2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记
2014年考研英语真题之阅读理解答案与分析(2)
2014年考研英语真题之阅读理解答案与分析(2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree at one of200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduatewith$100,000of debt on top of undergraduate w-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession,but opponents ofchange among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on impro ving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.答案:D。
2014年考研英语Text1阅读逐句分析
2014年考研英语Text1阅读逐句分析In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV registerfor online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to _____.[A] motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily[B] provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits[C] encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking[D] guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits单词&词组搭配•Chancellor[ˈtʃænsələr] n.大臣，长官•Exchequer [ɪksˈtʃekər] n.英国财政部•upfront [ˌʌpˈfrʌnt] adj.预先，预付的•CV(Curriculum Vitae) 个人简历•eligible[ˈelɪdʒəbl]（出现2次）adj.合格的，有资格的•fortnightly[ˈfɔːrtnaɪtli] adv.每两周地•reasonable[ˈriːznəbl]（出现14次）adj.合理的•engagement[ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt] n.订婚，约定，战斗•Only if....will...（只有...才能）•register for（登记，注册）•be eligible for（有资格的）本段翻译为了“让生活更美好”并降低“依赖”，财政部大臣乔治奥斯本开始推行“先期工作搜索”计划。
2014年考研英语二阅读真题(直接打印方便笔记自用版)
Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria MacKenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found fortune will yield lasting feelings of fulfilment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dunn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dunn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time–as stories or memories –particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are mostenjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason McDonald’s restricts the availability of its popular McRib –a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfilment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.21.According to Dunn and Norton, which of the following is the mostrewarding purchase?[A]A big house.[B]A special tour.[C]A stylish car.[D]A rich meal.22.The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is .[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23.McRib is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to show that .[A]consumers are sometimes irrational[B]popularity usually comes after quality[C]marketing tricks are often effective[D]rarity generally increases pleasure24.According to the last paragraph, Happy Money .[A]has left much room for readers’criticism[B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase[C]has predicted a wider income gap in the US[D]may give its readers a sense of achievement25.This text mainly discusses how to .[A]balance feeling good and spending money[B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries[C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent[D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific American has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to achieve this. Social psychologists have amassed oceans of research into what they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others –all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose-tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticised, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem. We stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioural scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key study into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process, occurring rapidly and intuit ively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image – which most did – they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor wasthere any evidence that those who self-enhanced the most (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored pictures were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact, those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other markers for having higher self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of pers onal delusion,” says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves.” If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing.Knowing the results of Epley’s study, it makes sense that many people hate photographs of themselves viscerally –on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook, therefore, is a self-enhancer’s paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and lifestyles. It’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest, says Catalina Toma of Wisconsin-Madison University, “but they portray an idealised version of themselves.”26.According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that .[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high[B]illusory superiority is a baseless effect[C]our need for leadership is unnatural[D]self-enhancing strategies are ineffective27.Visual recognition is believed to be people’s.[A]rapid matching[B]conscious choice[C]intuitive response[D]automatic self-defence28.Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tended to .[A]underestimate their insecurities[B]believe in their attractiveness[C]cover up their depressions[D]oversimplify their illusions29.The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para.5) is closest in meaning to .[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30.It can be inferred that Facebook is a self-enhancer’s paradise becausepeople can .[A]present their dishonest profiles[B]define their traditional lifestyles[C]share their intellectual pursuitsText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cannot immediately foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MIT’s Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity”. In short, these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.It’s time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. In our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events”. That is not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technol ogy, but rather, “how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31.According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would .[A]ease the competition of man vs. machine[B]highlight machines’ threat to human jobs[C]provoke a painful technological revolution[D]outmode our current economic structure32.The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that .[A]technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities[B]automation is accelerating technological development[C]certain jobs will remain intact after automation[D]man will finally win the race against machine33.Hagel argues that jobs in the U.S. are often .[A]performed by innovative minds[B]scripted with an individual style[C]standardized without a clear target[D]designed against human creativity34.According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed .[A]the predictability of machine behavior in practice[B]the formula for how work is conducted efficiently[C]the ways machines replace human labor in modern times[D]the necessity of human involvement in the workplace35.Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]How to Innovate Our Work Practices?[B]Machines Will Replace Human Labor[C]Can We Win the Race Against Machines?[D]Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure projects, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £ 4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015, is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if it returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to the era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed, the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.36.The author believes that the housing sector .[A]has attracted much attention[B]involves certain political factors[C]shoulders too much responsibility[D]has lost its real value in economy37.It can be learned that affordable housing has .[A]increased its home supply[B]offered spending opportunities[C]suffered government biases[D]disappointed the government38.According to Paragraph 5, George Osborne may .[A]allow greater government debt for housing[B]stop local authorities from building homes[C]prepare to reduce housing stock debt[D]release a lifted GDP growth forecast39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would .[A]lower the costs of registered providers[B]lessen the impact of government interference[C]contribute to funding new developments[D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities40.The author believes that after 2015, the government may .[A]implement more policies to support housing[B]review the need for large-scale public grants[C]renew the affordable housing grants programme[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector。
2014考研英语阅读精析九
2014考研英语阅读精析九2014考研英语阅读精析九Unit6 社会文化Text3 正文A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values.A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn’t hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or her actions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together -- honesty, kindness, and so on -- accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, no law -- and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have never learned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people’s behavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities -- smaller towns, usually -- where schools maintain discipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: “In this family certain things are not tolerated -- they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs,these inner restraints are loosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what he wants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime was committed, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it’s the criminal who is considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn’t teach him to read, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn’t provide a stable home.I don’t believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage in criminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a society of endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crime is the one responsible for it.Text3 习题1. What the wise man said suggests that ________.[A] it’s unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it’s certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it’s only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it’s desirable for good men to keep away from evil2. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a crime, ________.[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modern civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved3. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have ________.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government4. The writer is sorry to have noticed that ________.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today’s society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities5. The key point of the passage is that ________.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[B] more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people’s behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText3 全文翻译一位智者曾说过，邪恶的胜利就是善良之人无所作为。
2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记
《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语一真题阅读理解精读笔记(2013-08-19 14:35:21)转载▼标签：郭崇兴考研英语精读笔记2014教育分类：考研英语《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语（一）真题阅读理解精读笔记Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 1全文翻译在2006年电影版的《时尚女魔头》中，梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普雷斯丽责备她其貌不扬的女助手，因为她认为高端时尚并不能影响到自己。
普雷斯丽说明了她助手的深蓝色毛衣如何在数年间从时尚秀场降到百货商店，又沦为便宜货。
毫无疑问，这个贫穷的女孩肯定就是从便宜货里淘的衣服。
这种自上而下的时尚商业观早已过时了，也和伊丽莎白·克莱因在《过度穿着》中描写的狂热世界不一致。
《过度穿着》是伊丽莎白·克莱因花了三年时间写成的对“快时尚”的控诉作品。
在过去十年左右的时间，技术的进步已经使得诸如Zara、H&M、优衣库之类的大众市场品牌能够对流行趋势反应得更快，并能更准确的预料到消费者的需求。
更快的转变意味着更少的存货浪费、更频繁的发布新品、更高的利润。
这些品牌鼓励对时尚敏感的消费者把衣服当成是一次性用品——洗过一两次后就不再穿了，尽管他们没在广告上明说——然后每几周就更新衣橱。
克莱因说，这些品牌通过以极其低廉的价格销售时髦的商品，已经把持了时尚的周期，动摇了一个习惯以季节为周期的产业。
当然，这场变革的受害者，不仅仅是设计师们。
为了能在其全世界2300多家商店里以5.95美元的价格出售超短裙，H&M必须依赖低工资的海外劳动力、大批量采购原材料导致严重危害自然资源、并大量使用有害的化学物质。
《过度穿着》就仿佛是时尚界交给像迈克尔·波伦的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者维权畅销书的答案。
2014(2)考研英语完型与阅读精解
2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。
所以正确答案为B。
2、【答案】A protective【解析】题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。
根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。
Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。
3、【答案】C likewise【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。
_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。
需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。
A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样地;也，而且。
因此正确答案为C。
4、【答案】A indicator【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。
A选项，表示指示器，指标。
B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。
根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。
因此正确答案为A。
5、【答案】D concern【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。
A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、 assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。
2014考研英语阅读精析四
2014考研英语阅读精析四2014考研英语阅读精析四Unit2 学习能力Text 1正文It doesn’t come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you can’t remember it. You just waste your valuable time. Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading. You remember better what you r ead when you know why you’re reading.Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you. I’m just looking”? Both you and she know that if you aren’t sure what you want, you are not likely to find it. But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you. I want a pair of sun glasses.” She says, “Right this way, please.” And you and she are off -- both eager to look for exactly what you want.It’s quite the same with your studying. If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that -- nothing. But if you do know what you want, and if you have the right book, you are almost sure to get it. Your reasons will vary; they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”. A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.This is the way it works. Before you start to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why StephenVincent Benet happened to write about America. I’m reading this article to find out.” Or, “I’m going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” Because you know why you are reading or studying, you relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.Reading is not one single activity. At least two important processes go on at the same time. As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately. But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you read. You have a kind of mental conversation with the author. If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree. That’s my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier. I’d better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered!” You don’t just sit there taking in ideas -- you do something else, and that something else is very important.This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes. In other words, a good reader is a critical reader. One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions. Facts can be checked by evidence. Opi nions are one’s own personal reactions.Another part of critical reading is judging sources. Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.Text 1习题1. If you cannot remember what you read or study, ________.[A] it is no surprise[B] it means you have not really learned anything[C] it means you have not chosen the right book[D] you realize it is of no importance2. Before you start reading, it is important ________.[A] to make sure why you are reading[B] to relate the information to your purpose[C] to remember what you read[D] to choose an interesting book3. Reading activity involves ________.[A] only two simultaneous processes[B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically[C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions[D] mainly drawing accurate inferences4. A good reader is one who ________.[A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about the subject matter[B] does lots of thinking in his reading[C] takes a critical attitude in his reading[D] is able to check the facts presented against what he has already knownText 1全文翻译如果你不能记住你所读或者所学的东西，那你读什么或学什么就无关紧要了，这一点毫不出奇。
2014年考研英语试题超详解
主题
中年人记忆力衰退 以及通过大脑训练
题材
体裁
自然科学
议论文
释：大脑训练如何让人明显更聪明》 ） 来改善
文章主线
2014 年的完形文章是一篇典型的科研类文章，这类文章具有明确的学术观点和主线，而且
往往在文章开头直接给出。如本文的首段首句：As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be.（许多人一步入中年，往往就开始注意到自己的记忆力和 头脑的清晰度不如从前了。 ）据此即可把握文章的主旨：探讨人到中年常出现的记忆力衰退和头脑清晰度降 低的问题。
支持
句 段 首
② 述 至 第 四段
首段句②至句④：具体论述人到中年记忆力衰退的现象。
分
第二段：论述神经科学家找到了改善这种状况的方法——大脑训练。 第三段：介绍一家网络公司开发了首个大脑训练程序。 第四段：继续说明这家网络公司的大脑训练程序如何起到改善作用。
①许多人一步入中年，往往就开始注意 到自己的记忆力和头脑清晰度不如从前 了。②我们会突然想不起来刚刚把钥匙 放在哪里了，记不起某位老熟人的名字 或自己曾经喜欢的某个老乐队的名字。 ③当大脑衰退的时候，我们把这些现象 称为“老糊涂” 。④尽管这看起来并无大 碍，但这种注意力不集中会给我们的职 业、社交和个人福祉带来潜在的危害。
错项排除
项也不正确。 3. [A] If 如果 [C] Once 一旦
选项 [A] improves（改善；提高）和 [C] recovers（恢复）与主线倾向是对立的，可
2014年考研英语阅读理解复习指导（四）
2014年考研英语阅读理解复习指导（四）Passage 4Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats;but the second-class had only narrow bare boards, while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.1. All boys and girls in large families know that .A) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace2. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.3. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die4. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers5. What is the tone of this passage?A)PracticalB)SatiricalC)HumorousD)Exaggerated参考答案 1.C 2.D 3.D 4.A 5.C。
2014考研英语阅读精析六
2014考研英语阅读精析六2014考研英语阅读精析六Unit2学习能力Text3 正文Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal -- and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovation and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have a lways been done,” wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: “How come nobody thought of that before?”The creative approach begins with the proposition thatnothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.Text3 习题1. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.2. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have.[B] The intelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems.[D] The way they present their findings.3. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________.[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented4. The phrase “march to a different drummer” (the last line of the passage) suggests that highly creative individuals are ________.[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of science[D] concerned about the advance of societyText 3全文翻译“无知者”认为科学技术上的发明创造来自灵感的眩目闪现或戏剧性的事件。
2014年考研英语真题之阅读理解答案与分析(2)
2014年考研英语真题之阅读理解答案与分析(2All around the world,lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism.But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis,spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation.The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money,tempting ever more students to pile into law schools.But most law graduates never get a big-firm job.Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this.One is the excessive costs of a legal education.There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states:a four-year undergraduate degree at one of200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.This leaves today’s average law-school graduatewith$100,000of debt on top of undergraduate w-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers.Sensible ideas have been around for a long time,but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them.One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree.Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school.If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer,those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia,non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm.This keeps fees high and innovation slow.There is pressure for change from within the profession,but opponents ofchange among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers,by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on impro ving firms’efficiency.After all,other countries,such as Australia and Britain,have started liberalizing their legal professions.America should follow.26.a lot of students take up law as their profession due to[A]the growing demand from clients.[B]the increasing pressure of inflation.[C]the prospect of working in big firms.[D]the attraction of financial rewards.答案:D。
2014年考研英语Text2阅读逐句分析
2014年考研英语Text3阅读逐句分析All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession---with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clientshave more grounds for complaint than America.单词&词组搭配公众号：给力考研资料•generate[ˈdʒenəreɪt]（出现9次）v.创造，引起•hostility [hɑːˈstɪləti]（hostile 有敌意的名词形式）敌意，愤怒•journalism[ˈdʒɜːrnəlɪzəm] n.新闻业•client[ˈklaɪənt]（出现4次）n.委托人，顾客（常见意思）•ground[ɡraʊnd](出现13次) n.土地，场所；[僻义] n.理由，根据；常用复数（充分的理由）•have grounds for(有...的理由）本段翻译全世界范围内，律师招惹的敌意要比其他任何一个行业（新闻业可能除外）的从业人员都多。
但是，几乎没有哪个国家的委托人比美国的委托人更有理由抱怨了。
During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. [定位点]The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kindof nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to _____.[A] the growing demand from clients[B] the increasing pressure of inflation[C] the prospect of working in big firms[D] the attraction of financial rewards题目的问法做了下转化，文中是让更多的学生涌进律师学校；而题目改为为什么大量的学生把从事法律行业。
2014考研英语真题阅读解析【3】
2014考研英语真题阅读解析【3】答案：C。
该题为文章主旨题，考察文章中心。
该篇文章属于问题解决型文章，前5段均在说美国法律职业存在的问题，最后一段提出了解决措施“allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.”。
因此，该篇属于问题解决型文章，选C。
其他几个选项均为文中的个别细节，以偏概全。
Text 3The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science.What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundatio n’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course,themselves set up by a very rich individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather than intention, has given them legitimacy.As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’ money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude and grace.真题解析：文章主题及背景知识：此篇阅读的主题内容为“基础物理学奖”，如果对于这一背景信息有所了解，这篇文章便可轻松看懂，做题更是十拿九稳!与2013年相比，2014考研阅读文章同样注重时效性，Text3便是反应了2013年3月份的一次实时事件：基础物理学基金会于3月20日晚在瑞士日内瓦揭晓了2013年基础物理学奖!所以2015考研的同学们一定要多多关注社会热点话题，拓展视野，丰富自己的文化背景知识，这样才能取得事半功倍的效果!文章讲到的是关于和诺贝尔奖一样的奖金丰厚的奖项出现，这些奖项就是由一些网络的公司或者是一些新贵们他们得出这样大量的钱，当然会遭出一些批评，这些奖项还是没法和诺贝尔奖相比的，阶级是没法改变的，名望是没法购买的。
2014考研英语阅读精析二
2014考研英语阅读精析二2014考研英语阅读精析二Unit1 人在职场Text 2正文Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome’s main avenues. Italy’s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women had come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for “a job for each of us, a different type of job, and a society without violence.” So far, action to improve women’s opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining. “But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough,” says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for the Development of Professional Training for Workers.Women, who constitute 52 per cen t of Italy’s population, today represent only 35 per cent of Italy’s total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs. However, their presence in the workplace is growing. The employment of women is expanding considerably in services, next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace. Official statistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment. More and more women are going into business for themselves. Many young women are turning to business because of the growing overall inemployment. It is also a fact that today many prejudices have disappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely business considerations without caring if it is a man or a woman.Such changes are occurring in the professions too. The number of women doctors, dentists, lawyers, engineers and university professors increased two to three fold. Some of the changes are immediately visible. For example, women have appeared on the scene for the first time as state police, railway workers and street cleaner.However, the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made. A breakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded.Text 2 习题1. The expression “snake through central Rome” probably means “to move ________[A] quietly through central Rome.”[B] violently through central Rome.”[C] in a long winding line through central Rome.”[D] at a leisurely pace through central Rome.”2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A] There are more women than men in Italy.[B] In Italy, women are chiefly employed in services.[C] In Italy, women are still at a disadvantage in employment.[D] In Italy, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men.3. About 200,000 women in Rome demonstrated for ________.[A] more job opportunities[B] a greater variety of jobs[C] “equal job, equal pay”[D] both A and B4. The best title for this passage would be ________.[A] The Role of Women is Society[B] Women Demonstrate for Equality in Employment[C] Women as Self-employed Professionals[D] Women and the Jobs MarketText 2 全文翻译当看到一个女人驾着一辆橙色的巨型拖拉机沿着罗马的一条主街行驶时，游客们都感到很诧异。
2014考研英语真题阅读解析【5】
2014考研英语真题阅读解析【5】37，选C，细节题。
根据自然段定位原则，36题在第一段出题，38题在第三段出题，那37题在第二段出题的可能性就很大。
同时题干定位”Influential figures in the Congress”与“leading congressional Democrats and Republicans”同义替换。
定位的答案是asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and ….., individual benefactors and others" to "asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to "maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. “In humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. “也就是说答案重点在maintain national excellence 刚好与选项C 中的leading position 进行同义替换。
ABD与文章不符合。
38. According to Paragraph 3, the report suggests[A] an exclusive study of American history[B] a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects[C] the application of emerging technologies[D] funding for the study of foreign languages38，选C，推理题。
英语一阅读刷题2014年text1课堂笔记
2014年Text 11段In order to “change lives for the better”and reduce “dependency”, George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the "upfront work search" scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit—and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable?段落分析：为了让生活更好以及减少依赖，G制定了提前找工作的计划。
第二句介绍具体的过程。
最后一句是作者的评价，表达了作者的态度——还有什么比这更合理的呢？21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to_______.问的是目的。
[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits给失业者提供更加便利的途径。
与原文相反，原文是更难。
[B]encourage jobseeker’ s active engagement in job seeking鼓励寻找工作的人更加积极的寻找工作。
[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily鼓励失业者自愿汇报。
只是手段。
[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefit确保找工作的人合法获得救济的权利。
2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记
《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语一真题阅读理解精读笔记(2013-08-19 14:35:21)转载▼标签：郭崇兴考研英语精读笔记2014教育分类：考研英语《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语（一）真题阅读理解精读笔记Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 1全文翻译在2006年电影版的《时尚女魔头》中，梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普雷斯丽责备她其貌不扬的女助手，因为她认为高端时尚并不能影响到自己。
普雷斯丽说明了她助手的深蓝色毛衣如何在数年间从时尚秀场降到百货商店，又沦为便宜货。
毫无疑问，这个贫穷的女孩肯定就是从便宜货里淘的衣服。
这种自上而下的时尚商业观早已过时了，也和伊丽莎白·克莱因在《过度穿着》中描写的狂热世界不一致。
《过度穿着》是伊丽莎白·克莱因花了三年时间写成的对“快时尚”的控诉作品。
在过去十年左右的时间，技术的进步已经使得诸如Zara、H&M、优衣库之类的大众市场品牌能够对流行趋势反应得更快，并能更准确的预料到消费者的需求。
更快的转变意味着更少的存货浪费、更频繁的发布新品、更高的利润。
这些品牌鼓励对时尚敏感的消费者把衣服当成是一次性用品——洗过一两次后就不再穿了，尽管他们没在广告上明说——然后每几周就更新衣橱。
克莱因说，这些品牌通过以极其低廉的价格销售时髦的商品，已经把持了时尚的周期，动摇了一个习惯以季节为周期的产业。
当然，这场变革的受害者，不仅仅是设计师们。
为了能在其全世界2300多家商店里以5.95美元的价格出售超短裙，H&M必须依赖低工资的海外劳动力、大批量采购原材料导致严重危害自然资源、并大量使用有害的化学物质。
《过度穿着》就仿佛是时尚界交给像迈克尔·波伦的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者维权畅销书的答案。
2014考研英语：精品阅读及详情解析(八)
2014考研英语：精品阅读及详情解析(八)States offer to pick up the tab for unpaid leave When Gina Garro and Brian Duplisea adopted 4-month-old Andres from Colombia last month, they were determined to take time off from work to care for him. Six years ago, after their daughter, 太奇考研2016年早起计划咨询热线：4000-855-866 在线咨询 YY： 86489962 States offer to pick up the tab for unpaid leaveWhen Gina Garro and Brian Duplisea adopted 4-month-old Andres from Colombia last month, they were determined to take time off from work to care for him. Six years ago, after their daughter, Melina, was born, the family scraped by on Duplisea's $36,000 salary as a construction worker so Garro, a special-education teacher, could stay home. Now, since Garro's job furnishes the family health insurance, she'll head back to work this fall while Duplisea juggles diapers and baby bottles. His boss agreed to the time off--but he will have to forgo his $18-an-hour pay. It won't be easy. Though Garro's $40,000 salary will cover their mortgage, the couple will have to freeze their retirement accounts, scale back on Melina's after-school activities--and pray that nothing goes wrong with the car. "It takes away from your cushion and your security," says Garro. "Things will be tight."The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act was supposed to help families like Garro's, offering a safety net to employees who want to take time off to nurture newborns, tend to their own major illnesses or care for sick relatives. But while the law guarantees that workers won't lose their jobs, it doesn't cover their paychecks. One survey last year showed that while 24 million Americans had taken leaves since 1999, 2.7 million more wanted to, but couldn't afford it. That may change soon. In response to increasing demands from voters, at least 25 states are now exploring new ways to offer paid leave. One possibility: tapping state disability funds. A handful of states--New York, New Jersey, California, Rhode Island and Hawaii--already dip into disability money to offer partial pay for women on maternity leave. But that doesn't help dads or people caring for elderly parents. New Jersey and New York may soon expand disability programs to cover leave for fathers and other caretakers. Thirteen states, including Arizona, Illinois and Florida, have proposed using unemployment funds to pay for leave.Massachusetts has been especially creative. When the state's acting governor, Jane Swift, gave birth to twin daughters in May, she drew attention to the issue with her own "working maternity leave": she telecommuted part-time but earned her usual full-time salary. Even before Swift returned to work last week,the state Senate unanimously passed a pilot plan that would use surplus funds from a health-insurance program for the unemployed to give new parents 12 weeks off at half pay. Another plan, proposed in the House, would require employers to kick in $20 per worker to set up a "New Families Trust Fund." Businesses would get tax credits in return. This week Swift is expected to announce her own paid-leave plan for lower-income mothers and fathers. Polls show widespread public support--another reason Swift and other politicians across the country have embraced the issue.Still, not everyone's wild about the idea. People without children question why new parents--the first group to get paid leave under many of the proposed plans--should get more government perks than they do. Business groups are resistant to proposals that would raid unemployment funds; several have already filed suit to block them. As the economy slows, many companies say they can't afford to contribute to proposed new benefit funds either. Business lobbyists say too many employees already abuse existing federal family-leave laws by taking time off for dubious reasons or in tiny time increments. The proposed laws, they say, would only make matters worse.For Garro and Duplisea, though, the new laws could make all the difference. As Melina fixes a peanut-butter-and-jelly sandwich, Duplisea hugs a snoozing Andres against his T shirt. "We're trying to do the right thing by two kids, and we have to sacrifice," Duplisea says. In Massachusetts and plenty of other states, help may be on the way.Newsweek; 8/27/2001, Vol. 138 Issue 9, p46, 1p, 1c注(1) 本文选自Newsweek;8/27/2001, Vol. 138 Issue 9, p46, 1p, 1c注(2) 本文习题命题模仿对象是1997年真题text 1(1，2，3，5题)，第4题模仿1997年真题text 3 的第2题。
2014年考研英语阅读理解精读100篇
[C] Tesco is offered a leniency deal of ￡80 million because of its quick response to the anti-competitive behaviors
[C] industry insiders suggest that Morrisons was trying to delay the OFT investigation with non-cooperation.
[D] Morrisons indeed refuses to admit its involvement in the scandal.
Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politicians and farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.
2014考研英语真题及答案解析(详细)
2014考研真题及答案解析Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。
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《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语一真题阅读理解精读笔记(2013-08-19 14:35:21)转载▼标签：郭崇兴考研英语精读笔记2014教育分类：考研英语《2014考研英语历年真题阅读理解精读笔记》之增值服务：2013考研英语（一）真题阅读理解精读笔记Section ⅡReading Comprehension Part A Text 1全文翻译在2006年电影版的《时尚女魔头》中，梅丽尔·斯特里普扮演的米兰达·普雷斯丽责备她其貌不扬的女助手，因为她认为高端时尚并不能影响到自己。
普雷斯丽说明了她助手的深蓝色毛衣如何在数年间从时尚秀场降到百货商店，又沦为便宜货。
毫无疑问，这个贫穷的女孩肯定就是从便宜货里淘的衣服。
这种自上而下的时尚商业观早已过时了，也和伊丽莎白·克莱因在《过度穿着》中描写的狂热世界不一致。
《过度穿着》是伊丽莎白·克莱因花了三年时间写成的对“快时尚”的控诉作品。
在过去十年左右的时间，技术的进步已经使得诸如Zara、H&M、优衣库之类的大众市场品牌能够对流行趋势反应得更快，并能更准确的预料到消费者的需求。
更快的转变意味着更少的存货浪费、更频繁的发布新品、更高的利润。
这些品牌鼓励对时尚敏感的消费者把衣服当成是一次性用品——洗过一两次后就不再穿了，尽管他们没在广告上明说——然后每几周就更新衣橱。
克莱因说，这些品牌通过以极其低廉的价格销售时髦的商品，已经把持了时尚的周期，动摇了一个习惯以季节为周期的产业。
当然，这场变革的受害者，不仅仅是设计师们。
为了能在其全世界2300多家商店里以5.95美元的价格出售超短裙，H&M必须依赖低工资的海外劳动力、大批量采购原材料导致严重危害自然资源、并大量使用有害的化学物质。
《过度穿着》就仿佛是时尚界交给像迈克尔·波伦的《杂食者的困境》一样的消费者维权畅销书的答案。
“大批量生产的服装，就好像快餐一样，充满着渴望和需求，却既不耐用也不经济”，克莱因说到。
她发现，美国人每年要买大约200亿件服装——平均每人64件——无论他们捐赠多少，这种无节制的购买行为都导致浪费。
在《过度穿着》的结尾，克莱因介绍了她的理想典范，一个叫萨拉·凯特·博蒙特的布鲁克林女人，她从2008年起就自己做所有的衣服，而且做得相当漂亮。
不过正如克莱因是第一个注意到的那样，博蒙特花了几十年完善自己的手艺，她的事例不能轻易复制。
尽管包括H&M在内的几家快时尚公司已经努力控制其对劳动力和环境的影响，引入了绿色环保自觉生产线，克莱因相信只有消费者才能促成持久的变革。
她展示了对于无论在食物还是在能源方面都提倡可持续性的人而言共同的理想主义。
虚荣是常态，人们只有在付不起钱的时候才会开始以更加可持续的方式购物。
21. 普雷斯丽批评她的助手，因为她_______。
[A]不善于讨价还价[B]对时尚不敏感[C]对高端时尚痴迷[D]缺乏想象力22. 根据克莱因，大众市场品牌使消费者________。
[A]反对不必要的浪费[B]排斥狂热的时尚界[C]抵抗广告的影响[D]更频繁的买衣服23.第二段第三行单词“indictment”最接近哪一个意思________。
[A]控告[B]热情[C]冷淡[D]容忍24.下列哪项可以从最后一段推知？[A]理想主义者更虚荣。
[B]快时尚业不考虑可持续性。
[C]人们对买不起的衣服更感兴趣。
[D]定价对环保的购物至关重要。
25.文章的题目是什么？[A]对奢侈生活方式的讽刺[B]对高端时尚神话的挑战[C]对快时尚业的批评[D]对大众市场秘密的揭露答案解析本文本篇文章节选自对《Overdressed》（作者：Elizabeth Cline）一篇书评。
文章开篇使用电影《时尚女魔头》作为例子，引出快时尚这一话题。
接下来谈的是快时尚业对社会和人们生活带来的影响。
快时尚改变了人们的消费观，动摇了市场产业，进而消耗了大量的自然资源，大量使用有毒化学物质，造成了资源的浪费。
作者认为，人总是有虚荣心的，要从根本上解决问题，就要通过价格来督促人们理性消费。
21. 【答案】B【解析】通过人名Priestly可以看出，这道题目是考的第一段的内容。
文中提到，Priestly 责备她长相平平的助手，因为她认为高端时尚与自己无关（原文：for imagining that high fash ion doesn‟t affect her）。
这就是选项B中的insensitivity to fashion 对时尚不敏感的意思。
A 错误整篇文章也没有提到讨价还价技能。
C 错误对高端时尚痴迷恰恰和原文的表述相反，助理就是因为对高端时尚不感兴趣才遭到责备。
D 错误助手不是缺乏想象力，这里原文中的imaging是“suppose，think认为，想”的意思，而不是“想象”的意思。
22. 【答案】D【解析】从原文“These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable---meant to last only a wash or two, although they don‟t advertise that--and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.”可以看出，这些大众市场品牌影响着人们的消费观，让消费者将衣服当成了快消品，常常每隔几周就更新衣橱，这不就是更频繁的买衣服吗？shop for their garments就是renew their wardrobe的同义替换，所以选D。
文章讲的是消费者们没能抵制这些大众市场品牌的影响，从而改变了消费习惯。
所以选项A B C 的意思都与原文刚好相反，都是错误的。
23. 【答案】A【解析】这是一道词汇题。
在第二段，作者列举出了快时尚的种种影响，为了获取更高的利润，大众市场品牌使人们把衣服当做快消品，加快了推出新品的速度，把持了时尚的周期。
而在第3段，作者又列举了快时尚的种种弊端，雇佣低成本的海外劳动力、对自然资源的损耗、以及有毒物质的大量使用。
由此可见，《过度穿着》指出了快时尚的负面影响，是对快时尚的“控诉”，indictment与选项A中的accusation同义。
除了这样的方法，这个词还可以用词根来推：我们都知道in-这个前缀在英文中有“否定、相反、不足”的意思，词根dict有“口述、命令”的意思，如dictation（听写）, dictator（独裁者）,dictionary（词典），由此可见，in（否定的）+dict（口述）+ment（名词词尾）=indictment （口述否定的方面）→讲述别人负面的东西，不好的方面→控诉，指控。
24. 【答案】D【解析】这是一道推理题。
关键点在最后一段的最后一句。
“Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can‟t afford .”人们总是有虚荣心，只有在买不起的时候，才会以更可持续的方式购物。
其中afford与pricing相对应，shopping more sustainably 与environmental-friendly purchasing相对应，因此，答案选D。
A 错误文章中说的是对于提倡可持续性的人来说共同的理想主义，而选项A误将vanity虚荣心按在了idealist理想主义者身上。
B 错误文章中已经指出“several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment”，就说明the fast-fashion industry（快时尚业）开始重视sustainability（可持续性）了,而不是ignore sustainability（忽视可持续性）。
C 错误整篇文章也没有提到人们是否对unaffordable garments（负担不起的衣服）更加感兴趣。
文章中最后一句话的意思是人们的虚荣心是源源不断的，唯有通过调整价格来督促人们合理的消费。
但这并不意味着人们更喜欢买贵衣服。
25. 【答案】C【解析】主旨题。
根据主题词fast-fashion可直接锁定选项C。
再纵观全文：第一段通过例子指出传统的时尚观早已过时，引入fast-fashion的概念，第二段指出快时尚业带来的影响，改变人们的消费观念，加快时尚业的步伐。
第三四段详细列举快时尚的弊端，如雇佣海外廉价劳动力、破坏环境、使用有毒物质，并导致严重的浪费。
最后两段给出针对快时尚可能的解决办法。
由此可见，文章主旨就是对快时尚的批评，所以答案为C。
Text 2全文翻译有句老话说的好，一半的广告预算都浪费了——麻烦的是，没人知道哪一半浪费了。
在互联网时代，至少在理论上，可以大大减少这种浪费。
通过观察人们搜索什么、点击什么、在网上说些什么，公司可以锁定目标，将“行为”广告（即，“有作为的”或“有用的”广告）投放给最有可能的购买产品的人。
在过去几周，三次交易和一次争论已经向广告商（以及他们的软件提供商）展示了这种经过精细处理的信息的价值：广告商应该假设人们喜欢被跟踪，并发送行为广告吗？还是他们应该先得到明确的许可才行？在2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会提出，应该在网络浏览器上添加“拒绝跟踪”（DNT）选项，这样一来，用户就可以告诉广告商他们不想被追踪。
微软公司的IE浏览器和苹果公司的Safari浏览器都提供拒绝跟踪；谷歌公司的Chrome浏览器今年也即将要提供类似功能。
在二月份，联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟达成一致，浏览器开发业要继续努力，以应对拒绝跟踪的要求。
5月31日，微软公司率先采取行动：该公司发布公告称，在该公司的新操作系统windows8中的IE10浏览器上，将会默认附带拒绝跟踪选项。
广告商们诚惶诚恐。
人性使然，人们总是习惯保持默认的设置。
现在几乎没人打开“拒绝跟踪”按钮，可如果跟踪处于关闭状态，就会一直是关闭状态。
鲍勃·利奥狄斯是数字广告联盟的成员组织之一——全国广告协会——的首席执行官。
他说如果软件业无法收集到关于消费者喜好的信息，那消费者只能境况更糟。
人们不会少收到广告，他说，“他们会收到更没意义更没针对性的广告。
”现在还不清楚广告商们会怎样采取行动。
拒绝跟踪信号并不会强制任何人停止跟踪，尽管有些公司（包括推特公司在内）已经承诺收到拒绝跟踪信号就会停止跟踪。
由于无法辨认人们是真正反对行为广告，还是他们只是没有改动微软的默认设置，有些公司可能会忽视拒绝跟踪信号，依然强行跟踪。