(1)简单句、并列句及复合句

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简单句、并列句及复合句

1.[简单句] 当一个句子只包含一个主谓结构时称为简单句。简单句大体可以分为下面五种类型:

(1)主语+系动词+表语:(表语可以是形容词、名词、代词、副词、分词、介词短语、从句等)

The flowers are sweet. 花很香(形容词)

She is a clever girl. 她是一个聪明的女孩(名词)

The handbag is mine. 手提包是我的(代词)

Mother isn’t in at the moment. 妈妈此刻不在家(副词)

The dish looks inviting. 这盘菜看起来很诱人(现在分词)

She seemed well pleased. 她似乎很高兴(过去分词)

Jane looks like her mother. 简的模样很像她妈(介词短语)

That’s how I look at it. 这是我对它的看法(从句)

(2)主语+动词(不及物动词)

The bell rang. 门铃响了

动词时态可以改,也可以有它的修饰语(状语)

The bell is ringing loudly now. 门铃现在正大声地响着

The bell has rang for 3 minutes. 门铃已经响了三分钟了

(3)主语+动词+宾语(及物动词后直接加宾语,不及物动词需加适当的介词或副词)(A)I play football. 我踢足球。(play 为及物动词)

动词时态可以改,如:

I was playing football at 10:00 yesterday. 我昨天十点时正在踢足球

I have played football for 2 hours. 我已经踢了两个小时的足球了

(B)She listens to music. (listen为不及物动词,后加介词to 再加宾语)

We put the meeting off. (put 常与副词off连用,表推迟,宾语可居中) 以上宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句等表示:

They’re playing chess. 他们在下棋(名词)

I have nothing to do today. 我今天没事干(代词)

She wants two. 我要两个(数词)

I hope to finish the work today. 我希望今天完成这项工作(不定式)

I hate asking favors. 我不喜欢求人帮忙(动名词)

You see what I mean. 你明白我的意思吗(从句)

(4)主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

She gives me an apple. 她给我一个苹果

一般间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后,也可把位置调换,但要加介词to 或for

She gives an apple to me. 她给我一个苹果

She bought a skirt for her daughter. 她买了一件裙子给她女儿

(5)主语+动词+宾语+补语(补语和宾语一起构成复合宾语,其作用是为宾语补充一些重要信息,补语可以是名词、形容词、不定式、现在分词或过去分词)

They appointed him managing director. 他们任命他为总经理(名词)

She painted the walls green. 她把墙漆成绿色(形容词)

He told me to be more careful. 他让我仔细一点(不定式)

I smelt something burning. 我闻到有东西烧焦味(现在分词)

I have my hair washed. 我洗头了(过去分词)

在以上五类句子中,有些句子,如祈使句,主语可省

Show me your passport. 出示你的护照

Paint the walls green. 把墙涂成绿色

有些有并列成分,如两个主语、宾语、动词等:

Tom and Jack are in the same class. 汤姆和杰克在同一个班

He ordered a bee steak and a soup. 他叫了牛排和一份汤

She came forward and shook hands with us. 她走上前和我们握手

2. [并列句] 由两个或更多独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的称为并列句。这些独立句往往在意义上有所关联,否则会分成独立句子,不会连成并列句。并列句的两部分可用分号连接。英语中的并列连词有: and, but, for, or, so, yet, nor, not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor

I like singing; she likes dancing. 我喜欢唱歌,而/但她喜欢跳舞

I like singing, and/but she likes dancing.

I’ ve got a cold, so I’ m going to bed. 我感冒了,因此我要去睡觉了

The days were short, for it was now December. 白天很短,因为现在已经是十二月了

You must hurry or you won’t make it for the train. 你得赶快,否则你会赶不上火车了

还有一些副词也起连词作用,如:

I think: therefore I am. 我思故我在

3. [复合句] 一个句子如果有一个或多个成分由从句担任,它就是复合句。它包括:

(1) 名词性从句。它在句中可担任主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语等

That the match will be cancelled is now certain. 球赛将取消已经是肯定的了(主语)

How it happened is a mystery to me. 这些是怎么发生的对我是一个谜(主语)

I know (that) you’ll succeed. 我知道你们是会成功的(宾语)

I wonder if you could stay for another day. 不知你可否再待一天(宾语)

The question is whether they have signed a contract. 问题是他们签没签合同(表语)

That’s why I object to the plan. 那就是我反对这个计划的原因(表语)

It all depends on how we make the preparation. 这都取决于我们的准备工作做得怎样(介词宾语)

I’m obliged to you for what you have done for us. 我很感激你对我们的帮助(介词短语)There is a rumour that he has married a widow. 有谣言说他和一个寡妇结了婚(同位语)The idea that money means everything is unsound. 金钱万能的思想是错误的(同位语)

(2) 关系从句(定语从句),多由关系代词或关系副词引起

A.由关系代词引起(that, who, whom, which, whose):

This is the book which /that was on the table. 这就是桌上那本书(先行词指物,关

系代词在从句中当主语,不可省)

Jim introduced me to a girl who/that sat next to him. 吉姆把我介绍给坐他旁边的那

女孩。(先行词指人,关系化词在从句中当主语,不可省)

This is the book (which/that)I borrowed yesterday. 这是我昨天借的书(关系代

词在从句中当宾语,可省)

She is the person (that/whom) I spoke to just now. 她就是刚才跟我说话的那个人

(关系代词在从句中当宾语,可省)

The girl whose book is here is away. 书在这里的那个女孩走了(先行词当定语)只用that, 不用which的有:

1)You must do everything that I do. 你必须做我所做的每件事(先行词是all, little,

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