水利水电专业英语

Profession ：Hydraulic And Hydroelectric Engineering Class & Grade ： 091 Student Name ： Zhang Xu Student Number ： 200916056123
Architecture and Engineering Department
目录
CONTENTS
1. Definition (1)
2. History and recent devel- opments (1)
3. Availability (4)
4. Use (5)
5. Storage (5)
6. Water Balance (6)
7. Water balance and climate change (6)
Water resources in Mexico
1. Definition
Water resources in many parts of Mexico are under stress, especially in the arid northwest and central regions where most of the population lives and most of the economic activities are located. The country has put in place a system of water resources management that includes both central (federal) and decentralized (basin and local) institutions.
Despite many achievements, the water resources sector in Mexico still faces some challenges, including: (i) increasing water scarcity, (ii) deteriorating water quality, (iii) lack of financial sustainability of the water sector, (iv) modernizing water supply and sanitation services, (v) improve competitiveness and efficiency of irrigation, (vi) strengthen water institutions, (vii) adapt to climate change impacts, especially droughts and floods.
2. History and recent devel- opments 1. 定义
在墨西哥许多地方都存在水资源匮乏的压力，特别是在干旱的西北地区和居住着大量人口且经济活动尤为重要的中部地区。

该国已实施水资源管理体制，其中包括两个中央（联邦）和地方（流域和当地）机构。

尽管已做出许多成就，但墨西哥水资源部门仍面临一些挑战，包括：（一）水源日益稀缺，（二）水质不断恶化，（三）当地水务部门的财政可持续性，（四）现代化的供水和卫生服务，（五），提高有竞争力和有效率的灌溉，（六）加强水利机构，（七）适应气候变化的影响，特别是干旱和洪涝。

2. 历史及近态发展
Mexico has a long and well established tradition on water resources management (WRM) which started in the 1930s when the country began investing heavily in water storage facilities and groundwater development to expand irrigation and supply water to the rapidly expanding population.
The 1934 Código Agrario, promulgated during the Cárdenas administration (1934-1940), granted the federal government sweeping powers to define the “public interest” to which water could be harnessed. By virtue of such legislation, between the 1930s and 1970s, the ejido sector and rural communities were subject to direct federal control over water. Private landowners, on the other hand, enjoyed the benefits of federally subsidized irrigation infrastructure and guaranteed market prices. Over time, large landowners became highly capitalized, while small farmers, by the 1970s, were suffering from the effects of water monopolies.
In the 1970s, the Mexican government entered into a tripartite agreement with the Wold Bank, and the United Nations Development Program to prepare the 1975 National Water Plan (NWP) which identified the need to enact a National Water Law (NWL) and a National Water Authority as well as decentralize responsibilities and promote water user participation in operational and maintenance (O&M).
墨西哥有一个长期和完善的规定用于水资源管理（简称WRM）方面，即在20世纪30年代开始，国家开始投入大量资金于蓄水设施、开发地下水用于扩大灌溉以及为迅速扩大的人口供水。

1943版土地法1，颁布于卡德纳斯政府（1934年至1940年）期间，此法授予联邦政府广泛的权力来界定“公共利益”用来说明哪些水可以利用。

凭借这样的立法，20世纪30年代和70年代之间，合作农场2部门和农村社区遭受直属联邦对水的控制。

另一方面，私人土地所有者，享受联邦政府资助的灌溉基础设施，并被保证只收取较低的市场价格。

随着时间的推移，大地主变得更加资本化，而小农户，由20世纪70年代，则一直遭受着水垄断的影响。

在20世纪70年代，墨西哥政府签订了一个与世界银行的三方协议，以及联合国发展计划，为了准备1975年国家水计划（NWP），此计划的确定需要制定国家水法（NWL）和国家水管理局并且要责任下放，促进用水的用户参与运营和维护（O＆M）。

1土地法：Código Agrario为西班牙语，意为土地法。

2合作农场：Ejido专指墨西哥的合作农场。

合作农场指农业生产者或家庭农场联合起来形成的规模较大，商品化、专业化、社会化程度较高的农
The NWP spurred a significant institutional development and infrastructural achievements. In 1983 the federal government transferred the responsibility for water supply and sanitation to municipalities and states. The Mexican Institute of Water Technology (IMTA) was established in 1986, and the National Water Commission (CONAGUA, sometimes also called CNA in 1989). Also in 1989 the first Basin Council in Lerma-Chapala was created, incorporating water users from multiple sectors.
During the 1990s, Mexico's groundwater boom took place with rapid development and pumping of aquifers for combined agricultural, urban, and industrial demand. Also the federal government (CNA) decentralized responsibility for large irrigation infrastructure to autonomous agencies (irrigation districts).
In 1992, Mexico adopted a National Water Law, which contained specific provisions for the role of the CNA, the structure and functioning of river basin councils, public participation in water management, etc.
In 1993, the Cutzamala system was completed, becoming one of the largest pumping schemes in the world, pumping 19 cubic meters of water per second into the Mexico City Metropolitan area, over a difference of altitude of 940m and a distance of 162 km.
NWP的刺激了一个重大的体制发展和基础设施的进步。

1983年，联邦政府转移直辖市和国家的供水和卫生的责任。

墨西哥国家水资源委员会（CONAGUA，在1989年有时也被称为的CNA）及水技术研究所（IMTA）成立于1986年。

此外，在1989年第一盆地理事会3在莱尔马查帕拉创建，整合多个部门的水用户。

在20世纪90年代，墨西哥地下水的过度开采伴随着快速的发展以及农业、城市、工业的迫切需求而导致地下含水层的抽取。

同时联邦政府(国家水资源委员会)负责大型灌溉基础设施分散到各自治机构(灌溉地区)。

1992年，墨西哥通过了国家“水法”，其中记载国家水资源委员会作用的具体规定，流域理事会的结构和运作，在水资源管理中的公众参与，等等。

在1993年，Cutzamala系统完成，且成为一个在世界上最大的抽水计划，可以以超过19立方米每秒的速度将水抽至两地高程相差940米距离相差162公里的墨西哥城“大都市4”地区。

3盆地理事会：Basin Council，一个组织，主张
开放市场，提倡减少贸易与投资壁垒、扩大贸易与投资。

4大都市：Metropolitan，又指(基督教)大主教辖区
In 1997 the first technical groundwater committee was created to manage an overexploited aquifer in the state of Guanajuato.
With the 2004 Revision of the National Water Law, the thirteen decentralized CNA regions would become basin organizations serving as the technical arm of more broad-based basin councils that incorporate civil society interests including the private sector and citizens’ groups.
3. Availability
Total internal renewable water resources are 457 billion cubic meters (BCM)/year, plus 49 BCM/year inflows from neighboring countries (average 1977-2001).
The largest river on the Pacific coast is the Balsas River (24 BCM/year) and the largest river on the Atlantic Coast is the Grijalva-Usumacinta flowing from Guatemala to Mexico (115 BCM.year). The longest river (2018km) and also the river with the largest basin (226,000 km²) is the Rio Bravo, called Rio Grande in the United States.
Water is abundant in the relatively sparsely populated South and scarce in the more densely populated Center and North of the country. The Center and the North of the country where 77% of Mexico’s population lives and 85% of its GDP is generated dispose of only 32% of the country’s renewable water
1997年的第一次技术地下水委员会成立是为了管理在瓜纳华托州含水层的过度开发。

2004年，随着国家“水法”修订，13分散的国家水资源委员会所属地带将成为流域机构，就像一个符合拥有私人部门和公民团体的民众利益的、涉及面广的流域委员会下属技术部门
3. 可用性
内部可再生水资源总计每年457亿立方米（BCM），另外有从邻国流入的每年49亿立方米（BCM），（1977至2001年的平均值）。

太平洋沿岸最大的河流是Balsas 河（24 BCM/年），大西洋沿岸最大的河流是流经危地马拉到墨西哥的Grijalva-Usumacinta河（115 BCM/年）。

最长的河流（2018公里），并往往拥有最大流域（226,000平方公里）的河流是布拉沃河，也就是美国的里奥格兰德河5。

水，在相对人烟稀少的国家南部是丰富的，但是在人口密集的中部和北部有变得很稀缺。

国家的中部和北部居住着这个国家的77%的人口，85%的GDP使用着这个国家32%的可再生水资源。

5里奥格兰德河：Rio Grande河是美国和墨西哥
resources.
Rainfall is highly variable and droughts are frequent. The states most affected by drought, as measured by the agricultural area affected by drought, are Chihuahua, Mexico and Zacatecas.
4. Use
Total water withdrawals for consumptive use are 78 BCM/year. The largest consumptive water user is agriculture (78%), followed by domestic use (17%) and industry (5%).
There are no estimates on the Minimum Environmental Flow Requirements in Mexico. Environmental demand thus is de facto absent from the official water balances in Mexico.
Hydropower is a major source of electricity generation in Mexico with an installed capacity of 10.3 Gigawatt or 22% of the installed capacity in 2005.
5. Storage
There are seven major lakes in Mexico. By far the largest and most important is the Chapala Lake in Central Mexico with an area of 1,116 km²and a storage capacity of more than 8 BCM. Actual storage volume
降水十分无规律而且干旱频繁。

通过农业地区的测量，总结受干旱影响最为严重的地区是奇瓦瓦州、墨西哥和萨卡特卡斯。

4. 应用
消费性使用的总取水量为78亿立方米(BCM)/年。

最大的消费用水户是农业（78％），国内使用（17％）和工业（5％）。

没有墨西哥最低环境流量需求量的统计。

环境流量需求量事实上是墨西哥官方在水平衡方面统计的疏忽。

水利发电是墨西哥的主要输电来源。

总装机容量达到10.3兆瓦，其中有22%安装于2005年。

6
5. 储量
在墨西哥有7个主要湖泊。

迄今为止最大的和最重要的是在墨西哥中部的查帕拉湖，面积1,116平方公里并拥有超过8亿立方米(BCM)的存
6本资料原文建议读者想了解更多有关方面查阅
varies between 1 and 10 BCM since measurements began in 1935. The lake is only 4 to 6 m deep.
There are 667 large dams with a storage capacity of 150 BCM and an actual storage of 70 BCM in 2005. The largest dam by storage volume is the La Angostura Dam on the Grijalva River in the state of Chiapas with a storage volume of more than 10 BCM.
6. Water Balance
Overall, only 18% of water resources in Mexico are withdrawn for consumptive use. However, there is water stress in several regions of the country. The highest pressure on water resources is encountered around Mexico City (120% of resources), in Baja California (86% of resources) and in Sonora in the Northeast (79% of resources).
CNA has defined 653 “aquifers” out of which 104 were categorized as overexploited in 2005. Total groundwater use was 27.5 BCM/year, while recharge is estimated at 77BCM/year. Out of the country’s 13 administrative hydrological regions, in 4 regions abstraction exceeds recharge: Baja California, Northeast, North-Center and the Mexico Valley.
7. Water balance and climate change 储容量。

自1935年开始测量，其实际存储量变化在1和100亿立方米之间，而湖水却只有4至6米深。

截止2005年，墨西哥有667座大型水坝，总储量150亿立方米(BCM)，实际储量70亿立方米(BCM) 。

存储量最大的水坝是位于恰帕斯州Grijalva河上的La Angostura大坝，其存储量超过10亿立方米。

6. 用水平衡
总体而言，只有18％的水资源在墨西哥被循环使用。

然而，在该国一些地区用水紧张。

用水紧张最高的是墨西哥城周围（120％）、下加利福尼亚州（86％）和东北部索诺拉（79％）。

国家水资源委员会定义了653处“含水层”，其中104处在2005年归类为过度开发。

地下水的使用总额为27.5亿立方米(BCM)每年，而对于补充，据估计是在77亿立方米(BCM) 每年。

除了这个国家的13个行政水文地区,在四个地区用水超过补给:下加利福尼亚州、东北、North-Center和墨西哥的山谷。

7.水平衡和气候变化
In the context of the US National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (National Assessment on Climate Change) published in 2000, which was part of the US Global Change Research Program (Global Change Research Act), the National Ecology Institute of the National University of Mexico (UNAM) carried out a study on Impacts of Climate Change and Climate Variability in Mexico for the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. According to the study Mexico will experience less or normal summer precipitation and increased precipitation during winter. The report also details predicted impact by regions. For example, in the Lerma-Chapala basin the predicted increase in temperature coupled with a decrease in rainfall could result in severe water supply shortages, exacerbated by growth in population and industries. In northern areas and regions with large populations, especially in Central Mexico erosion and drought severity will increase with higher temperatures and rainfall variations in these arid and semi arid regions.
Researchers have also predicted that tensions between Mexico and the US over shared water resources could increase as climate change increases water scarcity in both countries.
《美国国家气候变化的潜在后果评估》（对气候变化国家评估）于2000年出版，此书是美国全球变化研究计划（全球变化研究行动）的一部分，在此书的背景下，墨西哥国立大学（UNAM）的国家生态研究所进行了一项对墨西哥环境和自然资源在墨西哥的气候变化和气候变异的影响的研究。

根据这项研究，墨西哥的经验或正常降水量在夏季会有所减少而冬季却有所增加。

该报告还详细介绍了如何通过地区预测影响。

例如，在莱尔马查帕拉流域温度的预测，再加上降雨量减少可能会导致严重的供水短缺，加剧了人口和产业的增长。

在北部地区和人口众多的地区，特别是在墨西哥中部水土流失和干旱程度严重的地方，将会使这些干旱和半干旱地区的较高的温度和降水变化更加恶化。

研究人员还预测，当气候变化增加两国的水短缺问题时。

墨西哥和美国之间的紧张关系可能会由于共享水资源而增加。