system of hydraulic turbine水轮机调速器turbine governor水轮机额定输出功率(水轮机额定出力) rated output of turbine水轮机飞逸转速runaway speed of turbine水轮机工况(发电工况) turbine operation水轮机空载流量no-load discharge of turbine 水轮机类型Classification of turbines水轮机零、部件Components of hydraulic turbine水轮机流量turbine discharge水轮机模型试验model test of turbine水轮机磨蚀与振动Erosion and vibration of hydraulic turbine水轮机气蚀系数cavitation factor of turbine,cavitation coefficient of turbine水轮机设计水头design head of turbine水轮机试运行Test runof hydraulic turbine水轮机室turbine casing水轮机输出功率(水轮机出力) turbine output 水轮机输入功率turbine input power水轮机水头(水轮机净水头) turbine net head 水轮机吸出水头损失suction head loss of turbine水轮机效率turbine efficiency水轮机压力管道(高压管道) penstock水轮机引水室turbine flume水轮机主轴turbine main shaft水轮机最大输出功率(水轮机最大出力) maximum output of turbine水轮机最高效率maximum efficiency of turbine水面曲线water surface profile水面蒸发量evaporation from water surface 水能waterpower, hydropower水能计算hydropower computation水能开发方式Types of hydropower development水能利用Water power utilization 水能利用规划waterpower utilization planning水能资源(水力资源) waterpower resources, hydropower resources水泥比表面积specific surface of cement水泥罐cement silo水泥水化热hydration heat of cement水泥体积安定性soundness of cement水平底坡horizontal slope水平地质剖面图geological plan水平度levelness水平沟horizontal ditches水平阶地horizontal terraces水平位移工作点operative mark of horizontal displacement水平位移观测horizontal displacement observation水平位移基点datum mark of horizontal displacement水生态学hydrobiology水头water head水头损失head loss水头预想出力expected power, expected output水土保持soil and water conservation水土保持工程措施Soil and water conservation works水土保持规划Planning of soil and water conservation水土保持林业措施Afforestation measures for soil and water conservation水土流失Soilandwaterloss水土流失(土壤侵蚀) soil erosion(soil and waterloss)水位water stage (water level)水位、流速、流量Water stage, flow velocity, flow discharge水位传导系数coefficient of water level conductivity水位调节装置water level regulator水位计water-level gauge水位流量关系曲线stage-discharge relation curve水位信号water-level indicating signal水位站water stage gauging station水文测验hydrometry水文测站hydrometrical station水文测站和站网Hydrometrical station and network水文地质Hydrogeology水文地质基础Basichydrogeology水文地质试验Hydrogeologicaltest水文地质图hydrogeological map水文调查hydrological investigation水文分析计算Hydrological analysis and computation水文观测hydrological observation水文观测Hydrological observation and measurement水文过程线hydrograph水文核技术nuclear technology in hydrology 水文计算Hydrologic computation水文计算及水文预报Hydrological Computation and Forecasing水文空间技术space technology in hydrology 水文模型hydrological model水文年鉴hydrological almanac(hydrological yearbook)水文频率曲线hydrological frequency curve 水文手册hydrological handbook水文统计hydrological statistics水文图集hydrological atlas水文遥测技术hydrological telemetering technology水文要素hydrological data水文预报Hydrological forecast水文站hydrometrical station水文站网hydrological network水文资料整编hydrological data processing 水系(河系,河网) hydrographic net(river system)水下爆破under water blasting水下地形测量underground topographic survey水下混凝土浇筑underwater concreting水下接地网under water earthed network水压力hydraulic pressure水跃hydraulic jump 水跃长度length of hydraulic jump水跃高度height of hydraulic jump水跃函数hydraulic jump function水跃消能率coefficient of energy dissipation of hydraulic jump水运动学Hydrokinematics水运动学及水动力学Hydrokinematics and hydrodynamics水闸sluice (barrage)水闸类型Classification of sluices水闸组成部分Components of sluice水质water quality水质标准water quality standard水质监测站water quality monitoring station 水质评价water quality assessment水质污染Water quality pollution水质预报water quality forecast水中起动starting in water水中起动力矩starting torque in water水柱water column水坠坝sluicing siltation earth dam水准测量leveling水准点benchmark水准路线leveling line水准器分划值（水准器角值，水准器格值）scale value of level水准网平差adjustment of leveling network 水准仪（水平仪）level水准仪与经纬仪Leveland theodolite水资源water resources水资源规划water resources planning水资源开发利用Development and utilization of water resources水资源开发利用water resources development税金tax顺坝longitudinal dike (training dike)顺坡(正坡) positive slope顺行波advancing downstream wave顺序控制系统sequential control system顺直型河流straight river瞬动电流instantaneous acting current瞬发雷管(即发雷管) instantaneous blasting cap瞬时沉降(弹性沉降,初始沉降,形变沉降) initial settlement瞬时单位线instantaneous unit hydrograph 瞬时电流速断保护(无时限电流速断保护) instantaneous over current cut-off protection瞬时流速instantaneous velocity瞬态法finite increment method死库容(垫底库容) dead storage死区dead band死水位minimum pool level(dead water level)松动爆破loosening blasting (crumbling blasting)松方loose measure松散系数bulk factor素混凝土(无筋混凝土) plain concrete素图simple map速动时间常数promptitude time constant速度环量velocity circulation速度三角形velocity triangle速凝(瞬时凝结) quick set (flash set)速凝剂accelerator塑料导爆管(传爆管) plastic primacord tube 塑限(塑性限度,塑性界限含水量) plastic limit 塑性铰plastic hinge塑性指数plasticity index溯源冲刷[淤积] backwarderosion[deposition]算术平均粒径arithmetic mean diameter算术平均水头arithmetic average head算术平均效率arithmetic average efficiency 随动系统servo system随动系统不准确度inaccuracy of servosystem 随机波random wave随机性水文模型(非确定性水文模型) stochastic hydrological model碎部点（地形特征点）detail point碎裂结构clastic structure碎屑结构clastic texture隧洞衬砌tunnel lining隧洞导流tunnel diversion隧洞渐变段tunnel transition section隧洞开挖tunnel excavation 隧洞排水tunnel drainage隧洞钻孔爆破法(隧洞钻爆法) drill-blast tunneling method损失容积(死容积) lost volume缩限(收缩界限) shrinkage limit锁坝closure dike锁定装置dog device (latch device,gate lock device)锁锭装置locking device (checking device) 它励(它激) separate excitation塔式进水口tower intake踏面rolling face台车式启闭机platform hoist台阶结构面step structural plane台阶掘进法heading and bench method坍落度slump坍落拱collapse arch探槽exploratoryt rench探洞exploratory adit探井exploratory shaft探坑exploratory pit碳素钢(碳钢) carbon steel塘堰pond掏槽孔(掏槽眼) cut hole套管casing pipe套闸(双埝船闸) double dike lock特大暴雨extraordinary rainstorm特大洪水extraordinary flood特高压(特高电压) ultra-high voltage (U.H.V.)特类钢(C类钢) type C steel特殊地区施工增加费additional cost for special condition特殊荷载specia lload (unusual load)特殊荷载组合special load combination特性和参数Characteristics and parameters 特性阻抗(波阻抗) characteristic impedance (wave impedance)特征线法characteristics method特征斜率characteristic slope梯段爆破bench blasting梯级水电站cascade hydroelectric station梯形堰trapezoidal weir锑恩锑(三硝基甲苯) TNT (trinitroto luene)提升式升船机lifting type ship lift提水灌溉pumping irrigation提水排水pumping drainage体积模量bulk modulus体积压缩系数coefficient of volume compressibility天然骨料natural aggregate天然密度(天然容重) naturaldensity(naturalunitweight)天文潮astronomical tide田间持水量field capacity田间工程farml and works田间排水沟(墒沟) field ditch田间排水试验experiment for farm land drainage田间渠系farm canal system田间水利用系数water efficiency in field田间需水量(田间耗水量) water consumption on farmland填埋式管(上埋式管) buried pipe line填石笼gabion填筑filling填筑含水量placement watercontent(placement moisture content)挑坎(挑流鼻坎) flip bucket。
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Profession ：Hydraulic And Hydroelectric Engineering Class & Grade ： 091 Student Name ： Zhang Xu Student Number ： 200916056123Architecture and Engineering Department目录CONTENTS1. Definition (1)2. History and recent devel- opments (1)3. Availability (4)4. Use (5)5. Storage (5)6. Water Balance (6)7. Water balance and climate change (6)Water resources in Mexico1. DefinitionWater resources in many parts of Mexico are under stress, especially in the arid northwest and central regions where most of the population lives and most of the economic activities are located. The country has put in place a system of water resources management that includes both central (federal) and decentralized (basin and local) institutions.Despite many achievements, the water resources sector in Mexico still faces some challenges, including: (i) increasing water scarcity, (ii) deteriorating water quality, (iii) lack of financial sustainability of the water sector, (iv) modernizing water supply and sanitation services, (v) improve competitiveness and efficiency of irrigation, (vi) strengthen water institutions, (vii) adapt to climate change impacts, especially droughts and floods.2. History and recent devel- opments 1. 定义在墨西哥许多地方都存在水资源匮乏的压力，特别是在干旱的西北地区和居住着大量人口且经济活动尤为重要的中部地区。
该国已实施水资源管理体制，其中包括两个中央（联邦）和地方（流域和当地）机构。
尽管已做出许多成就，但墨西哥水资源部门仍面临一些挑战，包括：（一）水源日益稀缺，（二）水质不断恶化，（三）当地水务部门的财政可持续性，（四）现代化的供水和卫生服务，（五），提高有竞争力和有效率的灌溉，（六）加强水利机构，（七）适应气候变化的影响，特别是干旱和洪涝。
2. 历史及近态发展Mexico has a long and well established tradition on water resources management (WRM) which started in the 1930s when the country began investing heavily in water storage facilities and groundwater development to expand irrigation and supply water to the rapidly expanding population.The 1934 Código Agrario, promulgated during the Cárdenas administration (1934-1940), granted the federal government sweeping powers to define the “public interest” to which water could be harnessed. By virtue of such legislation, between the 1930s and 1970s, the ejido sector and rural communities were subject to direct federal control over water. Private landowners, on the other hand, enjoyed the benefits of federally subsidized irrigation infrastructure and guaranteed market prices. Over time, large landowners became highly capitalized, while small farmers, by the 1970s, were suffering from the effects of water monopolies.In the 1970s, the Mexican government entered into a tripartite agreement with the Wold Bank, and the United Nations Development Program to prepare the 1975 National Water Plan (NWP) which identified the need to enact a National Water Law (NWL) and a National Water Authority as well as decentralize responsibilities and promote water user participation in operational and maintenance (O&M).墨西哥有一个长期和完善的规定用于水资源管理（简称WRM）方面，即在20世纪30年代开始，国家开始投入大量资金于蓄水设施、开发地下水用于扩大灌溉以及为迅速扩大的人口供水。
1943版土地法1，颁布于卡德纳斯政府（1934年至1940年）期间，此法授予联邦政府广泛的权力来界定“公共利益”用来说明哪些水可以利用。
凭借这样的立法，20世纪30年代和70年代之间，合作农场2部门和农村社区遭受直属联邦对水的控制。
另一方面，私人土地所有者，享受联邦政府资助的灌溉基础设施，并被保证只收取较低的市场价格。
随着时间的推移，大地主变得更加资本化，而小农户，由20世纪70年代，则一直遭受着水垄断的影响。
在20世纪70年代，墨西哥政府签订了一个与世界银行的三方协议，以及联合国发展计划，为了准备1975年国家水计划（NWP），此计划的确定需要制定国家水法（NWL）和国家水管理局并且要责任下放，促进用水的用户参与运营和维护（O＆M）。
1土地法：Código Agrario为西班牙语，意为土地法。
2合作农场：Ejido专指墨西哥的合作农场。
合作农场指农业生产者或家庭农场联合起来形成的规模较大，商品化、专业化、社会化程度较高的农The NWP spurred a significant institutional development and infrastructural achievements. In 1983 the federal government transferred the responsibility for water supply and sanitation to municipalities and states. The Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA) was established in 1986, and the National Water Commission (CONAGUA, sometimes also called CNA in 1989). Also in 1989 the first Basin Council in Lerma-Chapala was created, incorporating water users from multiple sectors.During the 1990s, Mexico's groundwater boom took place with rapid development and pumping of aquifers for combined agricultural, urban, and industrial demand. Also the federal government (CNA) decentralized responsibility for large irrigation infrastructure to autonomous agencies (irrigation districts).In 1992, Mexico adopted a National Water Law, which contained specific provisions for the role of the CNA, the structure and functioning of river basin councils, public participation in water management, etc.In 1993, the Cutzamala system was completed, becoming one of the largest pumping schemes in the world, pumping 19 cubic meters of water per second into the Mexico City Metropolitan area, over a difference of altitude of 940m and a distance of 162 km.NWP的刺激了一个重大的体制发展和基础设施的进步。