跨文化交际第二单元 culture的定义
(完整word版)《跨文化交际英语实用教程》名词解释
《跨文化交际英语实用教程》名词解释Define the following terms：1. Culture: it refers to a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values，norms and social practices, which affect the behaviors of a relatively large group of people.文化:它是指一组学习者对信仰、价值观、规范和社会实践的共同理解，从而影响了一个相对大的群体的行为。
2. Intercultural communication：It is communication between people from different cultural backgrounds, or it refers to communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际：它是来自不同文化背景的人们之间的交流，也就是说，人们的文化观念和符号系统之间的沟通是不同的,足以改变交际活动。
3. Denotative meaning tends to be described as the definitional，literal，obvious or commonsense meaning of a word.外延意义往往被描述为定义,文字，一个词明显或常识性的意义。
4. Connotative meaning is used to refer to the socio—cultural associations of the word.内涵意义是指词的社会文化协会。
culture-跨文化交际学
❖ Anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity to classify, codify（[‘kɔdifai] 把(法律)编成法典） and communicate their experiences symbolically.
❖ 2.1 From the perspective of sociology
❖ "The total, generally organized way of life, including values, norms, institutions, and artifacts, that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone"
❖
-- Dictionary of Modern Sociology
❖ "Culture stems from the development and transmission of human belief in symbols”. "The language system is a series of symbols used to transmit cultural beliefs among members of a society“. "Messages about cultural expectations can be found in the media, government, religious institutions, educational systems, and the like.”
Unit 2 跨文化交际
Unit 2Culture and CommunicationWhat is culture?“文化”是一个广泛的概念，它的内涵很丰富。
在英语中,“culture”一词是一个难以解释的词，它最早来源于古法语cultura, 拉丁语colere和德语“kultur”，原指土地的开垦及植物的栽培；后来随着人类生存空间和生存方式的改变逐渐扩延，转而意指人的身体、精神，特别是指艺术和道德能力和天赋的培养；进而泛指人类社会在征服自然和自我发展中创造的物质财富和精神财富，包括饮食、器具、舟车、房屋、社会组织、政治制度、风俗习惯、语言、学术思想等。
More than 500 definitions up to the present(Refer to p. 40 for some of the well-known ones)First definition: E. B. Tylor (1871) in Primitive Culture: “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.”文化是一种复合的整体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及人们作为社会成员而获得的能力与习惯Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.In a narrow sense, it refers to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, and language. Define culture from different perspectivesFrom Intellectual PerspectiveFrom Anthropologic PerspectiveFrom Social PerspectiveFrom Psychological PerspectiveFrom Intercultural Communication PerspectiveFrom Intellectual PerspectiveAccording to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, culture is "the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively".It refers to intellectual perspective, such as music, art, exhibition, dance, etc. When you talk about Picasso, Beethoven, etc., you are talking about culture.From Anthropologic PerspectiveCulture is "the customs, civilizations, and achievements of a particular time or people." This is an anthropologist's definition.From Social PerspectiveCulture is what a society does and thinks.Culture covers everything of a society.From Psychological PerspectiveCulture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another.From Intercultural Communication PerspectiveCulture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.Culture Is LearnedWe learn culture from __parents__, ____teachers____ friends ___,_other familymembers_____,_ and even strangers who are part of the culture_.Culture Is a Set of Shared InterpretationsAll communications take place by means of symbolsCulture Involves Beliefs, Values, and Normsa. BeliefsBeliefs refer to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is true or false.b. ValuesValues involve what a culture regarded as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel.c. NormsNorms refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of othersNorms in the army: SalutesNorms in different fields：Culture Affects BehaviorsCulture Involves Large Groups of PeopleThree Things Culture Doesp46-48 (self-study)Culture ranks what is importantCulture furnishes attitudesCulture dictates how to behaveCulture ranks what is importantDifferent cultures have their own value orientation and what is important in one culture may be virtually meaningless to another.Culture ranks what is important. In other words, cultures teach values or priorities.Values underlie attitudes. They also shape beliefs.Within a culture, values may be of greater or lesser importance.Culture furnishes attitudesAn attitude is learned, and it is a tendency to respond the same way to the same object or situation or idea.Attitudes can change, although change can be difficult. Attitudes are based on beliefs as well as values.Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas rather than on proof or facts. Belief systems or religions are powerful sources of values and attitudes in cultures.Culture dictates how to behaveBehavior comes directly from the attitudes about how significant something is --- how it is valued.Attitudes vary according to how important something is reckoned to be (value).Values drive actions.1.3 Classification of CultureOne of the most popular classification of culture:high culture: philosophy, literature, fine arts, music, religion etc.popular culture: customs and habits, rites and rituals, ways of living (housing, dressing, eating and drinking) and all interpersonal behavior.deep culture: the conception of beauty, definition of sin, notions of modesty, ordering of time, etc.Cultural iceberg: p. 44-50Conscious or subconscious?Deep culture—the out-of-awareness part of a cultureNine-tenth of an iceberg / culture is out of sight.Those that are above the “water” :what to eat and how to eat it;how to keep healthy;how to raise children;how to participate in ceremonies;how to introduce and greet people;Those that are below the “water” :what is good or bad;what is right or wrong;what is beautiful or ugly;what is clean or dirty;how is an individual related to others;Generally speaking, differences in those things that are usually outside of our conscious awareness, i.e. the so-called “ deep culture”, are more likely to cause problems in intercultural communication. The reason is that this part of culture is internalized in people’s mind and thus is hard to perceived.SummaryCulture is not anything that people in a group are born with, but something they learn either by being taught or by growing up in it.Different cultures have different ways of eating, drinking, dressing, finding shelter, marrying and dealing with death.Our own culture seems natural to us while other cultures may think it funny, strange or even disgusting. However, this has nothing to do with right or wrong.It follows that there is no “best” culture suitable for all people in the world. In comparing cultures, we can hardly say which culture is definitely better than the other, for each culture can be appropriate to certain group of people living in a particular geographic and social environment.A culture should therefore be judged and interpreted in its own context. Without considering the environment in which people of a particular culture live, it would be impossible for us to really understand and appreciate what is significant and meaningful in that culture. Perhaps, if we could examine the manners of different nations with impartiality, we should find no people so rude, nor any so polite.2. Instinctive Behavior andCultural BehaviorReading : p. 41Questions:---Do you know Maslow’s theory?---Do human beings realize all these needs at the same time?---Do people all over the world share the same basic needs described by Maslow?---Do people realize these needs in the same ways?---Is culture conscious or subconscious?2.1 Instinctive behavior—innate and universal2.2 Cultural behavior—learned and transmitted from generation to generation through the use of symbolsPeople in different cultures satisfy these needs in different ways.Examples:Different ways of eating p.43;Difference in treating visitors. p. 38 (Warm Up)Difference in ending the meals. p. 59 (Group Work)Case AnalysisCase 5 p. 60Difference in taking offersCase 7 p.62Difference in the view of giftsCase 8 p.62-63Difference in food for banquet, table mannersAnalysisIn China, it is often not polite to accept a first offer and Heping was being modest, polite and well-behaved and had every intention of accepting the beer at the second or third offer. But he did not know the North American rules which firmly say that you do not pull alcoholic beverages on anyone. A person may not drink for religious reasons, he may be a reformed alcoholic, or he may be allergic.Whatever the reason, you do not insist on offering alcohol. So the Americans didn’t make a second offer of beer to Heping, who probably thought North Americans not hospitable. However, there are always individual differences between people from even the same culture. Probably the young Chinese nurse had known something about the American culture and was just trying to behave like an American when she was in an American family.Case 7 p.62What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?How would you feel if Keiko presented you with a gift for your help?AnalysisKeiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite.Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for shep robably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community.Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 8 p.62-63Why did the girl consider the menu created by her mother a strange one?What cultural differences can you find in this case?AnalysisWhen the Chinese girl fell in love with an American boy at that time, it seems that she preferred to celebrate Christmas in the American way, for she wanted very much to appear the same as other American girls. She did not like to see her boyfriend disappo inted at the “shabby” Chinese Christmas. That’s why she cried when she found out her parents had invited the minister’s family over for the Christmas Eve dinner. She thought the menu for the Christmas meal created by her mother a strange one because there were no roast turkey and sweet potatoes but only Chinese food.How could she notice then the foods chosen by her mother were all her favorites?From this case, we can find a lot of differences between the Chinese and Western cultures in what is appropriate food for a banquet, what are good table manners, and how one should behave to be hospitable. However, one should never feel shame just because one’s culture is different from others’. As Amy’s mother told her, you must be proud to be different, and yo ur only shame is to have shame.3.1 Definition of Communication---A behavior-affecting process in which one person (a source) intentionally encodes and transmits a message through a channel to an intended audience (receivers) in order to induce a particular attitude or behavior.---Transmission and reception of meaning through the manipulation of symbols, language and context.---A process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.(p.58)It involves a sender who encodes a message and a receiver who decodes the message.3.3 Types of Communication(1)Interpersonal Communication (Dyad)Intrapersonal Communication (Within)Mass CommunicationGroup CommunicationPublic CommunicationBusiness CommunicationIntra-cultural CommunicationIntercultural/Cross-Cultural CommunicationInternational CommunicationIntracultural CommunicationShared communication between members of the same cultural group /communication between people from the same cultureIntercultural Communicationcommunication between people from different culturesIntercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …Own cultureCultures of other groupsParent/Dominant culture (e.g. based on race or ethnicity)Co-cultures (e.g. based on gender, religion, age)Intercultural Communication…Requires an understanding of …..Knowledge systemBeliefsValuesCustomsBehaviorsIntercultural / Cross-cultural CommunicationAlthough the term cross-cultural is often used as a synonym for intercultural, it traditionally implies a comparison of some phenomena across cultures.For example, if we examine communication between two Chinese or between two Americans, we are looking at intra-cultural communication.If we observe communication between a Chinese and an American, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.If we compare the speech act of apology in the Chinese culture and in the American culture, for example, we are making a cross-cultural comparison.If we look at how an American or a Chinese is making an apology when communicating with each other, in contrast, we are looking at intercultural communication.Cross-Cultural CommunicationInvolves highlighting similarities and differences across cultural groups to promote communicationInternational CommunicationInteractions among people from different nations. Certainly, communication among people from different countries is likely to be intercultural communication, but that is not always true.3.3 Types of Communication(2)human communication (人类交际）animal communication (动物交际）human-animal communication （人类与动物的交际）human-machine communication（人机交际）machine-to-machine communication（机器交际）3.4 Media of CommunicationFace-to-FaceTelephoneBroadcast MediaVerbalNon-verbalWhich other media of communication can you identify?3.6 The Communication ProcessMatching Task p.57One more example:1. A: Can you tell me the time?B: Well, the milkman has come.(No, I don’t know the exact time, but I can tell you that the milkman has come so that you may be able to tell what the approximate time it is now.)Case 6 p.61 ( assignment)Case AnalysisCase 6 p.61Why did the Chinese mother-in-law decide to leave the very afternoon?What was wrong with Litz asking her husband how long his mother was going to stay just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival?AnalysisWhen a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds of meanings involved: utterance meaning, the speaker’s meaning and the hearer’s meaning.In the dialogue, when Litz asked how long her mother-in-law was going to stay, she meant that if she knew how long she was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, hermother-in-law took Litz’s question to mean “ Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she has to ask the quest ion, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Another CaseSituation:A Chinese student had just arrived at the States. One day, when he was reading in his room, he heard someone shouting outside: “ Watch out!” So he went to the window and stretched out his head and tried to find out what’s going on outside. Just then, his head was right poured by the water from above…Question:What are the three meanings of “ Watch out” in communication?Key to the question:1.Utterance meaning: Be careful!2.Speaker’s meaning: Don’t pull out !3.Hearer’s meaning:Something is happening! Look out!3.9 Characteristics of Communication p.68-73DynamicSymbolicInteractiveInterpretiveContextualCommunication is a dynamic processCommunication is an ongoing, ever changing activity. It is not fixed.“You can’t stand in the same stream twice.”When people communicate, they are constantly affected by each other’s messages and as a consequence, people undergo continual change.Each time one is influenced, one changes in some way and people never stay frozen when in communication.Once a word or an action is employed, it cannot be retracted.Communication is symbolicCommunication involves the use of symbols.A symbol is a word, action, or object that strands for or presents a unit of meanings. Meaning, in turn, is a perception, thought, or feeling that a person experiences and might want to communicate to others.P eople’s behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.Communication is interactive/transactionalCommunication must take place between people.When two or more people communicate, their unique backgrounds and experiences serve as a backdrop for the communication interaction.Communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.There are no such entities as pure senders or pure receivers.Communication is systemic/contextualCommunication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system.Setting and environment help determine the words and actions you generate and the meanings you give the symbols produced by other people.Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.People do not act the same way in every environment.Communication is contextual/systemicAll communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship.Thus, the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings within which messages are exchanged.The physical context includes the actual location of the interactants: indoors or outdoors, crowded or quiet, public or private, close together or far apart, warm or cold, bright or dark. The social context refers to the widely shared expectations people have about the kinds of interactions that normally should occur given different kinds of social events.The interpersonal context refers to the expectations about the behaviors of others as a result of differences in the relationships between them. (examples---p69-70)Communication is interpretiveWhenever people communicate, they must interpret the symbolic behaviors of others and assign significance to some of those behaviors in order to create a meaningful account of the other’s actions.There is no direct mind-to-mind contact between people, you cannot access the thoughts and feelings of other human beings but can only infer what they are experiencing.Communication is complexAlthough all cultures use symbols to share their realities, the specific realities and the symbols employed are often quite different.People are both alike and different.Cultural, as well as individual, differences keep people apart.Members of different cultures look differently at the world around them.A successful intercultural communicator appreciates similarities and accepts differences.4. Elements of Communication p.50-56ContextParticipantsMessagesChannelsNoiseFeedbackContextphysical settingthe formality of the conference roomthe seating arrangementslightingthe time of daythe distance between communicatorshistorical contextprevious communication eventspsychological contextthe manner of perceiving themselves and otherscultural contextcommunication normsParticipantsplay the roles of senders and receivers:senders form messages– encoders;receivers process the messages and react to them—decodersvariables affecting participants:---relationships: familiar or unfamiliar---gender: males or females---culture: from the same culture or from different culturesMessagesmeaningsthe meanings may not be transferred successfullysymbolswords chosenfacial expressions, gesturestone of voiceencoding and decodingmessage encoded may not be decoded as intendedculture and nonverbal factorsChannels---sound, sight, smell, taste, touch---the nature of the channel selected affects the way a message will be processed---the impact of a message changes as the channel used to transmit it changes---the more channels used, the more successful the communication will beNoise---any stimulus that interferes with the sharing of meaningexternal noisestimuli in the surrounding that distract attentioninternal noiseinterfering thoughts and feelings inside a communicatorsemantic noiseinappropriate choice of words---noise can function as a communication barrierFeedbackverbal responsenonverbal responseserves useful functions for both senders and receivers: it provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process.Cultural Noise–-- cultural variables that undermine the communication of intended meaningExamples of Semantic Noise一次性用品：A Time Sex Thing一次性筷子：One Sex Chopsticks平时禁止入内：No entry on peace time小心溺水：Careful Drowning童子鸡：Chicken without sexual life麻婆豆腐：Bean curd made by a pockmarked woman贵阳：Expensive Sun干果区：Fuck the fruit areaAssignments1. Find a misleading sign in Meizhou and point out what’s wrong and give a correct one.2. Further Reading I : Understanding Culture p.64-67。
文化的定义跨商务文化交际
商务环境中的沟通障碍与解决方式
误解与偏见
由于文化背景的差异，可能导致 对对方行为的误解和偏见。
缺乏共同语言
不同文化背景的人可能使用不同 的语言或术语，导致沟通困难。
沟通风格不同
不同文化背景的人Hale Waihona Puke 能有不同的 沟通风格，如直接或委婉。
适应沟通风格
根据对方的文化背景调整自己的 沟通方式。
跨商务文化交际是指在不同 文化背景下的商务交流和合 作。成功的跨商务文化交际 需要具备文化意识和跨文化 沟通能力，以促进相互理解 和合作。
文化差异对商务交流和合作 产生重要影响，包括语言沟 通、谈判技巧、决策方式等 方面。因此，在跨商务文化 交际中，需要充分了解和尊 重文化差异，以避免误解和 冲突。
文化的重要性
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促进社会和谐
文化是社会凝聚力的源泉， 它有助于形成共同的社会 规范和价值观，促进社会 和谐与稳定。
塑造个体行为
文化对个体的思想、行为 和价值观产生深远影响， 塑造个体在社会中的角色 和行为方式。
推动经济发展
文化作为一种产业，能够 创造经济价值，推动经济 发展和社会进步。
文化的影响因素
非语言信息差异
肢体语言、面部表情等非语言信息在不同文化中 可能有不同的含义，可能导致沟通障碍。
语言障碍
语言是跨文化交际的核心媒介，但不同语言的语 法、语义、表达方式等方面存在差异，可能导致 信息传递的误解。
应对策略
尊重文化差异，增强文化敏感性和包容性；学习 并掌握目标文化的语言和非语言信息；培养有效 的沟通技巧，如倾听、表达和反馈；利用专业机 构和人士进行跨文化培训和指导。
culture是什么意思_culture的中文释义_例句
culture是什么意思_culture的中文释义_例句单词culture你知道是什么意思吗?culture怎么造句呢?请阅读以下文章，跟着一起来了解。
culture是什么意思_culture的中文释义_例句culture【基本解释】n. 栽培;文化;教养vt. 培养，栽培【详细释义】n. (名词)栽培，(人工)培养，培育文化，文明养殖教养，修养培养菌，培养物陶冶磨炼培养组织耕作，造林，培植，种植《文化报》v. (动词)养殖培养(细菌)，栽培，培植，培育耕种，耕作修养，修习，使有教养磨炼【双解释义】n. (名词)[U][C]文化development of the arts and sciences in society[U]休养,教养; 精神文明; 训练; 教育artistic and other activity of the mind and the works produced by this[U]养殖,培养,栽培the practice of raising animals and growing plants【常用短语】popular culture 流行文化; 大众文化; 通俗文化; 民间文化Primitive culture 原始文化; 原始文化; 原始文明; 上古文化Culture industry 文化工业; 文化产业; 文化工業; 产业文化Islamic culture 伊斯兰文化; 清真文化; 伊斯兰文明; 伊斯兰教文化Majiayao culture 马家窑文化Mississippian culture 密西西比文化Houli culture 后李文化Traditional culture 传统文化; 文化传统; 传统文明; 民族传统文化Vinča culture 温查文明【例句】The greeks built a civilization and culture of their own .希腊人创造了他们自己的文明和文化。
跨文化交际概论各章节内容要点
跨文化交际概论各章节内容要点第一章跨文化语言交际概述第一节文化、语言和交际一、关于文化的概念（一）文化的内涵和特性1、关于文化的内涵概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。
在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。
交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。
科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。
”2、关于文化的特性（1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。
（2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。
（3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。
（4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。
（5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。
（6）文化和交际具有同一性。
（7）文化是动态多变的。
（8）文化具有选择性。
（9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。
（10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。
（二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化1、文化定势和群体文化世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。
存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。
2、亚文化与亚群体在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。
亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。
二、关于语言的概念（一）语言是交际工具1、交际媒介言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。
语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。
跨文化相关的英文词组解释
Unit 2 Culture and Communication(1)Culture (from intercultural communication perspective) 从跨文化交际学角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识，经验，信仰，价值观，行为，态度，阶级，宗教，时间观，角色，空间观和艺术品的集合。
(2)Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Five elements)(2) Culture Identity文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。
(3) Subculture亚文化：指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位，社会阶层，民族，种族或地理区域。
1. Sender/Source信息发出者/信息源：指传递信息的人2. Message信息：只引起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
3.Encoding: 编码：之信息发出者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
4. Channel/Medium渠道/媒介：只发送信息的方法5. Receiver:信息接受者：指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人6. Decoding: 解码：指信息接受者赋予其受到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
7. Feedback: 反馈“ 指信息接受者对信息源信息所作出的反应。
8. Noise: 干扰：指妨碍信息交流的各种因素。
包括外界干扰，生理干扰，心理干扰和语义干扰。
(12) external noise(13) internal noiseUnit 3 Cultural Diversity(1)Context (from the perspective of culture)语境，指交际发生的环境，包括自然语境，社会语境和人际语境。
/语境是指事件发生时周围的信息，对事件的解读具有重要参考价值。
(2)High Context Communication: 高语境交际是指在交际过程中大部分的信息靠交际人本身传递，只有少量信息被明确地用语言的形式传递。
跨文化交际
跨文化交际学第一部分引论1,文化的定义：Culture refers to the total pattern of beliefs ,customs,institutions,objects,and techniques that characterize the life of ahuman community.The objective culture means we learn the facts about our own or other cultures. The subjective culture includes feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be.2,文化是什么：Culture is like an iceberg;culture is our software;culture is like the water a fish swims in;culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves;culture is the grammer of our behavior.3,文化的特征：(1)An important characteristic of culture is that it is shared,these shared aspects of culture are part of the objective culture;(2)As participants in a culture,we are meaning makers,sharing culture is sharing meanings;(3)Culture are always changing.4,学习文化与学习做文化的差异（中西P21）5,跨文化交际意识的四个不同阶段：Level one:cultural differences are exotic异国风情的;Level two:cultural differences are frustrating有挫折的;Level three:the different culture is believable;Level four:the different culture is believable as lived experience.6,语言与文化的关系：Language is part of culture;Language is the carrier and container of culture, as a mirror of culture, language is strongly influenced and shaped by culture;Language also exerts its influence on culture, language and culture is closely related, each influencing and shaping the other.第二部分文化差别和词的涵义1,词的涵义的概念：Connotation:the implication of a word,apart from its primary meaning（朗曼）；the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the thing itexplicitly names or describes（韦氏）.2,英汉两种词汇存在语义差异(semantic differences)的四种情况：（语言P151）(1)a term in one language that does not have a counterpart相对应的in another language;(2)words or terms in both languages that appear to refer to the same object or concept on the surface,but which actually refer to quite different things;(3)things or concepts that are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language,but by many more terms in the other language;that is,finer distinctions exist in the other language;(4)terms that have more or less the same primary meaning,but which have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other. 3,解决英、汉语词汇不对应的方法：（语言P11）(1)explaining the term释义(2)giving a name that sounds the same as the original term译音(3)creating a name造词(4)using two or more methods综合4,intellectual=知识分子？In china,the term 知识分子generally includes college teachers,college students,and such people as medical doctors,engineers,interpreters－people who had a college education－and middle school teachers.In the U.S and Europe,however,intellectuals would include only people of high academic status such as college professors,but not ordinary college students.Intellectual is not always a complimentary term褒义in the U.S.5,社会生活和政治生活中缺乏对应关系的词语：斗争会-----struggle meeting? Revival meeting、bingo party、bingo game?6,自然现象中缺乏对应关系的词语：节气---solar terms? 雨水----Rain Water? 惊蛰---Waking of Insects?清明----Pure and Brightness?春分=Spring Equinox 夏至=Summer Solstice 秋分=Autumn Equinox冬至=Winter Solstice7,日常生活中缺乏对应关系的词语：炕(kang) 冰糖葫芦(candied haws on a stick) 秤(steelyard)motel(汽车旅馆) hamburger(汉堡包) time clock(出勤记录钟)8，“貌合神离”的词语：High school不等于高等学校，是美国的中学Service station不等于服务站，是给汽油加油和维修的地方Rest room不等于休息室，是浴室或厕所Busboy不是公共汽车上的售票员或司机，是指收拾碗碟擦桌子的杂工Goldbrick不是金锭，指逃避工作的人，尤指爱偷懒的士兵，懒汉大忙人不等于busybody, busybody是指爱管闲事的人Political campaign不等于政治运动，指竞选活动改善生活不等于improve one’s standard of living, improve one’s standard of living表示提高生活水平令人发指不等于to make one’s hair stand on end, to make one’s hair stand on end是指令人毛骨悚然自食其言不等于to eat one’s own words, to eat one’s own words指收回自己说的话，一般多用于强迫别人收回所说的话，使他丢脸To get a kick out of something不等于被踢出去，To get a kick out of something是指欣赏……或从……中得到极大愉快To blow one’s own horn不等于各吹各的号，To blow one’s own horn是指自吹自擂，老王卖瓜，自卖自夸9,英汉两语中称呼亲属的词语（语言P17）10,区分禽兽“公”和“母”的词语：11,表示机关名称和职务名称的词语：12,不同文化内涵及其产生的不同联想的词语：Peasant-----农民？peasant在英语中有贬义的意思，是指社会地位低下、没有教养的人在中国，poor peasant(贫农)和laborer(劳工)含有正面的、积极的含义，在西方，却有反面的、消极的意味，相反，landlord（地主），capitalist（资本家），boss（老板）对中国人来说有贬义，对中国人来说有贬义，而在资本主义国家却不是.Idealist(唯心主义者？) materialist(唯物主义者？)是指讲究物质利益的人，实利主义者Politician(政治家？)，在美国，Politician是贬义，指为谋取个人私利而搞政治、耍手腕的人，政治家应指statesman.政治(politics?),应译为political activities,political work,political study.13,英汉两语中表示褒义、贬义和中性的不同词语：第三部分日常谈话中的文化差别1, Greetings打招呼English : use these sentences “how do you do”“how are you” , “hello” or “hi” are frequently used greeting among colleagues, classmates, friends and family members.For Chinese learners of English it is important to note that many casual greetings in Chinese cannot be carried over into English used as greetings when they meet English speakers. “吃饭了吗”, “上哪儿呀”“去哪了” etc.2,Farewells告别English people: when they meet first time: I’m pleased to meet you or it’s nice to meet/know you. It’s nice to have met you. And when they part, they usually say “good-bye, Bye-bye, so long” or “see you later/ tomorrow/on the next Monday.”Chinese people: usually “再见”“再会”“一会儿见”“明天见”“下星期一见”. And when the visit is over and the guest is seen to the door or gateway by the host, and exchange of utterances like “请留步”“请走好3,称呼亲属的词语：“mother””father””grandmother” can be used alone both in English and Chinese. “aunt”“uncle” are often used together with the addressee’s give name, but not in Chinese. For example, Uncle Tom, Aunt Mary.English speaking people can named their relative by using their name, but we can’tdo like this in Chinese, even between brothers and sisters. For example: “大哥”“二哥”“二姐”.When addressing strangers, the Chinese people resort to “同志”“师傅”“先生”“小姐”“老爷爷”“伯父”“阿姨”“伯母”“大哥”“大嫂”“大兄弟”“大姐”“小朋友”。
crossculture跨文化考试笔记
crossculture跨⽂化考试笔记跨⽂化交际学的课堂笔记I. Culture and Intercultural CommunicationCulture:●Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks. (Sapir, 1921)●Culture refers to the total way of life of particular groups of people. It includes everythingthat a group of people thinks, says, does, and makes. (R. Kohls, 1979)●Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, whichaffect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.⽂化是习得的⼀套关于信仰、价值观、规范的公认的解释，这些信仰、价值观、规范对相当⼤⼈类群体的⾏为产⽣影响。
The Characteristics of Culture:1.Culture is not innate; it is learned;2.Culture is transmissible from person to person, group to group, and generation togeneration;3.Culture is a dynamic system that changes continuously over time;4.Culture is selective; (every culture represents a limited choice of behavior patterns)5.Culture is composed of interrelated facets;6.Culture is ethnocentric (centeredness on one’s own group).The American sociolinguist D. Hymes pointed out that people with communicative competence should know when, where and what to speak to whom and how.Models of communicationTheoretically, the model of communication is always described in the following way:Communication is exchanging information in the form of messages, symbols, thoughts, signs and opinions.The Ingredients of Culture●Language;●Religion;●Values and attitudes;●Education;●Social organization;●Technology and material culture;●Politics;●LawIntercultural Communication (IC)●In its most general sense, IC refers to those occasions when a member of oneculture produces a message for consumption by a member of another culture. (p70, Samovar & Porter)●More precisely, IC refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.(p70, Samovar & Porter)跨⽂化交际:指拥有不同⽂化认知和符号体系的⼈们之间进⾏的交际。
跨文化交流名词解释
跨文化交流名词解释1. Culturewhat the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
Culture means:(a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation.(b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.2 . CommunicationCommunication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings. (the basis of all human contact)3. Intercultural communicationcommunication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.4. AcculturationIt refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.The process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.文化适应：人们学习适应新文化的社会规范和价值观的过程。
跨文化交际名词解释汇总
跨文化交际名词解释汇总
跨文化交际（Intercultural Communication）是指不同文化之间进行的交际活动。
在跨文化交际中，涉及到许多名词和概念。
以下是对一些常见的跨文化交际名词的解释：
1.文化（Culture）：文化是人类社会的一种现象，包括人类所共同创造的一切物质和非物质的事物，如语言、宗教、价值观念、习俗等。
2.文化冲突（Culture Clash）：指不同文化之间的价值、信仰、行为方式等存在差异，导致交流过程中产生的冲突。
3.文化认知（Cultural Awareness）：指人们对不同文化的理解、认识和感知。
4.跨文化交际能力（Intercultural Communication Competence）：指具备有效应对跨文化交际的能力，包括对不同文化的理解、适应和应对。
5.文化智商（Cultural Intelligence）：指人们在跨文化交际中应对复杂情境的能力，包括对文化差异的认知、理解和应对能力。
6.文化适应（Culture Adaptation）：指在新的文化环境中，个体逐渐适应并接受该文化的过程。
7.文化刻板印象（Cultural Stereotype）：指对某一文化或文化群体的普遍化、片面化的看法和评价。
8.文化代际冲突（Intergenerational Culture Conflict）：指不同世代之间在文化、价值观念等方面的差异导致的冲突。
9.文化霸权（Cultural Hegemony）：指某一特定文化在全球范围内的主导地位。
以上是一些常见的跨文化交际名词的解释。
在跨文化交际中，了解这些名词的含义对于有效的跨文化交际至关重要。
《跨文化交际》_名词解释
名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whoseculture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter thecommunication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰，价值观，规范的公认的解释，这些信仰，价值观，规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。
Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。
Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。
Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则，这种不正确的行为一旦发生，就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。
跨文化交际名词解释
目前，跨文化交际学已发展成为一门被国际学者们充分重视的集人类学、语言学、心理学、传播学、社会学等为一体的综合性学科。
4.文化差异文化差异是由各国的历史传统以及不同的社会发展进程所产生的，表现在社会文化的各个方面。
从霍氏的各文化维度指标值中，可得出东西方的文化差异是十分明显的，就是在同为东方文化圈的中国大陆、日本、中国香港、新加坡等也是较明显的。
就如中日两国文化都是一种集体主义导向，但两种集体主义却有较大的不同。
此外，除了民族、地域文化差异之外，不可否认，还有投资合作伙伴“公司文化”的风格差异。
可以说，公司内文化差距越大，产生文化冲突与困惑的可能性与强度就会越来越大。
霍夫斯坦特对文化下了这样一个定义：所谓“文化”，是在同一个环境中的人民所具有的“共同的心理程序”。
因此，文化不是一种个体特征，而是具有相同社会经验、受过相同教育的许多人所共有的心理程序。
不同的群体，不同的国家或地区的人们，这种共有的心理程序之所以会有差异，是因为他们向来受着不同的教育、有着不同的社会和工作，从而也就有不同的思维方式。
（权力距离、不确定性避免、个人主义与集体主义、男性度与女性度、长期取向与短期取向）5、文化词，什么是文化词呢？文化词就是指蕴含社会文化意义的词语，文化意义就是指社会赋予词语的引申义、联想义、比喻义、象征义等。
文化词与民族心理、风俗习惯和社会变革等密切相关，是词汇中最活跃的部分。
文化词和其他词汇一起组成了语言的底座，与语言紧密相随，在语言中也随处可见。
通过多年的对外汉语教学我发现，对留学生的文化词教学仅仅停留在词汇的表层意义上已经不能满足学生对汉语深层意蕴的渴求，文化词教学在对外汉语教学中是一个必须面对又很难把握的环节，甚至很多老师还没有认识到文化词教学其实是对外汉语教学的一部分。
6、体态语释义：又称“身体语言”。
是用身体动作来表达情感、交流信息、说明意向的沟通手段。
包括姿态、手势、面部表情和其他非语言手段，如点头、摇头、挥手、瞪眼等。
Culture and Communication 2 跨文化交际
Culture and Communication - The Relationship Between Communication and Culture, Characteristics of Culture, Glimpses of Culturecultures cultural individuals time relationships organizations societies customsThe term “culture” refers to the complex colle ction of knowledge, folklore, language, rules, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, and customs that link and give a common identity to a particular group of people at a specific point in time.All social units develop a culture. Even in two-person relationships, a culture develops over time. In friendship and romantic relationships, for example, partners develop their own history, shared experiences, language patterns, rituals, habits, and customs that give that relationship a special character—a character that differentiates it in various ways from other relationships. Examples might include special dates, places, songs, or events that come to have a unique and important symbolic meaning for two individuals.Groups also develop cultures, composed of the collection of rules, rituals, customs, and other characteristics that give an identity to the social unit. Where a group traditionally meets, whether meetings begin on time or not, what topics are discussed, how decisions are made, and how the group socializes are all elements of what, over time, become defining and differentiating elements of its culture.Organizations also have cultures, often apparent in particular patterns of dress, layout of workspaces, meeting styles and functions, ways of thinking about and talking about the nature and directions of the organization, leadership styles, and so on.The most rich and complex cultures are those that are associated with a society or a nation, and the term “culture” is most commonly used to refer to these characteristics, including language and language-usage patterns, rituals, rules, and customs. A societal or national culture also includes such elements as significant historical events and characters, philosophies of government,social customs, family practices, religion, economic philosophies and practices, belief and value systems, and concepts and systems of law.Thus, any social unit—whether a relationship, group, organization, or society—develops a culture over time. While the defining characteristics—or combination of characteristics—of each culture are unique, all cultures share certain common functions. Three such functions that are particularly important from a communication perspective are (1) linking individuals to one another, (2) providing the basis for a common identity, and (3) creating a context for interaction and negotiation among members.The Relationship Between Communication and CultureThe relationship between communication and culture is a very complex and intimate one. First, cultures are created through communication; that is, communication is the means of human interaction through which cultural characteristics— whether customs, roles, rules, rituals, laws, or other patterns—are created and shared. It is not so much that individuals set out to create a culture when they interact in relationships, groups, organizations, or societies, but rather that cultures are a natural by-product of social interaction. In a sense, cultures are the “residue” of social communication. Without communication and communication media, it would be impossible to preserve and pass along cultural characteristics from one place and time to another. One can say, therefore, that culture is created, shaped, transmitted, and learned through communication. The reverse is also the case; that is, communication practices are largely created, shaped, and transmitted by culture.To understand the implications of this communication-culture relationship, it is necessary to think in terms of ongoing communication processes rather than a single communication event. For example, when a three-person group first meets, the members bring with them individual thought and behavioral patterns from previous communication experiences and from other cultures of which they are, or have been, a part. As individuals start to engage in communication with the other members of this new group, they begin to create a set of shared experiences and ways of talking about them. If the group continues to interact, a set of distinguishing history, patterns, customs, and rituals will evolve. Some of these cultural characteristics would be quite obvious and tangible, such that a new person joining the group would encounter ongoing cultural “rules” to which they would learn to conform through communication. New members would in turn influence the group culture in small, and sometimes large, ways as they become a part of it. In areciprocal fashion, this reshaped culture shapes the communication practices of current and future group members. This is true with any culture; communication shapes culture, and culture shapes communication. Characteristics of CultureCultures are complex and multifaceted. As is apparent from the above discussions, cultures are complex “structures” that consist of a wide ar ray of characteristics. The cultures of relationships or groups are relatively simple compared to those of organizations and, especially, societies. Edward Hall (1959, 1979) is one of the most significant contributors to the general understanding of the complexity of culture and the importance of communication to understanding and dealing with cultural differences at the societal level.Ads by GoogleFons TrompenaarsTrompenaars Hampden-TurnerIntercultural Managment ConsultingGlobal Team CollaborationIncrease team performance throughe-learning and teamwork training/virtual_world.cfmManagement of complexityThe leading tool to master complexprojects, processes, developments..www.consideo-modeler.deSolution for Cable TVIncrease revenue level withMulti-level convergence platformCultures are subjective. There is a tendency to assume that the elements of one’s own cultures are logical and make good sense. It follows that if other cultures—whether of relationships, groups, organizations, or societies—look different, those differences are often considered to be negative, illogical, and sometimes nonsensical. If, for example, an individual happens to be in a romantic relationship that is characterized by public displays of affection, that person might think that the behaviors of other people who have more reservedrelational cultures may seem strange, even inappropriate. The person might wonder why a romantic couple would not be more open in displaying affection to one another in public. The individual might even be tempted to conclude that the “reserved” relationship lacks depth and intensity. This phenomenon is true in a variety of situations. People who are used to informal meetings of a group might think that adherence to formal meeting rules is strange and stilted. Employees in an organization where suits are worn every day may react with cynicism and questioning when they enter an organization where casual attire is standard practice. Someone from a culture that permits one man to have only one wife may find it quite inappropriate that another culture allows one man to have multiple wives. With regard to culture, the tendency for many people is to equate “different” with “wrong,” even though all cultural elements come about through essentially identical communication processes. Cultures change over time. In fact, cultures are ever changing—though the change is sometimes very slow and imperceptible. Many forces influence cultural change. As indicated above, cultures are created through communication, and it is also through communication between individuals that cultures change over time. Each person involved in a communication encounter brings the sum of his or her own experiences from other (past or present) culture memberships. In one sense, any encounter between individuals in new relationships, groups, organizations, or societies is an intercultural communication event, and these varying cultural encounters influence the individual and the cultures over time. Travel and communication technologies greatly accelerate the movement of messages from one cultural context to another, and in small and large ways, cultures come to influence one another through communication. Phrases such as “melting pot,” “world community,” and “global village” speak to the inevitability of intercultural influence and change.Cultures are largely invisible. Much of what characterizes cultures of relationships, groups, organizations, or societies is invisible to its members, much as the air is invisible to those who breathe it. Language, of course, is visible, as are greeting conventions, special symbols, places, and spaces. However, the special and defining meanings that these symbols, greetings, places, and spaces have for individuals in a culture are far less visible. For example, one can observe individuals kissing when they greet, but unless one has a good deal more cultural knowledge, it is difficult to determine what the behavior means in the context of the culture of their relationship, group, organization, or society. In other words, it is difficult to tell, without more cultural knowledge, if the kiss is a customary greeting among casual acquaintances or if such a greeting would be reserved for family members or lovers. As another example, beefsteak is thought of as an excellent food in some cultures. However, if one were a vegetarian or a member of a culturewhere the cow is sacred, that same steak would have an entirely different cultural meaning.Glimpses of CultureFor the reasons noted above, opportunities to “see” culture and the dynamic relationship that exists between culture and communication are few. Two such opportunities do occur when there are violations of cultural conventions or when there is cross-cultural contact.When someone violates an accepted cultural convention, ritual, or custom—for example, by speaking in a foreign language, standing closer than usual while conversing, or discussing topics that are typically not discussed openly—the other members of the culture become aware that something inappropriate is occurring. When “normal” cultural practices are occurring, members of the culture think little of it, but when violations occur, the members are reminded—if only momentarily—of the pervasive role that culture has on daily life.When visiting other groups, organizations, and, especially, other societies, people are often confronted by—and therefore become aware of— different customs, rituals, and conventions. These situations often are associated with some awkwardness, as the people strive to understand and sometimes to adapt to the characteristics of the new culture. In these circumstances, again, one gains a glimpse of “culture” and the processes by which people create and adapt to culture.The Role of Technology and MediaAll institutions within society facilitate communication, and in that way, they all contribute to the creation, spread, and evolution of culture. However, communication media such as television, film, radio, newspapers, compact discs, magazines, computers, and the Internet play a particularly important role. Because media extend human capacities for creating, duplicating, transmitting, and storing messages, they also extend and amplifyculture-building activities. By means of such communication technology, messages are transmitted across time and space, stored, and later retrieved and used. Television programs, films, websites, video games, and compact discs are created through human activity—and therefore reflect and further extend the cultural perspectives of their creators. They come to take on a life of their own, quite distinct and separate from their creators, as they are transmitted and shared around the increasingly global community.Issues and Areas of StudyUnderstanding the nature of culture in relationship to communication is helpful in a number of ways. First, it helps to explain the origin of differences between the practices, beliefs, values, and customs of various groups and societies, and it provides a reminder of the communication process by which these differences came into being. This knowledge can and should heighten people’s tolerance for cultural differences. Second, it helps to explain the process that individuals go through in adapting to new relationships, groups, organizations, and societies and the cultures of each. Third, it underscores the importance of communication as a bridge between cultures and as a force behind cultural change.A number of questions also concern researchers and policymakers in this area. As communication increases between individuals, groups, and countries, does this mean that cultural differences and traditions will inevitably erode altogether? Will the cultures of individuals from groups, organizations, and societies that have great access to and control of communication media overpower those in cultures that have fewer resources and less access and control? Can knowledge be used to help individuals more comfortably and effectively adapt to new relationships, groups, organizations, and societies? The importance of these issues makes this area an important one for continued examination by scholars and practitioners.Read more: Culture and Communication - The Relationship Between Communication and Culture, Characteristics of Culture, Glimpses of Culture /articles/pages/6491/Culture-and-Communicati on.html#ixzz0yXnwZKMZ。
cultural和culture的用法
cultural和culture的用法摘要：一、文化（culture）的含义与特点二、cultural和culture的用法区别1.形容词cultural的用法2.名词culture的用法三、实战例句与解析四、总结与建议正文：在我们日常生活中，文化（culture）这个词汇频繁出现在各种场合，它代表着一个群体或民族的精神世界、价值观和行为规范。
本文将详细解析cultural和culture的用法，帮助大家更好地理解和运用这两个词汇。
一、文化（culture）的含义与特点文化，是一个宽泛的概念，它包括但不限于以下几个方面：宗教信仰、习俗传统、艺术表现、社会制度、饮食习惯、服饰风格等。
文化具有多样性、传承性和发展性等特点。
不同国家和地区有着各自独特的文化，体现在人们的生活方式、价值观念和沟通方式等方面。
二、cultural和culture的用法区别1.形容词cultural的用法形容词cultural主要用于描述与文化活动、现象或特征相关的方面。
例如：- cultural exchange：文化交流- cultural diversity：文化多样性- cultural heritage：文化遗产- cultural festival：文化节2.名词culture的用法名词culture通常用来表示一个地区、民族或国家的文化整体，也可以表示某种特定的文化现象。
例如：- Chinese culture：中国文化- Western culture：西方文化- pop culture：流行文化- counterculture：反文化三、实战例句与解析1.中国传统文化源远流长，对世界各国产生了深远的影响。
（Chinese traditional culture has a long history and has had a profound impact on countries around the world.）2.文化交流有助于促进不同文化间的相互理解和尊重。
跨文化交际基础知识
跨文化交际基础知识【复习指南】这部分内容主要涉及跨文化交际的基本理论及较为常见的日常交际礼仪，在选择题、填空题、判断题中所占比例较少，但与案例分析部分紧密结合；建议考生复习此块内容时，注意相关理论概念在实际案例中的运用。
考生可重点看胡文仲《跨文化交际学》或吴为善的《跨文化概论》，这两本书对于跨文化交际的基本概念、基础理论等都有全面介绍。
【知识点归纳】1.重点概念：（1）文化：culture，涉及内容十分广泛，不同研究者有不同定义。
广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获得的物质、精神的生产能力和创造的物质、精神财富的总和。
狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包括一切社会意识形式；自然科学、技术科学、社会意识形式。
英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。
总的来说，文化是人类社会创造的财富，包括食物、器具，也包括信念、价值观、习俗、知识。
可分为物质文化、制度文化和观念文化。
其特性是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大部分存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动态，与一定历史时期相联系。
（2）交际：就是人与人之间的往来交际活动，文化在交际中得到发展与传播。
跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间通过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和沟通活动。
（3）编码与解码交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息赋予意义或进行解释的过程。
（4）言语交际与非言语交际言语交际是指使用语言作为交际媒介；非言语交际是指使用除语言以外的交际工具作为交际媒介，例如：文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。
（5）跨文化交际广义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动。
狭义：在特定的交际情景中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。
影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段；阶层、职业、年龄、性别等方面。
3.文化的定义跨商务文化交际
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在五四运动前后，在人民共和国成立前后．我
国的文化都经历了翻天覆地的变化。无论人们 的服饰、生活方式、语言、风俗习惯或是思想 观念都发生了深刻的变动。旧时我国有破头、 作揖的礼仪，以后又有句鞠躬礼，一直延续到 现在。握手是比较新的方式，在边远偏僻的农 村，不少年纪大的农民直到现在还不习惯握手 的礼俗。
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2) Culture is learned
Actually, culture is not innate sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. When the children are growing in the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.
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人们一般认为英国是十分注重礼仪的国家。男
士很讲绅士派头。实际上，在历史上也有过并 不文明的习俗。在18世纪人们在咖啡馆喝咖啡 时，常常高谈阔论，情绪激动，不少人在争论 时有抓住对方上衣扣子的习惯，以至于常常把 扣子抓掉，因此，有人在做衣服时事先请裁缝 准备很多富余扣子。情况如此严重，以至于有 人专门在《卫报》上著文批评这种现象
跨文化交际第二单元 culture的定义
The essence of the cultural peocess is selectivity. The selection is only
group
exceptionally
conscious and rational
Culture
A culture is learned by individuals as the results of belonging to
Definition
The group of people who share the same ancestery.
Culture as commidties or products such as toys,foods,films,musics……
毛泽东《新民主主义论》三：“一定的文化（当作观念形态的文 化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大影响和作用 于一定社会的政治和经济。”
Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks ---E. Spair, 1921
Abraham Harold Maslow
• Culture is not a instinct behavior, but learned from parents, teachers, and growing up in it. • What people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. • It is simply that different people do same things in different manners.
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5 basic needs
The needs of: physiological/safety/belongingness/esteerm/self— actualization
Pay attention Most of the time,the different ways that are the customs of different cultures are neither right nor wrong.
Culture arises out of human nature, and its forms are restricted both by man’s biology and by natural laws.
Culture is created and transmitted by people.
Definition
The group of people who share the same ancestery.
Culture as commidties or products such as toys,foods,films,musics……
毛泽东《新民主主义论》三：“一定的文化（当作观念形态的文 化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大影响和作用 于一定社会的政治和经济。”
A culture constitutes that part of learned behavior which is shared with othห้องสมุดไป่ตู้rs.
some particular
gruop
Culture regulates our lives at every turn.
Ruth Bnendict
The essence of the cultural peocess is selectivity. The selection is only
group
exceptionally
conscious and rational
Culture
A culture is learned by individuals as the results of belonging to
Unit 2
Culture
0919080080 Ivy
Reading I.
Definition
What is culture
The way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time.
Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks ---E. Spair, 1921
Abraham Harold Maslow
• Culture is not a instinct behavior, but learned from parents, teachers, and growing up in it. • What people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. • It is simply that different people do same things in different manners.
Further reading I Understaning Culture
• All men undergo the same poignant life experiences.
• The biological potentialities of the species are the blocks with which cultures are built. • The factors of nature also limit culture forms.
Culture is a convenient abstraction
Culture is a way of thinking, feeling, believing.
Culture
A culture constitutes a storehouse of the pooled learning of the