对嘉莉妹妹欲望的心理解析

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嘉莉妹妹

嘉莉妹妹的性格浅析【摘要】《嘉莉妹妹》是20世纪杰出的现实主义作家德莱塞的第一部长篇力作。

德莱赛擅长描写城市生活，反映社会主体的生存困境，呈现世纪之交美国社会的文化全景。

这部小说也不例外。

小说不仅有丰富多彩的社会内容，而且具有纵横开阖的故事情节，跌宕起伏的矛盾冲突，为刻画人物性格起了重要作用。

在作品塑造的众多富有特色的人物中，最成功的莫过于对女主人公嘉莉这一集矛盾、复杂、多面于一体的核心人物的塑造。

本文拟从三个方面对嘉莉妹妹的性格特征进行分析。

一是嘉莉妹妹个人欲望对其性格命运的影响；二是自然主义对人物性格的渗透；三是探讨形成嘉莉妹妹这一复杂性格的内在力量和外在原因。

从而展现这一形象所赋予作品的永恒的魅力。

【关键词】嘉莉妹妹的性格；内在力量；外在原因一、个人欲望对其性格命运的影响嘉莉妹妹作为一个备受争议的文学典型，之所以给人们留下深刻的印象，与她身上所呈现的性格侧面的丰富多彩是息息相关的。

面对挫折不屈不挠、勇往直前以及在逆境中积极乐观的生活态度是值得我们学习的优良品质，但是她为实现自己的物质追求和人生价值而不择手段则是可耻的。

“她曾经贫穷、天真、多情；她渴望生活中一切美好的事物，到头来却发现自己已走到了尽头。

但是，即使她选择了一条令人鄙视的捷径来实现自己的梦想，谁又有资格指责她呢？带入人们走入歧途的，往往并非恶意，而是对更美好事物的渴望。

不擅思考，只受感情左右的心所受到的引诱，往往并非来自罪恶，而是来自善良。

”人总是不停地追求更美好的东西，这是不可否认的。

欲望是支配嘉莉不择手段向上流社会攀登的巨大动力源泉。

嘉莉对物质的追求时尚与她自身的爱慕虚荣、贪图享受分不开的。

在小说的开始，德莱塞就指出了嘉莉的性格特点：“她已经懂得顾影自怜，很快就领会人生中还有进一步的乐趣，渴望着获得物质享受。

她是个配备未全的小骑士，放大了胆子到这神秘的都会去冒险一番，做着空洞的平步登天的迷梦。

”她在鞋厂的经历证明她不想认真工作，相反，只是想追求物质上的享受:如何花钱打扮自己，如何生活舒适。

嘉莉妹妹的欲望与驱动力.doc

嘉莉妹妹的欲望与驱动力【摘要】西奥多·德莱赛笔下的《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位乡村女孩只身闯荡芝加哥,历经坎坷,最终成为名演员的故事。

本文主要借用亚伯拉罕·马斯洛（Abraham H. Maslow）的需要层次理论对女主人公进行心理分析,从她为满足基本生理需要而忧虑,到她对理想自我的塑造,最后到她无穷无尽的欲望进行分析。

在分析过程中,还会说明嘉莉摈弃贤妻良母型而“堕落”成情人型的女性后,她如何培养自我独立意识,由被动到主动,但并非真正快乐和满足的事业型女性。

【关键词】德莱赛；嘉莉妹妹；需要层次理论；追寻一、引言西奥多·德莱赛（Theodore Dreiser,1871-1946）是二十世纪美国杰出的现实主义小说家。

他的首部小说《嘉莉妹妹》（1900）因揭露美国社会的贫富悬殊和道德沦丧在当时被认为是伤风败俗的坏书,作者也因此受到舆论界的谴责：德莱赛弯曲事实、德莱赛诲淫诲盗、德莱赛明知故犯、德莱赛已步入歧途。

究其原因,一方面,德莱赛致力于描写卑微人物的真实思想,还生活以本来面目的做法冒犯了主宰当时文坛的“高雅艺术”；另一方面,德莱赛为嘉莉妹妹设计的结局有悖于当时的道德准则。

德莱赛属于宿命论者,在他眼里,社会极其粗俗、残酷、可怕,人类好似一个个受着欲望驱使而不能自拔的动物和昆虫（Man is merely an animal driven by greed and lust in a struggle for existence）①,只有“最合适的”,也就是最不仁慈、最无怜悯之心的人才能够生存,嘉莉妹妹正是在这种欲望驱使下从一位不谙世事的农家女成为了百老汇名角,从男人的附属品成为了独立的女性。

二、为生计而奔波从心理学角度分析,欲望等同于需要,是有机体内部的一种不平衡状态,表现为有机体对内部环境和外部条件的一种稳定要求,在需要得到满足后,不平衡状态暂时消失,当新的不平衡出现时,新的需要又随之产生。

关于堕落女性嘉莉与郭海藻的心理分析

关于堕落女性嘉莉与郭海藻的心理分析《嘉莉妹妹》是20 世纪美国杰出的现代小说家西奥多·德莱塞最具代表性同时也遭到众多批判的一部作品。

故事讲述了原本单纯的农村少女嘉莉来到光怪陆离的大都市芝加哥后，由于不堪生活的重负，禁不住种种诱惑，逐渐沦落为两个男人的情妇。

后来又无情地抛弃了自己曾经依靠的男人，努力成为了百老汇的明星。

虽然获得了成功，但她并没有因此感到幸福与快乐。

郭海藻是中国当代文学《蜗居》中的女主人公。

这是一部真实反映现代都市情感生活并引起社会广泛关注的小说。

《蜗居》讲述了名牌大学毕业生郭海藻和姐姐为追求更广阔的生活空间，毅然留在了上海打拼。

姐姐奋斗了多年仍然买不起住房。

郭海藻起初为了帮姐姐分担债务向市长的秘书宋思明借了钱，后来在宋思明的引诱下，渐渐堕落为宋的情妇。

当她开始安心地享受宋思明带给她的安逸奢华的“幸福”生活的时候，宋思明因涉嫌贪污，在被追捕的过程中车祸身亡，郭海藻也在与宋思明妻子的争执中流产而失去了子宫。

这两部小说讲述了在物欲纵横的大都市，女性作为弱势群体因抵挡不住诱惑或为寻求依靠，放弃了自身的努力而走上堕落之路的故事。

迫于生存压力而走上堕落之路的两位女性有着相似的心理过程即从开始的矛盾挣扎转变为最后的妥协放任。

这一心理过程的发展变化可以通过对其三个方面的心理分析得到例证。

一、两位堕落女性所处的社会背景值得注意的是，两位女性走上堕落之路既出于内因也离不开社会现实这一外因的影响。

十九世纪末，美国的资本主义空前发展，资本家们聚敛了大量财富。

为谋求生路，众多无产阶级从农村涌向城市，聚居在各大城市的贫民窟里。

社会贫富差距严重，道德腐化，物质享乐主义盛行。

德莱塞在作品中也做了铺垫：“在这样的大都市，对于一个徒有美貌，没有金钱背景而又入世不深的女孩子来说，只有两条路可选：‘也许她会遇到好人相助，变得更好；也许她会很快接受大都市的道德标准而变坏了。

’”[2]比较可知：“当今中国的发展正在走过十九世纪末欧美国家所经历的道路。

_嘉丽妹妹_的欲望分析

摘要：《嘉丽妹妹》是由美国著名小说家西奥图·德莱塞编写的一部以欲望为主线的小说。

本论文主要从两方面分析嘉丽妹妹无穷无尽的欲望：社会的影响以及嘉丽妹妹自身的原因。

同时也揭示了嘉丽妹妹这种无穷无尽的欲望在当时是非常普遍的现象。

关键词：西奥图·德莱塞；嘉丽妹妹；欲望中图分类号：I211文献标识码：A文章编号：1673-2111（2010）09-0050-021引言20世纪初期，西奥图?德莱塞是在美国文学史上一位杰出的小说家。

在那个时代，他是美国当代小说的先驱并被认为是美国现实主义的大师。

在《嘉丽妹妹》这部小说中，他摒弃了属于那个时代的胆怯斯文的传统写作风格。

相反，他独辟蹊径，描绘生活的本来面目，并揭示了社会生活中阴暗的一面。

他勇敢的攻击了美国传统的行为准则。

他的第一部小说《嘉丽妹妹》，主要基于欲望的主线，描绘了一个乡村女孩嘉丽出于对大城市物质生活的羡慕，渴望而来到了芝加哥这个大城市求生存。

她曾经忍受了找工作地艰辛，失业的无奈，疾病和贫穷的痛苦。

为了生存，她成了一名销售员埃迪?艾伯特的情妇，之后又与酒店经理劳伦斯?奥利维尔私奔。

在纽约，因为奥利维尔丢了工作，嘉丽妹妹离开了他，并成为一名女演员。

因为她抓住了一次机会，他开始变得有名，并跻身于上流社会，这意味着实现了她长久以来的梦想。

然而，在故事的结尾处，她依然一个人坐在她的摇椅里梦想着她自己的幸福。

嘉丽妹妹之所以总不能感到开心的原因就在于她一直在被欲望驱使着，这使她永远不能满足于现在的生活，总是不停的寻找下一个目标，这所有的一切都归于她的欲望。

但是为什么她的欲望总是得不到满足?是什么因素在她的欲望中让她不惜一切地去追逐？而又是什么因素促成了这一切？2嘉丽妹妹欲望的社会驱动力（1）美国的工业化和城市化在很大程度上，世纪之交由于美国的工业化和城市化，嘉丽妹妹住在城市的欲望是能够得到满足的。

如果没有社会地位，也就没有她在百老汇的成功，也就没有她不断上升的欲望。

读《嘉莉妹妹》有感

读《嘉莉妹妹》有感读《嘉莉妹妹》有感1《嘉莉妹妹》是美国杰出的批判现实主义小说家德莱塞的作品，讲述的是一个天生纯真的少女如何从贫困到上流社会的故事。

嘉莉来自偏远地区，她来到自己从小向往的城市投靠自己的姐姐，可没想姐姐家也是穷困潦倒，现实的困境无法满足自己内心对雍容繁华的向往和对金钱的欲望。

为了给姐姐房租，她只能去做女工，领几块钱的工资维持生计，最终她决定离开姐姐家，和在来这座城市时火车上遇到的德鲁埃一起生活。

德鲁埃是个有钱的销售员，他被嘉莉的纯真美丽吸引，而嘉莉又被他的金钱所吸引，为了过上流社会安逸的生活，她与德鲁埃一起生活，享受不用拼搏花力气就拥有的安逸生活。

她渐渐融入上流社会生活，忘记了曾经的贫困落魄，那也是她绝不想再回去的生活。

后来，她遇到了德鲁埃的朋友赫斯特伍德，一个有妇之夫，还有两个孩子，嘉莉却浑然不知，他们相爱计谋离开德鲁埃，德鲁埃发现后告诉嘉莉赫斯特伍德的真实情况后搬出住所，嘉莉气急败坏不想再理赫斯特伍德。

一天晚上，赫斯特伍德带上了工作地酒吧的一万元，骗上嘉莉来到纽约，他们开始新的生活，赫斯特伍德在纽约的事业却没有原来城市那么顺畅，他们越来越拮据，最后他失业天天待在家里，嘉莉开始自己找工作，她凭借戏剧天赋逐步获得好的收入，赫斯特伍德只有靠着嘉莉生活。

后来嘉莉离开了赫斯特伍德，事业高升，又走向上流社会，万人追捧，而赫斯特伍德却穷困潦倒，沦为乞丐，最后自杀。

嘉莉妹妹之前一个爱慕虚荣的女孩，为了虚荣心，出卖了自己，为了上流社会和金钱而安于享受。

但在最后，生活所迫，她凭借自己的努力与聪明，登上戏剧舞台，不断地成功，不断赢得喝彩。

而赫斯特伍德为了爱情丢弃了家庭与道德，最后又丢弃了爱情，不思进取，最后穷困潦倒，也反映了当时社会就业与生活的艰辛。

在嘉莉妹妹的故事中，我受益颇多。

我们需要的是靠自己的双手劳动养活自己，爱情是伟大，却不能在其中丧失自我。

欲望和虚荣都会有，但我们要靠自己的努力去满足。

在欲望面前，人们经常迷失自己，如果只剩下一具空壳，那"活下去有什么用".我们要用理想与信念充实大脑，努力与奋斗满足生活。

论文《嘉莉妹妹》中文版

迷失在欲望中———《嘉莉妹妹》中的欲望解析摘要: 《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱塞的杰出代表作之一, 作品深刻地反映了当时的美国现实。

嘉莉对物的欲望, 赫斯特伍德对权力的欲望, 杜洛埃对性的欲望, 三位主公全都迷失在欲望中。

关键词: 德莱赛; 嘉莉; 欲望; 迷失西奥多·德莱塞( Theodore Herman AlberDreiser, 187118127—1945112128) 是20 世纪美国著名的现实主义作家。

他的小说形象生动地刻画了19世纪末, 20世纪初资本主义迅速发展中的美国现实社会。

在美国文学史上他第一次广泛真实地描写了美国多阶层的社会生活, 为美国现实主义文学开辟了新领域。

《嘉莉妹妹》是德莱塞第一部长名作, 揭露了当时的社会现实, 展现了在物欲横流的资本主义社会里, 人们迷失在自己的欲望中,展现了美国生活中没有上帝的一面”。

故事讲述的是嘉罗琳·米蓓(嘉莉妹妹) , 一个俊俏的农村姑娘, 她羡慕大都市的物质生活来到了芝加哥谋生。

严酷的现实破碎了她的美梦, 迎接她的是失业和疾病。

在走投无路时, 她做了推销员杜洛埃的情妇, 后来由于更大的欲望又做了酒店经理赫斯特伍德的情妇。

与赫斯特伍德私奔后, 在纽约由于偶然的机会她成了走红一时的演员, 挤上了上流社会,实现了她的梦想。

并抛弃了逐渐贫困的赫斯特伍德, 以不自觉的残忍将他推上了绝望之路。

然而,所谓的“上流社会生活”又给她带来了什么呢?她感到空虚, 找不到真正生活的意义, 在寂寞和凄凉中, 她坐在摇椅里梦想着那终不可得的幸福。

一、嘉莉的欲望———对物的欲望在小说中, 嘉莉的欲望是作者着重刻画的。

嘉莉本身就是一个充满欲望的人, 充满对物和金钱的欲望, 这一部分源于她的本性, “小时候, 她梦过童话里的宫殿和各种豪华气派的地方”。

嘉莉从哥伦比亚城来到芝加哥那一刻起就开始了对金钱的追求, 嘉莉在火车上看到杜洛埃的时髦打扮便意识到自己穿着寒酸, “突然间觉得自己像是穿了一身破烂儿。

摇椅上的欲望——评德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》

摇椅上的欲望——评德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》摘要：西奥多·德莱赛(1871- 1945)是二十世纪美国最重要的作家之一。

他的自然主义写作风格开创了美国文学的新纪元，《嘉莉妹妹》被公认为是德莱塞自然主义作品中的杰作。

在《嘉莉妹妹》这部作品中，德莱赛以亲身经历及对社会的细致观察刻画了一个受金钱，名誉和社会地位等利益驱使并采用各种手段来追逐欲望的人物形象—嘉莉妹妹。

笔者从这部小说产生的社会背景和德莱赛的生活经历出发，帮助读者更好地理解嘉莉不断升级的欲望。

并分析摇椅这一意象，并且重点解读嘉莉不断升级的欲望。

从三个方面对嘉莉妹妹不断升级的欲望进行分析，并劝导人们尤其是广大年轻朋友，正确对待心中欲望并以适当方法加以利用，从而实现自己的理想。

关键词：欲望；摇椅；自然主义19世纪末见证了美国生活的深刻转变。

经济发展从以发展农业为基础转向以发展工业为基础。

19世纪末期间的工厂产量, 现代城市的显著性消费创造了前所未有的财富。

金融和技术创新,促进了业务数量和速度的日益增长。

资本主义经济快速发展已成为最重要的日常。

《嘉莉妹妹》一书中的最重大的变化之一是体现了经济的转型。

德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》是以工厂生产为基础,是资本主义经济的基础,可以突出其对个人和家庭的影响。

由于经济的快速发展,女性的自我意识也得到提升。

1880年到1920年女权运动使“新时代女性”登上了历史舞台。

自我意识和独立个性是当时大多数女性的共性。

她们接受良好的教育并且有能力实现经济独立,以及建立一个新两性观念。

传统的家庭观念再也不能局限她们了,相反,她们在男性社交领域也相当活泼。

从德莱塞刻画的主要人物中,我们可以看到父权社会对人们生活产生的深远影响。

经济发展的变化无常同时带来了文化的革新——达尔文革命。

机会、竞争、斗争和生存可以说是《嘉莉妹妹》中所有包罗万象的主题,几乎都直接来自进化思想。

受达尔文的影响,德莱塞认为男人和女人受本能的欲望驱使而生活,他们对生活的态度仅仅因为生理遗传。

分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性自由与追求

分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的女性自由与追求概述《嘉莉妹妹》是美国作家斯考特·费茨杰拉德所著的一部经典小说，于1920年出版。

该小说以主人公嘉莉·沃布尔的视角展现了20世纪初美国社会中女性在追求自由和满足个人欲望方面所面临的困境和挑战。

本文将就女性自由及其追求这一主题进行深入分析。

传统观念下的女性角色定位当时的美国社会存在着强烈的传统观念，将女性框定在家庭和社交场合中，她们被期望只关注家庭、冷静而优雅地应对社交活动。

然而，在小说中，嘉莉表达了她内心对更广阔生活领域的渴望和对探索未知事物的好奇心。

嘉莉对自由的渴望从小说一开始，我们便可以感受到嘉莉对自由的强烈渴望。

她渴望摆脱旧有价值观的束缚，追求自己内心真实的欲望。

她希望通过独立思考和行动来重新定义自己的角色，并且不再受到约束。

社会对女性追求自由的限制然而，时代背景下的社会制度和社会期望限制了女性追求自由的空间。

女性在家庭、婚姻以及职场等方面都遭遇到了各种限制和歧视。

小说中有许多角色都是受困于传统观念下的女性角色定位。

嘉莉在追求自由过程中所面临的挑战嘉莉在寻找个人自由和满足追求时，面临着种种阻碍和困境。

她发现现实世界中充斥着虚伪、浮夸以及杂乱不堪，这与她理想化中以真实和美好为主导的内心作用发生了冲突。

对女性权益运动的影响《嘉莉妹妹》一部分描述了二十年代美国面对快速变革下出现的前所未有社会动荡，在此背景下女性权益运动兴起，推动了女性自由和平等的追求。

嘉莉所经历的种种困境间接地呼应了当时的社会现实，也预示着女性权益运动正在形成。

反思和启示通过对《嘉莉妹妹》中女性自由与追求这一主题的分析，我们可以深刻理解到女性在传统社会中所面临的局限和不公平。

同时，我们也能够认识到女性权益运动对于改变这种局面所起到的重要作用。

这部小说在某种程度上激发了当时社会对于女性解放的思考，并为后来争取女性平等权益奠定了基础。

结论《嘉莉妹妹》以其独特的视角展现了20世纪初美国社会中女性自由与追求的问题。

从《嘉莉妹妹》与《欲望号街车》中看人性阐释的开题报告

从《嘉莉妹妹》与《欲望号街车》中看人性阐释的开题报告开篇概述：《嘉莉妹妹》和《欲望号街车》都是美国文学中的经典之作。

这两部作品深刻地揭示了人性的各个方面，从欲望、狂热、矛盾到虚伪、自卑、疯狂等方面出发，阐释了人类内心深处的恐惧和渴望。

本文将从人性阐释的角度出发，比较分析这两部作品的异同，以期更好地理解作品中人性的深度和广度。

一、《嘉莉妹妹》中的人性阐释《嘉莉妹妹》是一部批判资本主义社会中虚伪和道德沦丧的小说。

小说中的人物对待自己和他人都有各自的方式，但大多数人都是虚伪的，害怕真相被揭露。

嘉莉的世界中充满了深刻而复杂的人性，她周围的人们或多或少都受到了社会及种种限制的束缚而失去了自我。

嘉莉身上的特质古怪、积极、反叛、意志坚定、不追求物质，不断寻找自我以及自我价值。

二、《欲望号街车》中的人性阐释《欲望号街车》是一部颇具现代主义色彩的小说，探讨了美国南方的荣誉、忠诚和复仇等主题。

作品中，男主角斯坦利的欲望与对抗不仅仅是对卡拉的负面情感，而是对南方的愤懑与悲壮沉重的印象，是对一个时代的鞭挞。

另外，作品中的女主角布兰奇也从不同视角体现了人之为人的虚伪、自卑、狂热和矛盾。

三、比较分析两部作品的人性阐释在两部作品中，人性的阐释表现出了各自的特点。

比如，《嘉莉妹妹》中重点表现了道德、价值观和自由精神这些主题，而《欲望号街车》则集中阐释了忠诚和心理学方面的主题。

此外，两部作品也有共同之处，都揭示了人性矛盾和多样性，因为人类世界本来就没有标准，各人都有自己的喜好和取向。

这也反映出现代社会中，人与人之间的潜在冲突和矛盾越来越多。

总结：《嘉莉妹妹》与《欲望号街车》两部作品在人性阐释的深度和广度方面都有所不同，但都成功地揭示出人性的复杂性和丰富性。

本文虽然比较简短，但希望可以为读者带来启示和思考。

《《嘉莉妹妹》中的自由女性与社会禁锢》

《嘉莉妹妹》中的自由女性与社会禁锢简介《嘉莉妹妹》是法国作家加缪所著的一部小说，以女主角青年嘉莉为中心，探讨了自由女性在一个充满社会禁锢的世界中的境遇。

本文将从多个方面来分析小说中自由女性以及她们受到的社会束缚。

自由女性的特点在《嘉莉妹妹》中，自由女性表现出以下几个主要特点： 1. 勇敢无畏：自由女性勇于追求内心真正的欲望和愿望，不受外界干扰和限制。

2. 独立个性：她们拥有独立思考和行动能力，在面对困境时能够坚守自己的原则。

3. 渴望解放：自由女性渴望解放身体、情感和精神上的束缚，追求真实而充实的生活。

社会禁锢对自由女性的影响尽管自由女性坚持追求内心真实的生活方式，但她们不可避免地受到了社会禁锢的影响。

以下是她们所面对的主要社会束缚：1. 传统价值观社会对于女性的期望往往停留在传统的角色定位上，如贤妻良母、顺从妻子等。

自由女性因为不愿被拘束于这些桎梏中，常常与这些传统价值观发生冲突。

2. 家庭和婚姻的压力自由女性往往受到来自家庭和婚姻的压力，他们需要履行家庭责任，同时面临着对个人意志和追求的限制。

在小说中，嘉莉就一直处于希望摆脱家庭束缚和探索真实自我的冲突之中。

3. 社会道德标准社会对女性行为有着明确的道德标准和规范，任何与传统认知相背离的行为都可能受到谴责和歧视。

自由女性想要超越这些界限，并表达出真实的情感需求，但常常要承受来自周围人的异样眼光。

自由女性与反抗尽管受到社会禁锢的限制，但自由女性在小说中也展现了强烈的反抗精神和行动。

她们试图通过以下途径寻求自我解放：1. 自我表达自由女性试图通过自己独特的方式来表达自我的渴望和追求，在小说中，嘉莉用写作和思考来探索和表达她内心深处的自我。

2. 勇于挑战权威为了摆脱禁锢，自由女性常常勇于挑战传统的权威和规范，试图改变社会对女性角色的固有观念。

3. 构建人际关系小说中许多自由女性通过建立互助、理解和支持的人际关系，共同面对社会禁锢以及个人成长过程中所遇到的困境。

美国文学《嘉莉妹妹》解读

摘要美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。

论文从德莱塞创作《嘉莉妹妹》的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱塞在《嘉莉妹妹》中表现出来的自然主义思想。

论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国然主义；三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。

同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论：《嘉莉妹妹》一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关，赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。

而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心”。

关键词：自然主义达尔文主义欲望人性环境AbstractTheodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreiser’s first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the featur es of Dreiser’s naturalism. The thesis referred to three great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism and Consumerism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carrie’s destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreiser’s fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwood’s unhappiness to th eir insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreiser’s naturalism easily.Key Words：Naturalism Darwinism Consumerism desire environmentCONTENTS1 Introduction2 The historical and cultural background for Sister Carrie2.1 Darwinism and Determinism2.2 American naturalism2.3 Industrial Revolution3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister Carrie 3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environments 3.2. The influence of the environment3.3 Dreiser’s exploration4 Conclusions1 IntroductionTheodor Dreiser (1871-1945), an American author, outstanding representative of naturalism, whose novels depict real-life subjects in a harsh light. Many of his works referred to the description of naturalism and weakened his critical spirit. His first novel Sister Carrie published in 1990 revealed the financial disparity and the moral decline of American society and thus regarded as forbidden book. But now the book becomes one of the best-sellers of American literature because of the naturalistic features in it. Then Dreiser is regarded as a pioneer of American naturalism and as a naturalist Dreiser expresses the characteristics of naturalism in most of his works. The themes of Darwinism and Determinism are the common features of Dreiser’s story which also characterize Sister Carrie.Dreiser chose to reflect life truthful in his works when other novels deal only with the beautiful aspects of life,. It is not an exaggeration to say that Dreiser's Sister Carrie clears the way for the development of American fiction.From follow analysis of three aspects and conclusion, we can find out the naturalism of Dreiser in Sister Carrie2 The historical and cultural background for Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie reflects the profound transformations in American life in the late nineteenth century.2.1 Darwinism and DeterminismIn 1859, Darwin’s The Origin of Specie appeared. It soon changed man’s recognition. Before Darwin, human was separated from the animals because of its moral. However, at this time evolutionist considered human as a part of natural things and a member of the animal kingdom. American naturalis ts accepted “bestiality” and “human beast” as an explanation of desire.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presentingcharacters of low social and economic classes who are determined by their environment and heredity. They dismissed the validity of comforting moral truth. Darwinism is the most important theory, which greatly affects Sister Carrie.Freud’s theory gives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.2.2 American naturalismSister Carrie was written and published also at the rise of American naturalism, which means a particular genre of fiction that developed in the late 19th century America, and associated principally with writers such as Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser.At the end of nineteenth century came a generation of writers whose ideas of the working of the universe and whose perception of the society's disorder led them to naturalism. A new and harsher realism, naturalism was introduced to the United States, literary naturalists spoke out against the ideas that literature should present what Howells called for the “smiling aspects of life". Instead, they attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment or heredity in depicting the extremes of life. American naturalists emphasized that world was amoral that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious "truths" were illusory, and that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.2.3 Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution brought American people a value crisis. The 19th century was the time of industrialization. Serial changes made people feel they were conquering the world and obtaining their treasures. The surprising development made people feel too close to wealth and happiness. Then,appeared small amounts ofindustrial giants and large number of poor people,American value materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with a never end, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desire.3 The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister CarrieIn Sister Carrie I find out that some of its themes differ from those of other naturalistic works.3.1 The desire, instinct and the influence of environmentsFreud’s theory g ives theoretic basis to Dreiser’s description of man’s desire. Freud considers man’s natural instinct as determination. To him man is a part of nature since man is a member of animals. Human mentality and action will forever be determined by instinct. Desire is just a genetic instinct in his opinion.This thesis covers Dreiser’s meaningful ideas--desire. Man’s behavior is dominated by instincts (desires, needs and fear) and environments (cities and consumerism) and chances. In the process of evolution, man is not able to control instincts completely. Desire is considered hereditary and instinctive. In this novel most of the central characters are hurried by a desire of personal affirmation, a desire they can neither articulate nor suppress. And Carrie Meeber is the representative. She suffered from a need that her lives assume the dignity of dramatic form, and they suffer terribly, because they do not really understand it.Her view to money is “Money, something everybody else has and I must get.”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P77) Drouet then becomes her first ladder. When Drouet give her money for the first time, she hesitates. She knows clearly that no deep, sinister soul with ulterior motives could have given her fifteen cents under friendship, since “nature has taught the beasts of the beats of the field to fly when some unheralded dangers threatens”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P79) Here in her superego, she has a feeble instinct of self-production. However, deep in her mind, there is a strong desire for better clothes, jewelry, dinning in halls and plays in the theaters. Then preconscious becomes weak. Id gets upper hand. At last, id implies the superego and Carrie chooses to live with Drouet.When she knows that Drouet’s love is unsteady, the appearance of Hurstwoodstimulates her new hope and desire. It is the new hope and desire that compels her actions. “his kind of unfulfilled dreams would beckon and lead her until death and dissolution dissolve their power and would restore her blind to nature’s heart”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P353) When Hurstwood can supply the life she dreams of, she stays with him, if not, she leaves.With the degradation of Hurstwood, Carrie would not endure losing her dreams. When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice of her heart. Without money, she leaves again.From the beginning to the end, Carrie is just like a machine controlled by the desires .3.2. The influence of the environmentEnvironment is a tremendous thing often leads people to a wrong direction.Drouet tells Carrie that Chicago is a wonder, and that she will find lots to see. Even her siste tells her, “You'll want to see the city.” [1]She comes there. She comes to the big web of Chicago in order to pursue a happy life. The prosperous parties, lights, dinners, theatres attract her.She choos es Route’s soon as she sees Hurstwood, she evaluates his worth his wealth, position and sexuality----by his “rich” plaid vest, mother of pearl buttons and soft black shoes “polished only to a dull shine.”When she meets Mrs. Vance, Carrie longs for the dainty decorated, beautiful clothes and genteel manners. “What a wonderful thing it was to be rich” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979, P385) is the powerful voice from the bottom of her heart. She inters another pursuition.3.3 Dreiser’s exploration------human desire and revelation of the dark side of human natureFrom the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be --materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with anever-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires. One of the desires is for money which was a motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late l9th century. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. Sex is another human desire that Dreiser explored to considerab1e lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature. In Sister Carrie, Carrie climbs up the social ladder by means of her sexual appeal. Also in the “Trilogy of Desire,” the possession of sexual beauty symbolizes t he acquisition of some social status of great magnitude. However, Dreiser never forgot to imply that these human desires in 1ife could hardly be defined. They are there like a powerful "magnetism" governing human existence and reducing human beings to nothing. So like all naturalists he was restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.4 ConclusionsThis short thesis can not cover Dreiser's meaningful naturalism. His greatness is in his insight, his sympathy, and his tragic view of life. Dreiser exported human desire and revelation of the dark side of human nature。

欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹论文

欲望驱动下的嘉莉妹妹摘要：《嘉莉妹妹》是美国著名的自然主义小说家西奥多·德莱塞的第一部长篇小说，讲述的农村少女嘉莉如何从社会的底层一跃而成为百老汇明星的经历，生动地展示了嘉莉的欲望不断增大永无止境的图画。

文章从消费文化的角度分析了嘉莉欲望不断增大的外在原因和自身根源。

关键词：欲望消费文化环境《嘉莉妹妹》是美国著名的自然主义小说家西奥多·德莱塞（1871—1945）的第一部长篇小说。

书中描写了名叫嘉莉·米贝的农村姑娘因羡慕大城市的物质生活来到芝加哥谋生的故事。

她先后经历了寻找工作的艰辛、疾病的困扰和失业的痛苦。

为了生存，她成了推销员杜洛埃的情妇，后来又与酒店经理赫斯特伍德私奔。

在纽约赫斯特伍德也丢掉了工作，为生活所迫，她在一家剧院当上了一名合唱演员。

一个偶然的机会一举成名，挤进了上流社会，似乎实现了朝思暮想的愿望，然而在故事的结尾她依然坐在摇椅里梦想着自己的幸福。

究其原因，是因为嘉莉自始至终都被欲望驱使着，欲望使她永远不满足于现状，不断地寻找下一个目标。

她的欲望是多种因素促成的。

1．消费观念的影响在19世纪末20世纪初，美国社会发生了一场深刻的变革，以生产为主的意识形态正逐渐被消费意识形态代替，因为当时美国内战后政治上稳定，经济上迅速发展，工业化和城市化都达到了前所未有的水平，商品非常丰富。

经济要想进一步发展就必须最大限度地消费。

为此以鼓励人们互相攀比、摆阔气的消费文化兴盛起来。

这种文化的道德标准是：有钱建豪宅、买昂贵服装，男人以吸引和占有最美的女人为自豪。

像鲍德里拉所说的这时的物品就已经成为地位的象征，而不是仅仅满足生活的基本需要。

因此，人们应该听从本能的驱使，“作为消费者的人将享乐看成是自己的义务，享乐和满足就像一种事业”①。

在这种社会环境下，嘉莉渴望占有物品，特别是那些新衣服、漂亮马车之类。

期望用这些物品提升自己的价值和社会地位。

因此当她见到商店里琳琅满目的商品时，情不自禁地感到拥有这些无比重要。

对嘉莉妹妹欲望的分析

诚然欲望是支配嘉莉不择手段向上流社会攀登的巨大动力源泉但是为什么她的欲望永远得不到满足是什么因素支配着她不惜代价实现欲望她的欲望主要是由哪几种因素促成的呢一嘉莉妹妹欲望背后的社会驱动力1美国的工业化和城市化发展在很大程度上是美国在世纪之交的工业化和城市化发展使嘉莉妹妹到城市生活的欲望得以满足
第 9 卷第 3 期潍坊学院学报 20 0 9 年 6 月 � Vol � � � � . 9 N o. 3 � J o na lof W ei f a ng Uni e欲望的分析
况下，她不得不选择离开这个城市回到农村老家 . 就在此时，她邂逅了来芝加哥列车上与其调情的小伙子杜洛埃，他邀请她到大饭店就餐，给她买新衣服，带她去剧院，并承诺他们将买新车 . 这时，更易受本我主导，或者说自我更倾向于本我的嘉莉很难经受住物质的诱惑，在去留之间选择了后者，尽管她不得不以与杜洛埃同居为代价. 经过与杜洛埃一段时间地相处，她的基本生活需要已经得到满足，但是，和邻居海尔太太的交往，以及与杜洛埃关系不稳定而引发的一系列微妙变化，使她的欲望逐渐膨胀，她开始渴望更为富裕的生活和一种安全与归属的感觉. 与酒店经理赫斯特伍德的相识和种种巧合恰恰给她提供了满足新欲望的机会，于是，她抛弃杜洛埃投奔赫斯特伍德. 当自身需要与外界相抵触时，嘉莉听认自己受内心阴暗一面的左右：自私 , 虚荣 , 妒忌与贪图享受，小说中我们看到了一幅需要不断升级 , 欲望要得到更大满足的人生图景. 为了抵达欲望的彼岸，她可以采用一切手段，甚至不惜用自己的肉体去叩响欲望的大门. 正是可怕的欲望，使她听不见良心的声音，她认为这良心也不是正直而有见解的顾问，只是一般的渺小良心，一种世俗的见解，而且，每当良心说话时，她总是有话可以对付，漂亮的衣服也会轻声为自己辩解 .这一切就显示她对物质的渴求胜过了对于道德良心的关注，预示着她最终抛弃杜洛埃的必然性 . 嘉莉和赫斯特伍德辗转来到纽约后，嘉莉发现了一片更为广阔的天地，也更加羡慕邻居万斯太太的富裕且安逸的生活，而赫斯特伍德此时工作没有着落，巨大的生活开支使他们的生活陷入了困境，嘉莉不得不闯入演艺圈，挣得一些报酬以缓解经济上的拮据. 逐渐的成功使她在经济上获得越来越多的优势和主动权，这也使赫斯特伍德与她的差距越拉越大，两人不得不以分手而告终 . 嘉莉最终一举成名，不仅在追求物质享受方面获

欲望、广告与消费——《嘉莉妹妹》解析

第２卷第６期ｌ（０９年６月）２０
山西高等学校社会科学学报
ＳＩＬＳＩＯＣＡＣＥＮＣＳＪＲＮＡＯＬＥＳＯＦＳＥＯＵＬＯＦＣＬＧＥＨＡＮＸＩ
ＶＯ１２ｌＮＯ．．６
（ｕ．２０）Ｊｎ０９
常多的东西。 ”
时，大众传媒也在吸取文学精神、文化营养，力雅努
心线索是 “ 我爷爷 ” 为地方武装打击日寇，作高粱地里的爱情正是在这样的背景下才有了意义和价值。
而电影却将本末倒置，大写特写爱情故事，击日寇伏
服很长一段时间也不需要换。再过几天她会再有１０美元的。嘉莉现在已经拥有了她想要的一切：５ ”
“ 需要 ” ｎｅ）（ｅｄ ——对食物的一种最基本的生理需
求。而美国自然主义作家德莱塞的《莉妹妹》中嘉的主人公嘉莉一开始也是以一个极其需要的身份出
提高自己的品味，以满足文化营养不断提高的观众
的更高层次的精神文化需求。因此改编者既要努力
感受原作的文化精神，吸收书籍文化所积淀的丰要厚的审美意蕴，又要在此基础上，据影视的特点加根以改造，根据自己的审美追求进行艺术创造，并真正做到从小说到以影视作品的完美转型。
【参考文献】［¨ 美学经典三种［．Ｍ］上海：

《嘉莉妹妹》：无尽追求与自我毁灭之旅

嘉莉妹妹：无尽追求与自我毁灭之旅1. 引言《嘉莉妹妹》是一部由美国作家F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德创作的小说。

本文将深入探讨小说中主人公嘉莉妹妹的无尽追求和最终导致她自我毁灭的旅程。

通过分析小说中各个关键事件和角色，我们可以更好地理解嘉莉的心理变化和命运。

2. 嘉莉妹妹的追求在小说中，嘉莉是一个富有、漂亮且充满活力的年轻女性。

她渴望在纽约社交界有所成就，并通过圆满的社交地位来实现自己对幸福生活的追求。

她尝试通过与贵族阶级接触、参加派对以及购买昂贵物品等方式来提升自己的地位。

3. 自我毁灭之路的开始然而，在追求过程中，嘉莉逐渐发现这个社交世界并不如她想象中那样完美。

她陷入了浮华和虚荣的漩涡中，迅速被社交规范、物质欲望和不可避免的虚无所束缚。

她开始把自己变成一个空洞而不幸的人，为了迎合这个社交界而牺牲了自己真实的内心。

4. 爱情与婚姻的矛盾在嘉莉对社交生活感到沮丧时，她遇到了吉茜·布朗先生和杰伊·盖茨比两个男性角色。

吉茜是一个富有但乏味的男人，杰伊则是一个神秘但扭曲的人物。

嘉莉发现自己同时对两人产生了感情，并因此进一步陷入痛苦和挣扎。

5. 自我毁灭的高潮最终，在一系列错误决策、令人困惑的事件和不可预测的转折之后，嘉莉走上了自我毁灭之路的最高点。

她选择放弃真爱并与吉茜结婚，以追求经济安全和社会地位。

然而，这样选择只带给她更多痛苦和无尽的虚幻。

6. 反思与后果在小说的结尾，嘉莉意识到了自己追求的空虚和错误。

她看到了这个社交界给她带来的痛苦，并意识到自己已经迷失了真正重要的事物。

她为自己过去的决策感到后悔和内疚，但却无力挽回已经造成的后果。

7. 总结《嘉莉妹妹》是一部充满悲剧色彩的小说，通过揭示主人公嘉莉在社交界中无尽追求的旅程，以及最终导致她自我毁灭的原因和结果，向读者展示了现实世界中虚荣、物质和追求名利背后隐藏着的痛苦和伤害。

这部作品引发了对人性、幸福与价值观念等重要问题的深思。

《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义论文

《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义探析摘要：西奥多·德莱塞的《嘉莉妹妹》是一部颇具争议的小说，主人公嘉莉更被看作是虚荣、欲望的代表，其成功是建立在美丽的外貌及对男人的利用之上。

本文从女性主义角度分析了虚荣与欲望背后所隐藏的意义，即在男权社会寻求女性解放必须取得经济与人格的双重独立。

关键词：《嘉莉妹妹》女性主义男权社会中图分类号：i106.4 文献标识码：a一时代背景19世纪末20世纪初，美国社会处于由传统工业向现代工业的转型期，工业化和机械化程度日益增强，传统的精神信仰受到了经济发展的冲击，新的精神信仰尚未形成，而女性在当时以男性为中心的社会中仍处于附属地位。

这一时期西方正处于第一次女权运动浪潮之中，女性开始为争取自身的解放而奋斗，批判男权主义的女权主义应运而生。

1848年，伊丽莎白·凯蒂·斯坦顿和卢科瑞蒂亚·莫特带领女权主义改革者在塞内卡瀑布举行聚会，要求修正法典里许多对妇女不公平的待遇。

纽约州召开了妇女代表大会，争取选举权运动。

这期间，美国社会出现了成千上万的“新女性”。

一般来讲，“新女性”指两类妇女，一类是劳动阶层的年轻女工，另一类是不安于传统女性命运的中产阶级少女和少妇。

“新女性”大都具有强烈的自我意识和独立的个性，受过一定程度的教育，性观念较为开放，不为传统的家庭观念所束缚。

她们常常通过各种方式为自己争取更大的独立权利，并呼吁与男人一样享有平等的权利。

“新女性”的崛起为当时的美国文学提供了全新的素材，注入了新的活力。

大批“新女性”以“自主、独立、蔑视传统”的姿态出现在美国社会，并以否定传统婚姻和家庭观念的大胆行为来挑战男权社会。

但是仍然有许多男性作家，如杰克·伦敦、亨利·詹姆斯等为捍卫男性权威、维护传统妇道而把“新女性”刻画成性情古怪，行为异常，令读者嫌恶的角色。

当时的女性仍然受着清教主义的影响，主流女性形象是温文尔雅的淑女，是虔诚的清教徒，这也就说明，当时的女性在婚后应该全心全意相夫教子，不能毫无顾忌地放纵自我的情感，整天沉溺于男欢女爱。

用马斯洛需求层次理论分析《嘉莉妹妹》中的人物

摘要《嘉莉妹妹》讲述了一位农村女孩不甘贫穷,独自来到芝加哥实现自己的“美国梦”，最终成为了纽约百老汇的一位著名演员，物质享受得到满足，精神却陷入迷失的故事。

阅读这部小说我们很容易注意到嘉莉不断升级的需要及日益增长的欲望，及在追求欲望的过程中对传统道德的违背。

本文主要依据马斯洛层次需求理论，分析嘉莉及与嘉莉妹妹关系密切的两位男主人公，在不同时期的不同需要，并分析这些欲望产生的原因，即一方面是人物内在的欲望，另一方面是环境、城市的诱惑等外在因素。

这两方面的相互作用最终导致嘉莉陷入精神的迷失。

《嘉莉妹妹》的故事似乎在警示我们，在物质越来越发达的今天，人们不应该盲目追求物质的享受，而应该充分认识到精神带给人们的幸福感和满足感,思索自己人生的意义和价值所在。

关键词：嘉莉妹妹；欲望；层次需求理论AbstractSister Carrie tells the story of a small country girl Carrie who moves to Chicago to realize her “American Dream” and eventually becomes a Broadway star in New York. Despite living a luxurious life, she is lost in spirit. Reading the novel, we may easily notice Carrie’s different needs and desires arising gradually and also the betrayal of traditional moral code in the process of pursuing material gain. The paper analyzes the reasons why Carrie and two male heroes closed to her have various needs at different stages of life, mainly based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. One is figures’inner desires; the other is the outside force, including temptations of environment, cites, etc. The interaction between them makes Carrie lose herself eventually. It seems to tell people that in modern society material supplies more and more abundantly, but we should never pursue it blindly and much importance should be attached to happiness and stability created by spirit. It is essential to ponder the significance and the value of life.Key words: Sister Carrie; desire; hierarchy of needsContentsChapter 1 General Introduction (1)1.1 About the author and the novel (1)1.1.1 The author: Theodore Dreiser (1)1.1.2 The novel: Sister Carrie (1)1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs (2)Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs (4)2.1 Carrie’s primary needs (4)2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for Chicago (4)2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistress (5)2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs (6)2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking step (6)2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced development (7)2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goal (8)Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs (10)3.1 Drouet’s primary needs (10)3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of Carrie (10)3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of material (11)3.2 Droue t’s higher level needs (12)Chapter 4 Hurstwood’s needs (13)4.1 Hurstwood’s needs in Chicago (13)4.1.1 Hurstwood’s physiological needs (13)4.1.2 Hurstwood’s safety needs (14)4.1.3 Hurstwood’s love and belonging needs (14)4.2 Hurstwood’s needs in New York (15)Conclusion (17)References (19)Acknowledgments (20)Chapter 1 General Introduction1.1 About the author and the novel1.1.1 The author: Theodore DreiserTheodore Dreiser is the most outstanding realistic novelist in the history of American literature. He is also an American naturalistic writer famous for the exploration of realistic life. Dreiser was born in Indiana in a poor German immigrant family. When Dreiser was eight, his mother was forced by the pressure of living, left home with him and three other young children, wandered from one town to another in the Midwest. The family lived a tough and criticized life. Dreiser’s childhood also endured poverty and ignorance.In 1887, he came to Chicago alone, worked in restaurants and hardware companies. In spite of this, he was attracted by the city life full of excitement and stimulation. In 1889, “he was sponsored by a sympathetic middle school teacher to study at the University of Indiana. But he dropped out of school the next year, returned to Chicago to become a debt collector in a real estate and furniture company” (Wang Sixiang, 2009: 158). This job led him to come into contact with the underworld characters and the dark side of society, accumulated a wealth of material for the future creation. It also determined the naturalistic color and the tragic thought of his creation. Dreiser entered the press in 1892, started to be a journalist. In Chicago, he witnessed the strong contrast of extreme poverty and extravagant life. These experiences are the beginning of his thought, which led him to create his own novel.1.1.2 The novel: Sister CarrieSister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser’s first novel, is a good work of epoch-making significance in the history of American fiction. This novel tells the story of Caroline Meeber, a pretty rural girl, leaves her rural home to make a living in Chicago. On the train, she meets Charles Drouet, a traveling salesman. The harsh reality shatters her dream. At the same time, in front of her is unemployment and disease. In desperation she becomes Drouet’s mistress. Later, due to the greater desire, she becomes the hotelmanager Hurstwood’s mistress. Hurstwood and Carrie elope to New York, and Carrie becomes a popular actor by chance and squeezes into the upper class. However, Hurstwood becomes poorer and finally committed suicide. The life of upper class does not make her feel satisfied. She feels empty and can not find the real meaning of life. In the loneliness and desolation, she sits in a rocking chair dreaming of the happiness that she would not get.The novel reveals the cruel squeezing of the American capitalist system for poor people and the corrosive action of bourgeois lifestyle for petty bourgeois. And the moral concept the novel reflects is also a counter-tradition. Because Carrie rather than be punished for her depravity, but becomes a popular star of musical comedies finally. Therefore, this book has aroused widespread concern in society since it was published, was banned for a time which led up to intense controversy of the literary world for more than 30 years until it is regarded as a classic to gain public recognition. Until today the novel was born one hundred years later, people are still controversial about Carrie’s character and behavior, especially her endless desire.1.2 About Maslow’s hierarchy of human needsIn Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are five kinds of needs ranging from lower level to higher level. These are physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs. (1)The physiological needs — it is the most basic requirement of human beings, including food, sleep, water, secretion, and sex. If any one of these needs, except sex, can not be satisfied, the physiological function of human can not operate normally. In other words, the life of human would be threatened. In this sense, the physiological need is the primary motivation of people’s action. Maslow believes that only those basic needs be met, the other needs can become new motivating factors. And to this point, the needs has been relatively satisfied will no longer be motivating factors. (2)The safety needs — it is the demand for the following things: personal and property safety, health care, job security and family safety. Maslow believes that the pursuit of the whole organism is a security mechanism, the human receptors, effectors’ organs, intelligence and other forms of energy are mainly seeking safety tools. We can even put both science and philosophy as part of meeting the security needs. (3)The love and belonging needs — if both physiological and safety needs are relatively well satisfied, and then there will emerge the love and belonging needs. Everyone wants to get mutual concern and care.The love and belonging needs is more meticulous than the physiological needs. It relates to a person’s physiological characteristics, experience, education and religion. Generally people will hunger for affectionate relations with others, for a place in the group and have a family. (4)The esteem needs — everyone wants to have a stable social status. And it requests that personal ability and achievements are recognized by the society. These needs can be divided into two parts. First is the desire for strength, achievement, adequacy, confidence and freedom. Secondly, we have what we may call the desire for reputation, attention, importance or appreciation. Satisfaction of the esteem need can make people have confidence, worth, strength, capability and adequacy of being useful and necessary in the world. (5)The self-actualization needs — it is the highest level of needs. It refers to the realization of personal ideals, aspirations and the individual’s ability to the greatest degree. Maslow notes that in order to satisfy self-actualization needs, different people take different measures. The self-actualization need is an effort to realize their potential. It is to make them become the characters they desire to be.These basic needs are related to each one and another, but any physiological and safety needs that remain unsatisfied will keep playing an important role, and needs at one level do not have to be completely satisfied before needs at the next higher level come into play. This means that the highest goal will monopolize consciousness and will tend to organize the recruitment of the various capacities of the organism. The lower needs are minimized, even forgotten or denied. But when a need is fairly well satisfied, the next higher need emerges,in turn to dominate the conscious life and to serve as the center of organization of behavior, since gratified needs are not active motivators.Chapter 2 Carrier’s needs2.1 Carrie’s primary needs2.1.1 The physiological needs: leaving for ChicagoBy the end of the Civil War (1861-1865), most of the forces that would typify twentieth century American had begun to emerge. Northern industrialism had triumphed over southern agrarianism. The great age of big city bossism began. Americans ceased to be isolated from the world and from each other. Soon the United States had the most extensive railroad system in the world. The tempo of life accelerated as Americans became increasingly mobile. From 1870 to 1890 the total population of the United States doubled. Villages became towns, towns became cities, and cities grew to a size with a speed that would have astonished the Founding Fathers. The population of Chicago increased twenty times to two million, making it the nation’s second largest city after New York. The national income quadrupled. It was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”. Thousands and thousands of men, women and children native-born and foreign, flooded to American cities, drawn by hopes for making their fortune. They believed that anyone could grasp an opportunity to attain success through honest and hard work. Just as American naturalists argued: the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.Dreiser clothed the social phenomenon of so-called “American Dream” through his character, Carrie. At the beginning of the novel, the heroin, Carrie, keeps pace with the general trend of the time, and moves to Chicago, which is not far away from her hometown. She is eighteen years old, bright, timid, and full of the illusions of ignorance and youth:And yet she was interested in her charms, quickly to understand the keenerpleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things. A half-equipped littleknight she was, venturing to reconnoiter the mysterious city and dreamingwild dreams of some vague, far-off supremacy, which should make it preyand subject-the proper penitent, groveling at a woman’s slipper. (TheodoreDreiser, 1979: 3)In Maslow’s view, humans are wanting beings, mainly because humans are not satisfied with the status and are eager to achieve a higher realm. Desire is one of the strong emotions which tells people that he is still curious to exist, that he still have an edge on his longings and want to bite into the world. Carrie is driven by the environment and the internal desire to move to Chicago. Strictly speaking, it is the physiological needs. Carrie wants to change the poor life. She begins to hunt a job to earn money to fulfill her needs. Carrie accepts a job in a shoe factory for four and a half dollars a week. Every week she pays four dollars for her board and lodging. Does the story develop smoothly like this? The author gave a hint by writing “When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse” (Zhang Xiaowei, 2011: 203). Carrie tries to live on her own to start her first step of material pursuit.2.1.2 The safety needs: becoming Drouet’s mistressChicago is a charming city indeed. Carrie is surrounded by various temptations: Carrie passed along the busy aisles, much affected by the remarkabledisplays of trinkets, dress goods, stationary and jewelry. Each separatecounter was a show place of dazzling interest and attraction. She could nothelp feeling the claim of each trinket and valuable upon her personally.There was nothing there which she could not have to used-nothing whichshe did not along to own. The dainty slippers and stockings, the delicatelyfrilled skirts and petticoats, the laces, ribbons, hair-combs, purses, all touchher with individual desires. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 27)She longs for dress and beauty with a whole heart.But the fact is that the cold reality takes her by the hand. First, her sister and brother-in-law live a lean life and consumed by housework. The money left by Carrie every week is not enough for her car fares, let alone clothes, laces, ribbons, etc. And none of those things is in the range of her purchase. Second, in the shoe factory, the machines work intensively. Carrie is not strong. Her shoulders and necks ache in bending over and she is totally exhausted every day. “As Carrie listened to this and much more of similar familiar badinage among the men and the girls, she instinctively withdraws into herself. She feared that the young boys about would address such remarks to he r” (LI Wei, 2011: 278). The wholeatmosphere of the shoe factory is sordid.Carrie does not like to bear the hard work, the foul working condition and the human environment. She hopes to break away from the factory to enjoy physical comfort and from such uncouth men to keep her calm. Third, as the rigorous winter is around the corner, Carrie worries about the problem of winter clothes, for she has nothing to wear. At last, as a result of illness she loses the job and to return hometown seems to be the only choice.According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if the physiological needs are relatively well gratified, there then emerge the safety needs. The problem is that whether she can satisfy it or not, it depends on the reality which supplies enough conditions or not, besides her own effort. Carrie understands that it is impossible to buy dress and entertain herself by her personal diligence. Drouet is, for Carrie, an escape. She does not love him, but he means a source of amazement, and she recognizes that the relative opulence of his chambers and department he procures for Carrie are the signs of that for which she is striving. Eventually she betrays herself to become Drouet’s mistress to realize her safety need. Carrie and Drouet pay a visit all round the city and go shopping, take part in various activities, enjoy delicious foods. It seems that Carrie has never hesitated,“Money! Money! What a thing it was to have! How plenty of it would clear away all the troubles” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 82). She surrendered to the magic of money. At the second stage of material pursuit, Carrie has a much stronger desire. She falls in love with it without reason.2.2 Carrie’s higher level needs2.2.1 The love and belonging needs — awaking stepAs the plot goes, the author depicts a panorama of rising needs and desire. On one hand, Carrie is not just satisfied with living together with Drouet:That young lady, under the stress of her situation and the tutelage of hernew friend, changed effectively. She the glow of a more showy life was notupon her. She did not grow in knowledge so much as she awakened in thematter of desire. Mrs. Hale’s extended harangues upon the subjects ofwealth and position taught her to distinguish between degrees of wealth.(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 140)When she comes to her own room, Carrie sees her comparative poverty. She is not comparing it with what she has had, but what she has seen recently. She begins toponder what, after all, Drouet is and what she is. On the other hand, Carrie fears of losing Drouet’s affection, of being abandoned, and also she longs for someone to sympathize with her, but not let her ponder and wonder. It makes clear to Carrie that Drouet could not understand her. He just cares about her beauty. When Carrie is sorrow, he only asks her to dance. Carrie feels lonely and forsaken. What’s more, Carrie believes Drouet does not plan to marry her. He prefers the single state to any legal bondage. These two sides wake up Carrie’s deep desire. She “hopes to live an extravagant life but not from hand to mouth” (Peng Dankui, 1995: 74). She is eager to be understood and loved. Drouet is only an intermediary in her movement from poverty to affluence. Carrie is ready and longs to change.More wealth and higher status are Carrie’s new goal. At this time, Hurstwood becomes another male stepladder to gratify her needs both in material and spirit. Hurstwood can give her a life of honor. Carrie recognizes the quality of Hurstwood’s clothes, his style and his bearing as distinct improvements on Drouet. Hurstwood shows his thoughts and feelings concerning Carrie. “In contrast, Hurstwood appeared strong and sincere. He had no easy manner of putting her off. He sympathized with her and showed her what her true value was. He needed her, while Drouet did not care” (Gao Chenke, 2011: 115).Though Carrie has achieved her material goal, all in all, she has another need—love. Carrie begins to care about her inner thoughts, which takes the first step of exploring her spirit. Carrie’s spirit pursuit is based on material pursuit.2.2.2 The esteem needs — advanced developmentAfter becoming Hurstwood’s mistress, in a material way, Carrie is considerably improved. Hurstwood writes her regularly-a letter every morning. They both enjoy the happy days. Carrie has an opportunity to take part in a play. It is not an important thing, but because of the prestige of Hurstwood, it is significant. “By the time of the 16th had arrived Hurstwood’s friends had rallied like Romans to a senator’s call. A well-dressed, good-natured, flatteringly-inclined audience was assured from the moment he thought of assisting Carrie”(Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 209). Carrie moves into a new environment. She feels the respect and power of celebrities. Carrie’s needs develop further: the esteem needs. That is the desire for confidence and appreciation:There was nothing bold in her manner. Life had not taught herdomination-superciliousness of grace, which is the lordly power of somewomen. Her longing for consideration was not sufficiently powerful tomove her to demand it. Even now she lacked self-assurance, but there wasthat in what she had already experienced which left her a little less thantimid. She wanted pleasure, she wanted position. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:176)For Carrie she is nervous. She hopes the play could succeed to gain confidence and appreciation, “The glamour, the tense situation, the fine clothes, the applause, these had lured her until she felt that she, too, could act-that she, too, could compel acknowledgment of power” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 192). Carrie tries best to explore her potentials.2.2.3 The self-actualization needs — ultimate goalHurstwood coaxes Carrie to elope to New York. But he is merely another man who either cannot hold or find a job. He forces to begin the battle for place and comfort all over again. But his situation becomes worse and worse. At the beginning, he strolls about, and then he just picks his papers up, and stays for day after day. At last, he becomes a beggar completely, lived by other’s charity. Finally he committed suicide by turning on the gas in a Bowery flophouse. When the attraction of material disappears, it is inevitable for Carrie to abandon Hurstwood. The physiological and safety needs play an important role now. Carrie begins to make a livelihood on her own. Different from the former experience, this time, she is successful by her own power without depending on some other men. Carrie becomes an actor because of her pretty-look and her diligence. Her salary rises from 30 dollars to 150 dollars per week. She becomes a famous star. She could possess of her gowns and carriage, her furniture and bank account. But she is alone, “It does not take money long to make plain its important, providing the desires are in the realm of affection. With one hundred and fifty in hand, Carrie could think of nothing particularly to do. In itself, as a tangible, apparent thing which she could touch and look upon, but this soon passed” (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 548).After Carrie gains her economic status, there is only self-actualization need left. And Ames helps Carrie sublimate her spiritual pursuit into the world of literature and philosophy. Ames isn’t attracted by Carrie’s beauty, but there is something in him that has attracted her. Ames says to Carrie that riches are not everything, and there is always a great deal more in the world than she has known. Carrie understands that the thingsAmes pointed out is not money, or clothes, or applauses but a kind heart to serve others. It is an aesthetic world of which Carrie has not dreamed of and which she recognizes as a new peak to conquer and a new level to achieve. Carrie moves to the highest needs, which states that the true value of life is not in what we get but in what we give. This is the ultimate goal in her spiritual world.Chapter 3 Drouet’s needs3.1 Drouet’s primary needs3.1.1 The physiological needs: the pursuit of CarrieDrouet is a man who has a keen desire for the feminine. In the driving of the sexual instinct, he will involuntarily chase every beautiful woman he meets. After seeing beautiful pure Carrie on the train, he is attracted by her. With beautiful clothes, grandiose talk and his experiences of chatting up girls, Drouet wins Carrie’s favor. Just as the author says:Let him meet with a young woman once and he would approach her withan air of kindly familiarity, not unmixed with pleading, which would resultin most cases in a tolerant acceptance. If she showed any tendency tocoquetry he would be apt to straighten her tie, or if she “took up” with himat all, to call her by her first name. If he visited a department store it was tolounge familiarly over the counter and ask some leading questions. In moreexclusive circles, on the train or in waiting stations, he went slower. If someseemingly vulnerable object appeared he was all attention to pass thecompliments of the day to lead the way to the parlor car, carrying her grip,or, failing that, to take a seat next her with the hope of being able to courther to her destination. Pillows, books, a footstool, the shade lowered; allthese figured in the things which he could do. If, when she reached herdestination he did not alight and attend her baggage for her, it was because,in his own estimation, he had signally failed. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979:5) Drouet’s chasing for young beautiful girls is not because he is a cold-blooded, black heart, scheming villain, but because he is full of lust. When Drouet meet Carrie in the street secondly, Carrie was looking for a job and has no winter clothes to wear. Then he use Carrie’s plight to persuade her to leave her sister’s home and l ive together with him. After Carrie beca me Drouet’s mistress, Drouet didn’t have the plan to marry her. In the second part of the novel, Drouet and Carrie met again in New York, after he tried to mend fences and Carrie refused, he was not feeling so sad. Because, for him, he canfind a woman for pleasure wherever. Losing Carrie is not so important for him. At the end of the novel, on the night of a big snowstorm, he is talking with a partner to discuss where to look for a woman to have fun.3.1.2 The safety needs: the satisfaction of materialThe great industrial development in American brings about the booming of the cities like Chicago and New York. At the same time, the social gap between the rich and the poor is widening. People are obviously graded. Whether having high material consumption ability has almost become the sole criterion of level division. Drouet is divided into middle class in this social background. He doesn’t have to live in poverty like Hanson, but not as well as Hurstwood has a wealthy family and prominent position. He is good at enjoying life and the pursuit of a higher level of material comforts, immersed in his salesman career and tried to improve his social status. In his view, his life is fulfilling and almost perfect. He dressed in fashion style, wearing a striped plaid wool suit, white and pink striped shirt, gold-plated button, covered with yellow agate known as the “cat ey e”. His vest dangled a neat gold watch chain, matched with a pair of glowing shoes and a fedora. This fashionable dress greatly satisfied the vanity of him. Drouet’s s afety needs come to be realized in the abundant material world.Drouet likes to have dinner at Rector’s,a restaurant he believes that successful person would go. After dinner, he likes to go to th e resort of Fitzgerald and Moy’s to drink a glass of whiskey and enjoy a couple of cigars. In such a place, he can get to know a variety of celebrities, in order to increase the capital to show off and meet his vanity. The author has described it in detail:Rector’s, with its polished marble walls and floor, its profusion of lights, itsshow of china and silverware, and, above all, its reputation as a resort foractors and professional men, seemed to him the proper place for asuccessful man to go. He loved fine clothes, good eating, and particularlythe company and acquaintanceship of successful men. When dining, it wassource of keen satisfaction to him to know that Joseph Jefferson was wontto come to this same place, that Henry E. Dixie, a well known performer ofthe day, was then only a few tables off. (Theodore Dreiser, 1979: 39) As a successful salesman, Drouet believes that it is an honor to be able to make celebrities. At the same time, the big company he is working for also let him feel glory. With the reputation of Bartlett, Caryoe & Company, his work goes well. Although he isnot rich, also does not have a high social status, but he is good at communication, appropriate interaction with others, which also provides a possibility of success in his career. Living with Carrie, Drouet’s career developed gradually and his social status improved accordingly. When he and Carrie meet again, he has been responsible for a branch and is about to establish his own company. He can meet Carrie’s desire for material. He bought her beautiful dresses and coats, purchased cosmetics and went to the theatre with her. But objectively speaking, he was too concerned with material life, treat feelings do not serious. This is also the most dissatisfied for Carrie.3.2 Drouet’s higher level needsAlthough the physiological and material satisfaction is very important for Drouet, he has some higher level of needs. As a traveling salesman, Drouet’s social status is not high. He frequently went to the restaurants and pubs which celebrities always went to. In addition to the pursuit of material comforts, but also he is in the search for a social identity and the sense of belonging. Eating and talking together with the upper-class people, let him have a feeling of integrated into the society.His pursuit of Carrie is not only to satisfy his needs for sex, but also to get rid of the emptiness.Due to his work requirement, Drouet often go to travel around, and he is lacking of group sense of belonging. While Carrie as his mistress, can bring him some emotional comfort.In addition, Carrie’s young and beautiful can meet Drouet’s vanity. And he can show off in social occasions. However, Carrie is not the only choice for Drouet. Instead of creating a stable family, the best way to meet his spiritual emptiness is to seek new love affairs constantly. That is also the reason why he does not marry Carrie.。

嘉莉妹妹_欲望心理_及_自我实现_

2008年第2期安徽商贸职业技术学院学报 No.2 June ., 2008 第7卷总第26期 Journal of Anhui Business College of Vocational Technology V ol. 7 General No.26·56·嘉莉妹妹“欲望心理”及“自我实现”朱珩（安徽商贸职业技术学院外语系，安徽芜湖 241002）摘要:主人公嘉莉为了实现自己的梦想，跻身上流社会而进行了不懈的努力，最终如愿以偿。

运用马斯洛需求层次理论来分析嘉莉在不同时期的追求，以一个独特的视角诠释她“欲望心理”不断升级的内在成因。

经历了漫长的等待，嘉莉最终完成了自身价值的“自我实现”。

关键词:《嘉莉妹妹》；需求层次理论；欲望心理；自我实现中图分类号：I 106.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-9255（2008）02-0056-02Sister Carrie’s “Ambitious Psychology” and Her “Self Realization”ZHU Heng(Department of Foreign Languages ，Anhui Business College of Vocational Technology ，Wuhu 241002，China) Abstract: Sister Carrie is one of the most important novels written by Theodore Dreiser. Carrie, the heroine of the novel, never stops her dream of entering the upper society and finally gets her dream realized. This thesis is trying to use Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy Theory to analyze Carrie’s different requirements in different stages of her life. In this way, we can understand her increasing “ambitious psychology” in deeper aspect. After a long period of waiting, Carrie finally gets her “self realization”.Key Words: Sister Carrie; Maslow’s Needs-Hierarchy Theory; ambitious psychology; self realization西奥多・德莱塞是20世纪美国文坛上一位杰出的作家，《嘉莉妹妹》是他的第一部长篇小说。

欲望和挣扎是人的全部本质 —《嘉莉妹妹》和《珍妮姑娘》比较研究

欲望和挣扎是人的全部本质—《嘉莉妹妹》和《珍妮姑娘》比较研究摘要：《嘉莉妹妹》和《珍妮姑娘》是美国自然主义作家西奥多‧德莱塞的两部力作，嘉莉妹妹和珍妮姑娘分别是两部小说的女主人公。

比较两者的亲情意识、金钱意识和爱情意识发现，物化的社会环境是嘉莉妹妹和珍妮姑娘悲剧命运的始作俑者，各自人性本质和人性弱点是造成她们不同命运的内在动因。

两部小说有着深远的现代启示和现实意义。

关键词：《嘉莉妹妹》；《珍妮姑娘》；比较研究[中图分类号] I106.4 文献标识码是A一、引言二十世纪美国著名作家西奥多·德莱塞是现代小说的先驱，被誉为自然主义文学大师。

西奥多·德莱塞一生创作了很多作品，《嘉莉妹妹》和《珍妮姑娘》是他早期创作的两部小说，《珍妮姑娘》和《嘉莉妹妹》是姊妹篇。

在小说创作风格上，西奥多·德莱塞改变了羞涩的创作风格，将热情与真诚带进美国小说中，将美国社会环境中真实的一面呈现出来，阐述了美国社会环境的黑暗[1]。

德莱塞一反过去以重要人物为主人公的传统 ,首次把描写对象转向那些位于社会最底层、居住于贫民区的食不果腹的穷苦人民[2]。

作品描绘了处于美国社会底层的两名女性的悲剧人生，让人读起来回味无穷，发人深思。

深受达尔文进化论思想和弗洛伊德心理分析学说的影响，德莱塞通过嘉莉妹妹和珍妮姑娘人本困境的叙述，体现了德莱塞的现实主义和悲剧哲学思想，聚焦了社会变革时期人性的异化，引导读者去思索社会，探究人性。

本文从亲情意识、金钱意识和爱情意识三个方面对嘉莉妹妹和珍妮姑娘两个人物进行比较分析，解读两部小说的现代启示和现实意义。

二、《嘉莉妹妹》和《珍妮姑娘》比较研究（一）《嘉莉妹妹》和《珍妮姑娘》之亲情意识比较《嘉莉妹妹》这部小说一问世就引起了强烈反响，小说中嘉莉的蜕变直接挑战了当时的男权思想和社会道德标准。

嘉莉妹妹毅然决然地离开生她养她的故乡和亲人，进入大都市的嘉莉妹妹充分运用了自身优势，利用男人对她的爱慕，解决了最基本的生存问题。