2017年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研真题研究生入学考试试卷
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二卷
【答案】[D] scarce
17．[A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats 【答案】[A] demands
18．[A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved
【答案】[B] tired
19．[A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into
People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again 1 that technolo gy be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free worl d will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.
employed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of wor k, a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different ci rcumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the 15 of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste o f human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题+【答案】
Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 witha cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 ."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1．[A]Unlike [B]Besides [C] Despite [D]Throughout 2．[A]connected [B]restricted [C]equal [D]inferior3．[A]choice [B]view [C]lesson [D]host4．[A] recall [B]forget [C]avoid [D]keep5．[A]collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D]affecting6．[A]of [B]in [C]at [D]on7．[A]devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D]attracted8．[A]across [B]along [C]down [D]out9．[A]calculated [B]denied [C]doubted [D]imagined【答案】10．[A]served [B]required [C]restored [D]explained【答案】11．[A]Even [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Thus【答案】12．[A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]tests [D]errors【答案13．[A]minimized [B]highlighted [C]controlled [D]increased 【答案14．[A]equipped [B]associated [C]presented [D]compared【答案】15．[A]assess [B]moderate [C]generate [D]record【答案】[16．[A] in the face of [B] in theformof [C] in thewayof [D] in the nameof 【17．[A]transfer [B]commit [C]attribute [D]return【答案】18．[A]because [B]unless [C]though [D]until【答案19．[A]emerges [B]vanishes [C]remains [D]decreases【20．[A] experiences[B]combines [C] justifies [D]influences【答Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours-this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding toomuch of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real-past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago's O'Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become-but the lines are obvious.Partoftheissueisthatthegovernmentdidnotanticipatethesteepincreaseinairlinetravel,sotheTSAisnowrushingtogetnewscreenersontheline.Partoftheissueisthat airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly disputethis.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentionedto[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.[C] explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection..22. which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?[A] New restrictions on carry-onbags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travelers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.23. T he word "expedited" (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to[A]faster.[B] quieter.[C] wider.[D] cheaper..24. One problem with the PreCheck program is[A] A dramatic reduction of itsscale.[B] Its wrongly-directed implementation. [C]The government's reluctance to back it. [D]An unreasonable price forenrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Less Screening for MoreSafety[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck LanesText 2"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers," wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island's inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy. [B]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society. [C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancienttimes.[D] her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.【答27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographicalfeatures[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.【答案28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A] it may risk ruining their intellectuallife.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea..29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancientHawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.30. The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severecriticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.. Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country's economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn't the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . Butpolicymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .31. R obert F. Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP .32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .33. W hich of the following is true about the recent annual study ?[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable .[D]Its results are enlightening .【.34. I n the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues ..35. W hich of the following is the best title for the text ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F.Kennedy, a Terminator ofGDP[D]Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.Thehighcourt'sdecisionsaidthejudgeinMr.McDonnell'strialfailedtotellajurythat it must look only at his "official acts," or the former governor's decisions on "specific" and "unsettled" issues related to hisduties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty." But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an "official act".The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery." The basic compact underlying representative government," wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court," assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society-that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell'sduties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct. [D]refused to comment on McDonnell'sethics.【答37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A] leaking secretsintentionally.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.[D] breaking contracts officially..38. The court's ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are[A] justified in addressing the needs of theirconstituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters. [D]exempt from conviction on the charge offavoritism.【39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A] awaken the conscience ofofficials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.【答案.40. The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive【Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by theten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked himto correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of hisfather's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. →B →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46) B ut even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeablefuture.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47) H is analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional languagecapabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the mainEnglish-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.【答案】(46) 但是即使当下英语使用者的人群还在进一步扩大，有迹象表明：在可预见的未来，英语可能会逐渐失去其全球主导地位。
江苏科技大学外国语学院《610基础英语》历年考研真题专业课考试试题
2013年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研真题（B卷）
2015年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研真题
2016年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研真题
目 录
2007年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研 真题
2008年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研 真题（B卷）
2009年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研 真题（A卷）
2010年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研 真题（A卷）
2013年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研 真题（B卷）
2015年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研 真题
2016年江苏科610基础英语考研真题
2008年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研真题（B卷）
2009年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研真题（A卷）
2010年江苏科技大学610基础英语考研真题（A卷）
2017年考研英语(二)真题
2017年考研英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again1that technology is replacing human workers.Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by2.：A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland..A different and not mutually exclusive3holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one4by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives5，people will simply become lazy and depressed.6，today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time.One Gallup poll found that20percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for7Americans.Also，some research suggests that the8for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9poorly-educated，middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs.Perhaps this is why many10the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t11follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease.Such visions are based on the12of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment.In the13of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could14strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure.Today，the15of work may be a bit overblown.“Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，”says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days，because leisure time is relatively16for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional17of their jobs.“When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel18，”Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself19a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for20matters.1.[A]boasting[B]denying[C]warning[D]ensuring2.[A]inequality[B]instability[C]unreliability[D]uncertainty3.[A]policy[B]guideline[C]resolution[D]prediction4.[A]characterized[B]divided[C]balanced[D]measured5.[A]wisdom[B]meaning[C]glory[D]freedom6.[A]Instead[B]Indeed[C]Thus[D]Nevertheless7.[A]rich[B]urban[C]working[D]educated8.[A]explanation[B]requirement[C]compensation[D]substitute9.[A]under[B]beyond[C]alongside[D]among10.[A]leave behind[B]make up[C]worry about[D]set aside11.[A]statistically[B]occasionally[C]necessarily[D]economically12.[A]chances[B]downsides[C]benefits[D]principles13.[A]absence[B]height[C]face[D]course14.[A]disturb[B]restore[C]exclude[D]yield15.[A]model[B]practice[C]virtue[D]hardship16.[A]tricky[B]lengthy[C]mysterious[D]scarce17.[A]demands[B]standards[C]qualities[D]threats18.[A]ignored[B]tired[C]confused[D]starved19.[A]off[B]against[C]behind[D]into20.[A]technological[B]professional[C]educational[D]interpersonalSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）Text1Every Saturday morning,at9am,more than50,000runners set off to run5km around their local park.The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired400events in the UK and more abroad.Events are free,staffed by thousands of volunteers.Runners range from four years old to grandparents;their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record13minutes48seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic"legacy"is failing.Ten years ago on Monday,it was announced that the Games of the30th Olympiad would be in London.Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches.The population would be fitter,healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened.The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise,by nearly2million in the run－up to2012－but the general population was growing faster.Worse,the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate.The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved.Obesity has risen among adults and children.Official retrospections continue as to why London2012failed to"inspire a generation."The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial:Your only competitor is the clock.The ethos welcomes anybody.There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining.The Olympic bidders,by contrast,wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.The dual aim was mixed up:The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed,there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots",concept as community sports associations.If there is a role for government,it should really be getting involved in providing common goods－making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools.But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces,squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education.Instead of wordy,worthy strategies,future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive.Or at least not make them worse.21.According to Paragraph1,Parkrun has_____.A．gained great popularity B．created many jobsC．strengthened community ties D．become an official festival22.The author believes that London's Olympic"legacy"has failed to_____.A．boost population growth B．promote sport participationC．improve the city's image D．increase sport hours in schools23.Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it_____.A．aims at discovering talents B．focuses on mass competitionC．does not emphasize elitism D．does not attract first-timers24.With regard to mass sport,the author holds that governments should_____. A．organize"grassroots"sports events B．supervise local sports associationsC．increase funds for sports clubs D．invest in public sports facilities25.The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is_____.A．Tolerant B．Critical C．Uncertain D．sympatheticText2With so much focus on children’s use of screens,it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is designed to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play,"and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement.It makes it hard to disengage,and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testingexercise.She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started20percent fewer verbal and39percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children.During a separate observation,she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family.Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents’faces to try to understand their world,and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device－it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children.Radesky cites the“still face experiment”devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the1970s.In it,a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention."Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times,but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,"says Radesky.On the other hand,Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids'use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting”with their children:“It’s based on a somewhat fantasized,very white,very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to30,000words you are neglecting them.”Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it－particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower,do housework or simply have a break from their child.Parents, he says,can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way.This can make them feel happier,which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.26.According to Jenny Radesky,digital products are designed to______.A．simplify routine matters B．absorb user attentionC．better interpersonal relations D．increase work efficiency27.Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’use of devices______.A．takes away babies’appetite B．distracts children’s attentionC．slows down babies’verbal development D．reduces mother-child communication28.Radesky’s cites the“still face experiment”to show that_______.A．it is easy for children to get used to blank expressionsB．verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchangeC．children are insensitive to changes in their parents’moodD．parents need to respond to children's emotional needs29.The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.A．protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies B．teach their kids at least30,000words a yearC．ensure constant interaction with their children D．remain concerned about kid's use of screens30.According to Tronick,kid’s use of screens may_______.A．give their parents some free time B．make their parents more creativeC．help them with their homework D．help them become more attentiveText3Today,widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year.After all,if everyone you know is going to college in the fall,it seems silly to stay back a year,doesn't it?And after going to school for12years,it doesn't feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic.But while this may be true,it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.There's always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated“race to the finish line,”whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career.But despite common misconceptions,a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits－in fact,it probably enhances it.Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.Rather than pulling students back,a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence,new responsibilities and environmental changes－all things that first-year students often struggle with the most.Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment,making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.If you're not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests,then consider its financial impacton future academic choices.According to the National Center for Education Statistics,nearly80percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once.This isn’t surprising,considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications,but switching to another after taking college classes.It’s not necessarily a bad thing,but depending on the school,it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game.At Boston College,for example,you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department.Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.31.One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that_____.A．they think it academically misleading B．they have a lot of fun to expect in collegeC．it feels strange to do differently from others D．it seems worthless to take off-campus courses32.Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps_____.A．keep students from being unrealistic B．lower risks in choosing careersC．ease freshmen’s financial burdens D．relieve freshmen of pressures33.The word“acclimation”（Line8,Para.3）is closest in meaning to_____.A．Adaptation B．applicationC．Motivation D．competition34.A gap year may save money for students by helping them_____.A．avoid academic failures B．establish long-term goalsC．switch to another college D．decide on the right major35.The most suitable title for this text would be_____.A．In Favor of the Gap Year B．The ABCs of the Gap YearC．The Gap Year Comes Back D．The Gap Year:A DilemmaText4Though often viewed as a problem for western states,the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars,says Professor Max Moritz,a specialist in fire ecology and management.In2015,the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its$5.5billion annual budget fighting fires－nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts20years ago.In effect,fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency's other work－such as forest conservation,watershed and cultural resources management,and infrastructure upkeep －that affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts.As Moritz puts it,how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,”he says.We need to take a magnifying glass to that.Like,“Wait a minute,is this OK?”“Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?”Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire,researchers say.For one thing,conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive.Over the past decade,the focus has been on climate change－how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element,Moritz says,it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation.“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked,and the interactions go both ways,"he says.Failing to recognize that,he notes,leads to"an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be.Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.”At the same time,people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity,says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado.But acknowledging fire's inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws,policies,and practices that make it as safe as possible,she says.“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,”Balch says.“It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.”36.More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in2015they_____.A．exhausted unprecedented management efforts B．consumed a record-high percentage of budget C．severely damaged the ecology of western states D．caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure37.Moritz calls for the use of"a magnifying glass"to_____.A．raise more funds for fire-prone areas B．avoid the redirection of federal moneyC．find wildfire-free parts of the landscape D．guarantee safer spending of public funds38.While admitting that climate is a key element,Moritz notes that_____.A．public debates have not settled yet B．fire-fighting conditions are improvingC．other factors should not be overlooked D．a shift in the view of fire has taken place39.The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to_____.A．discover the fundamental makeup of nature B．explore the mechanism of the human systems C．maximize the role of landscape in human life D．understand the interrelations of man and nature40.Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should_____.A．do away with B．come to terms withC．pay a price for D．keep away fromPart BDirections：Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain,particularly from Donald Trump."We don't make anything anymore,"he told Fox News,while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question,manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades,and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country,factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge:instead of having too many workers,they may end up with too few.Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every lennials may not be that interested in taking their place,other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners,it all adds up to stiff competition for workers－and upward pressure on wages."They're harder to find and they have job offers,"says Jay Dunwell,president of Wolverine Coil Spring,a family-owned firm,"They may be coming[into the workforce],but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing,"Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing,a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly200workers,five are retiring this year.Mr.Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program,with a starting wage of$13an hour that rises to$17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant,young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors.It's his first week on the job.Asked about his choice of career,he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering."I love working with tools.I love creating."he says.But to win over these young workers,manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle:parents,who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression,telling them to avoid the lennials"remember their father and mother both were laid off.They blame it on the manufacturing recession,"says Birgit Klohs,chief executive of The Right Place,a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren't misplaced:Employment in manufacturing has fallen from17million in1970to12million in 2013.When the recovery began,worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades.Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels."The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,"says Rob Spohr,a business professor at Montcalm Community College."There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill.It's that gap in between,and that's where the problem is."Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing:a work/life balance.While their parents were content to work long hours,young people value flexibility."Overtime is not attractive to this generation.They really want to live their lives,"she says.41。
2017年考研英语一试卷真题(后附答案详解)
2017年考研英语一真题原文与答案解析完整版SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word<s>for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.<10 points>Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding"yes!"_____〔1〕helping you feel close and_____〔2〕to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a_____〔3〕of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you_____〔4〕getting sick this winter.In a recent study_____〔5〕over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____〔6〕the participants'susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____〔7〕to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____〔8〕with a cold,and the researchers_____〔9〕that the stress-reducing effects of hugging_____〔10〕about 32 percent of that beneficial effect._____〔11〕among those who got a cold,the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____〔12〕."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_____〔13〕risk for colds that's usually_____〔14〕with stress,"notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie,Hugging"is a marker of intimacy and help_____〔15〕the feeling that others are there to help_____〔16〕difficulty."Some experts_____〔17〕the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called"the bonding hormone"_____〔18〕it promotes attachment in relationships,including that between mothers and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of itis released into the bloodstream.But some of it_____〔19〕in the brain,where it_____〔20〕mood,behavior and physiology.SectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.〔40 points〕Text 1First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some majorU.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans'economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.Last year,the Transportation Security Administration<TSA>found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real —past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become —but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase inairline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoidchecked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is stickershock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.21.The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to[A]explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B]stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C]highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S.airports.[D]emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22.Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A]New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B]The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C]An increase in the number of travellers.[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word"expedited"<Liner 4,Para.5>is closet in meaning to[A]quieter.[B]cheaper.[C]wider.[D]faster.24.One problem with the PreCheck program is[A]a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B]its wrongly-directed implementation.[C]the government’s reluctance to back it.[D]an unreasonable price for enrollment.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Less Screening for More Safety[B]PreCheck–a Belated Solution[C]Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D]Underused PreCheck LanesText 2"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,"wrote Queen Liliuokalani,Hawaii'slast reigning monarch,in 1897.Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.Sadly,all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope<TMT>,a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea,a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko,that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes.Rested in the Pacific Ocean,Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere,where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes,they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands'inhabitants.Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history,too,with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are,where we come from and where we are going.Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies,as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea,old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A]her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D]her appreciation of star watchers’feats in her time.27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A]its geographical features.[B]its protective surroundings.[C]its religious implications.[D]its existing infrastructure.28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A]it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B]it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C]their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D]they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A]is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D]will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.30.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A]severe criticism.[B]passive acceptance.[C]slight hesitancy.[D]full approval.Text 3Robert F.Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures"everything except that which makes life worthwhile."With Britain voting to leave the European Union,and GDP already predicted to slow as a result,it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century.Many argue that it is a flawed concept.It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.By most recent measures,the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world,with record low unemployment and high growth figures.If everything was going so well,then why did over 17 million people vote forBrexit,despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth intowell-being sheds some light on that question.Across the 163 countries measured,the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translatedinto meaningful improvements for its citizens.Rather than just focusing on GDP,over 40 different sets of criteria from health,education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education,major economies have continued to decline.Yet this isn’t the case with all countries.Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society,income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn:When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success,the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations,as a measure,it is no longer enough.It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes–all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31.Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34.In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35.Which of the following is the best for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being,a UK lesson[B]GDP figures,a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Robert F.Kennedy,a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit,the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his"official acts,"or the former governor’s decisions on"specific"and"unsettled"issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is"distasteful"and"nasty."But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging ameeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an"official act."The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery."The basic compact underlying representative government,"wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,"assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types ofaccess for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The underlined sentence<Para.1>most probably shows that the court[A]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C]was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D]refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37.According to Paragraph 4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A]concrete returns for gift-givers.[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C]leaking secrets intentionally.[D]breaking contracts officially.38.The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are[A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A]awaken the conscience of officials.[B]guarantee fair play in official access.[C]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D]inspire hopes in average people.40.The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs B andD have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.〔10 points〕[A]The first published sketch,"A Dinner at Polar Walk"brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine From then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name"Boz"inThe Evening Chronicle,earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers,as it is generally known today,secured Dickens's fame.There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars,and the plump,spectacled hero,Samuel Pickwick,because a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared,a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments,as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour,who had originated the idea for the story.With characteristic confidence,Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.After the first installment,Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt,was not faithful enough to his prose.Seymour made the change,went into his backyard,and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide.Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.The comic novel,The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and,to many people,the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.A moralist,satirist,and social reformer,Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison,Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.At the same time,Dickens,who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him,especially anything comic or odd,submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F]Dickens was born in Portsmouth,on England's southern coast.His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay office--a respectable position,but with little social status.His paternal grandparents,a steward and a housekeeper,possessed even less status,having been servants,and Dickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.Yet two years before Dicken's birth,his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe,never to return.The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,a shoe-polish factory,where the other working boys mocked him as"the young gentleman."His father was then imprisoned for debt.Thehumiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and became his deepest secret.He could not confide them even to his wife,although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G]After Pickwick,Dickens plunged into a bleaker world.InOliver Twist,he traces an orphan's progress from theworkhouse to the criminal slums ofLondon.NicholasNickleby,his next novel,combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick.The popularity of thesenovels consolidated Dickens'as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.<10 points>The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for severalfuture.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. <47>His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have acompetitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,<48>many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.<49>The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:<50> It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.SectionⅣWriting51 directionsYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city.Please give reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the answer sheet.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.Do not write the address.〔10 points〕52.DirectionsWrite an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures.In y essay,you should1>describe the pictures briefly;2>interpret the meaning,and3>give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.<20 points>答案解析SectionⅠUse of English1A．BesidesB．UnlikeC．ThroughoutD．Despite[答案]A[解析]根据本句句内逻辑关系,"it turns out that hugs…"说明拥抱还有其他结果.因此,前文的逻辑关系应该为"除此以外",结合选项,A．Besides〔除此之外〕最为合适.2A．EqualB．RestrictedC．ConnectedD．inferior[答案]C[解析]本题实为逻辑关系题.根据句子前后结构"helping you feel closeand_____〔2〕",我们可以判断,由于空格处与前面内容通过and连接,说明我们要选择一个单词与feel close同义,并且要与后面介词to连用.因此,通过对于四个选项含义判断,C选项有"关联的"含义最为符合.3A．ViewB．HostC．LessonD．choice[答案]B[解析]此题为固定搭配."a host of"表示大量的.其他选项搭配不合理.4A．AvoidB．ForgetC．RecallD．keep[答案]A[解析]根据题干信息"a warm embrace might even help you_____〔4〕getting sick this winter."中,出现"even",表示"甚至",说明此句话与上一句话存在递进的逻辑关系.上一句话的语义表示"拥抱可以带来大量的好处",因此,这句话也应该表示拥抱的好处.根据四个选项含义,A．avoid〔避免〕B．forget〔忘记〕C．recall〔回忆〕D．keep〔保持〕,A选项"避免生病"最符合文意.5A．CollectingB．AffectingC．GuidingD．involving[答案]D[解析]本题考查现在分词做后置定语,需要选择一个现在分词修饰前面的"study",因此,结合四个选项A．collecting〔收集〕B．affecting〔影响〕C．guiding<引导>D．involving〔涉与、卷入〕,根据句子含义,应该表达"关于涉与400人"的研究.因此正确选项应为D6A．OnB．InC．AtD．of[答案]A[解析]本题为固定搭配.根据句义"examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____〔6〕the participants'…"考查固定搭配"examined the effects…on sth"因此,本题正确选项为A.7A．DevotedB．AttractedC．LostD．exposed[答案]D[解析]根据句义"common cold after being_____〔7〕to the virus.""通常感冒是在...细菌之后发生的."结合选项含义A．devoted〔致力于〕B．attracted〔吸引〕C．lost〔丢失〕D．exposed<暴露于>,D选项"暴露在细菌中…"符合文意.8A．AlongB．AcrossC．DownD．out[答案]C[解析]本题为固定搭配.A．come along with<和...相处的好>B．come across with〔偿付〕C．come down with〔得病,感染〕D．come out with〔出版,提出〕,结合语境,根据后面与cold〔感冒〕搭配,C选项"得感冒"搭配最为合理.9A．ImaginedB．DeniedC．DoubtedD．calculated[答案]D[解析]本题为动词与宾语从句搭配问题.根据原文"the researchers_____〔9〕that the stress-reducing effects of hugging_____〔10〕about 32 percent of that beneficial effect."动作的主语是"研究人员",连接后面的宾语从句"拥抱减小压力的作用",并且有数据支撑.从选项含义A．imagined〔想像〕B．denied〔否认〕C．doubted 〔怀疑〕D．calculated〔计算,推测〕来看,宾语从句部分应为研究人员计算推测出的结果.因此,选项D符合要求.10A．ServedB．RestoredC．ExplainedD．required[答案]C[解析]本题为动词含义考查.根据文章内容,"the stress-reducing effects of hugging_____〔10〕about 32 percent of that beneficial effect."本题同样考查研究人员做出的研究结果,因此,结合选项含义A．served〔服务〕B．restored〔存储〕C．explained〔解释〕D．required〔要求〕,C选项"解释"符合语境要求.11A．ThusB．StillC．RatherD．Even[答案]D[解析]本题为逻辑关系题.A．Thus〔因此,表示因果关系〕B．Still〔仍然,表示强调关系〕C．Rather〔相反,表示对比关系〕D．Even〔甚至,表示递进关系〕根据文章上下文逻辑,下文是对上文做进一步说明,因此选择递进关系比较符合逻辑关系.D为正确选项.12A．DefeatsB．SymptomsC．ErrorsD．tests[答案]B[解析]形容词与名词搭配问题.根据语境"the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____〔12〕"所选词要与severe构成合理搭配,再结合前文语境是关于对于拥抱实验的结果.因此,B．symptoms<症状>符合语境要求.正确选项为B.13A．HighlightedB．IncreasedC．ControlledD．minimized[答案]B[解析]本题为形容词修饰.根据原文"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_____〔13〕risk for colds that's usually_____〔14〕with stress,",需要选择一个形容词来修饰risk.在选项中,A．highlighted〔突出的〕B．increased〔增加的〕C．controlled〔被控制的〕D．minimized〔最小的〕,对比选项含义,B"增加的风险"更符合原文语境.14A．PresentedB．EquippedC．AssociatedD．compared[答案]C[解析]此题为固定搭配题.A和B选项不可以和with连接.C．associated可以和with连接,意为"与...有关联".D．compared和with连接表示"和..相比"不符合文章要求.因此,本题正确选项为C.15A．AssessB．GenerateC．ModerateD．record[答案]B[解析]此题考查动宾搭配.根据原文"Hugging is a marker of intimacy andhelp_____〔15〕the feeling…",需要选择一个动词能够和后文的"the feeling"搭配.分析选项含义：A．assess〔评估〕B．generate〔产生〕C．moderate〔缓和〕D．record 〔记录〕,四个选项中,B"generate the feeling"产生感觉搭配最为合理.因此正选为B.16A．in the name ofB．in the form ofC．in the face ofD．in the way of[答案]C[解析]此题为短语搭配题.分析选项含义A．in the name of〔以…为名〕B．in the form of〔以…的形式〕C．in the face of〔面对…〕D．in the way of〔以…的方式〕,结合文章语境,应为"面对困难"搭配最为合理.因此,正确选项为C.17A．AttributeB．CommitC．TransferD．return[答案]A[解析]此题为固定搭配题.即：attribute sth to sth.因此正确选项为A18A．UnlessB．BecauseC．ThoughD．until[答案]B[解析]此题为逻辑关系题.选项含义A．unless〔除非〕B．because〔因为〕C．though〔虽然〕D．until〔直到...才〕.结合原文语境,"often called"the bonding hormone"_____〔18〕it promotes attachment in relationships,"〔经常被称之为"形成亲密关系的荷尔蒙"….它促进了关系的依赖.〕从本句来看,前后文属于因果逻辑关系.因此正确选项为B19A．RemainsB．EmergesC．VanishesD．decreases[答案]A[解析]本题为动词辨析.选项含义为A．remains〔仍然〕B．emerges〔出现〕C．vanishes〔消失〕D．decreases〔减少〕结合语境信息"But some of it_____〔19〕。
2017年全国研究生考试英语(一)官方真题——精品文档
B. forget
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drag on Americans’ economic and private lives , not to mention infuriating.
Last year , the Transportation Security Administration ( TSA ) found in a
secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security
measures since then , combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices , have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s O’Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective
“ Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress，” notes Sheldon Cohen , a professor of
考研2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2017 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding yes! 1to 2people youhelping you feel close anda out that hugs can bring care about, it turns3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace mighteven help you 4 getting sick this winter.5 over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie MellonIn a recent studyUniversity in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt ofhugs 6 the participants' susceptibility（敏感性） to developing the common cold after being7 to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-10aboutreducing effects of hugging32 percent of that beneficial effect.among those who got a cold, the ones who felt 11greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress, notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Huggingis amarker of intimacy and helps the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.15Some experts 17 the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to therelease of oxytocin（后叶催产素）, often called he bonding hormone 18 it promotesattachment inrelationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocinis made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released intothe bloodstream. Butsome of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A]Besides [B]Unlike [C]Throughout [D]Despite2.[A]equal [B]restricted [C]connected [D]inferior3.[A]view [B]host [C]lesson [D]choice4.[A]avoid [B]forget [C]recall [D]keep5.[A]collecting [B]affecting [C]guiding [D]involving16.[A]on [B]in [C]at [D]of7.[A]devoted [B]attracted [C]lost [D]exposed8.[A]along [B]across [C]down [D]out9.[A]imagined [B]denied [C]doubted [D]calculated10.[A]served [B]restored [C]explained [D]required11.[A]Thus [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Even12.[A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]errors [D]tests13.[A]highlighted [B]increased [C]controlled [D]minimized14.[A]presented [B]equipped [C]associated [D]compared215.[A]assess[B]generate [C]moderate [D]record16. [A]in the name [B] in the form [C] in the face [D] in the wayof of of of 17.[A]attribute [B]commit [C]transfer [D]return18.[A]unless [B]because [C]though [D]until19.[A]remains [B]emerges [C]vanishes [D]decreases20.[A]experiences [B]combines [C]justifies [D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C orD. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airportswith increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed overthe Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much ofair travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for theprocess. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, notto mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons — both fake and real — past airportsecurity nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined witha rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted inlong waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear howmuch more effective airline security has become — but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may bethat more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be awin-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible touse expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck. 3It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers 4must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, thisprice tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a morereasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most ofthe traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the programwork.21.The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to [A] explain American's tolerance of current security checks. [B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports. [D] emphasize the importanceof privacy protection.22.Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports? [A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA. [C] An increase in the number of travellers.[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word “expedited” (Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning to [A]quieter.[B] cheaper. [C] wider. [D] faster.24.One problem with the PreCheck program is [A] a dramatic reduction of itsscale.[B] its wrongly-directed implementation. [C] the government's reluctance to back it.[D] anunreasonable price for enrollment.25.Which of the following would be the best for the text? [A] Less Screeningfor More Safety[B] PreCheck – a Belated Solution [C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines [D] Underused PreCheck LanesText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted overconstruction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.5At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea isalso home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation. Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding theworld. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or itsholiness to the islands' inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past； it is aliving culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesiansto Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls todisassembleall telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where wecome from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as ifanswering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope's visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, oldones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26.Queen Liliuokalani's remark in Paragraph 1 indicates [A] her conservativeview on the historical role of astronomy. [B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society. [C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers' feats in her time.27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to [A] itsgeographical features.[B] its protective surroundings. [C] its religious implications. [D] its existing infrastructure.28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because [A] it6may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history. [C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.7[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today's astronomy_[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world. [C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians' hostility.30.The author's attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance. [C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and miss things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so sowell, then why did over 17million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what itcould do to their country's economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of thepoorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDR over 40 different sets ofcriteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get amore rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but inkey indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued todecline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countrieshave seen huge improvements across measures including civil society; income equality and theenvironment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different.8So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It doesnot include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomes - allthings that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.9The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymaker whorefocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures couldavoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he [A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness. [C]misinterpreted the role of GDP. [D]had a low opinion ofGDP.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that [A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern. [B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK. [D]policymakers in the UK arepaying less attention to GDP.33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study? [A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries. [C]Its criteria are questionable. [D]Its results areenlightening.34.In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that [A]the UK is preparingfor an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline. [C]it is essential to consider factors beyondGDP. [D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35.Which of the following is the best??for the text? [A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson [B]GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health [C] Robert F.Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK's Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding itsnose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch anda Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court's decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell's trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor's decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.10The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful”and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such asapproval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, orhosting an event is not an “official act.”The court's ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problemswithout fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed toplay favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrityrequireswill-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings,rules onlobbying, and information about each elected leader's source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of accessfor average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court [A]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell's duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell. [C] was contemptuous of McDonnell's conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell's ethics.37.According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A] concrete returns for gift-givers. [B] sizable gains in the form of gifts. [C] leaking secrets intentionally.[D] breaking contracts officially.38.The court's ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are [A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues. [C] justified in addressingthe needs of their constituents. [D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.1139.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to [A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.12[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying. [D] inspire hopes in average people.40.The author's attitude toward the court's ruling is [A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant. [C] skeptical. [D] supportive.Part B Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-Gto filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, A Dinner at Poplar Walk brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,whichappeared under the pen name Boz in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write astory in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own storyinstead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct adrawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers ofthe Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book formin 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter'seye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted shortsketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. Hispaternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having beenservants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly camefroma13more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caughtstealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickensout of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, wherethe other working boys mocked him as he young gentleman. His father was then imprisonedfor debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He couldnot confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation ofhis fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, hisnext novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.Part C Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)ut even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face newpressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)is analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of theUnited Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future asqualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongsidethat,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement toachieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process 14outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.315billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to&10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdownin the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries islikely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent suchslippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English,abasis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those whowish to influence the future must prepare for it.46、But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.(47)is analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of theUnited Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement toachieve fluency in other languages.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.(50)It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English,a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very differentoperating environment.SectionIII Writing Part A51.directionYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city .Please give reason for your recommendation. You should write nearly on the answer/sheet.Dot not sign your own name at the end of the email .use li minginstead Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In y essay. You should1)describe the pictures briefly.2)interpret the meaning,and3)give your comments.16You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points) 17。
2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题及答案
2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might evenhelp you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt ofhugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility（敏感性）to developing the common cold after being___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually__14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that others are there to help ___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release ofoxytocin（后叶催产素）, often called"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment inrelationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A]Besides [B]Unlike [C]Throughout [D]Despite2.[A]equal [B]restricted [C]connected [D]inferior3. [A]view [B]host [C]lesson [D]choice4. [A]avoid [B]forget [C]recall [D]keep5. [A]collecting [B]affecting [C]guiding [D]involving6. [A]on [B]in [C]at [D]of7. [A]devoted [B]attracted [C]lost [D]exposed8. [A]along [B]across [C]down [D]out9. [A]imagined [B]denied [C]doubted [D]calculated10. [A]served [B]restored [C]explained [D]required11. [A]Thus [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Even12. [A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]errors [D]tests13.[A]highlighted [B]increased [C]controlled [D]minimized14. [A]presented [B]equipped [C]associated [D]compared15. [A]assess [B]generate [C]moderate [D]record16. [A]in the name of [B] in the form of [C]in the face of [D] in the way of17.[A]attribute [B]commit [C]transfer [D]return18.[A]unless [B]because [C]though [D]until19.[A]remains [B]emerges [C]vanishes [D]decreases20.[A]experiences [B]combines [C]justifies [D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airportswith increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return forincreased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed overthe Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much ofair travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for theprocess. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, notto mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check thatundercover investigators were able to sneak weapons — both fake and real — past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined witha rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in longwaits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how muchmore effective airline security has become — but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airlinetravel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is thatairports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more peopleare trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlinesstrongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports orrushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be awin-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible touse expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengersmust pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, thisprice tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a morereasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to financePreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while mostof the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the programwork.21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to____[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travellers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.23. The word “expedited” (Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning to____[A] quieter.[B] cheaper.[C] wider.[D] faster.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is____[A] a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] the government’s reluctance to back it.[D] an unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best for the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety[B] PreCheck – a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck LanesText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members ofHawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests haveerupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory thatpromises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped bysome Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But MaunaKea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the PacificOcean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, whereconditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group ofHawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacredland and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness tobuild bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding theworld. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or itsholiness to the islands' inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a livingculture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesiansto Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality thatastronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, wherewe come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. TheTMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea,old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace theircultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates____[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to____[A] its geographical features.[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because____[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astrono[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of____[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything exc which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDPalready predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he wasreferring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half acentury. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter andmiss things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of theWestern World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything wasgoing so so well, then why did over 17million people vote for Brexit, despite the warningsabout what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-beingsheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of thepoorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningfulimprovement for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDR over 40 different sets ofcriteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get amore rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistentthemes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but inkey indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued todecline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countrieshave seen huge improvements across measures including civil society; income equality andthe environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as thesole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most commonmethod for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough.It does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomes -all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to adecline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. Butpolicymaker who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying aboutGDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he_____[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that____[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that____[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35. Which of the following is the best??for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson[B]GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP-being[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to WellText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruptionconviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding itsnose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and aFerrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trail failed to te it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “s “unsettled” issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent topressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such asand “nasty.” But under antiapproval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, orhosting an event is not an “official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems withoutfear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government, wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not thecourts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to playfavorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual orgroup provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requireswill-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules onlobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is notalways corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of accessfor average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of- is undermined. Gooddemocratic society – that all are equal in treatment by governmentgovernment rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the court____[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if itinvolves____[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] leaking secrets intentionally.[D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are__[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to___[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is____[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens'seyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on hissketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to writea story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, wentinto his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book formin 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy inlaw offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerkin the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from amore respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation ofhis fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby,his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to&10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English,a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.46、But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that theglobal predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challengesto UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English,a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.Section III WritingPart A51.directionYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australiaprofessor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city .Please give reason for your recommendation.You should write nearly on the answer/sheet.Dot not sign your own name at the end of the email .use "li ming"insteadDo not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In y essay. You should1) describe the pictures briefly.2) interpret the meaning,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。
江科大历年学位英语考试真题
江科大历年学位英语考试真题The Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (JUST) has a reputation for academic excellence, particularly in the realm of English proficiency. The degree-level English examination at JUST is a testament to the university's commitment to equipping its students with a strong command of the English language, an essential tool in today's globalized world.The examination is comprehensive, covering a wide range of skills including reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking. The reading section often includes passages from various genres, challenging students to understand and analyze texts ranging from scientific articles to literary excerpts. For instance, a typical question might present a passage on the advancements in renewable energy and ask students to identify the main argument or to infer the author's perspective.In the writing section, students are required to demonstrate their ability to articulate thoughts coherently and persuasively. They might be tasked with writing an essay on the implications of technological innovation on society, requiring them to construct arguments supported by evidence and to present them in a structured and logical manner.Listening exercises test the students' ability to comprehend spoken English in different accents and contexts. This could involve listening to a lecture on environmental conservation and answering questions about the key points discussed or the lecturer's stance on certain issues.The speaking component evaluates the students' proficiency in oral communication. They may engage in a debate over the merits of online education versus traditional classroom learning, allowing examiners to assess their ability to express ideas clearly and respond thoughtfully to counterarguments.Over the years, the degree-level English examination at JUST has evolved, incorporating contemporary topics and diverse material to reflect the dynamic nature of the English language and its uses. This evolution ensures that students are not only testedon their linguistic abilities but also on their capacity to engage with complex, real-world issues.Preparing for this examination requires diligence and a multifaceted approach to learning. Students often utilize a variety of resources, from past exam papers to language learning software, to enhance their proficiency. Group study sessions and language labs are also instrumental in providing interactive and practical learning experiences.The success in this examination signifies more than just linguistic competence; it represents a student's readiness to participate in the global community, where English serves as a bridge connecting diverse cultures and ideas. As JUST continues to uphold its standards of English education, its graduates emerge not only as proficient speakers but also as ambassadors of cross-cultural communication.In conclusion, the degree-level English examination at JUST is a reflection of the university's dedication to fostering a high level of English proficiency among its students. Through a rigorous assessment of reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills, the examination prepares students for the challenges of a globalized world, ensuring they are well-equipped to pursue their academic and professional aspirations. 。
考研英语真题
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题完整版Section I ?Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!”1 helping you feel close and2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived?ater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that thestress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1．[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout2．[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior3．[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host4．[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep5．[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting6．[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on7．[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted8．[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out9．[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined10．[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained11．[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus12．[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors13．[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased14．[A] equipped [B] associated [C] presented [D] compared15．[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record16．[A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of17．[A] transfer [B] commit [C] attribute [D] return18．[A]?ause [B] unless [C] though [D] until19．[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases20．[A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major . airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’Hare Internatio nal .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has?ome—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Conss should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has_____.[A] gained great popularity[B] created many jobs[C]strengthened community ties[D]?ome an official festival22. The author believes that London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed to _____.[A] boost population growth[B] promote sport participation[C]improve the city’s image[D] increase sport hours in schools23. Parkrun is different form Olympic games in that it ____.[A] aims at discovering talents[B] focuses on mass competition[C] does not emphasize elitism[D] does not attract first-timers24. With regard to mass sports, the author holds that governments should______.[A] organize “grassroots” sports events[B] supervise local sports associations[C] increase funds for sports clubs[D] invest in pubic sports facilities25. The author’s att itude to what UK governments have to done for sports is _____.[A]tolerant[B] critical[C]uncertain[D]sympatheticText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to H awaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. Th e TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the rettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographical features[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly?ause[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn’t the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes –all things that contribut e to a person’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see pross .F. Kennedy is cited?ause he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .[D]had a low opinion of GDP .can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .of the following is true about the recent annual study ?[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable .[D]Its results are enlightening .the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .of the following is the best title for the text ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures , a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F. Kennedy , a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”.The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal withbureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.” The b asic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,” assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply?ause an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The undermined sentence most probably shows that the court[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A] leaking secrets intentionally.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.[D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court’s rulin g is based on the assumption that public officials are[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sket ch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick,?ame a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the?atest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist,?irist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office –a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken’s mother supposedly came from a m ore respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the younggentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken’s?atest wound and?ame his deepest s ecret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the crim inal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining?ater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly & billion for the UK in invisible exportsand our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.Section III ?WritingYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city .Please give reason for your recommendation.You should write nearly on the answer/sheet.Dot not sign your own name at the end of the email .use "li ming"instead Do not write the address.(10 points):Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In y essay. You should1) describe the pictures briefly.2) interpret the meaning,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。
全国硕士研究生入学统考英语真题及答案（上）
全国硕士研究生入学统考英语真题及答案（上）2017年全国硕士研究生入学统考英语真题及答案(上)2017年全国研究生入学考试英语考试已经结束，为了方便广大考生评估自己的英语成绩，店铺特为考生第一时间整理了2017考研英语一真题答案，仅供大家参考!2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题+【答案】Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 ."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker ofintimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout【答案】[B] Besides2.[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior【答案】[A] connected3.[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host【答案】[D] host4.[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep【答案】[C] avoid5.[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting【答案】[B] involving6.[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on【答案】[D] on7.[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted【答案】[B] exposed8.[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out【答案】[C] down9.[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined【答案】[A] calculated10.[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained【答案】[D] explained11.[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus【答案】[A] Even12.[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors【答案】[B] symptoms13.[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased【答案】[D] increased14.[A] equipped [B] associated [C] presented [D] compared【答案】[B] associated15.[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record【答案】[C] generate16.[A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of【答案】[A] in the face of17.[A] transfer [B] commit [C] attribute [D] return【答案】[C] attribute18.[A] because [B] unless [C] though [D] until【答案】[A] because19.[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases【答案】[C] remains20.[A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influences【答案】[D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours-this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports withincreasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real-past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago's O'Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become-but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reasonis sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports.[C] explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.【答案】[C] explain Americans' tolerance of current security checks.22. which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travelers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.【答案】[C] An increase in the number of travelers.。
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析6
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the five choices given would most suitably complete the sentence. Circle the letter before your choice. Only one choice is to be circled (14 points)EXAMPLE:The guests said that they would n’t mind ________.[A] to have a little light music[B] having a little light music[C] have a little light music[D] if they have a little light music[E] that they have a little light musicANSWER: [B]1. She has been working in this factory ________.[A] after 1968[B] in 1968[C] since 1968[D] for 1968[E] until 19682. We can’t understand why he avoided ________ to us.[A] to speak[B] speech[C] having spoken[D] speaking[E] to have spoken3. I am interested in ________ you have told me.[A] which[B] all that[C] all what[D] that[E] everything of which4. It is because she is too inexperienced ________ she does not know how to deal with the situation.[A] so[B] that[C] so that[D] therefore[E] that is why5. He was afraid he would have to ________ her invitation to the party.[A] refute[B] refuse[C] return[D] ignore[E] decline6. She wants to know whether the measures have been agreed ________.[A] to[B] with[C] about[D] upon[E] over7. Since she is angry, we ________.[A] had better leaving her alone[B] should leave her alone[C] might as well leave her alone[D] had rather leave her alone[E] must leave her alone8. I wish I ________ to the movies with you last night.[A] went[B] did go[C] could go[D] have gone[E] could have gone9. Scarcely had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre ________ the curtain went up.[A] than[B] when[C] before[D] as soon as[E] as10. Write clearly ________ your teacher can understand you correctly.[A] since[B] for[C] because[D] so that[E] then11. If the doctor had been available, the child ________.[A] would not die[B] would not have died[C] could not die[D] could not have died[E] should not have died12. I’d just as soon ________ rudely to her.[A] that you won’t speak[B] your not speaking[C] you not speak[D] you hadn’t spoken[E] you didn’t speak13. Ten years had elapsed. I found she had ________.[A] a little white hair[B] some white hair[C] much white hair[D] a few white hair[E] a few white hairs14. The electric shaver ________ before it can be used.[A] needs repairing[B] requires to be repaired[C] should be in repair[D] has to be repairable[E] must repairSection II Error-detectionEach question consists of a sentence with five underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], [D] and [E]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and circle the letter of your choice. Only one choice is to be marked. (8 points)We didA the research as goodBas we couldC; howerverD, it did not turn outEto be satisfactory.ANSWER: [B]15. The president of the colledgeA , together withBthe deans, areCplanning a conference forDthepurpose of laying downEcertain regulations.16. In order toA convince the director to agree withBtheir plan, they brought forthCa number of reportsxhich D supportedEtheir argument.17. His method ofA doingBresearch work is hardlyCappreciated; he feelsDinferior thanEothers.18. A series of debatesA betweenBthe lecturers wereCscheduled forDthe next weekendE.19. The automobile industry is manufacturingA a new typeBof a motorCthat will consume lessDgasolineand causeEmuch less pollution.20. When his plane arrivesA onBthe airport in ShanghaiC, I shall already have leftDforEBeijing.21. The industrial trendA isBinCthe direction of moreDmachines and lessEpeople.22. The workers wereA alreadyBto work longCbefore heDarrivedE.Section III Sentence MakingCombine the given words and phrases into sentences. (4 points)EXAMPLE:His sons / he / their grandmother / to see / just before his last birthday / takeANSWER:Just before his last birthday he took his sons to see their grandmother.23. last month / in Europe / travel / she / since24. the decision / as final / frankly / should / not consider25. to the stranger / talk / there / stand / a while ago / he26. this kind of / can / get used to / I / never / food / eatSection IV Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verb given in parentheses. (14 points)“Those,” he said, ________ (point) to the books ________ (pile) on the desk, “________ (need) over there now.”ANSWER: pointing; piled; are neededThousands of years ________ (pass) since then; but people still ________ (like) ________ (tell) the story of Leonidas and the brave three hundred who ________ (dedicate) their lives to their country.ANSWER: have passed; like; to tell; dedicated27. The public demanded that the prices ________ (reduce).28. With the guide ________ (lead) the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.29. I need that book badly. If you go to the bookshop this afternoon, please remember ________ (buy) acopy for me.30. ________ (arrive) home at daybreak, he felt dead tired. He ________ (work) all night.31. ________ (exhaust) by his work, he lay down on the bed to take a rest.32. We’ll have to take a roundabout course, for the road ________ (repair).33. No decision ________ (make) about that matter yet. We ________ (still consider) it.34. ________ (meet) Tom earlier today, I don’t need to see him again.35. If you ________ (go) on at the present rate, you ________ (use) up all the petroleum by the end of themonth.36. The building is said ________ (destroy) in a fire two years ago.37. The car ________ (go) at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about teno’clock tonight.Section V Cloze TestFill in the blanks with proper words (10 points)In recent years television has become the most popular form of entertainment. It does not look as if it will be 38popular in the world of the future. In fact it looks as if television will become more popular than ever. New systems of television have been made possible 39the discovery of the laser. A laser is a beam of light that has many strange qualities. By using a laser, it is possible to throw every large and very clear television pictures on 40 a screen. These pictures may be as large as three meters 41. Many people could watch this kind of television together.Laser beams have also made very thin television sets 42. These sets can be hung on the wall of a room like a large picture. Another development in the future will be three dimensional television; the picture will look more ‘real’43it will have depth as well as height and length.In the near future you will be able to buy your favourite television programmes already 44on tapes. They will be like the tapes 45are used in small cassette tape recorders today. You will also be able to record television programmes and play them 46later. The laser beam will make47possible.Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following into English. (10 points)48. 这门课我们越学越喜欢。
2017年考研英语(一)试题及解析
2017年考研英语（一）试题及解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility（敏感性）to developing the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___ that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds that's usually __14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that others are there to help ___16__difficulty."Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin（后叶催产素）, often called"the bonding hormone" __18___ it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain, where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.1. [A]Besides [B]Unlike [C]Throughout [D]Despite2. [A]equal [B]restricted [C]connected [D]inferior3. [A]view [B]host [C]lesson [D]choice4. [A]avoid [B]forget [C]recall [D]keep5. [A]collecting [B]affecting [C]guiding [D]involving6. [A]on [B]in [C]at [D]of7. [A]devoted [B]attracted [C]lost [D]exposed8. [A]along [B]across [C]down [D]out9. [A]imagined [B]denied [C]doubted [D]calculated10. [A]served [B]restored [C]explained [D]required11. [A]Thus [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Even12. [A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]errors [D]tests13. [A]highlighted [B]increased [C]controlled [D]minimized14. [A]presented [B]equipped [C]associated [D]compared15. [A]assess [B]generate [C]moderate [D]record16. [A]in the name of [B] in the form of [C] in the face of [D] in the way of17.[A]attribute [B]commit [C]transfer [D]return18.[A]unless [B]because [C]though [D]until19.[A]remains [B]emerges [C]vanishes [D]decreases20.[A]experiences [B]combines [C]justifies [D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours, now three hours —this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing toolittle security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons —both fake and real —past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become —but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to____[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travellers.[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.23. The word “expedited”(Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning to____[A] quieter.[B] cheaper.[C] wider.[D] faster.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is____[A] a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B] its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] the government’s reluctance to back it.[D] an unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best for the text?[A] Less Screening for More Safety[B] PreCheck –a Belated Solution[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D] Underused PreCheck LanesText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,”wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the mostesteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands' inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that firstbrought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates____[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’feats in her time.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to____[A] its geographical features.[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because____[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy____[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of____[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.”With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and miss things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so so well, then why did over17million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDR over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a morerounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society; income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymaker who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he_____[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that____[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that____[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35. Which of the following is the best??for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson[B]GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on “specific”and “unsettled”issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful”and “nasty.”But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an“official act.”The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic compact underlying representative government,”wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requireswill-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society –that all are equal in treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruptionand official favoritism.36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that thecourt____[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves____[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] leaking secrets intentionally.[D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are__[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to___[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is____[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name "Boz" in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around himespecially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office -a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken's birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as "the young gentleman." His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken's greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D →41. →42. →43. →44. →B →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleakeconomic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote thelearning and use of English,a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.46、But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors.(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and use of English,a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment.Section III WritingPart A51.directionYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city .Please give reason for your recommendation.You should write nearly on the answer/sheet.Dot not sign your own name at the end of the email .use "li ming"instead Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In y essay. You should1) describe the pictures briefly.2) interpret the meaning,and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。
2017年考研英语一试卷真题(后附答案详解)
2017年考研英语一真题原文与答案解析完整版SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word<s>for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.<10 points>Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding"yes!"_____〔1〕helping you feel close and_____〔2〕to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a_____〔3〕of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you_____〔4〕getting sick this winter.In a recent study_____〔5〕over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____〔6〕the participants'susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____〔7〕to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____〔8〕with a cold,and the researchers_____〔9〕that the stress-reducing effects of hugging_____〔10〕about 32 percent of that beneficial effect._____〔11〕among those who got a cold,the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____〔12〕."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_____〔13〕risk for colds that's usually_____〔14〕with stress,"notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie,Hugging"is a marker of intimacy and help_____〔15〕the feeling that others are there to help_____〔16〕difficulty."Some experts_____〔17〕the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called"the bonding hormone"_____〔18〕it promotes attachment in relationships,including that between mothers and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of itis released into the bloodstream.But some of it_____〔19〕in the brain,where it_____〔20〕mood,behavior and physiology.SectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.〔40 points〕Text 1First two hours,now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight,at least at some majorU.S.airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in return for increased safety.The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea,provides another tragic reminder of why.But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process.And it should:Wasted time is a drag on Americans'economic and private lives,not to mention infuriating.Last year,the Transportation Security Administration<TSA>found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real —past airport security nearly every time they tried.Enhanced security measures since then,combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving economy and low oil prices,have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International.It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become —but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase inairline travel,so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line.Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes.Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoidchecked-baggage fees,though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire:Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA.Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk,saving time for everyone involved.TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that,and one big reason is stickershock:Passengers must pay$85 every five years to process their background checks.Since the beginning,this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level.But Congress should look into doing so directly,by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines.It is long past time to make the program work.21.The crash of EgyptAir Flight 804 is mentioned to[A]explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.[B]stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[C]highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S.airports.[D]emphasize the importance of privacy protection.22.Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?[A]New restrictions on carry-on bags.[B]The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C]An increase in the number of travellers.[D]Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word"expedited"<Liner 4,Para.5>is closet in meaning to[A]quieter.[B]cheaper.[C]wider.[D]faster.24.One problem with the PreCheck program is[A]a dramatic reduction of its scale.[B]its wrongly-directed implementation.[C]the government’s reluctance to back it.[D]an unreasonable price for enrollment.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Less Screening for More Safety[B]PreCheck–a Belated Solution[C]Getting Stuck in Security Lines[D]Underused PreCheck LanesText 2"The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,"wrote Queen Liliuokalani,Hawaii'slast reigning monarch,in 1897.Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society.Sadly,all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today.Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope<TMT>,a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea,a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko,that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens.But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most powerful telescopes.Rested in the Pacific Ocean,Mauna Kea's peak rises above the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere,where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new.A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers.In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes,they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world.They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands'inhabitants.Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past；it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history,too,with roots going back to the dawn of civilization.The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are,where we come from and where we are going.Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies,as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea.The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact.To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea,old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state.There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26.Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A]her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B]the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D]her appreciation of star watchers’feats in her time.27.Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A]its geographical features.[B]its protective surroundings.[C]its religious implications.[D]its existing infrastructure.28.The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A]it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B]it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C]their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D]they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29.It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A]is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B]helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C]may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D]will eventually soften Hawaiians’hostility.30.The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A]severe criticism.[B]passive acceptance.[C]slight hesitancy.[D]full approval.Text 3Robert F.Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures"everything except that which makes life worthwhile."With Britain voting to leave the European Union,and GDP already predicted to slow as a result,it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century.Many argue that it is a flawed concept.It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do.By most recent measures,the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world,with record low unemployment and high growth figures.If everything was going so well,then why did over 17 million people vote forBrexit,despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth intowell-being sheds some light on that question.Across the 163 countries measured,the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translatedinto meaningful improvements for its citizens.Rather than just focusing on GDP,over 40 different sets of criteria from health,education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges,there are a number of consistent themes.Yes,there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash,but in key indicators in areas such as health and education,major economies have continued to decline.Yet this isn’t the case with all countries.Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society,income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn:When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success,the world looks very different.So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations,as a measure,it is no longer enough.It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes–all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth.But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31.Robert F.Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness.[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.[D]had a low opinion of GDP.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.[C]Its criteria are questionable.[D]Its results are enlightening.34.In the last two paragraphs,the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35.Which of the following is the best for the text?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being,a UK lesson[B]GDP figures,a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Robert F.Kennedy,a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit,the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling,the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor,Robert McDonnell.But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct,which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr.McDonnell’s trail failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his"official acts,"or the former governor’s decisions on"specific"and"unsettled"issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials,is not corruption,the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is"distasteful"and"nasty."But under anti-bribery laws,proof must be made of concrete benefits,such as approval of a contract or regulation.Simply arranging ameeting,making a phone call,or hosting an event is not an"official act."The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery."The basic compact underlying representative government,"wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,"assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns."But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives,not the courts,to ensure equality of access to government.Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift.This type of integrity requires will-enforced laws in government transparency,such as records of official meetings,rules on lobbying,and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption.But it is not always corruption.Rather officials must avoid double standards,or different types ofaccess for average people and the wealthy.If connections can be bought,a basic premise of democratic society–that all are equal in treatment by government-is undermined.Good government rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36.The underlined sentence<Para.1>most probably shows that the court[A]avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B]made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C]was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D]refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37.According to Paragraph 4,an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A]concrete returns for gift-givers.[B]sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C]leaking secrets intentionally.[D]breaking contracts officially.38.The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are[A]allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[B]qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C]justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[D]exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39.Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A]awaken the conscience of officials.[B]guarantee fair play in official access.[C]allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D]inspire hopes in average people.40.The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A]sarcastic.[B]tolerant.[C]skeptical.[D]supportive.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs B andD have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on theANSWER SHEET.〔10 points〕[A]The first published sketch,"A Dinner at Polar Walk"brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine From then on his sketches,which appeared under the pen name"Boz"inThe Evening Chronicle,earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers,as it is generally known today,secured Dickens's fame.There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars,and the plump,spectacled hero,Samuel Pickwick,because a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared,a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments,as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour,who had originated the idea for the story.With characteristic confidence,Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead.After the first installment,Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt,was not faithful enough to his prose.Seymour made the change,went into his backyard,and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide.Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist.The comic novel,The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,appeared serially in 1836 and 1837 and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and,to many people,the greatest English novelist of the 19th century.A moralist,satirist,and social reformer,Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father's release from prison,Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices.He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament.At the same time,Dickens,who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him,especially anything comic or odd,submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F]Dickens was born in Portsmouth,on England's southern coast.His father was a clerk in the British Navy Pay office--a respectable position,but with little social status.His paternal grandparents,a steward and a housekeeper,possessed even less status,having been servants,and Dickenslaterconcealedtheirbackground.Dicken's mother supposedly came from a more respectable family.Yet two years before Dicken's birth,his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe,never to return.The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse,a shoe-polish factory,where the other working boys mocked him as"the young gentleman."His father was then imprisoned for debt.Thehumiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens's greatest wound and became his deepest secret.He could not confide them even to his wife,although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G]After Pickwick,Dickens plunged into a bleaker world.InOliver Twist,he traces an orphan's progress from theworkhouse to the criminal slums ofLondon.NicholasNickleby,his next novel,combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick.The popularity of thesenovels consolidated Dickens'as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.<10 points>The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for severalfuture.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol. <47>His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have acompetitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,<48>many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages. If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.<49>The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:<50> It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote the learning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.SectionⅣWriting51 directionsYou are to write an email to James Cook,a newly-arrived Australia professor,recommending some tourist attraction in your city.Please give reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the answer sheet.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.Do not write the address.〔10 points〕52.DirectionsWrite an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures.In y essay,you should1>describe the pictures briefly;2>interpret the meaning,and3>give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.<20 points>答案解析SectionⅠUse of English1A．BesidesB．UnlikeC．ThroughoutD．Despite[答案]A[解析]根据本句句内逻辑关系,"it turns out that hugs…"说明拥抱还有其他结果.因此,前文的逻辑关系应该为"除此以外",结合选项,A．Besides〔除此之外〕最为合适.2A．EqualB．RestrictedC．ConnectedD．inferior[答案]C[解析]本题实为逻辑关系题.根据句子前后结构"helping you feel closeand_____〔2〕",我们可以判断,由于空格处与前面内容通过and连接,说明我们要选择一个单词与feel close同义,并且要与后面介词to连用.因此,通过对于四个选项含义判断,C选项有"关联的"含义最为符合.3A．ViewB．HostC．LessonD．choice[答案]B[解析]此题为固定搭配."a host of"表示大量的.其他选项搭配不合理.4A．AvoidB．ForgetC．RecallD．keep[答案]A[解析]根据题干信息"a warm embrace might even help you_____〔4〕getting sick this winter."中,出现"even",表示"甚至",说明此句话与上一句话存在递进的逻辑关系.上一句话的语义表示"拥抱可以带来大量的好处",因此,这句话也应该表示拥抱的好处.根据四个选项含义,A．avoid〔避免〕B．forget〔忘记〕C．recall〔回忆〕D．keep〔保持〕,A选项"避免生病"最符合文意.5A．CollectingB．AffectingC．GuidingD．involving[答案]D[解析]本题考查现在分词做后置定语,需要选择一个现在分词修饰前面的"study",因此,结合四个选项A．collecting〔收集〕B．affecting〔影响〕C．guiding<引导>D．involving〔涉与、卷入〕,根据句子含义,应该表达"关于涉与400人"的研究.因此正确选项应为D6A．OnB．InC．AtD．of[答案]A[解析]本题为固定搭配.根据句义"examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____〔6〕the participants'…"考查固定搭配"examined the effects…on sth"因此,本题正确选项为A.7A．DevotedB．AttractedC．LostD．exposed[答案]D[解析]根据句义"common cold after being_____〔7〕to the virus.""通常感冒是在...细菌之后发生的."结合选项含义A．devoted〔致力于〕B．attracted〔吸引〕C．lost〔丢失〕D．exposed<暴露于>,D选项"暴露在细菌中…"符合文意.8A．AlongB．AcrossC．DownD．out[答案]C[解析]本题为固定搭配.A．come along with<和...相处的好>B．come across with〔偿付〕C．come down with〔得病,感染〕D．come out with〔出版,提出〕,结合语境,根据后面与cold〔感冒〕搭配,C选项"得感冒"搭配最为合理.9A．ImaginedB．DeniedC．DoubtedD．calculated[答案]D[解析]本题为动词与宾语从句搭配问题.根据原文"the researchers_____〔9〕that the stress-reducing effects of hugging_____〔10〕about 32 percent of that beneficial effect."动作的主语是"研究人员",连接后面的宾语从句"拥抱减小压力的作用",并且有数据支撑.从选项含义A．imagined〔想像〕B．denied〔否认〕C．doubted 〔怀疑〕D．calculated〔计算,推测〕来看,宾语从句部分应为研究人员计算推测出的结果.因此,选项D符合要求.10A．ServedB．RestoredC．ExplainedD．required[答案]C[解析]本题为动词含义考查.根据文章内容,"the stress-reducing effects of hugging_____〔10〕about 32 percent of that beneficial effect."本题同样考查研究人员做出的研究结果,因此,结合选项含义A．served〔服务〕B．restored〔存储〕C．explained〔解释〕D．required〔要求〕,C选项"解释"符合语境要求.11A．ThusB．StillC．RatherD．Even[答案]D[解析]本题为逻辑关系题.A．Thus〔因此,表示因果关系〕B．Still〔仍然,表示强调关系〕C．Rather〔相反,表示对比关系〕D．Even〔甚至,表示递进关系〕根据文章上下文逻辑,下文是对上文做进一步说明,因此选择递进关系比较符合逻辑关系.D为正确选项.12A．DefeatsB．SymptomsC．ErrorsD．tests[答案]B[解析]形容词与名词搭配问题.根据语境"the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____〔12〕"所选词要与severe构成合理搭配,再结合前文语境是关于对于拥抱实验的结果.因此,B．symptoms<症状>符合语境要求.正确选项为B.13A．HighlightedB．IncreasedC．ControlledD．minimized[答案]B[解析]本题为形容词修饰.根据原文"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_____〔13〕risk for colds that's usually_____〔14〕with stress,",需要选择一个形容词来修饰risk.在选项中,A．highlighted〔突出的〕B．increased〔增加的〕C．controlled〔被控制的〕D．minimized〔最小的〕,对比选项含义,B"增加的风险"更符合原文语境.14A．PresentedB．EquippedC．AssociatedD．compared[答案]C[解析]此题为固定搭配题.A和B选项不可以和with连接.C．associated可以和with连接,意为"与...有关联".D．compared和with连接表示"和..相比"不符合文章要求.因此,本题正确选项为C.15A．AssessB．GenerateC．ModerateD．record[答案]B[解析]此题考查动宾搭配.根据原文"Hugging is a marker of intimacy andhelp_____〔15〕the feeling…",需要选择一个动词能够和后文的"the feeling"搭配.分析选项含义：A．assess〔评估〕B．generate〔产生〕C．moderate〔缓和〕D．record 〔记录〕,四个选项中,B"generate the feeling"产生感觉搭配最为合理.因此正选为B.16A．in the name ofB．in the form ofC．in the face ofD．in the way of[答案]C[解析]此题为短语搭配题.分析选项含义A．in the name of〔以…为名〕B．in the form of〔以…的形式〕C．in the face of〔面对…〕D．in the way of〔以…的方式〕,结合文章语境,应为"面对困难"搭配最为合理.因此,正确选项为C.17A．AttributeB．CommitC．TransferD．return[答案]A[解析]此题为固定搭配题.即：attribute sth to sth.因此正确选项为A18A．UnlessB．BecauseC．ThoughD．until[答案]B[解析]此题为逻辑关系题.选项含义A．unless〔除非〕B．because〔因为〕C．though〔虽然〕D．until〔直到...才〕.结合原文语境,"often called"the bonding hormone"_____〔18〕it promotes attachment in relationships,"〔经常被称之为"形成亲密关系的荷尔蒙"….它促进了关系的依赖.〕从本句来看,前后文属于因果逻辑关系.因此正确选项为B19A．RemainsB．EmergesC．VanishesD．decreases[答案]A[解析]本题为动词辨析.选项含义为A．remains〔仍然〕B．emerges〔出现〕C．vanishes〔消失〕D．decreases〔减少〕结合语境信息"But some of it_____〔19〕。
2017-2018年研究生英语入学考试真题及解析
2017年考研英语二试题及答案跨考教育英语教研室Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again_____（1）that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by_____（2）A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive_____（3）holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one_____（4）by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives_____（5）, people will simply become lazy and depressed._____（6）,today's unemployed don't seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for_____（7）Americans. Also, some research suggests that the_____（8）for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting_____（9）poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many_____（10）the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn't_____（11）follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the_____（12）of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the_____（13）of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could_____（14）strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the_____（15）of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively_____（16）for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional_____（17）of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day's work, I often feel_____（18）," Danaher says, adding, "In a world in which I don't have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself_____（19）a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for_____（20）matters.1. _____A．boasting B．denying C．warning D．ensuring 2. _____ A．inequality B．instability C．unreliability D．uncertainty 3. _____ A．policy B．guideline C．resolution D．prediction 4. _____ A．characterized B．divided C．balanced D．measured 5. _____ A．wisdom B．meaning C．glory D．freedom6. _____A．Instead B．Indeed C．Thus D．Nevertheless7. _____A．rich B．urban C．working D．educated8. _____A．explanation B．requirement C．compensation D．substitute9. _____A．under B．beyond C．alongside D．among10. _____A．leave behind B．make up C．worry about D．set aside11. _____A．statistically B．occasionally C．necessarily D．economically12. _____A．chances B．downsides C．benefits D．principles 【答案】B13. _____A．absence B．height C．face D．course14. _____A．disturb B．restore C．exclude D．yield15. _____A．model B．practice C．virtue D．hardship16. _____ A．trickyB．lengthy C．mysterious D．scarce17. _____A．demands B．standards C．qualities D．threats18. _____A．ignored B．tired C．confused D．starved【答案】B 19. _____A．off B．against C．behind D．into20. _____A．technological B．professional C．educationalD．interpersonal【答案】BSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run－up to 2012－but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation." The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots", concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods－making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has_____.A．gained great popularityB．created many jobsC．strengthened community tiesD．become an official festival22. The author believes that London's Olympic "legacy" has failed to_____.A．boost population growthB．promote sport participationC．improve the city's imageD．increase sport hours in schools【答案】B23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it_____.A．aims at discovering talentsB．focuses on mass competitionC．does not emphasize elitismD．does not attract first-timers24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should_____.A．organize "grassroots" sports eventsB．supervise local sports associationsC．increase funds for sports clubsD．invest in public sports facilities25. The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is_____.A．tolerantB．criticalC．uncertainD．sympathetic【答案】BText 2With so much focus on children's use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. "Tech is designed to really suck on you in," says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine."Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents' faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device－it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the "still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother's attention. "Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an "oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting" with their children: "It's based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you're failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them." Tronick believes that just because a child isn't learning from the screen doesn't mean there's no value to it－particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______.A．simplify routine mattersB．absorb user attentionC．better interpersonal relationsD．increase work efficiency【答案】B27. Radesky's food-testing exercise shows that mothers' use of devices ______.A．takes away babies' appetiteB．distracts children's attentionC．slows down babies' verbal developmentD．reduces mother-child communication28. Radesky's cites the "still face experiment" to show that _______.A．it is easy for children to get used to blank expressionsB．verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchangeC．children are insensitive to changes in their parents' moodD．parents need to respond to children's emotional needs29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.A．protect kids from exposure to wild fantasiesB．teach their kids at least 30,000 words a yearC．ensure constant interaction with their childrenD．remain concerned about kid's use of screens30. According to Tronick, kid's use of screens may_______.A．give their parents some free timeB．make their parents more creativeC．help them with their homeworkD．help them become more attentiveText 3Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn't it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn't feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn't academic.But while this may be true, it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There's always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated "race to the finish line," whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits －in fact, it probably enhances it.Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes－all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.If you're not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.31. One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that_____.A．they think it academically misleadingB．they have a lot of fun to expect in collegeC．it feels strange to do differently from othersD．it seems worthless to take off-campus courses32. Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps_____.A．keep students from being unrealisticB．lower risks in choosing careersC．ease freshmen's financial burdensD．relieve freshmen of pressures33. The word "acclimation" （Line 8, Para. 3）is closest in meaning to_____.A．adaptationB．applicationC．motivationD．competition34. A gap year may save money for students by helping them_____.A．avoid academic failuresB．establish long-term goalsC．switch to another collegeD．decide on the right major35. The most suitable title for this text would be_____.A．In Favor of the Gap YearB．The ABCs of the Gap YearC．The Gap Year Comes BackD．The Gap Year: A DilemmaText 4Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires－nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency's other work－such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep－that affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?"It's already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country," he says. We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, "Wait a minute, is this OK？""Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?" Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change－how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn't come at the expense of the rest of the equation."The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways," he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited."At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire's inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says."We've disconnected ourselves from living with fire," Balch says. "It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today."36. More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they_____.A．exhausted unprecedented management effortsB．consumed a record-high percentage of budgetC．severely damaged the ecology of western statesD．caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure【答案】B37. Moritz calls for the use of "a magnifying glass" to _____.A．raise more funds for fire-prone areasB．avoid the redirection of federal moneyC．find wildfire-free parts of the landscapeD．guarantee safer spending of public funds38. While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that _____.A．public debates have not settled yetB．fire-fighting conditions are improvingC．other factors should not be overlookedD．a shift in the view of fire has taken place39. The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to _____.A．discover the fundamental makeup of natureB．explore the mechanism of the human systemsC．maximize the role of landscape in human lifeD．understand the interrelations of man and nature40. Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should _____.A．do away withB．come to terms withC．pay a price forD．keep away from【答案】BPart BDirections：Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. "We don't make anything anymore," he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers－and upward pressure on wages. "They're harder to find and they have job offers," says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, "They may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing," Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. "I love working with tools. I love creating." he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials "remember their father and mother both werelaid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession," says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels."The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. "There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is."Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. "Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives," she says.41.根据题干人名Jay 定位文中“They’re harder to find and they have job offers,”他们很难发现他们有工作邀请。
2017年考研英语真题及解析全纯干货
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work. Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again __1__ that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by __2__. A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.A different and not mutually exclusive __3__ holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one __4__ by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives __5__, people will simply become lazy and depressed. __6__ today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll fou nd that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for __7__ Americans. Also, some research suggests that the __8__ for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting __9__ poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many __10__ the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t __11__ follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the __12__ of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the __13__ of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could __14__ strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the __15__ of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential," says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days, because leisure time is relatively __16__ for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional __17__ of their jobs." When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel __18__," Danaher says, adding, "In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different"—perhaps different enough to throw himself __19__ a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for __20__ matters.1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among10 .[A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course14. [A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield15. [A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship16. [A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce17. [A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats18. [A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved19. [A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into20. [A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonalSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart A:Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (40 points)Text 1Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents；their times range from Andrew Baddeley’s world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.Parkrun is succeeding where London’s Olympic "legacy" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run—up to 2012—but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation." The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots", concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has __________.[A] gained great popularity[B] created many jobs[C] strengthened community ties[D] become an official festival22. The author believes that London’s Olympic "legacy" has failed to ________.[A] boost population growth[B] promote sport participation[C] improve the city’s image[D] increase sport hours in schools23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it ______.[A] aims at discovering talents[B] focuses on mass competition[C] does not emphasize elitism[D] does not attract first-timers24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should ________.[A] organize "grassroots" sports events[B] supervise local sports associations[C] increase funds for sports clubs[D] invest in public sports facilities25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is ______.[A] tolerant[B] critical[C] uncertain[D] sympatheticText 2With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it’s easy for parents to forget about their own screen use.“Tech is des igned to really suck on you in,”says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, “and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting for the children. Radesky cites the "still face experiment" devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback. The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mo ther’s attention." Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.On the other han d, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens are born out ofan “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them." Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______.[A] simplify routine matters[B] absorb user attention[C] better interpersonal relations[D] increase work efficiency27. Radesky’s food-t esting exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______.[A] takes away babies’ appetite[B] distracts children’s attention[C] slows down babies’ verbal development[D] reduces mother-child communication28. Radesky’s cites the “still face experiment” to show that _______.[A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions[B] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange[C] children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ mood[D] parents need to respond to child ren’s emotional needs29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______.[A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies[B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year[C] ensure constant interaction with their children[D] remain concerned about kid’s use of screens30. According to Tronick, kids’ use of screens may_______.[A] give their parents some free time[B] make their parents more creative[C] help them with their homework[D] help them become more attentiveText 3Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn’t it？And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’tacademic.But while this may be true, it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone el se on the socially perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact, it probably enhances it.Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a ye ar off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.31. One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that ______.[A] they think it academically misleading[B] they have a lot of fun to expect in college[C] it feels strange to do differently from others[D] it seems worthless to take off-campus courses32. Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps _______.[A] keep students from being unrealistic[B] lower risks in choosing careers[C] ease freshmen’s financial burdens[D] relieve freshmen of pressures33. The word “acclimation”（Line 8, Para. 3）is closest in meaning to ________.[A] adaptation[B] application[C] motivation[D] competition34. A gap year may save money for students by helping them _______.[A] avoid academic failures[B] establish long-term goals[C] switch to another college[D] decide on the right major35. The most suitable title for this text would be ________.[A] In Favor of the Gap Year[B] The ABCs of the Gap Year[C] The Gap Year Comes Back[D] The Gap Year: A DilemmaText 4Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its MYM5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency’s other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans.Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire？“It’s already a huge problem from a pu blic expenditure per spective for the whole country,” he says.We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, "Wait a minute, is this OK？”“Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape？”Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation.“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways," he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to "an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited."At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says."We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire," Balch says.“It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the hu man connection with fire today.”36. More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they ________.[A] exhausted unprecedented management efforts[B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget[C] severely damaged the ecology of western states[D] caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure37. Moritz calls for the use of "a magnifying glass" to _______.[A] raise more funds for fire-prone areas[B] avoid the redirection of federal money[C] find wildfire-free parts of the landscape[D] guarantee safer spending of public funds38. While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that _______.[A] public debates have not settled yet[B] fire-fighting conditions are improving[C] other factors should not be overlooked[D] a shift in the view of fire has taken place39. The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to _______.[A] discover the fundamental makeup of nature[B] explore the mechanism of the human systems[C] maximize the role of landscape in human life[D] understand the interrelations of man and nature40. Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should ________.[A] do away with[B] come to terms with[C] pay a price for[D] keep away fromPart B:Directions:Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. “We don’t make anything anymore,” he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing.But there is also a different way to look at the data.Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every year. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. “They’re harder to find and they have job offers,”says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “They may be coming into the workforce, but they’ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing as well as manufacturing,” Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year.Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of MYM13 an hour that rises to MYM17 after two years.At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he’s trying to assemble and th e arrival of two visitors. It’s his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. “I love working with tools. I love creating.” he says.But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession,”says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.“The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill," says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. “There’re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don’t need to have much skill. It’s that gap in between, and that’s where the problem is.”Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really wa nt to live their lives,” she says.Section III Translation46. Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. （15 points）My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be absolutely honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one, apart from myself, could imagine me in the fashion industry at all！So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course "Fashion Media &Promotion."Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions:Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a reply to1) accept the invitation, and2) introduce the key points of your presentation.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name, use "Li Ming" instead.Don’t write your address. （10 points）Part B48. Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section I: Use of English (10 points)1 - 5: CADAB6 - 10: BCADC11-15: CBADC16-20: DABDBSection II: Reading Comprehension (50 points)21-25: ABCDB26-30: BDDCA31-35: CDADA36-40: BDCDB41-45: EAGBFSection III :Translation (15 Points)我一直梦想着能找到一个时尚与出版相结合的工作。
2017年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2017年考研英语真题及答案完整解析2017年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题Section I U se of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.1 homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly 2. To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8. One of the federal government’s studies 9 thatthe number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 thestreet. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have seriousmental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation willimprove only when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 19 it, “There has to be 20 of programs. What’s needed is a package deal.”1. [A] Indeed[B] Likewise[C] Therefore[D] Furthermore2. [A] stand[B] cope[C] approve[D] retain3. [A] in[B] for[C] with[D] toward[B] add[C] take[D] keep5. [A] generally[B] almost[C] hardly[D] not6. [A] cover[B] change[C] range[D] differ7. [A] Now that[B] Although[C] Provided[D] Except that8. [A] inflating[B] expanding[C] increasing[D] extending9. [A] predicts[B] displays[C] proves[D] discovers10. [A] assist[B] track[C] sustain[D] dismiss11. [A] Hence[B] But[C] Even[D] Only12. [A] lodging[B] shelter[C] dwelling13. [A] searching[B] strolling[C] crowding[D] wandering14. [A] when[B] once[C] while[D] whereas15. [A] life[B] existence[C] survival[D] maintenance16. [A] around[B] over[C] on[D] up17. [A] complex[B] comprehensive[C] complementary[D] compensating18. [A] So[B] Since[C] As[D] Thus19. [A] puts[B] interprets[C] assumes[D] makes20. [A] supervision[B] manipulation[C] regulation[D] coordinationSection II Reading Comprehension Part ARead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.”By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned inParagraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into Americansociety is ________.[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph4), the author implies that ________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30. From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomassof large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading toDr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reducedby 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the originalamount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheriesthan in the old33. By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3),Dr. Worm means that ________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changingsituation35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[D] technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the authorintends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37. The word “bummer”(Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably meanssomething ________.[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining[D] commercial38. In the author’s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling. He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confinedto a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter. Noting themedical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketingdepartment continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior.And in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he couldget back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but fora long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease.Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling isespecially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufactureevidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, anyThe definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)有两幅图⽚，图1 把崇拜写在脸上；图2 花300元做“⼩贝头”注：Beckham是英国⾜球明星有两张照⽚，⼀张照⽚上有⼀位男⼠脸上写着⾜球明星的名字，另⼀张照⽚上有⼀个男⼦在理发，他要求理发师为他设计⼀个⼩贝克汉姆的发型。
【考研】2017考研英语(一)真题(精)
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “isa marker of in timacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” 18 it promotes attachment in relationshi ps, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1.[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Throughout [D] Despite2.[A] equal [B] restricted [C] connected [D] inferior3.[A] host [B] view [C] lesson [D] choice4.[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep5.[A] collecting [B] affecting [C] guiding [D] involving6.[A] on [B] in [C] at [D] of7.[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted8.[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out9.[A] imagined [B] denied [C] doubted [D] calculated10.[A] served [B] explained [C] restored [D] required11.[A] Thus [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Even12.[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] errors [D] tests13.[A] highlighted [B] minimized [C] controlled [D] increased14.[A] associated [B] equipped [C] presented [D] compared15.[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record16.[A] in the face of [B] in the form of[C] in the way of[D] in the name of17.[A] attribute [B] commit [C] transfer [D] return18.[A] unless [B] because [C] though [D] until19.[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases20.[A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influencesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons—both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improvingeconomy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major airports such as Chicago’s O’Hare International. It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for everyone involved. The TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock.：Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring t he price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to___________.[A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.[B] explain Americans’ tolerance of cu rrent security checks.[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S airports.[D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection.22. Which of the following contributions to long waits at major airports?[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags. [B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.[C] An increase in the number of travelers. [D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.23.The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to___________.[A] quieter. [B] faster. [C] wider. [D] cheaper.24. One problem with the PreCheck program is___________.[A] A dramatic reduction of its scale. [B] Its wrongly-directed implementation.[C] The government’s reluctance to back it.[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Getting Stuck in Security Lines [B] PreCheck—a Belated Solution[C] Less Screening for More Safety [D] Underused PreCheck LanesText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the P acific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates___________.[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciatio n of star watchers’ feats in her time.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to___________.[A] its geographical features [B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications. [D] its existing infrastructure.28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because_____.[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life. [B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival. [D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy____.[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians. [B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture. [D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism. [B] passive acceptance. [C] slight hesitancy. [D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP ha s been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospe cts?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn’t the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different.So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes –all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he___________.[A]praised the UK for its GDP. [B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP . [D]had a low opinion of GDP .32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that___________.[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries . [B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable . [D]Its results are enlightening .34.In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that___________.[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures , a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F. Kennedy , a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the U.S Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”.The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribe ry.” The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,” assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The underlined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court______.[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves___________.[A] leaking secrets intentionally. [B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] concrete returns for gift-givers. [D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are______.[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to___________.[A] awaken the conscience of officials. [B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying. [D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is___________.[A] sarcastic. [B] tolerant. [C] skeptical. [D] supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenograp her and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office –a respectable position, but with little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later conce aled their background. Dickens’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the b lacking factory formed Dickens’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The growth of the use of English as the world’s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath of English usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol.(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that, (48) many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish, Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK’s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly ₤1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to ₤10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant: (50) It gives a basis to all organizations which seek to promote the learning and use of English, a basis for planning to meet the possibilities of what could be a very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：You are to write an email to James Cook, a newly-arrived Australian professor, recommending some tourist attractions in your city. Please give reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the meaning , and3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points )。
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题答案详解
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案详解注意：英语试卷为花卷，以答案内容进行核对（完整版）万学海文教研中心英语教研室Section I Use of English1、【答案】[B] Besides【解析】此处考察上下文的逻辑关系。
上文改写俗语，大意为拥抱可以使医生远离我们，即不得病，为积极含义，空后大意为：_______使你感觉与别人亲近并_______，所以也是积极含义，并同为拥抱的好处，因此选择B选项besides除了……之外还有……，A选项unlike不同于与D选项despite尽管均为转接，故排除，C选项throughout贯穿语义不通顺，故答案为[B] Besides。
2、【答案】[C] connected【解析】此处考察近义词复现，该空前有and，说明所填词汇英语close（亲近的）形成同义复现关系，并且所选词汇应搭配介词同，因此答案为C选项connected有关联的。
A选项equal平等的，B选项restricted限制的，C选项inferior低劣的，虽然都可以搭配to，但不能和close同义复现，故答案为[C] connected。
3、【答案】[A] host【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
该从句含义为：拥抱可以给你的身心健康带来_____好处。
A host of为固定搭配，表示许多的，大量的，在此处语义和搭配均吻合，所以为正确答案。
View观点，视野，lesson教训，choice选择放在此处语义不通。
4、【答案】[C] avoid【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
该句含义为：温暖的拥抱在冬天可以帮助你______生病。
根据语义，不难确定此处需要“避免”“防止”的词，并且后面搭配动名词，故答案为C选项avoid避免。
Recall使回想，召集，forget忘记，keep (doing)一直做，均不吻合句义。
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。
该句含义为：在一项______四百多健康成年人的研究中，研究者观察到……Collecting收集，一般不接人做宾语；affecting影响，guiding引导，均不符合科学研究类文章语境。
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及答案解析
2017年研究生入学统一考试试题（英语二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland..A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 tod ay’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among10. [A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course14. [A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield15. [A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship16. [A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce17. [A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats18. [A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved19. [A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into20. [A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonalSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points）Text 1Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour. Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London.Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run－up to 2012－but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to "inspire a generation." The success of Parkrun offers answers.Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally "grassroots", concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods－making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse.21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has_____.A．gained great popularityB．created many jobsC．strengthened community tiesD．become an official festival22. The author believes that London's Olympic "legacy" has failed to_____. A．boost population growthB．promote sport participationC．improve the city's imageD．increase sport hours in schools23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it_____.A．aims at discovering talentsB．focuses on mass competitionC．does not emphasize elitismD．does not attract first-timers24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should_____.A．organize "grassroots" sports eventsB．supervise local sports associationsC．increase funds for sports clubsD．invest in public sports facilities25. The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is_____. A．tolerantB．criticalC．uncertainD．sympatheticText 2With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. “Tech is designed to really suck on you in,” says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, "and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device－it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the “still face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention. "Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need," says Radesky.On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of s creens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.” Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it－particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.26. According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______. A．simplify routine mattersB．absorb user attentionC．better interpersonal relationsD．increase work efficiency27. Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______.A．takes away babies’ appetiteB．distracts children’s attentionC．slows down babies’ verbal developme ntD．reduces mother-child communication28. Radesky’s cites the “still face experiment” to show that _______.A．it is easy for children to get used to blank expressionsB．verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchangeC．children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ moodD．parents need to respond to children's emotional needs29. The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______. A．protect kids from exposure to wild fantasiesB．teach their kids at least 30,000 words a yearC．ensure constant interaction with their childrenD．remain concerned about kid's use of screens29.【答案】C【解析】本题目为具体细节题。