英语词汇学引论 术语翻译
【VIP专享】英语词汇学引论 术语翻译
Abberbation 缩写;缩略Ablative case 夺格(即第五个或工具格)Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Converging sound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格(第三格)De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格(第二格)General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词;同形异义词;同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy 上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locative case 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的;多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversative prefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的(细微)差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified(借助符号进行交际的)事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词)连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析Synesthetic(产生)联觉的Synecdoche提喻法Synonym同义词Synonymy 同义关系Synsemantic 与其他词连用时才有意义的Teutonic language条顿(日耳曼)语言The Angles,Saxons and Jutes盎格鲁人撒克逊人,朱特人The Norman conquest 诺曼征服英国Translation-loans译借词Triplets三词一组的同义词Unabridged dictionary 大型(无任何删节的)词典Variety (语言的)变体Word-class 词类Word -formation word-building 构词法Word-forming ability 构词能力Word-stock词汇Working language 工作语言。
翻译学术词汇
翻译硕士:翻译学术语词汇翻译AAn abridged translation 节译本Absorb what is good and reject what is bad; absorb the essence and reject the dross; select the refined and discard the crude 取其精华,弃其糟粕Abstract thinking ( thought ) 抽象思维Academic community 学术界An academic thesis 学术论文Accommodate something to circumstances; accommodation 变通正确的理解Be well cultured in literature 有文学修养Artistically accomplished 有艺术修养A man of considerable culture 文化修养很高的人Accurate comprehension正确的理解Accurate comprehension and adequate representation 准确的理解与适切的表达Accurateness, smoothness and promptness 准、顺、快(口译标准)Accurate representation准确的再现Achieve spiritual similarity by departing from the original form 离形得神Acquisition (语言)习得Adapted translation; corrected version; improved version 改译Adequate representation 适切表达Advance from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom 从必然王国走向自由王国Aesthetic appreciation 审美(统觉)Aesthetic perception 审美感知Aesthetic taste 审美趣味Agreement with; tally with; correspond to; accord with 契合Alienation; dissimilation 异化All blend into one harmonious whole; an integrated whole; a unified entity; one integrated mass 浑然一体Alliteration 双声,头韵Alternating interpretation 交替翻译Amplification 增词法Annotation 阐释法Antithesis 对照;对仗;对偶Applied translatology 应用翻译学Appreciate one’sthought;take one’smeaning心领神会Appropriateness and creativeness 得体与创新Areas of study 研究方向Art of translation 翻译艺术Artistic charm 艺术魅力Artistic conception 意境;气韵Automatic translation 自动翻译BBarely know the rudiments of writing 粗通文墨Basic meaning 基本意义Basic norms of translation 翻译的基本标准Basic patterns of translation theory 翻译理论的基本模式Beauties of nature 自然美Beautiful in words but poor in contents 文过其实Beauty-in-itself 自在之美Beauty of art 艺术美Binary translation 一对一翻译Business translation 事务翻译Boundary science 边缘科学Breadth of thinking 思考广度Break new ground 创新Brilliant exposition 精辟论述Bring out the beauty of the original in sense, in sound and in form 传达原文的意美、音美和形美Broken English 蹩脚英语;不标准英语Buddhist learning 佛学CCatch-word 名言;流行语Catering for public taste 投合众好Central meaning ( thought) 中心意义 (思想) Ceremony interpretation 礼仪翻译China hand; an old China hand; Sinologue 中国通Closest natural equivalent 最切近的自然的译文Cloudy idea 模糊的观念Comprehension and expression 理解与表达Colloquial standard 标准口语Combination 合译法Communicative approach 交际翻译Compilative translation 编译Covert translation 隐性翻译Conference interpreter 会议翻译Conscientious and responsible translator 认真负责的译者Consecutive interpretation 连续翻译Content and from 内容与形式Contextual restriction 语境限制Conversion between parts of speech 词性转换Convey the beauty of the original 传原文之美Convey the spirit 传神Correct approach to translation 翻译的正确途径Corresponding English version 相应的英语译文Co-translation 合作翻译Creation and treason 创造与叛逆Creative treason 创造性叛逆Cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际Crystallization 结晶Cultural diffusion 文化传播Cultural translation 文化翻译Cultural untranslatability 文化不可译Culturally-loaded 文化内涵丰富的Culture-bound 文化束缚Culture broker 文化沟通者Culture gap 文化沟Culture shock 文化冲击DDead translation 死译Dead word 废弃词Descriptive translation 描述性翻译Divorce of theory from practice 理论与实践相脱离Doctor of translatology 翻译学博士Doctoral supervisor of translation 翻译学博士生导师Doctorial hat 博士帽Doctorial (doctoral) student 博士生Doctoral supervisors 博士生导师Doctoral supervisor of English and literature 英语语言文学博士生导师Doctorate; doctor’s degree 博士学位EEidos 文化形象Elegance 雅Elementary transformation 基本转换Eminent monk 高僧Emotive function 移情功能Emotive language 情绪语言Emphatic sentence pattern 强调句型Enciphering 译成密码Enculturation 文化熏染End-weight 句尾中心Entailment 含义;蕴涵Enter into the spirit of the character 进入角色Equal face-value 文字表面意义的等值Equivalence 对等;等值Equivalent 对等语Essential difference 本质区别Establish Chinese translatology 建立中国翻译学Etymology 词源学;语源学Every translation involves loss 所有的翻译均有损失Exact equivalent 精确对等语Excellent in both content and language 词情并茂;情文并茂Exoticism; exotic flavor 异国情调;异国风味Expert translator; an expert in translation 翻译家Expressive function 表达功能Expressiveness 表现力Extension; extending; expanding 引申;词义扩大Extracultural 超文化的Extralinguistic feature 超语言特征FFactual meaning 真实意义Faithfulness and smoothness 忠实通顺Fidelity 信Figurative expression 比喻用法First-grade translator 译审Flight of ideas 思维奔逸Flowery language 华丽的辞藻Fluent and intelligible 通顺易懂Foot 音步Footnote 脚注Foregrounding 前景化;突出Formal beauty 形态美Formal equivalence 形式对等Free translation 意译Functional equivalence 功能对等Fuzzy language 模糊语言Fuzzy beauty 模糊美GGeneral theory of translation 普通翻译理论General translatology 普通翻译学Gesture language 体态语言Get the kernel of the problem 抓住问题的核心Get (put) one’s ideas into shape 理清思路Give full play to the superiority of the target language 充分发挥译语优势Graduate admission examination; Graduate Record Examination (GRE) 研究生资格考试Graduate degree 研究生学位HGrammaticality 合乎语法Great master of translation 翻译大家Guide interpretation 导游翻译HHabitual ways of expression 表达习惯Han people 汉族Happy translation 得体的翻译Have substance in speech 言之有物Head word 中心词Headed construction 中心结构Heterology 异质Heterotranslation 异态翻译Higher education 高等教育Higher teacher education 高等师范教育Holistic perspective 整体观Human mental development 人的心理发展Human nature; humanity 人性Humanism 人文主义Humanities 人文学科The humanities; humane studies; humanistics 人文科学Humanization 人性化Hypotaxis 主从结构IIdeological content 思想内容Ideological level 思想境界Ideological line 思想路线Ideological system 思想体系Ideological trend 思想动向Idiomatic 成语性的,惯用的Idiomatic translation 地道的译文Imaginative power; imagination 想象力Image-rendering; rendition of images 形象翻译Incompatible with reason; unreasonable 不合情理Individual character; personality 个性Individual style 个人风格Information distortion 信息歪曲Information focus 信息焦点Information interpretation 宣传翻译Inner life 精神生活Information dissemination 信息传播Information equivalence 信息等价Information science 信息科学Information theory 信息论Inner life 精神生活Institutes of higher learning; colleges and universities 高等院校Intellectual product 精神产品Intellectual property 知识产权Intension 内涵Interdisciplinary subjects 交叉学科Interlingual communication 不同语言间信息传递,语际交际Interlinear translation 死译Internal world; subjective world 主观世界Interpreters’ booth 同声传译室Interpersonal function 人际功能Intersemiotic translation 符际翻译Intralingual translation 语内翻译Intuitive thinking 直觉思维In view of the foregoing 鉴于以上It stands to reason 言之成理It is unnecessary to go into details 无庸赘述Juxtaposition 并置;并列KKernel sentences 核心句Key university 重点大学Know and change the objective world 认识、改造客观世界LLanguage features 语言特色Language of image 形象语言Language style 语言风格Law of the unity of opposites 对立统一规律Leading figures 带头人Legitimate translation 合格的译文Let the eye travel over the great scenes and let fancy free 游目驰怀Level of education 文化程度Lexical equivalence 词汇等值Liaison interpreter 联络翻译Liberal education 通才教育Like nature itself 浑然天成Limits of translatability 可译限度Linguistic circle 语言学界Linguistic competence 语言能力Linguistic form 语言形式Literary translation 文学翻译Literary and art circles; the world of literature and art 文艺界Literary grace (talent) 文采Literary value 文学价值Loss and skewing of the cultural images 文化意象的失落与歪曲Lower levels or layers of meaning 低层语义MMachine-aided translation 机助翻译Machine translation 机器翻译Medio-translatology 译介学Master’s degree programs; graduate programs (specialties) 硕士点Material civilization 物质文明实事求是态度Maximum translation 极量翻译Medio-translatology 译介学Mental translation 心译Method of dun replacing the metric feet 以顿代步Military interpreter 军事翻译Mistranslation 错译,误译Misty poetry 朦胧诗Mutual creation between the factual and the imaginary 虚实相生NNational character 民族性格National mentality 民族心理Naturalism 自然主义Negotiation interpretation 会议翻译Neologism 新词Non-literary translation 非文学翻译Notes on poet and poetry 诗话OOfficial version 正式译本Officialese 官腔文体One-many correspondence 一多对应One-one relation 一一关系One-sided view 片面性观点Original author 原作者Original version 原译Overloaded translation 超载翻译Over-representation 过分表达PParadigm 范式,聚合体Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic 纵聚合与横组合Parallel construction 平行结构Paraphrase 释义,意译Parataxis 省略连词,意合法Parody 仿拟Partial translation 部分翻译Part-whole relation 部分与整体关系Periodic sentence 掉尾句Phatic function 交感功能,交际功能Philology 语文学Poetic circle 诗坛Poetic interest 诗味Pointless argument 无谓的争论Polarization 极化Positive connection 必然联系Practicalness 实践性Principal contradiction 主要矛盾Principle of translatability 可译性原则Program in Chinese as a foreign language 对外汉语专业Proper name 专有名称Prototype 原型RProvincial standard 地方标准QQuote remarkable passages and cull model sentences 引章摘句Quotation, quoted passage 引文RRandom talk 漫谈Random translation 乱译Rational knowledge 理性知识Reader-centeredtranslation 读者为中心的翻译Realmof freedom 自由王国Recasting 重构Recreation 再创造Reference book 工具书Reference version 参考译文Relevance theory 关联理论Required course; compulsory course 必修课Researchcentre 研究中心Research fellow 研究员。
《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照
《英语词汇学》重要术语One:1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.Two:1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.Three1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.Four:1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.Five:1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudes of the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such an analysis is called componential analysis.Six:1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more words which once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extent that there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.Seven:1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as another word: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that they can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition so that theassertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field are joined together by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.Eight:1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. But, in broader sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only to the actual speech situation in which a word is used but also to the entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.Nine:1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words as well as the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaning or specialization of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration. One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift to a less respectable, or even derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakening of meaning resulting from habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.Ten:1. Idiom 习语An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in a concise and witty style.。
英汉术语翻译术语
绝对翻译。
Absolute Translation。
按照古阿德克的解释,指专业译员为应付不同翻译要求而采用的七种翻译类型之一。
According to Gouadec,one of 7 types of translation which can be used by professional translators to respond to the various translation requirements2摘要翻译。
Abstract Translation 古阿德提出的用以对付不同翻译要求的七种翻译策略之一。
One of seven strategies proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various translation needs which arise in a professional environment。
3滥译。
Abusive Translation。
路易斯用来表示文学翻译中极端做法的一个术语。
A term used by Lewis to refer to a radical approach to literary translation。
4可接受性。
Accetability。
图里采用的术语,用来指可以从翻译作品中观察到的两种倾向之一。
A term used by Toury to denote one of two tendencies which can be observed in translated texts。
5准确。
Accuracy。
翻译评估中用来表示译文与原文相符成都的术语。
A term used in translation evaluation to refer to the extent to which a translation matches its original。
6改编Adaptation。
传统上用来指采用特别自由的翻译策略而做出任何目标文本的术语。
英语词汇学 术语解释
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics,inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.Morphology: the study of morpheme and their different forms。
Semantics:the study of word meaning。
Etymology:the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning。
Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearerLexicography:the compiling of dictionaries。
Synchronic study:the study of a word or words at one particular point in time。
Diachronic study:an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time。
word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。
语言学术语英汉对照
语言学术语英汉对照——考@翻译硕士唯一认准@鬼谷一喵第一章phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音 trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单位Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数词morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程(感觉过程)relational process(a process of being)关系过程(属性过程)verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程(讲话过程)existential process生存过程第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版语言学术语(英-汉对照)表applied linguistics 应用语言学blending 混成法A applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语borrowing 借用借词abbreviation 缩写词,略语言学bound morpheme 粘着语素ablative 夺格,离格appropriacy 适宜性bounding theory 管辖论accent 重音(符)appropriateness 适宜性得体性bracketing 括号法accusative 宾格approximant 无摩擦延续音brevity maxim 简洁准则achievement test 成绩测试aptitude test 素质测试bridging 架接acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Arabic 阿拉伯语broad transcription 宽式音标acquisition 习得arbitrariness 任意性broadening 词义扩大acronym 缩略语argument 中项中词主目Brown corpus 布朗语料库action process 动作过程article 冠词 Cactor 动作者articulation 发音calculability 可计算性address form 称呼形式articulator 发音器官calque 仿造仿造词语addressee 受话人articulatory phonetics 发音语音学cancellability 可删除addresser 发话人artificial speech 人工言语cardinal numeral 基数adjective 形容词aspect 体cardinal vowel 基本元音adjunct 修饰成分附加语aspirated 吐气送气case 格adverb 副词assimilation 同化case grammar 格语法affix 词缀associative 联想case theory 格理论affixation 词缀附加法associative meaning 联想意义category 范畴affricate 塞擦音assonance 准压韵半谐音categorical component 范畴成分agreement 一致关系attributive 属性修饰语定语causative 使役的使投动词airstream 气流auditory phonetics 听觉语音学center 中心词alliteration 头韵authentic input 真实投入central determiner 中心限定词allomorph 词/ 语素变体authorial style 权威风格chain relation 链状关系allophone 音位变体authoring program 编程chain system 链状系统allophonic variation 音位变体autonomy 自主性choice 选择allophony 音位变体现象auxiliary 助词choice system 选择系统alveolar ridge 齿龈auxiliary verb 助动词circumstance 环境因子alveolar 齿龈音 B class 词类ambiguity 歧义babbling stage 婴儿语阶段class shift 词性变换analogical creation 类推造字back-formation 逆构词法clause 小句从句anapest 抑抑扬格base component 基础部分click 吸气音咂音anaphor 前指替代behavioural process 行为过程clipping 截断法anaphoric reference 前指照应behaviourism 行为主义closed class 封闭类animate 有生命的bilabial 双唇音closed syllable 闭音节annotation 注解bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音cluster 音丛antecedent 先行词前在词bilateral opposition 双边对立coarticulation 协同发音anthropological linguistics 人类语bilingualism 双语现象coda 结尾音节符尾学binary division 二分法code 语码信码anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同binary feature 二分特征cognitive psychology 认知心理学//X -^7- 发音binary taxonomy 二分分类学cognitive system 认知系统antonomasia 换称代类名binding 制约coherence 相关关联antonym 反义词binding theory 制约论cohension 衔接antonymy 反义(关系)blade 舌叶舌面前部co-hyponym 同下义词appellative 称谓性blank verse 无韵诗colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义 color word 色彩词 color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际 communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘 comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析 composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性 compound 复合词复合句 comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件 computer literacy 计算机操作能力 computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致(关系) concordance 共现关系 concrete noun 具体名词 concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化 conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分 consonance 辅音韵 consonant 辅音 constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的 constituentcommand 成分指令 constituentproposition 成分命题 constituentstructure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分 construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建 constructivism构建主义 content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度 contentword 实义词 context dependent 语境依赖的 context of situation 情景语境 context 语境 contextualanalyses 语境分析 contextualmeaning 语境意义 contrastiveanalysis 对比分析 control theory控制理论 controlled language 有控制的语言 convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义 conventionality 常规性规约性 conversational implicature 会话含义 conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换 cooperativeprinciple, CP 合作原则 coordinateconstruction 并列结构 coordination 并列 coreferential 互参的 coronal舌面前音 corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文 countable 可数(名词) counterfactual proposition 反事实命题 couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性 Creole 克里澳尔语混和语 cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际 cross- linguistic 跨语言的 culturally- specific 文化特异的 curriculum 教学大纲 customizing 定制的 D dactyl 扬抑抑格 Dani language 达尼语 data retrieval, DR 资料检索 database 数据库 dative (case) 与格 dative movement 与格移动 declarative 陈述句 decoding 解码 deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性 definite有定的 degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称 delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称 dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化 derivation 衍生 derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征 determiner限定词 developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体 deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化 diachronic linguistics 历时语言学 diachronic历时的 diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试 dialect方言 dialectology 方言学 digitized sound 数字化语音 dimetre 二音步诗行 diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语 direct speech, DS 直接言语 direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性 discourse 语篇话语 discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析 discourse interpretation 语篇理解 discrete分离的离散的 discrete-point grammar 离散语法 discrete point test 分立性测试 disjunction 分离关系 displacement 移位 dissimilation 异化(作用) distinctive feature区别性特征 distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域 dorsal 舌背音舌中音 dorsum 舌背(音) double comparative 双重比较 drill-and- practice software 操练软件 D- structure D 结构 dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点 duality 二重性 E early Modern English 早期现代英语 economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音 electronic mail 电子邮件 Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略(法) ellipticalsentence structure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的 emotive 感情的 empirical 经验主义的 empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴 enablingskills 使成技能化 encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度 error analysis 错误分析 EST 科技英语 ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学 etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译 exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的 existent 存在物 existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的 exocentric construction 外向结构 experiential 经验的 experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的 extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsicsources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasold feasibility 可行性 feature特征 feedback 反馈 felicitycondition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性 fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分 finite 有定的有限的 finite state grammar有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学 flap闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性 floppydisk 软盘 focus 焦点中心 folketymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话 foreignlanguage teaching 外语教学 form形式 formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化 formation 形成 formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式 free indirectspeech, FIS 自由间接言语 freeindirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想 free morpheme 自由语素 free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体 free verse自由韵文 French 法语 frequency effect 频率效应 fricative (摩)擦音friction 摩擦 front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译 function word 功能词 function 功能 functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观 functions of language 语言功能 fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的 G gender difference 性别差异 general linguistics 普通语言学 generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格 genre 体裁语类 German 德语 given (information) 已给信息 global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音 goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配 grammatical analysis 语法分析 grammatical function ; ; grammatical structure 语法结构 gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成 grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形 grammatical structure 语法结构 grammatical subject 语法主语 grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词 graphitic form 文字形式 Gricean maxim Grice 准则 group 词组 guttural 腭音H half-rhyme 半韵 hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分 headed construction 中心结构 heptameter 七音步诗行 hierarchical structure 等级结构 hierarchical system 等级系统 hierarchy 等级体系 high 高(元音) historical linguistics 历史语言学 holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音 / 形异议词Hopi Hopi 语 horizontal relation链状关系 Horn scale 霍恩阶 humancognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言 humanspeech 人类言语 human translation 人译 hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设 -演绎 I iamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法 ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功台匕能identifying 认同的 idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含 implication 蕴涵含义 implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的,无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想 Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive 不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折(变化) inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功台匕能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis (语法)天赋假设 input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功台匕能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分 intensive 强调的增强的 interactional(function) 交互功台匕能interdental 齿间音 interface 界面interference 干扰 interjection 感叹词 interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语 interlingualapproach 语际法 interlocutor 会话者 internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet,IPA 国际音标internet 互联网 interpersonal 人际的 interpersonal function 人际功台匕能interpretation 解释 interrogative sentence 疑问句 intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系 intransitive 不及物的 intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词 invention新创词语 inversion 倒置,倒装 IPA chart 国际音标图 IPS symbol 国际音标符号 irony 讽刺反话 isolated opposition 孤立对立 Italian 意大利语 JJapanese 日语 jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, Otto Johnson & Johnson JohnsonJones, DanielKkernel sentence 核心句 keyword 关键词 knowledge 知识 known information 已知信息 Krashen Kruszewski, Mikolaj Kuno, Susumo L label 标示标记 labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音 language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择 language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材 language learning 语言学习 language maintenance 语言维护 language processing 语言处理 language structure 语言结构 language system 语言系统 language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用 langue 语言(系统) larynx 喉头 lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法 lax vowel 松元音 length 长度音长 letter 字母 level 层,级,平面 Levinson, Stephen lexeme 词位词素 lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义 lexical change 词汇变化 lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义 lexical morphology 词汇形态学 lexical studies 词汇研究 lexical word 词汇词 lexicogrammar 词汇语法 lexicon 词汇词典 lexis 词 liaison 连音连续 limerick 打油诗 line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学 linear structure 线形结构 linguistic university 语言普遍性 linguistic behaviour 语言行为 linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学 lip rounding 圆唇化 literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网 locutionary act 发话行为,表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学 logical structure 逻辑结构 logical subject 逻辑主语 logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派 long vowed 长元音 loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构 main clause 主句Malinowski, Bronislaw man-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则 manner of articulation 发音方式 marked标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process)物质过程 mathematical principles 数学原理 maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势 meaning shift 转移 meaning 意义 mental (processs)思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义 message 信息metafunction 元功能 metalinguistic元语言的 metaphor 隐喻 metathesis换位(作用) metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律 metrical patterning 韵律格式 microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器 mid 中(元音) mind 思维 minimal attachmenttheory 最少接触理论 minimal pair最小对立体 minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式 mirror maxim 镜像准则 mistake错误 modal subject 语气主语 modalverb 情态动词 modality 情态 modernFrench 现代法语 modification 修饰modifier 修饰语 monomorphemic 单语素的 monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音 monosyllabic 单音节的 Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气 morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误 morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemic transcription 词素标morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学 morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics morphophonology morpho-syntactical 变化motivation 动因动机 move (移动)MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量 multilateral opposition 多边对立 multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象 N narratee 被叙述者 narrator 叙述者narrator 'respresentation ofspeech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达 narrator'respresentation of speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator 'repsresentation ofthought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达 narrator'repsresentation of thought,NRT 思维的叙述者表达 narrow transcription 窄式音标 narrowing狭窄化 nasal 鼻音 nasal cavity 鼻腔 nasal sound 鼻音 nasal stop 鼻塞音 nasal tract 鼻道 nasality 鼻音性 nasalization 鼻音化 Nash, Walter native speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料 near- adult grammar 近成人语法 negation 否定否定结构 negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记 negative transfer 负转移 neogrammarian 新语法学家 network 网络 network computer 网络计算机 neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息 new stylistics 新文体学 node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化 nominative 主格 non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入 non-contrastive analysis非对比性分析 non-conventionality 非规约性 non-detachability 非可分离性 non-linear phonology 非线性音系学 non-linguistic entity 非语言实体 non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音 non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇 non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词 nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示 norm 规范 notation system 标写系统 notion 意念 notional-functional syllabus意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语 noun 名词number system 数字系统 number 数字O object 宾语 object-deletion 宾语省略 objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性 obligatory 强制形态音位学形态音系学 change形态句法mother tongue 母语语本族。
(完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表
(完整版)英语语法术语中英文对照表英语语法术语中英文对照表语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology结构 structure层次 rank句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structural word单纯词simple word派生词derivative复合词compound词性part of speech名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun 抽象名词 abstract noun 具体名词 concret noun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb 系动词 link verb 助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词 event verb静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamation形容词 adjective方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词 adjunct连接性副词 conjunct疑问副词 interogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possesive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun物主代词 possecive pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possesive prnoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词 article 定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句adverbial clause of concession 原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentence基本句型 basic sentence patern否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence句子成分 members of sentences 主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial句法关系 syntatic relationship 并列 coordinate从属 subordination修饰 modification前置修饰pre-modification 后置修饰post-modification 限制restriction双重限制 double-restriction 非限制 non-restriction数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form规则形式 regular form不规则形式 irregular form 格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 present simple tense一般过去时 past simple tense一般将来时 future simple tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement 语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis重复 repetition语音 pronunciation语调 tone升调 rising tone降调 falling tone降升调 falling-rising tone文体 style正式文体 formal非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English套语 formulistic expression 英国英语 British English 美国英语 American English 用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring 褒义 commendatory 贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic挖苦 ironic。
词汇学术语
词汇学术语第一章词word, lexis词汇vocabulary,lexicon本族词native words外来词borrowed words词汇学lexicology形态学morphology语义学semantics词汇语义学lexical semantics认知语义学cognitive semantics 词源学etymology词典学lexicography认知词典学cognitive lexicography 语料库语言学corpus linguistics纵聚合关系paradigmatic relation 新词coinage时髦词语buzzwords第二章词素morpheme自由词素free form粘着词素bound form\morpheme 变体allomorph词根root自由词根free root粘着词根bound root组合词素combining form词缀affix前缀prefix后缀suffix词缀法affixation派生法derivation派生词derivative构词能力productivity复合法compounding,composition复合词compound转化法conversion 或功能转化法functional shift 或转移法transmutation 零位后缀派生法derivation by zero suffix 或零位派生法zero derivation第三章拼缀法blending截短法clipping首字母拼写法acronmy逆生法back formation由专有名词而来words from proper names拟声法onomatopoeia缩略法abbreviation 或shortening截短词clipped word首字母缩略词initialism首字母拼音词acronym拼缀词blend截除词尾apocope截除词首aphaeresis截除首尾front and back clipping截除词腰syncope缩约形式contractions混成词telescope word行囊词portmanteau word拟声词onomatopoetic word 或imitative word或echo word基本拟声词primary onomatopoeia次要拟声词secondary onomatopoeia第四章语义sense词义meaning意义(概念)meaning(concept)理据motivation拟声理据onomatopoeic motivation形态理据morphologic motivation语义理据semantic motivation词源理据etymologic motivation固定意义timeless meaning 或字面意义literal meaning 应用固定意义applied timeless meaning语义情景意义occasion meaning说话者的情景意义utterer`s occasion meaning概念意义conceptual meaning外延意义denotative meaning认知意义cognitive meaning语义特征semantic features语义成分semantic components内涵意义connotative meaning社会意义social meaning情感意义affective meaning褒义化appreciative贬义化pejorative依附性范畴parasitic category联想意义reflective meaning委婉词语euphemistic expressions搭配意义collocative meaning主题意义thematic meaning语义成分分析法componential analysis语义场理论semantic field theory义素sememe 也称语义特征、语义成分或语义标示semantic markers区别性语义特征distinctive semantic feature表活动的词activity verb表过程的词process verb表身体感受的词verb of bodily sensation表过度性事件的词transitional event verb表短暂活动的词momentary verb同义义场synonymy反义义场antonymy同义场又分为:dialectal synonyms,stylistic synonyms,collocational synonyms,semantically different synonyms 反义场分为:gradable antonyms,complementary antonyms,relational antonyms认知现实主义cognitive realism框架语义学frame semantics第六章词义关系sense relations同义词synonym概念标准conceptual criterion语义标准semantic criterion基本意义denotation内涵成分connotation可替换性标准interchangeable criterion完全同义词absolute,exact,perfect synonyms部分同义词near,partial,loose synonyms口语体colloquial俚语slang方言dialect书面体written学术体learned术语体terminological古语archaic语义相反semantic oppositeness绝对反义词true antonym或矛盾词contradictory terms或二元反义词binary antonym或互补词complementaries 或不可分级反义词non-gradable antonym两极反义词polar antonym或相反词contrary terms或可分级反义词gradable antonym相对反义词converse antonym或相互反义词reciprocal antonym 或关系反义词relational opposites多项不相容词multiple incompatibility矛盾修饰法oxymoron一词多义polysemy多义词polysemic words原型prototype家族相似形family resemblance直线形关系发展linear relation非直线形关系发展non-linear relation指代anaphora同型异义关系homonymy音同sound-alike形同look-alike同形(同音)异义词homonym同音异形(异义)词homophone同形异义词homograph层级关系hierarchical relation下义词hyponym下义关系hyponymy共下义词co- hyponym上义词superordinate term包含关系relationship of inclusion 准下义关系quasi- hyponymy词汇分类结构lexical taxonomy分类关系taxonomy分类词taxonyms上类词superordinate共类词co- taxonyms共类关系co- taxonomy准分类关系quasi-taxonomy核心分类词core taxonym原型分类词prototypical taxonym 外围分类词peripheral taxonym可及性transitivity可推理性deduction部分整体关系partonomy分总的层次关系part-whole总项superordinate分项meronym必要分项necessary meronym非必要分项optional meronym空词项lexical gap第七章词义的发展meaning development 词义的转移meaning shift字面意义literal meaning比喻意义figurative meaning语言内部linguistic语言外部extra- linguistic迂回说法circumlocution词义的扩大the enlarging/widening/extension/expansion of meaning词义的一般化the generalization of meaning词义的缩小the narrowing/restriction of meaning词义的特殊化the specialization of meaning词义的升格the elevation/ascent/amelioration of meaning词义的降格degradation/degeneration/deterioration/catachresis/pejoration of meaning 委婉词语euphemism新义的诞生废弃义obsolete meaning过时义archaic meaning/old-fashioned词义转移semantic shift类比analogy隐喻metaphor相似likeness 联想association借代metonymy提喻synecdoche移位修饰transferred epithet通感synaesthesia拟声onomatopoeia中心范畴central category边缘范畴marginal category相似性similarity 相邻性contact放射型或辐射型radiation连锁型concatenation综合性词义的繁衍proliferation第八章历时的角度diachronic overview谱系分类法genetic classification原始语parent language语系大家族superfamily古英语old English中古英语middle English现代英语modern English本族词语native words借词loan/borrowed words新词neologism世界性词汇cosmopolitan vocabulary 源语言source language接受语言borrowing language第十章新词neologism或vogue words重新分析法reanalysis重叠法reduplication第十一章搭配collocation词语组合combinations of words固定型组合fixed combination自由型组合free combination习惯型搭配natural collocation语言环境linguistic context搭配的理据motivation of collocation 语法理据grammatical motivation语义理据semantic motivation语用理据pragmatic motivation语用性习惯性用语pragmatic idioms认知理据cognitive motivation第十二章成语idiom自由词组free phrase固定词组restricted collocation纯成语pure idioms半成语semi- idioms字面意义的成语literal idioms习用性idiomaticity定型性syntactic frozenness整体性semantic unity不透明性semantic opacity语言的晦涩或透明的程度差异degrees of opacity 透明的transparent半成语semi- idiom半透明semi- transparent不透明的opaque隐喻metaphor 明喻simile idioms比喻成语figurative idioms隐喻成语metaphorical idioms明喻成语similized idioms单词动词single-word verb多词动词multi-word verb短语动词phrasal verbs介词动词prepositional verbs短语介词动词phrasal- prepositional verbs英语谚语English proverbs头韵alliteration元韵assonance尾韵end rhyme头韵兼尾韵alliteration and end rhyme英语谚语词格特征明喻simile隐喻metaphor借喻analogy换喻metonymy拟人personification夸张hyperbole重复repetition排比parallels对偶antithesis倒装inversion省略ellipsis英语词组或英语成对词twin words或words in pairs。
英语词汇学引论
词汇学Chapter 1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology1-1-1Introductory Remarks/11-1-2A Definition of Language/11-1-3Language, Society and Thought/21-2-1 A Definition of Linguistics/51-2-2 The scope of Linguistics/51-3-1 What is a Lexicology/61-3-2 Aims and significance of the Course of English Lexicology/61-3-3 The Connection of Lexicology with other branches of Linguistics/71-3-4 Two Approaches to the study of English Lexicology/8a)Synchronic b)diachronicChapter 2 The Sources of the English V ocabulary2-1-1 what is Etymology?/132-1-2 the English People and the English Language/142-1-3 The Position and Character of the English Language in the Indo-European Family/142-1-4 The Divisions of the History of the English Language/15The history of the English language is divided into three periods.a)450——1150 Old Englishb)1150——1500 Middle Englishc)1500——preaent Modern English2-1-5 Some Characteristics of Old English/15a)There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analyticb)Old English is a synthetic language2-1-6 Some Characteristics of Middle English/202-1-7 Some Characteristics of Modern English232-1-8 Etymological Twins in English/302-1-9 Some Combining Forms Used in Modern English/322-2-1 Words of Native Origin/392-2-2 Borrowed Words in the English V ocabulary/41The English vocabulary can be divided into two groups according to origin:Native words and borrowed words.2-3-1 The Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary/44Four groups of loan-words:1)aliens;2)denizens; 3)translation-loans;4)Semantic borrowings.2-3-2 The Scandinavian Element in the English V ocabulary/44Most of the Scandinavian borrowings belong to the colloquial language.2-3-3 The French Element in the English V ocabulary/462-3-4 The Latin Element in the English V ocabulary/492-3-5 The Greek Element in the English V ocabulary/522-3-6 The influence of the Classical Elements upon the English V ocabulary/532-3-7 Other Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary/552-3-8 The Interrelation between the Native and Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary/572-3-9The Linguistic and Historical Origins of Some Common English Words/58 Chapter 3 Word Meaning and Semantic Relations3-1-1 Some General Remarks on Semantic and Meaning/673-1-2 The Relationship Between Meaning and the Object/703-2-1 what is a word?/713-2-2 Meaning and Motivation/72Motivation can occur in three ways.1)Phoneticmotivation; 2)grammaticalmotivation;3)Motivation bymeaning.3-3-1 Classifications of Words/733-3-2 Main Types of Word Meaning/76 Main types of word meaning.1)grammatical meaning;2)lexical meaning3)contextual meaning 4)denotative meaning5)connotative meaning6)stylistic meaning3-3-3 Word Meaning and Context/80There are two types of context: linguistic and non- linguistic.1)Linguistic context refers to lexical and grammatical context.2)Non-linguistic context refers to context of situation, culture and style. 3-4-1 Synonyms/833-4-2 Antonyms/89There are two types of antonyms:1)morphologicalclassificationa)root antonymsb)derivative antonyms 2)semantic classificationa)contrariesb)complementariesc)conversives3-4-3 Polysemy and Homonymy/931)two main processes of self-shifta)radiation b)concatenation2)the classification of homonymsa)perfect homonymsb)partial homonyms3)three ways of forming homonymsa)Convergingsound-development b)diverging sense-developmentc)foreign influence3-4-4 Homonymy/100Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the same form, but differ in meaning.Chapter 4 The Changing English V ocabulary4-1-1 The Constant Change in Language and the Continuous Appearance of Neologisms/1034-1-2 The Definition of Neologisms or New Words/1044-1-3 The Rate of Changes of the English V ocabulary/1061)The English vocabulary changes with the development of society2)The rate vocabulary change varies from age to age.4-1-4The Sources of New Words/1064-1-5 The Formation of Neologisms/1261)By word-formation2)By adding new meaning to existing words3)By borrowing words from other language.4)By analogy5)By creating completely new coinages.4-2-1 Archaisms/1374-3-1 Changes in Meaning/141Changes of meaning can be brought about by many reasons.1)Historical causes2)Social causes 3)Psychological causes4)Linguistic causes4-3-2Four Tendencies in Semantic Changes/143 Four tendencies in semantic changes1)Extension of meaning(generalization)2)Narrowing of meaning(specialization)3)Elevation of meaning(amelioration)4)Degradation of meaning(deterioration)◆Change in the denotative component of the lexical meaning may result inthe extension of meaning and the narrowing of meaning.◆Change in the connotative component may bring about the elevation ofmeaning and the degradation of meaning4-3-3 Semantic Changes from the Literal Use of words to Their Figurative Use/152 Chapter 5 Word-formation in English5-1-1 Introduction/1685-1-2 Morphological Structure of words/1685-1-3 Two Types of Morphemes/1691)According to their character: free form ; bound form2)According to their lexical and grammatical relationships: lexicalmorphemes ; grammatical morphemes.5-1-4 Three Types of Words/1701)Simple words2)Compound words3)Complex words5-1-5 Root, Base, Stem/1715-2-1 The main Processes of English Word-formation/177There are four types of world- formation in English.1)prefixation;2)suffixation 3)conversion4)compounding5-2-2 The minor Processes of English Word-formation/2591)clipping or shorten2)acronyms3)blending 4)back-formation5)forming new words by analogy6)onomatopoeiaChapter6 English Idioms6-1-1 Introduction/2736-1-2 The Definition of Idioms/273Idiom: an idiom is an element of a language that possesses a unique way of expression based on its time-honored use.6-1-3 The significance of Studying English/2736-1-4 The Features of English Idioms/2751)English Idioms can be very short or rather long2)English Idioms take different structures3)The Idioms which cannot be changed at all are called fixed idioms4)An English idiom has a special meaning6-1-5 English Idioms in different Styles/2796-1-6 The difference Between Idiomatic and Free Phrases/2816-2-1Classifications of English Idioms/282There are five groups of idioms in English .6-2-2 Some Useful Language Areas of Idioms/301There are 15 useful language areas of idioms.Chapter 7 English Collocations7-1-1 Introduction/3207-1-2 what is a Collocation?/3207-1-3 The Importance of Learning English Collocations/3217-2-1 Classifications of English Collocations/3247-2-2 Register Used in English Collocations/3417-3-1 Some Commonest Words Used in English Collocations/3427-4-1 Different Subjects of English Collocations/3477-4-2 Families/3487-4-3 Houses, Flats and Rooms/3507-4-4 Food and Drinks/3577-4-5 Study and Learning/3587-4-6 Fitness and Illness/3597-4-7 Job and Work/3617-4-8 Computers/3667-4-9 Sport/3687-4-10 Time/372Chapter 8 British and American English8-2-1 Differences Between British English and American English/381Chapter 9 English Dictionaries9-1-2 Characteristics of Dictionaries /412There are four fundamental features of Dictionaries.1)Dictionaries are reference books, to be exact, the reference source in printor electronic form2)Dictionaries are compiled according to the nature of the vocabulary3)The chief units of compiling dictionaries are entries, that is, words,including morphemes (affixes), and combining forms.4)Word-entries in any dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order.9-2-1 Types of Dictionaries/413词汇学一、定义1)Language: language is a system of symbols based on physiology, psychologyand physics, it is a specific action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society.2)Idiom: an idiom is an element of a language that possesses a unique way ofexpression based on its time-honored use.二、判断1)The history of the English language is divided into three periods.2)Old English is a synthetic language.3)Most of the Scandinavian borrowings belong to the colloquial language.4)Homonymy is a term used to refer to two or more words which have the sameform, but differ in meaning.5)Euphemism——P1646)There are four fundamental features of dictionaries.三、填空1)Four groups of loan-words: aliens; denizens; translation-loans; semanticborrowings.2)Motivation can occur in three ways: phonetic motivation; grammaticalmotivation; motivation by meaning.3)Main types of word meaning: grammatical meaning; lexical meaning(词汇意义); contextual meaning(语境意义);denotative meaning(外延);connotative meaning(内涵); stylistic meaning(文体意义).4)Change in the denotative component of the lexical meaning may result in theextension of meaning and the narrowing of meaning.5)Change in the connotative component may bring about the elevation ofmeaning and the degradation of meaning6)The four types of world- formation in English : prefixation; suffixation;conversion; compounding四、简答1)There are two types of context: linguistic and non- linguistic.i.Linguistic context refers to lexical and grammatical context.ii.Non-linguistic context refers to context of situation, culture and style.2)Four tendencies in semantic changesii.Extension of meaning(generalization)iii.Narrowing of meaning(specialization)iv.Elevation of meaning(amelioration)v.Degradation of meaning(deterioration)五、选出句中的antonyms(反义词)——P89六、词根root——P171i.acu-(acr-)——sharpii.volv-(volut-)——to roll P176iii.anthrop-(anthropo-)——man or human iv.aut-(auto-)——self七、中文i.Blendingii.Back-formation。
语言学导论术语汉译..
A-bar movement(A-棒儿移位)306 Ablaut(元音交替)164Abney, S.(人名,阿伯尼)360accent (see phrasal stress)(重读)accusative case (宾格)248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360–1accusative possessors in Child English(儿童英语中宾格性领属者)359–61accusative subjects(儿童英语中宾格性主语)in Child English355–8in infinitive clauses(非定式小句)251 acquired language disorders(获得性语言错乱)13, 213acquisition of language(语言的获得)(see also developmental linguistics(发展语言学)) 408acrolect(上层方言)234activation in psycholinguistics(心理语言学中的激活作用)202, 209active articulator(主动性发音器官)31 active voice(主动语态)137additions in speech errors(言语失误中的追加)115Adger, D. (人名,阿杰尔)267 adjacency pairs(邻接对)401adjectives(形容词)130comparative form of ((形容词)的比较级形式)130and derivational morphology((形容词)和派生形态学)144dimensional(程度(形容词))175–6, 177, 179incorporation((形容词)并入)161in language acquisition((语言习中的)形容词)187superlative form of (形容词的最高级)130adjuncts(附加语)249, 331adverbs(副词)130, 144Affected Object(蒙受性宾语)334–5affix(词缀)140Affix Attachment(词缀附接)273, 319 affricates(塞擦音)29African American V ernacular English (AA VE)(非裔美国人英语方言土语)agreement in(AA VE的一致关系)233, 237double negation in(AA VE的双重否定)297empty T in(AA VE中的空语类T)271–2 inversion in(AA VE中的倒装)311–13 possessives in(AA VE中的所有格或属格)237age and variation in language use(年龄与语言运用中的变异)235–6age-graded sociolinguistic variables(与年龄段相关的社会语言学变量)16Agent(施事)305, 333, 334–5 agglutinating languages(黏着语)156–7 agrammatism(语法缺失)(see also Broca’s aphasia(布洛卡失语症)) 214–17,377–82, 385, 408comprehension errors in(语法缺失中的理解错误)215, 216–17, 378–80production errors in(语法缺失中的发音错误)215–16, 378agreement (一致关系)135, 137, 144–5, 233, 248in AA VE(AA VE中的一致关系)233, 237 in complement clauses(补语小句中的一致关系)251in East Anglian English(东央格鲁英语中的一致关系)233in EME(EME中的一致关系)320 operations in syntax(句法中一致关系演算或操作)264–5, 267–8, 306, 345, 407in SLI(SLI中的一致关系)219, 385in south western English (东南部英语中的一致关系)233allomorphs(语素变体)152allomorphy(语素音位变化)151–2 lexically conditioned(词汇制约的语素音位变化)152phonologically conditioned(音系制约的语素音位变化)152, 220plural(复数的语素音位变化)188–9 third person singular present(第三人称单数现在时的语素音位变化)220allophones(音位变体)77allophonic variation(音位的变化)77 allophony(音位变化)77alternation in phonology(音系(学)中的交替)26, 83–5, 90, 152alveolars(齿龈音)30, 109 alveopalatals(齿龈硬腭音)(see palato-alveolars)ambiguity(歧义)(see also structural ambiguity(结构歧义)) 5, 232 amelioration in semantic change(语义变化中的改进现象)231American English(美国英语)55, 63, 71, 227 A-movement(论元移位)306Ancient Egyptian(古埃及人)119 Antecedent(先行语)277local for reflexives(约束反身代词的局部先行语)277–8anterior as phonological feature(作为音系特征的前部性)86, 413anticipations in speech errors(言语错失中的先兆)115, 117antonyms(反义词)176, 208, 209 antonymy(反义关系,反义现象)176, 177–8 aphasia(失语症)11–13, 213–19 selective impairment in(失语症中的缺陷或障碍选择性)213apophony (元音交替,元音弱化)(see ablaut) apparent-time method(视时方法后手段)16, 66approximant as phonological feature(无擦通音作为音系特征)412approximants(无擦通音)33in child phonology(儿童音系中的无擦通音)100–4Arabic (阿拉伯语)81, 224 arbitrariness of the linguistic sign(语言符号的任意性)205argument movement(论元移位)(see A-movement)arguments(论元)130, 247Armenian alphabet(亚美尼亚字母或文字)119Articles(冠词)( see also determiners(限定语)) 130, 133Ash, S. (人名,阿施)237aspect (体)252perfect(完成(体))252, 261 progressive(进行(体))252aspirated as phonological feature(送气作为音系特征)87, 413aspiration(送气音)35, 75–7, 87–90, 90–1 assimilation(同化现象)(see also harmony (和谐发音)) 5in Farsi(Farsi中的同化现象)49 partial(部分同化)100target of (同化对象)100total(整体同化)100trigger for(同化的触发者)100 audience design((面向受众的设计))53–4, 409Austin, J. L. (人名,奥斯汀)394 Australian English(澳大利亚英语)62, 64, 71, 227auxiliary copying in children(儿童语言中的助动词拷贝)295auxiliary inversion(助动词倒装)294–6 auxiliary verbs(助动词)133difficulties with in SLI(特定语言障碍中助动词使用上的困难)219, 385dummy(假性助动词)319errors in SLI (SLI中助动词的错失)385 as finite T(助动词作为定式的T)259, 261and gapping(助动词和空位)272 perfect (完成体)136progressive(进行体)136babbling(婴儿发出的咿哑声)96back as phonological feature(后部(音)作为音系特征)413backtracking in parsing(切分中的回溯法)373back vowels(后元音)36, 109–10Bailey(贝利), B. 313Bantu(班图语)156bare nominals(光杆名词性成分)284–5 in Child English(儿童英语中的光杆名词型成分)358–9base form of verbs(动词的基础形式/基式)147basic level of categorisation((范畴化的基本层级)194–6, 226, 232in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中范畴化的基本层级)217–18basilect(下层方言)235behaviourism(行为主义)115Belfast(贝尔法斯特)51Belfast English(贝尔法斯特英语)300Bell(贝尔), A. 53Bengali(孟加拉人(的),孟加拉语(的))71–2, 87Berko(拨库), J. 189Bidialectalism(双方言现象)409 Bilabials(双唇音)30Bilingualism(双语现象)409Binarity(二分性)of parametric values(参数值的二分性)314, 317, 320, 321, 325,349, 351of phonological features(音系特征的二分性)85blends(融合)207–8, 209in paragrammatism(语法倒错性言语障碍中融合现象)382Bloom(布龙姆), L. 355body of tongue (舌面)(see dorsum) borrowing(借用)224–5bound morphemes(粘着语素)140in aphasia (失语症者话语中的)216in SLI(特定语言损伤中的)219–21 bound variable interpretation of pronouns(约束代词阐释的变量)342–4bound word(粘着词)150Bradford(布莱德福德)47–8Braine, M.(人名)351Bresnan, J. (人名)246British English ( 英国英语see also Contemporary Standard English) 62 , 69 –70, 71,227–8, 230broad transcription(宽式标音)76 Broca, P. (人名)12Broca’s aphasia (布洛卡失语症see also agrammatism) 214– 17, 377–82 Broca’s area (布洛卡区)12Brown, R. (人名)189Bucholtz, M. (人名)51Bulgarian (保加利亚语)85calque(仿造,语义转借)225 Cambodian (柬埔寨语)38Canadian English (加拿大英语)227–8 Cantonese (广东话,粤语)79, 81Cardiff (加迪夫,地名)53Caribbean English(加勒比式英语)66 case (格see also genitive case(属格), nominative case(主格),objective case(宾格)) 248assignment of(格指派)264, 265–6, 267–8, 345, 356–8,360–1errors in agrammatism (语法缺失中的格错误)216errors in SLI(特定语言损伤中的格错误)385(拉丁语中的格)in Latin 158marking in Child English(儿童英语中的格标记)355–8structural(结构格)356in Turkish(土耳其语中格)158 categorical perception(范畴感知)113 causative verb(致使动词)274–5Celtic languages(凯饵特语族语言)164 central vowels(央元音)36centre-embedding(中心内嵌现象)370, 373–4cerebral cortex(大脑皮层)11cerebral hemispheres(大脑半球)11, 214 chain shift(链移)66–7Chambers, J. (人名)227child grammar(儿童语法)349–61child phonology(儿童音系)96–106 Cherokee(切罗基语)119Chicago(芝加哥)66Chinese (汉语)43, 119, 156, 224 Chomsky, N. (人名,乔姆斯基)1, 2, 7, 11, 213, 245–6, 314, 325, 377, 407Chukchee(楚克其人[语])160–1 circumfix (框架式词缀see confix)citation form(引用形式,基础形式,原形)134clauses(小句)247bare infinitive(光杆不定试小句)275–6 complement (小句补语)250–2, 275, 276 as CPs (充任CPs的小句)279, 280, 282, 283, 293, 304, 349, 356, 361declarative(陈述小句)279, 280finite in German SLI(德语SLI小句中的限定性)385finite verb in (小句中的限定动词)251, 265–6force of(小句的语力)279function of(小句的功能)253in German(德语中的小句)321–4 infinitive(不定式小句)275, 276–8 interrogative (疑问小句)279main(主要小句,主句)250, 280–1 non-finite verb in(小句中的非定式动词)251, 281–2v. phrases(小句和短语)261–2relative(关系小句)253, 367in sentence perception(句子感知过程中的小句)367, 368tensed (v. untensed)(时态小句和非时态小句)251as TPs(小句作为TPs)273, 274, 275–6, 278click studies(点击调查)367–8 cliticisation(附着化)274–6and copies(附着化和拷贝)296, 298–9 clitics(附着成分)150–1in Spanish(西班牙语中的附着成分)151 cluster (see consonant cluster) 音丛(参见辅音丛)codas of syllables(音节的节尾(音))79–82 in child language(儿童语言中的节尾音)104–5cognitive effects of utterances(话语的认知效应)399cognitive synonymy(认知同义关系或现象)174–5cognitive system(认知系统)language as(语言作为认知系统)1–14, 409 coherence in discourse(语篇中的连贯)397 co-hyponyms(共存性下义词/下位词)172, 209in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中的共存性下义词)218co-indexing(同指标/同标引)341 Comanche(科曼奇族/语)225co-meronyms(共存性局部关系词)174, 208 comment (v. topic)(话题和评述/述题)249, 281Communicative Princ iple of Relevance(交际的关联原则)399–400communities of practice(实践社群)52 commutation test(接换测试)390 competence (v. performance)((语言能力)和语言行为/运用)2–3, 9, 264, 339, 367, 370, 375, 388, 408, 409complement(补语)130, 247–9, 262 covert(隐性补语)278interrogative expressions as(疑问表达式充任补语)297complementaries(互补性反义词)176 complementarity(互补性/关系)176, 177–8 complementary distribution(互补分布)76 complement clause(补语小句)250–2in German(德语中的补语小句)322 complement clause question(疑问型补语小句)299–300complement clause yes-no question(是非型疑问补语小句)303complementiser(标句词)135 declarative(陈述句的标句词)279 empty(空标句词)278–83, 284, 299 interrogative(疑问型标句词)279 complex sentence(复合句)250–3 compounds(复合词)148–50, 379, 408in language acquisition (语言习得中的复合词)191–2structural ambiguity in(复合词中的结构歧义)149synthetic(合成性复合词)162 comprehension of language (see sentence comprehension, speech perception)(语言理解(参见句子理解、言语感知))concatenative morphology(并置形态学)163 concept (v. lexical entry)(概念(和词条))205–6, 209, 225, 233confix(框架词缀/环缀)162 conjugation (接合)159consonants(辅音)28–35categorical perception of (辅音的类别感知)113syllabic(成音节性辅音)41three-term description of(辅音的三个方面的描写)34, 61in writing systems (书写系统中的辅音)119consonant change (辅音变化)61–4 consonant cluster (辅音丛)41deletion in(辅音丛中的删除现象)54–6 simplification in child language(儿童语言中的辅音丛简化现象)98consonant harmony(辅音和谐/辅音的协同发音)99consonant insertion(辅音插入)64 consonant loss(辅音丢失)63 consonant mutation(辅音变换)164–5 consonantal as phonological feature(作为音系特征的辅音性)412constituency tests(成分性测试)263–4 constituents(结构成分)249, 263–4 covert (see empty constituents)(隐性成分(参见空成分))in sentence comprehension(句子了解中的隐性成分)366constraints(限制(条件))in phonology (音系中的限制条件)90–1 in syntax (句法中的限制条件)263, 312–13, 318Contemporary Standard English (CSE) (当代标准英语)311questions in(CSE中的疑问句)311, 313, 316strong C in(CSE中的强C)314weak T in (CSE中的弱T)317, 319 content words (内容词、实词)132in aphasias (失语症中的内容词或实词)214–15 continuous perception of vowels(元音的连续性感知)110–11contour tone(轮廓调或曲折型声调)43 contrastive sounds(对立音)77control(控制)276clause(控制小句)277, 282–3verbs (控制动词)277conversation(会话)245, 388logic of(会话的逻辑)395–7 Conversational Analysis (CA)(会话分析)246, 401–2conversational implicature(会话涵义)397 conversational maxims(会话准则)396–7, 399, 409conversational particles(会话中的小品词)400conversion((词性)转换)143Co-operative Principle(合作原则)396co-ordinating conjunction(并列连词)134 co-ordination test(并列关系测试)263–4, 279–80, 283, 333copy (trace) of movement(移位拷贝(语迹))295, 298–9, 340in Child English(儿童英语中的移位拷贝)295in sentence perception(句子感知中的移位拷贝)368–70as variable(移位拷贝作为变量)341co-referential interpretation of pronouns(代词的同指阐释)342, 343coronal(前舌音/舌冠音)34count noun(可数名词)285Coupland, N. (人名)53covert movement (隐性移位)339, 343–5 covert question operator(隐性疑问算子)302–3, 324Crossover Principle(跨越原则)343–4C Strength Parameter(C强度参数)314 cumulation(堆积现象)158Cutler, A.(人名)207Czech(捷克(语))81data of linguistics(语言学语料/数据)1–2, 117, 170declarative(陈述句/式)253–4, 394–5 declension(形态变化,尤其指格变化)158–9, 160default cases in phonology(音系(学)中的缺省情况)90definitions(定义)179–81, 193deictic words(指示性词语)389, 398 delinking in child phonology(儿童音系中的链接解除现象)103demonstratives(指示语)133dentals(牙齿,齿音)31, 109 derivational morphology(派生形态学)131, 143, 144in compounds(复合词中的派生形态)150 in language acquisition(语言习得中的派生形态)190–2Derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC)(复杂性推导理论)367Derivations(派生(式),推导(式))in phonology(音系学中的推导(式))85 in syntax(句法中的推导(式))306 despecification in child phonology(儿童音系中的描写(式))103determiner phrase (DP)(限定词短语/词组)262, 283–7in Child English(儿童英语中的限定词词组)286determiners (see also articles) (限定词(参见冠词))133, 297empty(空限定词)283–7null in Child English (儿童英语中的空限定词)358as operators(限定词作为算子)297 prenominal(名词前的限定词)286–7 pronominal(代词性限定词)286–7 quantifying(量化限定词)284–5, 303in SLI (SLI中的限定词)219Detroit (底特律)52, 66developmental linguistics(发展论语言学)1, 6–9DhoLuo(卢奥语,东苏丹语族,尼罗语支)164diachronic method in historical linguistics(历史语言学中的历时方法)15–16 diacritic (附加符号)35dialect contact(方言接触)227dialects(方言)regional (地域方言)14rhotic(翘舌音方言)77rural (乡村方言)228social(社会方言)14urban(城市方言)228dictionaries(词典、辞书)179–81 diphthongisation in language change(语言变化中的双元音化)64diphthongs(双元音)38–9discourse markers(话语标记)15 discourses(话语)245discrimination experiment(辨别力实验)111 distinctive features(区别性特征)85, 412, 414in child phonology(儿童音系中的区别性特征)101distribution(分布)76dorsals(舌面音)34dorsum(舌背、舌面)31Do-support(Do支撑)274D-projections(D投射)287, 349drag chain(拉链)67dual-lexicon model of child phonology(音系学中的双词库模型)104–5Dutch(荷兰语)231Early Modern English (EME)(早期现代英语,初期现代英语)negation in(EME中的否定)314–20 null subjects in (EME中的空主语)319–20, 351, 352questions in(EME中的疑问句)316 strong T in(EME中的强T)317East Anglian English(东盎格鲁英语)63, 64–5echo question(回声问)297, 299 Eckert, P. (人名)51–2Economy Principle(经济原则)301–2, 314, 318–19, 324‘edge’ as target of movement (边缘位置作为移位的目的地)306education level and language use(教育水平和语言运用/使用)49Egyptian cuneiform(古埃及楔形文字)119 Eimas, P.(人名)96elision (省缺)4ellipsis(省略)278, 371Elsewhere Condition(另处原则)89–90 empty constituents (空成分)246, 271–86, 407, 408in psycholinguistics(心理语言学中的空成分)271in sentence perception(句子感知中的空成分)368–70enclitic(后附着)151entailment(衍推/蕴含)170–1, 392–3 environment (context) in phonological rules (音系规则中的环境(语境))87errors in speech (言语中的偏误/失误,口误)114–17, 199, 207–9Estonian(爱沙尼亚语)38ethnic group and language use(族群和语言运用/使用)49–50exchanges in speech errors (see also word exchanges) (言语失误中的换位现象(参见词的换位))11 4 –16, 11 7exclamative(感叹句,感叹式)254 exponent(体现)145, 152–3, 252, 259, 261 extended exponence(扩展了的体现)159 extraction site(提取部位)298Farsi (Persian) (波斯语(波斯语的))49 Fasold, R.(人名)272feature matrix (特征矩阵)86features(特征)distinctive in phonology(音系学中的区别性特征)86–90, 177functional in agrammatism(语法缺失中的功能性特征)380–2morphological(形态特征)153, 163 semantic(语义特征)176–9semantic in acquisition(习得中的语义特征)193filler-gap dependencies(填充词-空位依存性/关系)369–70finite (v. non-finite) verb forms(定式(非-定式)动词形式)251–3 finiteness in language acquisition (语言习得中的有定性)359–61Finnish (芬兰语)99, 156flap (闪音)34flapping(闪音化)61floating features(漂移特征)101–4, 106 flouting of conversational maxims(对会话准则的藐视)397, 399focus(焦点)282, 389–92position(位置)282focus bar(焦点棒儿)88Fodor, J. (人名)201form (v. lemma)(形式(和内容))in lexical entries(词条中的形式和内容)128, 205–7free morphemes (自由语素)140Frege, G. (人名)338, 339, 344French (法语)90–1, 215, 224, 225, 230 frequency effect(频率效应)in paraphasias(言语错乱中的频率效应)217, 218in substitution errors(替换语误中的频率效应)208fricatives(擦音)29, 31–3Frisian(弗里斯兰语)231Fromkin, V. (人名)207front vowels (前(部)元音)36, 109–10 functional categories(功能语类)132–5, 247, 385in aphasia(失语症中的功能语类)214–17, 378–82comprehension of in agrammatism (语法缺失中功能语类的理解)378–80in language acquisition(语言习得中的功能语类)187–8and pragmatic presupposition(功能语类和语用预设)393production of in agrammatism(语法缺失中功能语类的产生)378in SLI (SLI中的功能语类)219–21 function words(功能词)132gapping(功能词缺项)272garden-path sentences(花园幽径句)10, 370, 374, 408gender(性范畴)errors in agrammatism(语法缺失中的性范畴错误)380, 381–2errors in SLI(SLI中的性范畴错误)385 in Old English(古英语中的性范畴)233 gender and language use (性范畴和语言的使用/运用)49, 234generative grammar(生成语法)4, 245 generative phonology(生成音系学)97–8 generic interpretation(通指阐释)of determiners(限定词的通指阐释)284 genetic endowment and language(遗传本能与语言)7, 13–14, 188, 311and language disorders(遗传本能与语言错乱)213genitive case(领属格)248, 265, 267, 356, 360–1and possessors in Child English(儿童英语中的领属格和领有者)359–61Georgian alphabet(乔治亚字母表)119 German(德语)81, 162, 164, 206, 231, 321–4 clause structure in(德语中的小句结构)321–4movement in (德语中移位)322–3 operator questions in (德语中的算子疑问句)323–4SLI in(德语中的SLI)383–5strong C in finite clauses in(德语中的强C)323strong T in finite clauses in(德语中的强T)323yes-no questions in(德语中的是非问句)324Germanic (日耳曼语)164, 224, 231 Glides(滑音)33global aphasia(全局性失语症)11glottal fricative(声门擦音)33, 47 glottalisation(声门化)82glottal plosive (glottal stop) (声门爆破音(声门塞音))34Goal(目标/终点)334Gordon, P. (人名)192grammar of a language(一种语言的语法)2–6, 81, 83, 120, 238, 306, 345, 350, 407 grammatical categories(语法语类)247in acquisition(习得中的语法语类)186–8 in sentence comprehension(句子理解中的语法语类)200grammatical functions(语法功能)247–50, 262grammatical (morphosyntactic) word(语法(形态-句法)词)146, 159Greek (希腊语)160, 225Greek alphabet(希腊字母表)119 Grice, P. (人名)396–7, 398, 402 Grimshaw, J. (人名)302Grodzinsky, Y. (人名)380–2gutturals(侯音,腭音)78Halliday, M.(人名)97hard palate(硬腭)31harmony(和谐)consonant (辅音和谐)99lateral(边音和谐)101–4velar(软腭音和谐)99, 101vowel(元音和谐)99–100Hawaiian(夏威夷语)81Head(核心成分)of compounds(复合词的核心)148of phrases(短语或词组的核心)257–61 head-driven phrase structure grammar(核心驱动短语结构语法)246head first word order(核心在首的词序)321, 350head last word order(核心在尾的词序)321 head movement(核心移位)293–6, 298, 306 Head Movement Constraint (HMC)(核心移位限制)318, 324Head Position Parameter(核心位置参数)321, 349, 350–1, 361Head Strength Parameter(核心强度参数)314Hebrew(希伯莱语)215, 380, 381 Henry, A. (人名)300high as phonological feature(高舌位作为音系特征)413high vowels(高元音)36, 109–10 historical linguistics(历史语言学)15–16 Hoekstra, T. (人名)373Holmes, J. (人名)49host for clitic(附着形式的宿主)151 Hungarian(西班牙语)38, 99, 156, 224, 267, 360Hyams, N. (人名)351–2, 359–61 Hyponyms(下位词)172in Wernicke’s aphasia(维尼克失语症中的下位词)218hyponymy(上下位关系)170–3, 177, 178, 194Icelandic(冰岛语)230Idealisation(理想化)409identification experiment(鉴别/识别实验)110–11, 112identification of null subject(空主语的识别)320, 352identity of meaning (see synonymy)(意义的同一性(参见同义关系))imaging techniques (成像技术)13 imperative (祈使句/式)254, 394–5 implicational scale(含义等级)55–6 implicit (understood) subject(隐性(理解出来的)主语)277, 351incomplete phrase(未完成短语/词组)261–2 incorporation(并入)160–1 independence of language faculty(语言能力的独立性)11, 377indirect speech acts(间接言语行为)394–5 inferences in conversation(会话中的推理)400infinite nature of language(语言的无限性)3–4, 260infinitive(不定式)134infinitive particle(不定式小品词)259–60 as non-finite T(不定式作为非有定的T)259 infinitive phrase (不定式短语/词组)259 infix(中缀)163INFL as grammatical category(屈折语素作为语法的语类)261inflection (屈折)143in English(英语中的屈折)137in grammar(语法中的屈折)136 inflectional categories(屈折语类)136as deictic(屈折语类终于哦为指示语)389 inflectional errors(屈折错误)in agrammatism (语法缺失中的屈折错误)378in SLI(SLI中的屈折错误)219–21, 385 inflectional formative(屈折的构成)145 inflectional languages(屈折语)156, 158–9, 160inflectional morphology(屈折形态学)143, 144–8in compounds (复合词中的屈折形态学)150in language acquisition(语言习得中的曲折形态学)187, 188–92inflectional paradigms in aphasia(失语症中的屈折变化表)216inflectional properties(屈折特征)137 inflectional rules (see morphological processes)(屈折规则)(参见形态过程)inflectional systems (屈折系统)156 informational encapsulation(信息封装)201 ‘information’ i n categories(语类中的信息)195–6information structure(信息结构)390–1 innateness hypothesis(内在性假说)7, 11, 213, 349–50, 361, 408input representations in child phonology (儿童音系中的输入表达式)103–6 Instrument(工具/用事)333interaction and variation(互动和变异)54 interdentals (齿间音)31interrogative(疑问(句))253–4, 394–5 interrogative complement(疑问性补语)299–300, 303interrogative interpretation(疑问句阐释)300–2, 341interrogative operator(疑问算子)302–3 intonation(语调)43–4intonational change (语调变化)71–2Inuit(因纽特语)119inversion(倒置、倒装)in questions(疑问句中的倒置现象)294–6, 300, 316, 322in varieties of English(英语变异中的倒置)311–14IPA (International Phonetic Association)(国际语音学会)27–44, 411Irish Gaelic (爱尔兰盖尔语)225Irony(反语)397Iroquoian(伊洛魁语的)161isolating languages(孤立语)156, 157 Italian(意大利语)214, 224, 230, 380 aphasic speech in(意大利语中的失语症者的言语)215, 380, 381–2Jamaican V ernacular English (JVE)(牙买加英语土语)313–14weak C in(牙买加英语土语中的弱C)314Japanese(日语)38, 78, 81, 160topic marking in(日语中的话题)391–2 Jones, D. (人名)27labelled bracketing(带标签的加方括弧法)141, 258labelled tree diagram(带标签的树形图)141–2, 258labials(唇音)34labiodentals(唇齿音)31Labov, W. (人名)16, 56, 57–8, 66–7, 68, 70 language contact(语言接触)227 language change(语言变化)15–16, 56–8, 61–72language disorders(语言错乱)11–14, 408 Language Faculty(语言官能)7–9, 280, 349–50language games(语言游戏)117 language shift(语言变换)15language use(语言运用)and the structure of society(语言运用与社会结构)14–16language variation(语言变异)15 laryngeal fricative (see glottal fricative)(喉擦音(参见声门擦音))larynx(喉)28Lashley, K.(人名)116–17lateral as phonological feature(边音作为音系特征)413lateral harmony(边音和谐)101–4 laterals(边音)33in child phonology(儿童音系中的边音)100–4Latin(拉丁语)157–60, 165, 224, 225, 391 Latin alphabet (拉丁语字母(表))119lax vowels(松元音)38, 77lemma(词条的内容)205–7retrieval of(词条内容的恢复)207–9 lesions of the brain(大脑的损伤)11 levels of linguistic analysis(语言分析的层次/级)76–7, 78, 106, 120Levelt, P.(人名)205level tones(直线调,水平调)43lexeme (词位)143–4, 145, 146, 205 lexical attrition(词汇磨损)228lexical categories(词汇语类)129–32, 247 lexical diffusion(词汇扩散)68–70lexical entry(词条)4, 78, 128, 129, 131, 138, 147–8, 152, 170, 176–8, 191–2, 219–20, 238, 287, 335, 407v. concept(词条和概念)205, 225 lexical functional grammar (词汇功能语法)245lexical gap(词汇空缺)174lexical learning(词汇学习)349lexical recognition(词汇认知)201–3, 207–9 lexical stress (see word stress)(词汇重音)(参见词重音)lexical substitutions in speech errors(语误中的词汇替换)207lexical tone(词调)43lexical verbs(词汇性动词)133lexicon(词库)4, 128, 131, 137–8, 147–8, 170–6, 199, 203, 217–18, 238, 345, 354, 407 grammatical properties in(词库中的语法特征)4, 147phonological properties in(词库中的音系特征)4, 147psycholinguistics and(心理语言学和词库)204–10semantic properties in (语义特征)4, 147 LF component of a grammar(语法的LF部分)5, 407Linear B(线性B)119linguistically determined variation(由语言决定着的变异,语言性质的变异)54–6linguistic experience of the child(儿童的语言经验)7–8linguistic variables and language use (语言的可变性和语言应用)47–58Linking Rules(链接规则)335Liquids(流音)33Literary Welsh (威尔士文学语言)164–5 Litotes(间接肯定法)397Liverpool(利物浦)63local attachment preferences(局部附加优势)372–3localisation of brain function(大脑功能的侧化)11–13Location(处所,位置)334Logical Form (LF) (逻辑形式)5, 246, 330, 339–45, 407logical object (逻辑宾语)5logical subject(逻辑主语)5, 374logic of conversation(会话逻辑)395–7 London(伦敦)65long vowels(长元音)37–8low as phonological feature(低舌位作为音系特征)413low vowels(低元音)36, 109–10 McMahon, A. (人名)232–3McNeill, D. (人名)286Malay(马来语)224Manner, Maxim of(方式,方式准则)397 manner of articulation(发音方式)29–30, 33 and language change(发音方式和语音变化)62–3Maori(毛利语)161, 225Maximal Onset Principle(首音最大化原则)82Meaning(意义)in sentence perception(句子感知中的意义)200meaning inclusion ( see also hyponymy) (意义包含(参见上下位关系))172, 178 meaning opposites(意义对立)175–6 memory for syntax(句法记忆)366 merger(合并)257–62, 306, 345, 407 constraints on (合并的条件限制)264 meronyms(部分关系词)174 meronymy(整体-部分关系)173–4, 208 metalanguage(元语言)336–7, 339 Meyerhoff, M. (人名)51mid closed vowels(中闭元音/半闭元音)38 Middle English(中古英语)231mid open vowels(中开元音/半开元音)38 mid vowels(中元音)36Milroy, J.(人名)51Milroy, L.(人名)51minimal pair(最小比对)75–6minimal responses(小型应对语)15 modifiers in compounds(复合词中的修饰语)148monophthongisation(单元音化)64–5 monophthongs(单元音)38 monosyllabic words(单音节词)41mood and speech acts(语气和言语行为)394–5morphemes(语素)140–3in aphasia(失语症中的语素)214–17 bound(粘着语素)140free(自由语素)140as minimal linguistic sign (语素作为最小的语言符号)140, 145morphological change(形态变化)233–7 morphological development in children (儿童的形态发展)188–92morphological irregularity (形态的不规则性)137morphological operations(形态操作)162–5 morphological processes(形态过程)140–50, 157–65, 407dissociation of in SLI(SLI中的形态的分离)219–20as features(形态作为特征)153 phonological conditioning of(形态的音系限制)152, 220realisations of(形态的实现)152 voicing as(浊化作为形态)164vowel change as(作为形态的元音变化)163–4morphological properties in sentence perception (句子感知中的形态特征)200 morphological variation(形态变异)233–7social contact and (社会接触和形态变异)237morphology(形态学)140, 165 phonological processes in(形态学中的音系过程)162–5morphs(形素)152motor control (运动神经控制)109, 113 movement in syntax (句法中的移位)246, 293–306, 340covert(句法中的隐性移位)345, 407in German(德语中句法移位)322–3 overt(显性句法移位)345, 407in sentence comprehension(句子理解过程中的句法移位)366Myhill, J. (人名)237Nahuatl (那瓦特语)161, 224narrow transcription(严式音标)77nasal as phonological feature(鼻音作为音系特征)85, 412nasalisation(鼻音化)40–1nasals(鼻,鼻音)30native speakers as sources of data(母语者作为语言数据的来源) 1natural classes in phonology(音系中的自然类)88–9Navajo(纳瓦霍语)83, 160Negation(否定)133in Child English(儿童英语中的否定)104 in CSE(CSE中的否定)312, 314–20in EME(EME中的否定)314–20 negative concord in AA VE(AA VE中的否定一致)312negative operator(否定算子)297 Neogrammarians(新语法学派学者)68 Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)1, 11–14 neutral context in lexical decision task(词汇确定任务中的中性语境)202new (v. old) information(新信息和旧信息)390New Y ork(纽约)57New Zealand English(新西兰英语)66, 71–2, 227, 230nodes in tree diagrams(树形图中的节点)258 nominal phrases(名词性短语/词组)in Child English(儿童英语中的名词性词组或短语)358–61as D-projections(名词性短语或词组作为D投射)286, 287, 349, 358, 361 nominative case(主格)248, 251, 265–6, 356, 360in AA VE(AA VE中的主格)272 nominative subjects in Child English(儿童语言中的主格主语)355–8noun incorporation(名词并入)161 nouns(名词)129–30and derivational morphology(名词和派生形态学)144in language acquisition(语言习得中的名词)186, 192–6and person(名词和人称)135in taxonomies(分析体系中的名词)173 non-concatenative morphology(非并置形态学)165non-count nouns(非复数名词)285non-finite clauses(非定式小句)in Child English(儿童英语中的非定式小句)353–61non-finite (v. finite) verb forms(非定式(和定式)动词形式)251–3in German SLI(德语SLI中的非定式动词形式)384–5non-rhotic dialects(非翘舌音方言)37–8, 57 non-standard dialects(非标准方言)15 non-words(非词)perception of (非词的感知)206–7 Norfolk(诺福克)66, 228Northern Cities Chain Shift(北城市链移)66–7, 68Northern English(北部英语)65, 69 Norwich(诺威奇)49, 235nucleus of syllable(音节的节核)41, 79 null constituents (see empty constituents)(空结构成分(参见空成分))null determiners(空限定词)283–7in Child English(儿童英语中的空限定词)358null infinitive particle(空不定式小品词)275null operator questions in Child English(儿童英语中的空疑问算子)352null subject language (空主语语言)320, 351 null subject parameter(空主语参数)319–20, 349, 352, 353, 361null subjects(空主语)in Child English(儿童英语中的空主语)352in Child Italian(儿童意大利语中的空主语)353identification of(空主语的识别)320, 352 in Japanese(日语中的空主语)392in non-finite clauses(非定式小句中的空主语)353–61in wh-questions(wh-疑问句中的空主语)353–4number(数)134errors in agrammatism(语法缺失中的数范畴错误)380errors in SLI(SLI中的数范畴错误)219 object(宾语)137objective case (see also accusative case)(宾格)248object language(对象语言)336–7, 339 obstruents(阻塞音)34, 79Old English(古英语)230, 231, 232, 233, 236Old French (古法语)229, 231old (v. new) information(旧信息)390Old Norse(古斯堪的那维亚语)230 omissions in speech errors(言语失误中的省减现象)115onsets of syllables(音节的首音)79–82in child language(儿童语言中的节首音)104in poetic systems(艺术表达手段系统中的节首音)118in speech errors(言语失误中的节首音)115operator expressions(算子表达)297, 340 in German(德语中的算子表达)323 operator movement(算子移位)297–302, 304, 306Optimality Theory(优选论)90–1 Optional Infinitive (OI) stage(不定式选择性使用阶段)357–8orthographic representation(规范书写法,正字法表示法)84orthography ( see also writing systems) (正字法(参见书写系统))27output representations in child phonology (儿童音系中的输出表达式)103–6 overextension in children’s word use(儿童词语运用中的泛化现象)192–3, 232 overregularisation(过渡规则化)lack of in SLI(SLI中过渡规则化的缺乏)220in morphological development(形态发展中的过渡规则化)190palatals(腭音,舌面中音)31palato-alveolars(舌面-齿龈音)31 paragrammatism(语法倒错型言语障碍)377, 382–3, 385parallel-interactive processing models (平行-交互式处理模式)199–204parameters(参数0 314–24in language acquisition(语言习得中的参数)349–54parameter setting(参数设定)350–4 parametric variation(参数变异)314–24 paraphasia(语言错乱)214–15, 217–19 parser(语法分析器)9, 372–5locality and(局部性和语法分析器)373–5 parsing(句法分析)366partitive interpretation of determiners(限定词的部分释义)284, 303part–whole relationship (see meronymy)(部分-整体关系(参见整体-部分关系))passive articulator(被动发音体)31 passive construction(被动结构)304–5 passive participle(被动分词)137, 146, 148 in German(德语中的被动分词)162 passive voice(被动语态)137, 146, 305 passivisation(被动化)306past participle(过去分词)136past tense morpheme in acquisition(习得过程中的过去时语素)189–90Patient (see Affected Object)(受事(参见受。
文论术语中英对照表
文论术语中英对照表英、法、德部分A《A map of misreading》《误读的地图》Ableben der kunst艺术的终结Abrams,Meyer Howard阿勃拉姆斯Abstractism抽象论Absurd荒诞Act行为Actant行为体Acte de discours话语行为Action动作Adaptation改编Adaquate konkretisation恰当的具体化Adorno, Theodot Weisengrund阿多尔诺Affective fallacy感受谬见Affinity类同Alexandrin亚历山大体Alienation异化Allegory寓言Allegorical symbol寓言式象征Alliteration头韵Allusion引喻Althusser, Louis阿尔杜塞Ambiguity含混American school美国学派Analogy类比Analyse de contenu内容分析Analyse de texte文本分析Analyse litteraire文学分析Analyse semantique语义分析Analyse structurale结构分析Analytical/non-analytical分解性符号链/非分解性signchain符号链Anaphora首语重复法Anapest抑抑扬格《Anatomy of Criticism》《批评的剖析》Anchoring锚定Animus und anima男性潜倾和女性潜倾Anthology选集Anthroponym人素Anti-climax反高潮Antiheros反英雄Anti-intellectualism反智性Anti-kunst反艺术Antinarratve反叙述Antinaturalism反自然主义Antiquarianism复古主义Anxiety of influence影响焦虑Apllonian spirit日神精神Apocalyptic启示性Apocrypha集外拾遗Appellstruktur召唤结构Applikation运用Appropriation据为己有Arcadianism阿卡迪亚情调Archaism仿古Archetyp原型Aristoteles亚里士多德Arnold, Matthew阿诺德,马修《Art poetica》《诗艺》Art as device作为技巧的艺术Artistic beauty艺术美《Art poetique》《诗的艺术》Art pour art为艺术而艺术Aside旁白Association联想Assonance半谐韵Assonance不完全韵《Asthetik》《美学》Asthetische bildung审美陶冶Asthetische distanz美感距离Asthetische erfahrung审美经验《Asthetische Erfahrung uad Literarische Hermeneutik》《审美经验与文学阐释学》《Asthetische Theorie》《美学理论》Augustinus, Aurelius奥古斯丁Ausdruck表达Authentity本真性Autobiography自传Autobiographical novel自传体小说Automoner komplex自主情结Autonomie der kunst艺术的自律性A vant-garde先锋派A vant-texte前文本BBacon, Francis培根,费兰西斯Ballad歌谣Barthes, Roland巴尔特,罗朗Baudelaire, Charles波德莱尔Beauty美Begining rhyme起韵Behavourist begining行为主义式开场法Belles-lettres美文学Benjamin, Walter本雅明Biographical critic ism传记批评Black humour黑色幽默《Black Qrpheus》《黑肤的奥尔甫斯》Blank verse素体诗《Blindness and Insight》《盲目与悟解》Bloch, Ernst布洛赫Bloom, Harold布鲁姆Boileau, Nicolas布瓦洛Booth, Wayne布思Borrowing借用Bound motif束缚母题Brecht, Bertolt布莱希特Brooks,Cleanth布鲁克斯Brunetiere, Ferdinand布吕纳介Bucolic田园风味Burke,Kenneth勃克Burlesque谐谑模仿CCaesure停顿Cartesianism笛卡尔主义Cassirer, Ernst卡西尔Catalog排列Catalyser催化单元Catastrophe结局Catharsis宣泄Causal sequence因果序Chain verse连环诗Channel渠道Chanson de geste武功歌Chapelain, Jean夏泼兰Chiasmus交叉排比《Chinese character as medium for poetry》《作为诗歌手段的中国文字》Chinoiserie中国风Chronical play编年史剧Chrononym时素Climax高潮Cloak and dagger阴谋小说Cloak and sword剑侠传奇Closet drama书案剧Co-textual context共存文本语境Code信码Coincidence巧合Coleridge, Samuel Taylor柯勒律治,萨缪尔·泰勒Collage拼贴Collective foculization集体视角式Comedy of manners风俗喜剧Comic relief喜剧穿插Commentary评论Comparative literature比较文学Comparative poetics比较诗学Compound narrator复合叙述者Computational stylistics数理风格学Conative意动性Conceit曲喻Context语境Contextualism语境论Contrapuntal对位式Contrast对比Convention常规Conventionality规约性Cousin,V ictor库赞Crane, R.S.克莱恩,R.S.Crenologie渊源学Critical distance批评距离《Criticism and Ideology》《批评与意识形态》Croce, Benedetto克罗齐Crown of sonnets皇冠十四行诗Cubic poetry立体诗Cult value崇拜价值DDactyl扬抑抑格Dante, Alighieri但丁Das asthetische objekt审美对象Das asthetische erlebnis审美体验Dasein此在《Das Literarische Kunst-werk》《文学艺术作品》《Das Prinzip der Hoffnung》《希望的原则》Das selbst自性De Man, Paul德曼Dead space空档Decentering of subjectivity主体分化Decoding解码Decorum合体Deep-structure深层结构Demystification非神话化Denudation剥离Der funkionale realismus功能现实主义Der hermeneutische zirkel阐释的循环Der implizite leser隐在的读者《Der Implizite Leser》《隐在的读者》Derrida, Jacques德里达Description描写Desemantization消义化Diachronic历时性Diachronische analyse历时性分析Diary fiction日记体小说Dichotomy对立式《Dichter und Phantasie》《诗人与幻想》“Dictionary”interpretation“词典”式释义Diderot, Denis狄德罗《Die Beziehung Zwischen Dichter und Tagtraum》《诗人与白昼梦的关系》《Die Eigenart des Asthetischen》《审美特性》Die frankfurter schule法兰克福学派《Die Geburt der Tragodie》《悲剧的诞生》《Die welt als wille und vorstellung》《作为意志和表象的世界》Differentia of literature文学特异性Dilthey, wilhelm狄尔泰Dime novel一角钱小说Dimeter双音步诗行Dionysian spirit酒神精神Direct free form直接自由式Direct quoted form直接引语式Directory指点Disclosure去蔽Discourse讲述《Discours surl'art Paetique》《关于诗歌艺术的演讲》《Discours surle style》《论风格》Disengagement脱身Dissociation of sensibility感觉解体Distortion of duration时长变形Doggerel打油诗Doxologie流传学Dramatism戏剧化《Du Sublime》《论崇高》Dynamic motif动力性母题EEagleton,Terry伊格尔顿《Eckermann:Gesprach mit Goethe》《和爱克曼的谈话录》Ecole de geneve日内瓦学派《Economic and philosophic Manuscripts of 1844》《1844年经济学哲学手稿》Ecriture automatique自动写作Ego自我Einfuhlung;Empathy移情Elegy挽诗Eliot,T.S.艾略特Ellipsis省略Emotive情绪性Empson,William燕卜荪Encoding编码Encomium赞诗“Encyclopedia”interpretation“百科式”释义Endogene bilder内生图象End-rhyme尾韵Engels, Fridrich恩格斯Enjambement跨行Erlebnis体验Enonce表述Enonciation表述行为英Enonciation/utterance法表述/被表述Enonciation/enonceEntkunstung非艺术化Envelope structure封套结构Epigram警句Epiphany灵悟Epistolary fiction书信体小说Epithalamium,epithalamion婚后诗Epoch时代Erwartungshorizont期待视野Euphuism游浮体Evaluative commentary评价性评论Exhibition V alue展览价值Expectation期待Expectation of meaning意义期待Expectation of non-reference非指称化期待Expectation of rhythm节律化期待Expectation of totality整体化期待Explanation/understanding说明/理解Explanatory commentary解释性评论Explication de texte文本解释Explicit ellipsis明省略Explicit narrator现身叙述者Extra-textual elements超文本成分Eye-rhyme目韵Eye-rhyme视韵FFable寓言Fallacy of communication传达谬见Fairy-tale童话Fait social社会事实Farce笑剧Feminine rhyme阴韵Feminist criticism女权主义批评Fest节日Fields of semiotics符号学领域分科Fish, Stanley Eugene费什Flashback倒述Flashforward预述Flat character扁平人物“Fly-on-the-wall”technique“墙上苍蝇”式叙述法Focalization叙述角度Focus character视角人物Folklore民间传说Folktale民间故事Followability可追踪性Foregrounding前推Foreshadowing伏笔Form形式Formalism形式主义Fortune际遇Foucault,Michel福柯,米歇尔Fourteener七音步十四音节Frame story框架故事Framework-story连环故事France,Anatole法朗士Free motif自由母题Free verse自由诗French school法国学派French poststructuralist法国后结构主义符号学派Freud,Sigmund弗洛伊德Freytag pyramid弗雷塔格金字塔Function功能Function功能体GGadamer,Hans Georg迦达默尔General literature总体文学Generation代Genetic fallacy发生谬见Genette,Gerard惹奈特,杰Genre文类Genology文类学Gesellschaftlichkeit der Kunst艺术的社会性Gesellschaftliche rezeption社会接受Gesellschaftliche vermittelung社会中介Gestalt 格式塔Gestaltgesetze格式塔规律Gestaltqualitat格式塔质Gide,Andre纪德Gnomic verse格言诗Goldmann,Lucien戈德曼Gongorism贡古拉文风Gothic novel哥特小说Grotesque怪诞Greimas,Algidas Julien格雷马斯HHabermas,Jurgen哈贝马斯Half-rhyme半韵Half-rhyme腰韵Heiddeger,Martin海德格尔Heresy of paraphrase意释误说Hermeneutik阐释学Heroic couplet英雄双韵诗Hexameter六音步诗行High comedy高雅喜剧Higher narrative level高叙述层次Hirsch,Eric Donald Jr赫什Histoire litteraire文学史Historical narration历史叙述/文学叙述Holland,Norman N.霍兰德Horizont视界Horizont verschmelzung视界融合Hulme,T.E.休姆Humanism人文主义Humanistic criticism人文主义批评Humor幽默Hymn赞美诗IIamb抑扬格Iconicity象似性Id本我Identif ikationsmuster认同类型Ideologie kritik意识形态批评Image意象Imagination想象Imitation模仿Impersonality非个性化Implicit ellipsis暗省略Implicit lower narrative level隐式低叙述层次Implicit narrator 隐身叙述者Implied author隐指作者Implied metaphor潜喻Implied reader隐指读者Impure poetry不纯诗Impressionistic criticism印象式批评Index指示体Indexical context标示语境Indexicality标示性Indice标记体Indirect free form间接自由式Indirect quoted form间接引语式Individuation个性化Influence影响Influence study影响研究Informant信息体Ingarden, Roman英加登Institution litteraire文学建制Intertextuality互文性Intentional context意图语境Intentional fallacy意图谬见Intentionaler gegenstand意向对象Intentionalitat意向性Interdisciplinary study跨学科研究Interior monologue内心独白Internal rhyme内韵Interpretation阐释《Intuition creatrice en art et en poesie》《艺术和诗的创造性直觉》Irony反讽Ironic commentary反讽性评论Ironic narrative反讽叙述《Is there a text in this class?》《这门课有无文本?》Isomorphie异质同构JJames,Henry詹姆斯,亨利Jameson,Fredric詹姆逊Johnson,Samuel约翰逊,萨缪尔Journal intime内心日记Jung,Carl Gustav荣格Juxtaposition意象并置Juxtaposition并置KKeats,John济慈,约翰Kermode,J.Frank科默德Kollektives unbewaβtes集体无意识Komplex情结Konkrete Poesie具象诗Konkretisation具体化Krieger,Murray克里格Kristeva,Julia克里斯特娃,朱《Kritik der Urteilskraft》《判断力批判》Kulturindustrie文化工业LLa nouvelle critique法国新批评La psychocritique精神批评《La phylosophie de l'art》《艺术哲学》Lacan,Jacques拉康Lament哀诗Language as gesture姿势语论Langue/parole语言/言语Lanson,Gustave朗松,G.Leavis,F.R李维斯Lebenstrieb/eros生本能/性本能Leitmotiv主导母题Leser读者Libido力必多Lichtung澄明Life expression生命表达Link sonnet连韵十四行诗Lisibilite可阅读性Lipps,Theodor李普斯Literalism字面论Local colour地方色彩Low comedy低俗喜剧Lower narrative level低叙述层次Lukacs,Georg卢卡契Lyric抒情诗MMacherey,Pierre马舍雷,彼Macro-semiotic system宏观符号系统Macro-sign宏观符号Macro-text宏观文本Main plot主情节Manipulative narrative操纵式叙述Mannerism矫饰主义Manuscript手写本Marcuse,Hebert马尔库塞Marx, Karl马克思Masculin rhyme阳韵Medium中介Medievalism中世纪精神Melodrama情节剧Memoires fiction回忆录小说Mesologie媒介学Message信息Meta-元Metacriticism元批评《Metahistory》《元历史》Metalanguage元语言Metalingual元语言性Metaphysische qualitat形而上质量Metaphor隐喻Meter音步Metonymy转喻Miller,J. Hillis米勒Mime哑剧Miracle play奇迹剧Mise en scene导演Misreading误读Mock-heroic戏仿英雄体Monodrama独角戏Montage蒙太奇Montivation促动因素Moral criticism道德批评Motif母题Motivation根据性Movement运动Mukarovsky,Jan慕卡洛夫斯基Multiple plot复合情节Musical comedy音乐喜剧Myth神话NNaive dichtang素朴诗Narratee叙述接收者Narrative叙述Narratorial intrusion叙述干预Narrative poem叙事诗Narrative perspective叙述方位Narrative setup叙述格局Narrative stratification叙述分层Narrativity叙述性Narratology叙述学Narrator叙述者Narrativity叙述性Narratorial mediation叙述加工National literature民族文学Naturalization自然化Natural beauty自然美Negative influence负影响Negativitat der kunst艺术的否定性Neologism新词风格New criticism新批评派Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm尼采Nokan,Charles诺康Non-referential pseudostatement非指称性伪陈述Non-significant system无意义组合Northrop Frye诺思洛普·弗莱Novel长篇小说Novella中篇小说Nucleus核心单元OObjective criticism客观批评Octave rima八行诗Ode颂诗Odipuscomplex俄底浦斯情结Omniscient narrative全知式叙述《On Modern Novel》《现代小说》《On Dramatic Art》《论戏剧艺术》Onomatopoeia拟声Ontological criticism本体式批评Open-ended开放结尾式Opera歌剧Organism有机论Ostranenie陌生化Overcoding附加解码Overstatement夸大陈述PPalindrome回文Panegyric颂文Pantheism泛神论Paradigm纵聚合系Paradox悖论Paralipses假省笔法Parallel study平行研究Paraphrasability可意释性Paratextual elements类文本成分Parole言语Parody戏仿Passion play耶稣受难剧Pastiche仿作Pastoral牧歌Pater,Walter佩特,沃尔特Pathetic fallacy感情误置Pathos哀婉感受Pause停顿Periphrasis迂回Period时期Persona人格面具Personliches unbewates个人无意识Perspective of incongruity不相容透视Phatic交际性《Phenomenologie de l'experience esthetique》《审美经验现象学》Phrase rhythm词组节奏Picaresque novel流浪汉小说Pirated edition盗版Platon柏拉图Platonism柏拉图主义Plot情节Plotinus普洛丁Plot typology情节类型学Poetic licence诗歌特权Poetic drama 诗剧Poetic truth诗歌真理《Poetics》《诗学》Poetique de lespace 空间诗学Poetry诗Poetry of inclusion包容诗Poetry of exclusion排它诗Point of view视点Poulet, Georges布莱Polyphone harmonie复调和谐Pope,Alexander蒲柏,亚历山大Pornography色情文学Possible worlds可能世界Post-structuralism后结构主义Pound, Ezra庞德Pragmatics符用学Prague school布拉格学派Preciosite高雅Pre-text前文本Prinzip der aquivalerz等值原则Prinzip der entropie均衡原则Private symbol私设象征Problem novel问题小说Problem play问题剧Production of art艺术生产Projektion投射propagandism宣传Prosody诗律Prothalamion婚前诗Proverb格言Proverb谚语Provincialism外省风格Proust, Marcel普鲁斯特Psychische energie心理能Psychische funktion心理功能Psychische valenz心理值Psychische zustand心态Psychological context心理语境Psychological fiction心理小说Psychological realism心理现实主义Psychologische und心理型和幻想型illusionarer typPsychologische rezeptionsforschung接受心理分析Psychologische typen心理类型Psychologism心理主义Public symbol公共象征Pulp magazine fiction廉价杂志小说Pun双关语Pure poetry纯诗QQualisign/sinsign/legisign形符/单符/义符Qualitative knowledge质的知识Qualitative progression质性进展Querelle des anciens ermodernes古今之争RRationalism理性主义Rational and perceptual理性与感性Raymond Williams维廉斯·雷蒙德Ransom, John Crowe兰色姆Reader-response criticism读者反应批评Realismo magico魔幻现实主义Referential指称性Reflection/nachdenken反思Reification物化Repetition重复Repetition复述Replica复制Reported speech转述语Reproduction复制Resemantization再义化Revenge tragedy复仇悲剧Rezeptionsasthetik接受美学Rezeptionsvorgabe接受前提Rhapsody狂诗Rhyme韵Rhythm节奏Richards.I.A.瑞恰慈Riviere,Jacques里维埃,J.Rohstoff素材Romanaclef影射小说Roman noir/Gothic novel黑色小说/哥特小说Romantic irony浪漫式反讽Round character圆形人物Rousseau,Jean-Jacques卢梭,让-雅Ruskin John拉斯金·约翰SSage 英雄传奇Said,Edward W.赛义德Saint Thomas Aquinas托马斯·阿奎那Sainte-Beuve,Charles Augustin圣伯夫Sapphics萨福体Sartre,Jean-Paul萨特Saussure,Ferdinand de索绪尔,费德Scene场景Schatten阴影Schematisierte ansichten轮廓化图象Schichtenaufbau层次构造Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel施莱尔马赫Schoppenhauer,Arthur叔本华Science fiction科幻小说Scientific criticism科学化批评Scriptible/lisibe可写式/可读式Secondary system二度体系Semanalysis符号分析学Semantics符义学Semantique poetique诗歌语义学Semantique structurale结构语义学Semiosis符指过程Semiotics符号学Sensibility感性Sentimentalische dichtung感伤诗Sentimentalism感伤主义Sequence deformation时序变形《Seven Types of Ambiguity》《含混的七种类型》Shelley,Percy Bysshe雪莱Shock震惊Short story短篇小说Sign符号Signifier/signified能指/所指Simile明喻Situational context场合语境Skaldic verse行吟宫廷诗Sociology of literature文学社会学Soliloquy独白Sonnet十四行诗Sontag, Susan桑塔格,苏珊Source渊源Source study渊源研究Southern critics南方学派Soviet semiotics苏联符号学派Spatial form空间形式Spatial sequence空间序Spiel游戏Stadialism阶段平行论Stael, Madame de斯塔尔夫人Stanzaic form诗节形式Stanzaic form段式Starobinski, Jean斯塔罗宾斯基Static motif静力性母题Stereotype模式Stoffgeschichte主题学Stream of consciousness意识流Stretch延长Structural realism结构现实主义Structuralism结构主义Structuralist/post-structuralist semiotics结构主义与后结构主义符号学《Structuralist Poeties》《结构主义诗学》Structure结构Structure/texture构架/肌质论Stylistics风格学Stylization风格模仿Sub-narrative次叙述Sub-plot次情结Sublimation升华Sublime崇高《Summa Theologiae》《神学大全》Summary缩写Superego超我Super-narrative超叙述Superposition意象迭加Super-sign超符号Supplementary commentary补充性批评Surface structure表层结构Suspense悬疑Symbol象征Symbolic action象征行动Symptomatic reading症候式阅读Synaesthesia通感Synaesthesis综感Synchronic/diachroni c共时性/历时性Synchronische anayse 共时性分析Synecdoche提喻Syntactics符形学Syntagm横组合段Syntagmatic/paradigmatic横组合/纵聚合TTaboo塔布Tagtraum白日梦Taine, Hippolyte泰纳Tate, Allen退特Tecriture文体Temporal deformation时间变形Temporal sequence时间序Tendenz倾向性Tenioha天尔运波Tenor/vihicle喻指/喻体Tension张力Tercet三行体诗节Terza rima三行连环韵诗Tetralogy四部曲Tetrameter四音步诗行Text/discourse文本/讲述Textual criticism文本批评Texture肌质Theatre of cruelty残酷剧The epic theatre叙事剧The new criticism新批评The new humanism新人文主义《Theory of Literature》《文学理论》The past/the present叙述现在/被叙述现在《The PoliticalUnconsciousn》《政治无意识》《The Sacred Wood》《圣林》The Second self第二自我《The Well-Wrought Urn》《精致的瓮》The V erbal Icon《语象》The yale critics耶鲁学派Thibaudet, Albert蒂博代Three unities三一律Todestrieb /thanatos-trieb死本能Todorov, Tzvetan托多罗夫Toponym地素Totality总体性Totem图腾Tradition传统Tragicomedy悲喜剧Translation翻译Transpassing of stratification跨层Trilogy三部曲Trilling, Lionel特里林Trimeter三音步诗行Type类型Typicality典型性Typical character典型人物Typology类型学UUgliness丑Unbestimmtheit不确定性《Uber die Beziehungen der Analytischen Psychologie zur Dichtung》《分析心理学与诗的关系》Undercoding不足解码Understatement克制陈述Unite narrative叙述单元Unite significative意义单元Unites romanesques小说单元Unreliable narrative不可靠叙述Urtumliche bilder原始意象Utilitarianism功利主义Utopian literature乌托邦文学V《V alidity in interpretation》《解释的正确性》V alery, Paul瓦雷里,P.V ariorum edition集注本V erbal icon语象V erfremdung陌生化V erfremdungseffekt陌生化效果V erstehen理解V erisimilitude逼真性V ico, Giovanni Battista维柯V orurteil成见W《Wahreit und Methode》《真理与方法》Wellek, Rene韦莱克Well-made play巧构剧。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版语言学术语(英-汉对照)表Aabbreviation 缩写词,略语ablative 夺格,离格accent 重音(符)accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系) appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning,CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致(关系)concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数(名词)counterfactual proposition 反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化(作用)distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背(音)double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略(法)elliptical sentencestructure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative (摩)擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammaticalfunction ; ;grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高(元音)historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设- 演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的,无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折(变化)inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis (语法)天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet, IPA 国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置,倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones,DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言(系统)larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层,级,平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为,表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度M machine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski,Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位(作用)metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中(元音)mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move (移动)MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象narratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representationof speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representatio n of thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化P palatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization (硬)腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak (节)峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation 重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音(法)phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节(词)polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语(动)词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness 信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolingu istic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralist approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory, REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层。
大三英语词汇学引论笔记
大三英语词汇学引论笔记英语词汇学引论笔记英语词汇学引论笔记之“名词解释篇”1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of “say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).英语词汇学引论笔记14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally definedas the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding(Compositon)--Compounding is a process of word-formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)--to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II.Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone--phone, professional--pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.*Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.*Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenation英语词汇学引论笔记Radiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的,完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。
[生活]英语语言学术语英汉对照
英语语言学术语英汉对照[在其他地方发现了这个帖子,特发到这里,以供考中南外院的同学借鉴1. 语言的普遍特征:任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality 既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性cultural transmission2。
语言的功能:传达信息功能informative人济功能:interpersonal行事功能erformative表情功能:Emotive寒暄功能:Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能 metalingual3. 语言学linguistics:包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学 phonology形态学 Morphology句法学 syntax语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人:Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:语言与言语language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人:Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. Which of the following statements can be used to describe displacement. one ofthe unique properties of language:a. we can easily teach our children to learn a certain languageb. we can use both 'shu' and 'tree' to describe the same thing.c. we can u se language to refer to something not presentd. we can produce sentences that have never been heard before.2.What is the most important function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it ?"is __a informativeb. phaticc. directived. performative4.The distinction between competence and performance is proposed by __a saussureb. hallidayc. chomskyd. the prague school5. Who put forward the distinction between language and parole?a. saussureb. chomskyc. hallidayd anomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带the vocal cords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant:there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocaltract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音 complete obstruction鼻音 nasals破裂音 plosives部分阻塞辅音 partial obstruction擦音 fricatives破擦音 affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征 aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置,舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音 diphthongs,有元音过渡 vowel glides1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechb. the perception of soundsc. the combination of soundsd. the production of sounds2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __a. the place of articulationb.the obstruction f airstreamc. the position of the tongued. the shape of the lips3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k ta. voicelessb. spreadc.voicedd.nasal4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?a. voicingb. aspirationc.roundnessd. nasality5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?a. voicingb.nasalc. approximationd. aspiration6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __a. voiced stopb. voiceless stopc. voiced fricatived. voiceless fricative7.p is divverent from k in __a. the manner of articulationb. the shape of the lipsc. the vibration of the vocal cordsd.the palce of articualtion8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __a. aspirationb.nasalityc. obstructiond. voicing第三节音位学 phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别:语音学着重于语音的自然属性,主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音;音位学则强调语音的社会功能,其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。
常见学术单词翻译
不知道虫虫们有没有遇到这样的情况,就是在写英文摘要或就是外文时,一些统计学上的术语无法表达,例如“校正因子”,“最小二乘准则”等等。
希望下面这些东东对各位虫虫写作上有所帮助,觉的好的话,一定要顶起哈!Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA (analysis of variance), 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法E-LEffect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explanatory variable, 说明变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显著差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量M-RMain effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表S-ZSample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ), SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significance test, 显著性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层(复数)Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。
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Abberbation 缩写;缩略Ablative case 夺格(即第五个或工具格)Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格Acronym 首字母缩略词Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Alien 外国词Alliteration 头韵Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化Analogy 类比Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的Antonym 反义词Antonymy 翻译关系Approach to 方法Archaism 古词Arbitrary 任意的Argot 黑话Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的Base 词基Back-formation 逆成法Bilingual 双语的Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Borrowed word 借词Borrowing 借词Bound morpheme 粘着形位Briton 布立吞人Capitalization 大写Case 格Classical element 古典成分Clipping 缩短法Collocability 词的搭配能力Collocation 词的搭配Colloquialism 口语词Colloquial style 口语语体Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词Complex word 复合词Compound 合成词Compound word 合成词Compounding 合成法Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位Connotative meaning 内含意义Context 语境Contraries 相对性反义词Conventional 约定俗成的Converging sound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法Conversives 换位性反义词Cosmopolitan character 国际性Dative case 与格(第三格)De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格Denizen 外来词Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义Derivative antonym 派生反义词Deterioration 退化Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词Diachronic approach 历时分析法Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析Dialect 方言Double genitive case 双生格Doublets 两词一组的同义词Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典Entry 词条Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳Existing word 现行的词Exocentric word 离心结构合成词Extension of meaning 意义的扩大Figure of speech 修饰手段Figurative use 比喻用法Foreign element 外来语成分Formal word 书面词Form-word 虚词Free from 自由形式Free morpheme 自由形位Free phrase 自由词组French element 法语成分Full conversion 完全转类法Full word 实词Functional word 虚词Generalization 一般化Genitive case 生格(第二格)General dictionary 一般性词典Glossary 难词Headword 词目Homoform 同语法形式异义词Homograph 同形异音异义词Homonym 同音异义词;同形异义词;同音同形异义词Homonymy 同音、同形、同音同形异义词的研究Homophone 同音异形异义词Hybrid 混合词Hyponym 下意词Hyponymy 上下意关系Idiom 习语Idiomatic phrase 惯用语词组Imperative sentence 祈使句Indo-European family 印欧语系Inflected language 曲折性语言Informal word 口语词Jargon 行话Latin element 拉丁语成分Leveled inflections 曲折变化弱化Linguistic context 语言语境Literal use 字面用法Loan-word借词Locative case 位置格Locative prefix 表示地点的前缀Lost inflections 曲折变化消失Main stress 主重音Medium-sized dictionary 中型词典Metaphor隐喻Middle English 中古英语Miscellaneous prefix 混合型前缀Monosemy 一词单意Morpheme 形位Morphology 词法Motivation 理据Multilingual 用多种语言表达的;多语的Narrowing of meaning 意义的缩小Native element 本族语成分Native word 本族语词Negative prefix 表示否定的前缀Neo-classical 新古典主义的Neologism 新词New word 新词Nominative case 主格Nonce word 临时造的词Non-linguistic context 非语言语境Notional word 实词Number prefix 表示数目的前缀Obsolete word 费词Official language 官方语言Old English 古英语Onomatopoeia 象声词Open 分开写的Orthographic criterion 正字法标准Part of the speech 词类Partial conversion 部分转类法Pejorative prefix 表示贬义的前缀Pahatic communion 交际性谈话Phonetics 语音学Phonology 音位学Phraseological idiom 熟语Physiology 生理学Pocket dictionary 小型词典Polarity 对立性Polysemic character 一词多义性Polysemy 一词多义Popular 通俗的Possessive case 所有格Preciseness 精确性Prefix 前缀Prefixation 前缀法Private prefix 表示反义的前缀radiation 放射型的语义演变过程reduplicative compound 或者reduplicative(s )重叠合成词reference 语词所指涵义referent 语词所指事物relative synonym 相对同义词repetition 重复representative work 代表作reversative prefix表示反义的前缀rhyme 韵脚richness丰富性root 词根root antonym词根反义词Scandinavian element 斯堪的纳维亚语成分Secondary stress次重音Semantic borrowing(s)义借词Semantics语义学Semiotic triangle三角关系符号学理论Sense-shift语义转换Shade of meaning意义的(细微)差别Shortening缩短法(the)sign theory of Saussure索绪尔符号理论Signified(借助符号进行交际的)事物的概念或涵义Signifier代表事物的概念或涵义符号Simile明喻Slang俚语solid(合成词中两个词)连起来写的special dictionary专门性词典specialization 特殊化Spelling拼写Stem词干Stylistics文体学Suffix后缀Suffixation后缀法(the)superordinate (term)上义词Survival(s)(vestiges)保留下来的词Sychronic approach共时分析法Sychronic dictionary共时语言学词典Synchrony共时分析Synesthetic(产生)联觉的Synecdoche提喻法Synonym同义词Synonymy 同义关系Synsemantic 与其他词连用时才有意义的Teutonic language条顿(日耳曼)语言The Angles,Saxons and Jutes盎格鲁人撒克逊人,朱特人The Norman conquest 诺曼征服英国Translation-loans译借词Triplets三词一组的同义词Unabridged dictionary 大型(无任何删节的)词典Variety (语言的)变体Word-class 词类Word -formation word-building 构词法Word-forming ability 构词能力Word-stock词汇Working language 工作语言。