物联网技术与现代农业生产外文文献翻译

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物联网中英文翻译

中原工学院信息商务学院毕业设计(论文)译文专用纸第 1 页物联网1．定义内涵物联网的英文名称为The Internet of Things，简称：IOT。

物联网通过传器、射频识别技术、全球定位系统等技术，实时采集任何需要监控、连接、互动的物体或过程，采集其声、光、热、电、力学、化学、生物、位置等各种需要的信息，通过各类可能的网络接入，实现物与物、物与人的泛在链接，实现对物品和过程的智能化感知、识别和管理。

物联网是通过智能感知、识别技术与普适计算、泛在网络的融合应用，被称为继计算机、互联网之后世界信息产业发展的第三次浪潮。

与其说物联网是网络，不如说物联网是业务和应用，物联网也被视为互联网的应用拓展。

因此应用创新是物联网发展的核心，以用户体验为核心的创新2.0是物联网发展的灵魂。

2．“物”的涵义这里的“物”要满足以下条件才能够被纳入“物联网”的范围：1．要有相应信息的接收器；2．要有数据传输通路；3．要有一定的存储功能；4．要有CPU；5．要有操作系统；6．要有专门的应用程序；7．要有数据发送器；8．遵循物联网的通信协议；9．在世界网络中有可被识别的唯一编号。

3．“中国式”定义物联网(Internet of Things)指的是将无处不在(Ubiquitous)的末端设备(Devices)和设施(Facilities)，包括具备“内在智能”的传感器、移动终端、工业系统、楼控系统、家庭智能设施、视频监控系统等、和“外在使能”(Enabled)的，如贴上RFID的各种资产(Assets)、携带无线终端的个人与车辆等等“智能化物件或动物”或“智能尘埃”(Mote)，通过各种无线和/或有线的长距离和/或短距离通讯网络实现互联互通(M2M)、应用大集成(Grand Integration)、以及基于云计算的SaaS营运等模式，在内网(Intranet)、专网(Extranet)、和/或互联网(Internet)环境下，采用适当的信息安全保障机制，提供安全可控乃至个性化的实时在线监测、定位追溯、报警联动、调度指挥、预案管理、远程控制、安全防范、远程维保、在线升级、统计报表、决策支持、领导桌面(集中展示的Cockpit Dashboard)等管理和服务功能，实现对“万物”的“高效、节能、安全、环保”的“管、控、营”一体化[1]。

物联网安全问题的研究外文文献翻译

物联网安全问题的研究外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译院系:年级专业:姓名:学号:附件:指导老师评语:指导教师签名:年月日备注:1.从所引用的与毕业设计(论文)内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译(不少于3000实词);2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献;第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译;3.外文文献正文按毕业设计(论文)格式排版，两部分内容不能联排，用分页符分页。

The Internet of thingsThe Internet of things the Internet of things the Internet of things more and more modules and sensors embedded system to enhance theirability of communication. The resulting information networks will create new business models, improve business processes, risk and reduce costs Michael cui, marcus method, and Roger RobertsIn most organizations, the information spread along the familiar path. Proprietary information is placed in the database and make a analysis in the report and then start the management chain. Information collected from public sources, Internet information collection and information from suppliers to buy.But the forecast information is changing the way: the physical world itself is becoming a kind of information system. In so-called iot, sensors, and micro devices (actuators) is embedded in the physical module from highway to heart pacemakers is through wired or wireless network connections, is often connected to the Internet using the same Internet protocol. The network transmission of data is used for computer analysis. If some modules can sense the environment and can be used for information exchange, so they can become and rapid response to solve the problem of complicated tools. The information revolution in the field of the physical information system is developing continuously, and even some will also be able to work under a single intervention.Pill shape photomicrographic device has successfully through the human digestive tract, and back to the thousands of images to pinpoint the source of the disease. Composed of satellite and ground sensor data acquisition system through the wireless device can detect crop status and connected to the precision agriculture can adjust method for everypart of the farming land. For example, by spreading more chemical fertilizers to increase poor soil fertile. Billboards in Japan, waiting for pedestrians pass by, and can assess the consumption of passers-by, and then according to the evaluation results show that the different advertising information.Yes, in many companies, or even earlier today has been warned many predict the future. With the emergence of new value creation method, the current business model is largely based on static information structure is faced with challenges. If in a specific location to a specific time you will be able to experience the mind of the buyer, then the dynamic pricing may increase the possibility of buying. Know how often, and a deep understanding of the usage of the product might get more harvest, choose addfee instead of direct selling. There are a lot of people responsible for the control of manufacturing process to get a more accurate, and can improve the production efficiency. There are such as the operating system are constantly monitored to prevent the emergence of dangerous or people can take corrective measures to avoid the occurrence of damage, risk, and to reduce the cost. Make the fullest use of these functions of the company will gain more profit than the competitor.The wide application of Internet of things is need time, but thanks to its development technology, got advance time line. Wireless technology and the further standardization of communication protocol makes it possible to collect information from the sensor at any time.Based on this, a small silicon chip is endowed with new functions, and at the same time, based on the pattern of Moore's law, its cost is falling. These largely increase the storage capacity of computer and computing power, some of the digital operation scope has expanded through the cloud computing, and reduces the cost.The Internet of things in the workIot for those technologies and not walk in the forefront of company is the news. But as these technologies mature, the enterprise deployment scope will increase. Now is the manager ofall industries to build ideas, consider the contact from theInternet of things or get potential of the development of The Times. We now know that there are six different types of emerging applications, most of which belong to the following two categories: the first, second, information and analysis, automation and control.Information and analysisDue to network increased with the product, the company's assets or data management environment of the link, they will produce better information and analysis, it is important to improve decision making. Some organizations have begun to use these application deployment in the target region, and more advanced and thirst for application is still in concept or test phase. 1, tracking, behaviorSensors embedded in the product, the enterprise can track the movements of these products, even interaction and monitoring them. Business models can be slightly adjusted to take advantage of thisscience. For example, some insurance companies to provide the carposition sensor installation. That how the insurance company may, according to the car was driven to determine the amount and where is the travel situation. Insurance can be customized to operating the vehicle's actual risk, not based on if the driver's age, gender,or places to live in such a situation.Or consider install the sensor and the network connection to thetaxi will happen: it can be used for a short period of time for the car rental service member, so you no longer need to rental service center, and each car's use can also be optimized for higher revenues. Zipcar company pioneered the use of this model, and a growing number of car rental companies are also beginning to follow suit. In retail, used to display shopping data of sensors can provide more detailed informationor provide discount information, make shopping easier. Leaders such as tesco supermarket in the forefront of the use of this technology.The English name for The Internet of Things The Internet of Things, hereinafter referred to as: The IOT. The Internet of things through the transmission device, radio frequency identification technology, such as global positioning system (GPS) technology, no need to monitor real-time acquisition, connected, interactive object or process, collect the sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, location and other needed information, through all kinds of possible Internet access, content and the content, the objects and people in the link, to realizeintelligent perception of objects and processes, identification and management. Internet of things is through theintellisense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the computer andthe Internet after the third wave of world information industry development. Rather than the Internet of things is a network, theInternet of things is the business and application of Internet of things is seen as the Internet application development. The innovation is the core of the development of the Internet of things application, the user experience as the core of innovation is the soul of the development of the Internet of things. 2.0The meaning of "thing" here "objects" to satisfy the following conditions can be incorporated into the scope of the "Internet of things" : 1. The receiver should have corresponding information; 2. Must have the data transmission channel; 3. To have a storage function; 4. Have the CPU; 5. Must have the operating system; 6. There should be special applications; 7. Must have the data sender; 8. To follow the communication protocol of the Internet of things; 9. In the network have the only number can be identified. 3. Definition of "Chinese" Internetof Things (Internet of Things) refers to the Ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) at the end of the equipment (Devices) and facility (Facilities), including "inherent intelligence" of sensors, mobile terminals, industrial system, building control systems, home intelligent Facilities and video monitoring system, etc, and "external Enabled" (Enabled), such as thevarious Assets (Assets), RFID wireless terminal to carry personal and vehicle and so on "intelligent objects or animals" or "smart dust" (Mote), through a variety of wireless and/or cable over long distances and/or short distance communication network connectivity (M2M), application Integration (Grand Integration), and cloud-based SaaS operation mode, in the internal network (Intranet), private network (Extranet), and/or the Internet (Internet) environment, adoptappropriate information security guarantee mechanism, to provide safeand controllable and personalized real-time online monitoring,positioning traces, alarm linkage, dispatch control, program management, remote control, security, remote maintenance, online upgrade, statistics, decision support, leading desktop (Cockpit display Dashboard), etc. Management and service functions,implementation of "all Things" "high efficiency, energy saving, safety, environmental protection" "tube, control, camp" Integration of the. 4. The definition of the eu in September 2009, held in Beijing the china-eu seminar on Internet of things and the enterprise environment, and social media department of RFID, head of the European commission information Lorent Ferderix DrGives the definition of the Internet of things: the Internet ofthings is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standard and interoperable communications protocol based self-organizing ability, including physical and virtual "things" have identification, physical properties, the characteristics of virtual and intelligent interface,and seamless integration and information network. Iot will work with the media, Internet service of the Internet and the Internet, constitute the future Internet.Changes in theIot (Internet of Things), the word widely recognized at home and abroad is a professor at MIT Auto - Ashton ID center in RFID research in 1999 at the earliest. In 2005, the international telecommunication union (ITU) release of the same report, the definition and scope of the Internet of things have changed, coverage has a larger development, is no longer just a iot based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, when prime minister wen jiabao put forward since the "experience China" Internet of things was officially listed as one of five major emerging strategic industries, write "government work report," the Internet of things in China is heavily influenced by the whole society's attention, is the degreeof concern in the United States, European Union, and the rest of the world incomparable.The concept of Internet of things is not so much a foreign concept, as it is already a "made in China" concept, and his coverage of advancing with The Times, professor Ashton has exceeded 1999 and 2005, the scope of the ITU report referred to in the Internet of things has been labeled "Chinese".物联网物联网物联网物联网越来越多的模块与传感器构成嵌入式系统从而增强其通讯能力。

物联网中英文翻译

中原工学院信息商务学院毕业设计(论文)译文专用纸第 1 页物联网1．定义内涵物联网的英文名称为The Internet of Things，简称：IOT。

物联网是通过智能感知、识别技术与普适计算、泛在网络的融合应用，被称为继计算机、互联网之后世界信息产业发展的第三次浪潮。

与其说物联网是网络，不如说物联网是业务和应用，物联网也被视为互联网的应用拓展。

因此应用创新是物联网发展的核心，以用户体验为核心的创新2.0是物联网发展的灵魂。

计算机和电子技术在农业中应用---外文翻译原文

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 74 (2010) 238–243Contents lists available at ScienceDirectComputers and Electronics inAgriculturej o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c o m p agOriginal paperLettuce calcium deﬁciency detection with machine vision computed plant features in controlled environmentsDavid Story a ,Murat Kacira a ,∗,Chieri Kubota b ,Ali Akoglu c ,Lingling An aaAgricultural and Biosystems Engineering,The University of Arizona,1177E.Fourth Street,Shantz Building,Room 403,Tucson,AZ 85721,USA bSchool of Plant Sciences,The University of Arizona,1140E.South Campus Drive,Forbes Building,Room 303,Tucson,AZ 85721,USA cElectrical and Computer Engineering,The University of Arizona,1230E.Speedway Blvd.,Tucson,AZ 85721,USAa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 10February 2010Received in revised form 15July 2010Accepted 19August 2010Keywords:Image processing LettuceMachine vision Nutrient deﬁciencyReal-time crop monitoringa b s t r a c tConventional greenhouse environmental conditions are determined by observation.However,destruc-tive or invasive contact measurements are not practical for real-time monitoring and control applications.At the canopy scale,machine vision has the potential to identify emerging stresses and guide sampling for identiﬁcation of the stressor.A machine vision-guided plant sensing and monitoring system was used to detect calcium deﬁciency in lettuce crops grown in greenhouse conditions using temporal,color and mor-phological changes of the plant.The machine vision system consisted of two main components:a robotic camera positioning system and an image processing module.The machine vision system extracted plant features to determine overall plant growth and health status,including top projected canopy area (TPCA)as a morphological feature;red–green–blue (RGB)and hue–saturation–luminance (HSL)values as color features;and entropy,energy,contrast,and homogeneity as textural features.The machine vision-guided system was capable of extracting plant morphological,textural and temporal features autonomously.The methodology developed was capable of identifying calcium-deﬁcient lettuce plants 1day prior to visual stress detection by human vision.Of the extracted plant features,TPCA,energy,entropy,and homo-geneity were the most promising markers for timely detection of calcium deﬁciency in the lettuce crop studied.Published by Elsevier B.V.1.IntroductionControlled-environment agriculture (CEA)is an integrated sci-ence and engineering approach to horticultural technology with the aim of enabling crop production in controlled environments that might otherwise be unfavorable for agriculture.Lettuces grown in CEA systems yield cleaner,more dependable food for consump-tion compared to open-ﬁeld production.In CEA systems,plants can be grown hydroponically,enabling better control of pests and prevention of diseases.Greenhouses can also be deployed almost anywhere,enabling fresh produce to be grown year-round and closer to the consumer,reducing the need for long-distance trans-portation.One technique that is commonly used for lettuce production is a ﬂoating hydroponic system (FHS).In this system,the plants ﬂoat on top of a pond ﬁlled with a speciﬁc oxygenated nutrient solution at a controlled temperature and absorb the nutrients.This type of system conserves space and eliminates the necessity for constant watering,fertilizing,and pesticide spraying.The typical∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+15206264254;fax:+15206261700.E-mail address:mkacira@ (M.Kacira).growing area for lettuce plants in this hydroponic system is approx-imately 38plants m −2for each harvest (Lettuce Handbook-Cornell,2004).Assuming 40-day intervals from seed to harvest,there would be about 9harvest cycles per year,resulting in a production rate of 342plants m −2year −1.In contrast,open-ﬁeld lettuce produc-tion yields roughly 6.5plants m −2for each harvest (Sanders,2001;Jackson et al.,1996)and harvests are limited to growing seasons of about 6months;about 5harvests per year results in a produc-tion rate of only 32.5plants m −2year −1.Thus,the FHS can offer a more efﬁcient use of land and resources,generating higher-value produce in a smaller growing area.A drawback to this hydroponic system is that the grower can-not access all areas of the growing space to monitor the status of the lettuce crop.One such issue that requires close monitoring is lettuce tip burn,an environmental condition that inhibits the trans-portation of calcium to young leaf regions.By the time symptoms are clearly visible,irreparable damage to the crop may have already occurred,lowering the overall marketable value.Key components to any production system are increased efﬁciency,productivity and quality due to automation and mech-anization of production,handling,and processing.The increased efﬁciency and productivity of CEA systems (with the use of smart technologies from mechanization,automation,and robotic appli-0168-1699/$–see front matter.Published by Elsevier B.V.doi:10.1016/pag.2010.08.010D.Story et al./Computers and Electronics in Agriculture74 (2010) 238–243239cations)has the potential to enable the U.S.to remain competitive in the global market and contribute to the U.S.economy(CSREES, 2007).Early detection and effective treatment of the potential prob-lems,like lettuce tip burn,can improve resource use(Leinonen and Jones,2004;Boissard et al.,2008;Jansen et al.,2010),plant-production efﬁciency(Ling et al.,1996)and plant quality(Linker and Seginer,2003),thus leading to a sustainable,controlled-environment plant-production system.In traditional greenhouse production,growing conditions are based on human observations or preset environmental parameters, instead of focused on the plants’speciﬁc needs at a given time. Contact sensing is typically used to determine a plant’s physical characteristics,a process that is cumbersome,labor-intensive,and often destructive.Non-contact sensing with machine vision may be applied to determine the overall status of plants and to identify a plant’s speciﬁc needs.This level of intelligent control in green-house cultivation would lead to more efﬁcient use of resources and energy for production,and ultimately to improved plant quality, while lowering costs to the consumer.Some of the machine vision applications needed for this type of monitoring have already been developed.For example,Hetzroni et al.(1994)used neural network and statistical classiﬁers to deter-mine plant nutrient deﬁciency(iron,zinc and nitrogen)conditions by plant size,color and spectral features of individual lettuce plants. This study reported that nutrient deﬁciencies imposed on young lettuce plants were easily detectable,though symptoms were not easily predictable if deﬁciencies were imposed after about2weeks of normal growth.They reported a reduction of the green compo-nent in the treated group compared to the control group and an increase of the red component due to the yellowing of lettuce plant after imposed nitrogen deﬁciency.This report indicated that clas-siﬁcation of the individual pixel to the classiﬁcation of the whole plant is necessary for identiﬁcation of plant status.Ling et al.(1996) used spectral and morphological characteristics of lettuce leaves to detect nutrient deﬁciency.This study showed that the reﬂectance of wave bands between415and720nm could be used as a sig-nal wave band for machine vision implementation.A wave band closer to the visible was recommended because it gives a better signal strength.The study also suggested the possibility of using multiple signals based on water and nutrient stress detection in plants,using machine vision systems that could determine devi-ations from“normal”growth as an indicator of deﬁciencies and plant status.Meyer et al.(1992)used a machine vision system to detect single leaves and poinsettia foliage,and reported that a normalized difference index provided the best method of dis-criminating nitrogen-deﬁcient from healthy plants.Low-nitrogen plants grown in greenhouses and growth chambers showed similar increases in red reﬂectance(0.7–0.75␮m)but had different lev-els of near-infrared reﬂectance due to differing amounts of plant canopy cover.Previous efforts concerning machine vision and sensing have been successful in determining plant status by monitoring a sin-gle leaf(Seginer et al.,1992;Meyer et al.,1992;Shimizu and Heins,1995;Revollon et al.,1998)or a single plant(Hetzroni et al.,1994;Kurata and Yan,1996;Murase et al.,1997;Kacira et al.,2002;Changying and Guanghui,2003).However,monitoring and sampling from the crop as a canopy would be more useful for larger-scale systems(Leinonen and Jones,2004;Ushada et al.,2007; Hendrawan and Murase,2009).In addition,in commercial settings, it is desirable to develop a real-time plant canopy health/growth and quality monitoring system with multi-sensor platforms.This could be achieved by a sensing system equipped with an artiﬁ-cial light source and a multi-sensor platform that moves over the canopy.Such a system could be used to detect deviations from nor-mal growth/development and crop stress(e.g.,nutrient deﬁciencies or diseases).The objectives of the current study were(1)to develop a methodology using morphological,textural and temporal plant fea-tures with a machine vision system for the automated non-contact monitoring of plant health and growth and(2)to evaluate the abil-ity of the developed methodology for early detection of tip burn associated with calcium deﬁciency in a greenhouse-grown lettuce crop.2.Materials and methodsA machine vision-guided system for plant health and growth monitoring for use in controlled-environment agriculture produc-tion systems was developed(Story et al.,2008)(Fig.1).The current paper reports the capability of this system’s image processing and data interpretation module,and a methodology for early detection of calcium deﬁciency-induced tip burn in lettuce.The overall sys-tem consisted of a robotic camera positioning module,an image acquisition/processing module and a data analysis/storage module (Story et al.,2008).2.1.Image acquisition systemAn8-bit CCD color camera(KP-D20AU,Hitachi,Tokyo,Japan) with a zoom lens(M6Z1212-3S,Computar,Commack,NY)was attached to a robotic XY positioning system’s cradle.An LED array (LDR2-90SW2,CCS,Kyoto,Japan)was also used attached to the camera to increase the light uniformity for the focused region of interest.This entire camera system was connected to a remote machine through an image grabber board(CronosPlus,Matrox, Quebec,Canada).The functionalﬂow of the machine vision system is as follows. First,a host computer retrieves a list of targeted locations from a database.This system then sends a signal to the remote machine vision system to position the image acquisition system at a desig-nated location.After the camera is positioned over the center of the container(the focused region of interest),ﬁve sequential images are taken and averaged for analysis.Image averaging was used to reduce the effect of random elec-tronic noise and to reduce disturbances by wind or other external factors that would cause the plants to move.This averaged image was used as the original image to represent the plant canopy at that instantaneous moment.Therefore,a uniﬁed canopy of the plants within the container was analyzed for speciﬁc characteristics.The captured image dimension was640×480pixels and was analyzed as a raw bitmap image.The program for the plant health monitor-ing system was written with Microsoft’s Visual Studio2005inthe Fig.1.Schematics of the machine vision-guided plant monitoring system.240 D.Story et al./Computers and Electronics in Agriculture74 (2010) 238–243 language.Some of the image processing tools used were from the library.2.2.Image processing and pattern recognitionFrom the retrieved original image,the region of interest(the plant canopy)was extracted through an image segmentation pro-cess,and the plant foreground was extracted from the background. The resulting monochromatic image(of a white foreground on a black background)represented the plant’s top projected canopy area(TPCA).The number of white pixels in the image represented the plant’s area(morphological features).Dynamically,the extracted blob image was converted so that all white areas were transparent,and this new image was overlaid to the original image.All black areas on the extracted blob image covered the original image’s background.This allowed the plant-portion to become visible.This focused plant image was used to calculate the color features of the plant.All colored pixels were averaged together to identify the overall plant color and from that color,the following features were identiﬁed:red–green–blue (RGB),hue–saturation–luminance(HSL)and color brightness.The resulting color brightness value is a numerical representation of the color’s brightness to human eyes(Bezryadin et al.,2007).The gray-level co-occurrence matrix was used to capture the spatial dependence of gray-level values contributing to the per-ception of texture(Jain et al.,1995).Because the image texture is orientation dependent,four different matrices were calculated based on the different angles of pixel relativity(0◦,45◦,90◦,and 135◦).Each matrix was run through probability-density functions to calculate different textural parameters.After analyzing the color features of the focused image,the textural features were extracted. In one review,21textural parameters were identiﬁed(Zheng et al.,2006).However,another report indicated that only four tex-tural parameters were useful in identifying plant health—entropy, energy,contrast,and homogeneity(Ushada et al.,2007).2.3.Experimental setup for calcium deﬁciency inductionThe plant-production system was constructed in a research cen-ter located at the Controlled Environment Agricultural Center at the University of Arizona(Tucson,AZ).The research greenhouse’s dimensions were14.6m L×7.3m W×2.0m H.The ridge height was2.7m.The greenhouse was covered with a double polycarbon-ate glazing and equipped with a Pad and Fan evaporative cooling system.Desired climate set points were maintained by an auto-matic climate control system.Environmental parameters were collected by a data logger(21X, Campbell Scientiﬁc,Logan,UT)and a National Instruments Field-Point data acquisition system(FieldPoint,National Instruments, Austin,TX).Connected to the Campbell data logger,a LI-COR Quan-tum sensor(LI190SB,Campbell Scientiﬁc,Logan,UT)was placed at canopy height and a Campbell temperature and relative humidity probe(Vaisala HMP50L,Campbell Scientiﬁc,Logan,UT)hung from the greenhouse roof,1m above the plant canopy.Connected to the National Instruments data acquisition system was the Vaisala car-bon dioxide sensor and transmitter(GMT222,Vaisala Inc.,Woburn, MA),which wasﬁxed to the wall of the greenhouse at plant canopy level.During the experiment,the greenhouse temperature was set to 25◦C for the day(14h)and20◦C for the night(10h).The experi-ment consisted of12containers split into two groups.Each group had three control containers and three treatment containers.Each container held four lettuce plants(Lactuca sativa cv.Buttercrunch). Root-zone environments were maintained at a pH of6.0,EC of 2.0dS m−1,and a temperature of20◦C.The treatment nutrient solution was deﬁcient in calcium to induce tip burn.Deﬁciencies were induced by the removal of calcium chloride and the replacement of calcium nitrate with sodium nitrate.Initially,all12containers had the control nutri-ent solution for6days so that the machine vision system could detect similar trends with the plants.Then,calcium deﬁciency was induced in the treated groups.The experiment continued until all treatment plants had tip burn.Nutrient solutions were changed every3days to maintain proper nutrient levels in the root zone.One group of three treated and three untreated con-tainers was brought into the laboratory for image acquisition and analysis.This occurred twice a day at12-h intervals(6:00am and 6:00pm).We used these two groupings to determine whether transportation to the lab had an effect on the plants.The group that was brought into the lab was labeled Group1and the group that stayed within the greenhouse was labeled Group 2.2.4.Methodology for early detection of stressOne objective of this study was to develop a methodol-ogy for early detection of calcium deﬁciency in a lettuce crop. In other words,the separation point identifying the onset of stress due to the calcium deﬁciency was calculated by identi-fying the mean difference between the treatment and control containers at each measured time for all collected parameters. Dual-segmented regression analysis was performed to identify where in time a change point was present between the nutrient-deﬁcit group of plants and the healthy group of plants(Muggeo, 2003).In detail,to detect the change point between the treatment group and control group,we examined the proﬁle difference between the two groups for each parameter.The response was represented by:y(t i)= T(t i)− C(t i)(1) where T and C represent the average value of the speciﬁc param-eter obtained from the treatment and control group at t i time point of the experiment.The values of extracted plant parame-ters from the treatment group began to differ from the controls starting at some point in time.Thus,segmented regression analy-sis was employed for the proﬁle difference to determine the onset of stress detection.In this method,the independent variable(time) was partitioned into intervals and a separate line segment wasﬁt-ted to each interval.The change point,t c,estimated the breakpoint between the two regression equations,determined by:ˆy=ˇ0+ˇ1t,when t<t cˆy=˛0+˛1t,when t≥t c(2)Therefore,two regression lines were made toﬁt the observed data as closely as possible by minimizing the sum of squares of the differences between the observed response(y)and the calcu-lated dependent variable(ˆy).This was implemented by R,an open source of statistical computations and analysis from the R-Project ().In addition to the change point estimation,a conﬁdence interval(95%)was measured about the change point to identify its proximity in relation to the developed trend line.At a certain conﬁdence(e.g.,95%),the narrower the interval,the more accurate the estimation result.3.Results and discussionThe experiment ran for a total of15days.The treatment started on the6th day,and human visual detection of tip burn occurred on day11.5.The average day temperature,night tem-perature,and day time/night time relative humidity values in theD.Story et al./Computers and Electronics in Agriculture74 (2010) 238–243241Fig.2.Timeline of extracted plant features as lettuce plants experience calcium deﬁciency-induced tipburn(bars represent the standard deviation of the mean obtained from three containers in each group).research greenhouse were26.7±2.3◦C,22.1±1.7◦C,45.4±6.0%, 63.6%,and63.6±7.1%,respectively,during the experimental period.The average photosynthetically active radiation(PAR)was 16.0±6.8mol m−2day−1,and the average CO2concentration was 350±7.0ppm.The measured nutrient zone conditions electrical conductivity(EC)and nutrient temperature were2.1±0.1dS m−1 and20.1±1.2◦C,respectively,during the experiment.During the study,plants in the treatment group appeared lighter green(yellowish)due to the calcium deﬁciency.Other symptoms were marginal necrosis of the leaves and small,dark brown spots near the leaf margin.In detecting calcium deﬁciency with lettuce plants,one of the most noticeable visual signs is tip burn.Plants use calcium in the development of cell walls(Nance,1973),and tip burn occurs when laticifer cells burst due to weak cell walls,which releases latex into the surrounding tissue(Barta and Tibbitts,2000). Calcium is xylem-mobile,which means the nutrient moves in the direction of transpiration(Atkinson et al.,1992).If regions of the leaf are not transpiring,then calcium is not delivered to those leaf sections.Fig.2illustrates the timeline of the extracted plant features (TPCA,entropy,energy,contrast and homogeneity)as averaged val-ues obtained from the control and treatment containers.The plant monitoring system was capable of determining the overall canopy rate,represented by the TPCA feature(Fig.2a).As the control and treatment plants were initially grown in a control nutrient solu-tion,similar trends in both the treatment and control group plants were expected.However,as the treatment plants became calcium deﬁcient,a gradual difference in TPCA value can be seen between the control,which continued to grow,and the treatment plants, which had a growth rate that decreased over time.This growth dif-ference may be attributable to the lack of calcium,restricting the cellular wall structure and prohibiting the expansion of the plants’size.Similar effects of plant stress on the change of TPCA have been reported using the coefﬁcient of relative variation of TPCA as a marker for water stress detection(Kacira et al.,2002).The key assumption underlying the textural analysis of the canopy images in this study was that changes in the canopy texture and surface structure are external symptoms of the plant’s internal242 D.Story et al./Computers and Electronics in Agriculture74 (2010) 238–243Fig.3.Difference proﬁle and segmented regression results for the four textural parameters for identiﬁcation of the onset of stress induced by calcium deﬁciency on lettuce plants.physiological status.Stress in plants is known to provoke changes on the surface,texture and the internal leaf structure (Penuelas and Filella,1998).Textural features were therefore examined by probability-density functions on co-occurrence matrices of differ-ent relative angles.In the textural analysis,entropy was deﬁned as the randomness of gray-level distribution.As the control group plants were growing under optimal conditions,their leaves were healthy and color-ful.This was detected by higher levels of entropy values from the canopy in the control group (Fig.2b).As treatment plants became calcium deﬁcient,the entropy value decreased due to a reduction in surface structure complexity.Energy is the numerical value represented by the level of grayscale brightness.As the healthier plants in the control group became darker green in color,the energy value decreased over time (Fig.2c).Similarly,as the treatment plants started to exhibit signs of calcium deﬁciency,the yellowish appearance in the leaves resulted in a lighter canopy color and raised the energy levels in the images of the treatment group plants.Contrast is a measure of the local variations in an image.The control plants were darker but more colorful,which resulted in increased contrast values compared to the treatment plants,which were brighter but more uniform in color (Fig.2d).We expected that the contrast value would be elevated if an image has high local variation.Similar phenomena were reported by Ushada et al.(2007)and Ondimu and Murase (2008),as contrast values increased when a sunagoke moss canopy became dry and more varied in color.Homogeneity is the determination of the related gray-level pixel distribution amongst the surrounding pixels in the canopy image.As the control became colorful,with different shades of green,the related gray-level pixel distribution decreased over time.Con-versely,the treated plants,being more uniﬁed in color due tocalcium deﬁciency,had higher gray-level pixel distribution values (Fig.2e).We were interested in establishing a methodology for the machine vision system to determine the onset of stress detection as early as possible.This was achieved by statistical computations using dual-segmented regression analysis.For each of the collected parameters,the change point and regression lines were estimated.Among the plant features analyzed,TPCA and three textural param-eters (entropy,energy,and homogeneity)identiﬁed the occurrence of the calcium deﬁciency earlier than human vision detection.The estimated change point for three of the four parameters was on day 9.9(with 95%conﬁdence interval [9.5,10.4]and R 2=0.97)(Fig.3a,b,and d).The change point of energy was found to be on day 9.7(Fig.3c).Although the contrast parameter indicated a change on day 9.5(data not shown),a wide conﬁdence interval (7.5,11.5)was observed,which casts doubt on its reliability as a timely stress detection parameter.Based on the statistical analysis performed,four parameters (TPCA,entropy,energy,and homogeneity)are promising as an early warning of stress due to calcium deﬁciency,indicated by a measurable difference between the treatment and control groups.From these four parameters,and the statistical approach used,the machine vision system could detect the onset of stress due to calcium deﬁciency (i.e.,a deviation of treatment group plants from a control group)on the 10th day.This was a full day earlier than the detection of lettuce tip burn resulting from the calcium deﬁciency by human vision.4.ConclusionPlants’responses can be measured by sensors to determine their physical conditions and needs.To optimize the plant-productionD.Story et al./Computers and Electronics in Agriculture74 (2010) 238–243243process,real-time monitoring of the physiological status of plants is necessary,and this information can be included in control pro-cesses.This approach can help to improve resource use efﬁciency in controlled-environment crop production systems.In this study,we successfully developed an autonomous machine vision system for real-time monitoring of lettuce plant health and growth in controlled-environment plant-production systems.The monitoring system was capable of extracting plant morphological,textural and temporal features.The developed methodology was able to identify calcium-deﬁcient lettuce plants1 day earlier than the visual stress detection by human vision.Among the extracted plant features,TPCA,energy,entropy,and homo-geneity were the most promising markers for timely detection of calcium deﬁciency in the lettuce crop studied.Though it is not fea-sible to rely on a single marker for stress detection,a detection approach using multiple markers is more reliable.The capability of the machine vision system for measuring plant stress and health can be improved by combining monitored parameters from the root zone,plant canopy and the aerial environment as a contin-uum.This study focused on maintaining uniform environmental conditions for both the control and treatment containers,and to induce tip burn only through calcium deﬁciency.Importantly,the analyzed data show trends that are similar to other characteristics of plant stress,and it will be of use to develop tools that identify different plant stresses from individual stressors.In this research,image acquisitions were conducted in labora-tory conditions to identify what type of markers could be utilized for the identiﬁcation of plant stress,in this case,calcium deﬁciency-induced tip burn.In real greenhouse settings,this system could be applicable for nighttime plant monitoring,but during the day,non-uniform conditions,such as the variable nature of lighting,may be problematic.Therefore,it will be essential to revise the algorithms developed for image acquisition for this system to operate under daytime greenhouse settings.Further studies are needed to develop a multi-sensor-based approach to better identify common stress symptoms that can occur due to several bining this with an intelligent control technique,with a decision support system,can help to deal with the complexity of symptoms and control of the whole sys-tem.Finally,once the system is able to identify a particular stress, it must relay the plant status by means of a mark displayed on the plant canopy,specifying the area of interest to the grower.We aim to address these research directions in future studies.AcknowledgementsThe success of this project is due to a team of individuals. The authors would like to thank Myles Lewis for his guidance in maintaining the lettuce crop,and Charley Defer,Neal Barto,Mike Mason,and Federico V.Guerrero for their involvement in the design and construction of the machine vision system.This research was supported by State of Arizona CEAC funds(CEAC paper no.D-137126-01-10).ReferencesAtkinson,C.J.,Ruiz,L.P.,Mansﬁeld,T.A.,1992.Calcium in xylem sap and the reg-ulation of its delivery to the shoot.Journal of Experimental Botany43(10), 1315–1324.Barta,D.J.,Tibbitts,T.W.,2000.Calcium localization and tip burn development in lettuce leaves during early enlargement.Journal of American Society for Horti-cultural Sciences125,294–298.Bezryadin,S.,Bourov,P.,Ilinih,D.,2007.Brightness calculation in digital image pro-cessing.In:Proceedings of International Symposium on Technologies for Digital Fulﬁllment,Las Vegas,NV,March.Boissard,P.,Martin,V.,Moisa,S.,2008.A cognitive vision approach to early pest detection in greenhouse puters and Electronics in Agriculture62, 81–93.Changying,L.,Guanghui,T.,2003.Development of non-contact measurement on plant growth in greenhouses using machine vision.In:An American Society for Agricultural and Biological Engineers(ASABE)Conference Paper,St.Joseph,MI, Paper number:034098.Cooperative State Research,Education Extension Service(CSREES),2007.Imple-menting Research,Education,and Extension for Specialty Crops.The United States Department of Agriculture(USDA).Hendrawan,Y.,Murase,H.,2009.Machine vision-based precision irrigation system for sunagoke moss production.ASAE paper number095957.St.Joseph,MI. Hetzroni,A.,Miles,G.E.,Engel,B.A.,Hammer,P.A.,Latin,R.X.,1994.Advances in Space Research14(11),203–212.Jackson,L.,Mayberry,K.,Laemmlen,F.,Koike,S.,Schulback,K.,Chaney,W.,1996.Leaf Lettuce Production in California.Vegetable Production Series1–4,Vegetable Research and Information Center.Jain,R.,Kasturi,R.,Schunck,B.G.,1995.Machine Vision.McGraw-Hill,pp.234–239.Jansen,R.M.C.,Hofstee,J.W.,Wildt,J.,Vanthoor, B.H.E.,Verstappen, F.W.A., Takayama,K.,Bouwmeester,H.J.,van Henten,A.J.,2010.Health monitoring of plants by their emitted volatiles:a model to predict the effect of Botrytis cinerea on the concentration of volatiles in a large-scale greenhouse.Biosystems Engineering106,37–47.Kacira,M.,Ling,P.P.,Short,T.H.,2002.Machine vision extracted plant movement for early detection of plant water stress.Transactions of ASAE45(4),1147–1153.Kurata,K.,Yan,J.,1996.Water stress estimation of tomato canopy based on machine vision.Acta Horticulturae440,389–394.Leinonen,I.,Jones,H.G.,bining thermal and visible imagery for estimating canopy temperature and identifying plant stress.Journal of Experimental Botany 55,1423–1431.Lettuce Handbook-Cornell,2004.Available at:/ extension/CEA/Lettuce Handbook/introduction.htm.Accessed July28,2009. 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物联网中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译Internet of Things1.the definition of connotationThe English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.2.The meaning of "material"Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":1. Receiver have the appropriate information;2. Have a data transmission path;3. Have a certain storage capabilities;4. To have the CPU;5．To have the operating system;6. Have specialized applications;7. Have a data transmitter;8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.3. "Chinese style" as defined inInternet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors, mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].4.EU definitionIn September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks .Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.5．changeThe Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the "Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.6．BackgroundThe concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "Technology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International TelecommunicationUnion released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S. business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet"strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment, and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.Today, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world."Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention.The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensoris the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.7．PrincipleInternet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In theera of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature. 8．Agency1, institution-buildingAs the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as: "objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.2, the main taskServe as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.9．ConstructionInternet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design andresearch and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.10．key areasInternet of Things 4 key areas:(1) RFID;(2) sensor network;(3) The M2M;(4) integration of the two.11.TrendIndustry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the datacollection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one ofthe dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.12.MythThe current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology, or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymericintegrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.esThings widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care, personal health, floriculture, water monitoring, food traceability, enemy detection and intelligence collection and other fields.International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot something; clothes will "tell" washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field, for example, a logistics company, application of Things truck, when loading overweight, the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining , the severity of goods with how to tell you; when handling staff unloading a cargo packaging may be shouting "throw you hurt me", or "My dear, you do not get too barbaric, you can?"; when the driver and others gossip, trucks will pretend boss's voice roaring "stupid, the grid!Internet of things to make full use of a new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among, specifically, is embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines, etc.kinds of objects, and then "Internet of Things" with the existing Internet to integrate and realize the integration of human society and the physical system, which in this integrated network, there is the ability to super-powerful central computer cluster, integrated network staff implementation of real-time management and control of the machinery, equipment and infrastructure, on this basis, the human can be more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to achieve the status of the "wisdom", to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve human the relationship between the natural.。

物联网外文文献翻译

物联网外文文献翻译
物联网是一个由许多设备彼此连接而形成的网络，这些设备可以是智能手机、传感器、汽车等。

物联网允许设备之间相互通信和交换数据，从而实现更智能、更高效和更安全的生活。

在物联网领域，一些外文文献对于我们的研究和研究非常有帮助。

以下是一些常见的物联网外文文献：
- "A Survey on Internet of Things From Industrial Market Perspective"：这篇论文介绍了物联网的概念、应用和市场现状，并分析了物联网在未来的趋势。

- "Big Data Analytics for IoT-Based Smart Environments: A Survey"：文章描述了如何使用大数据分析来处理物联网设备所产生的数据，并探讨了这种技术如何应用于智能环境中。

- "A Review of Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things Concept"：这篇综述了物联网在智慧城市中的应用，并对物联网在智慧城市化中的挑战和机遇进行了讨论。

通过阅读这些文献，我们可以更深入地了解物联网的应用、市场和发展趋势，并且了解如何将物联网技术应用到实际生活中。

物联网专业英语【物联网专业英语unit1-partb翻译】

物联网专业英语【物联网专业英语unit1-partb翻译】物联网——我们将去往何方展望未来，每一个“物”都是挂起在网络上的。

这个所谓的“物联网”会导致一系列的变革，包括我们如何与环境共处，更重要的是，包括我们如何过生活。

这个万物联网的想法并不新鲜，但是它正在逐渐成为现实。

在2008年，当联网的物的数量超过联网的人的数量的时候，物联网就形成了。

技术空想者们已经把物联网描绘成一个美好的东西，认为它能够带来数不清的好处。

受益于日益增长的万物互联的公司们也非常支持这些技术空想者们。

通用连接、传感器、计算机系统是可以收集、分析、利用特定数据的。

正因如此，它们将改善健康和食品制造。

间接的，它们也许可以减轻贫困家庭。

另一方面，怀疑论者认为，物联网带来的环境污染有两个：一是越来越多的东西联网所带来的固有危害，另一个是我们越来越依赖于物联网。

问题是，互联网到底能不能支撑如此大数量的物联网，并且，这些联网的物（包括网络本身）如果保证安全、隐私和保险。

1. 到底有多少无联网？今天，有90亿设备联网。

到2021年，这个数字会增长到240亿，还还有些评估同时指出这个数字是1000亿。

与此同时，网络上传输的由机器产生的数据，将让网络上的由人类产生的数据相形见绌。

实际上，上述提到的数据文化交流，一小部分都是机器之间的对话。

再说，思科预计，截至到今年年底，20个典型的家庭产生的数据流量会整个网络在2008年的数据流量。

2. 我们连接什么？物联网并不若果与那些直接联网的设备相关。

传感器与类似RFID 标签的标识符，也通过手机、RFID 阅读器或联网基站等等媒介，提供数据。

这意味着，一个被RFID 标记的麦片盒子可以被认为是联网的。

理论上，RFID 可以和其它传感器联合使用，用以记录特定的盒装麦片的生命周期。

包括记录这盒麦片何时被生产出来，如何被运输，何时被吃完。

令人鼓舞的是，荷兰的一家公司，已经开发了一种测量牛的重要迹象、运动、相互关系的感测器。

物联网中英文对照外文翻译文献

英语科技文献翻译50题

英语科技文献翻译50题1. The discovery of a new species of bacteria has significant implications for biotechnology. 下列翻译正确的是：A. 一种新的细菌物种的发现对生物技术有重要影响。

B. 一种新细菌物种的发现对生物科技有重要的意思。

C. 一个新物种的细菌的发现对生物技术有重大暗示。

D. 新的一种细菌物种的发现对生物科技有重要的含义。

答案：A。

解析：“implication”常见释义为“影响；暗示；牵连”，在此句中取“影响”之意。

“significant”表示“重要的；显著的”。

整句翻译要注意语序和词汇的准确选择。

2. Genetic engineering has the potential to revolutionize medicine. 以下翻译恰当的是：A. 基因工程有潜力去革命化医学。

B. 基因工程具有彻底改变医学的潜力。

C. 基因工程有革命医学的可能性。

D. 基因工程有使医学革命化的可能。

答案：B。

解析：“potential”意为“潜力；可能性”，“revolutionize”表示“彻底改变；使发生革命性变革”。

翻译时要体现出准确的逻辑和含义。

3. The research on stem cells offers promising prospects for treating various diseases. 正确的翻译是：A. 关于干细胞的研究为治疗各种各样的疾病提供有希望的前景。

B. 干细胞的研究提供了治疗各种疾病的有希望的前景。

C. 对干细胞的研究为治疗各种疾病提供了有希望的前景。

D. 关于干细胞的研究给治疗不同的疾病提供了有前景的希望。

答案：C。

解析：“prospect”意为“前景；可能性”，“various”表示“各种各样的；不同的”。

注意“on”表示“关于”，翻译要符合中文表达习惯。

物联网技术的应用及发展研究最新外文文献翻译

文献出处:Marisa D. The application and development of the Internet of things technology [J]. Internet Computing, IEEE, 2015, 12(5): 44-55.原文The application and development of the Internet of things technologyMarisa DAbstractInternet of things is considered through monitoring, analysis and control of network information technology, the extension of human perception of control ability has huge potential. Iot research work has been carried out. A lot of Iot demonstration system was also developed, and has made remarkable application effect. But at the same time, the current development of the Internet of things is also facing some fundamental problems: the Internet of things has what special requirements must be met? What phase are you in the Internet of things technology? Where is the development direction of Internet of things? It is worthwhile to explore these issues. This paper reviews the development of the Internet, and according to the experience of the development of the Internet, analyzes the present situation of Internet of things and Internet of things present in the "content - machine connected to the local small-scale network stage, its development direction should be connected to open net of numerous small" net ", namely the "Internet of things". Based on this idea, called WInternet Iot design, and introduces the overall architecture, working mode and protocol system, and also discusses the several other issues worthy of further study. Keywords: Internet of things; Pipeline agreement; Cloud calculation; Technology application1 IntroductionIn recent years, the development of the Internet of things has been attached great importance to, academia, industry, the government to give great attention to the development of the Internet of things. Internet of things is considered can connect hundreds of millions of physical world objects, through monitoring, analysis and control of network information technology, the extension of human perception control ability has huge potential. Iot research work has been carried out. A lot of Iotdemonstration system was also developed, and has made remarkable application effect. But at the same time, the current development of the Internet of things is also facing some problems, especially all kinds of Internet of things generally are connected by "-" in the form of "network", although the implements of all kinds of physical objects in the local scope - machine is linked together, but different "net" resource sharing between the perception and control equipment. And because of the existing "- machine connected to the network is generally based on the special agreement, adapt to the need of the professional custom, cause a physical network is not open, hard to connectivity. To realize all kinds of network connectivity should be a Iot of development trend.2 Internet development history and experience2.1 Electronic equipment network systemsIn the 19th century to early 20th century, electronic equipment network of prototype has emerged. As the time of the telephone network, cable network, and other various types is private network system. Now in retrospect, these networks have been gradually replaced by the Internet; its reason is worth thinking about. Analysis of the network system can be found early, they generally have the following features: (1) Vertical integration, tightly coupledThe network system hardware, software and operation of the upper application mostly belong to an owner. Most of the various components of the integration in the network system is independently by the owner internal personnel, network in each part of the tightly coupled system.(2) The proprietary protocols to exchangeIn the network system of internal communication protocol is often according to the specific needs of each owner, in order to better the optimization and use of all kinds of equipment components are designed. Different owners of intellectual property rights and interests protection often will deal core part try to conceal, difficult to communication between different network systems. This method of "vertical integration, proprietary protocols" to satisfy the various network system of the optimization of resources and interests of the owner to protect specific needs, butalso directly led to the early electronic equipment network problems.(3) Resource sharing difficultBecause every electronic device network system is generally adopts the way of "vertical integration" structure, the network system in all kinds of electronic equipment and software are also often can only be used for the network users of the system. For example in the early days of the telephone network system, multiple phone companies have independent laid their phone lines, set up relevant telephone switching equipment, a relatively independent telephone network. Different lines and equipment cannot be Shared between the telephone network, caused the repeat purchase, resource sharing difficult.(4) Function to replicateAnother problem is that in the different network system to repeat the same or similar functions, such as the telephone network signaling in the instruction and the signal coding implementation. Features to replicate directly lead to two results: one is each owners are required for the design and implementation of general agreement and equipment, but due to the limitation of the technical strength of a single owner, will inevitably extend network independently design and development time; Second, under the limit of time and personnel, the realization of function module final quality more or less is not ideal. If different owners to cooperation, complementary advantages, functional modules will not only greatly shorten the development time, its quality will improve the quality and technology evolution speed will also increase.3 Internet of things present situation and the development direction3.1 The development of Internet of thingsIot technology emerges in various fields has also been a high degree of attention, many of the Internet of things application demonstration is put forward and the construction, especially in environmental monitoring, traffic control, disaster emergency, etc. The application of these systems has also made certain achievements. But at the same time, we can also see the current before the development of the Internet of things is with the Internet electronic networks have similar features, especially the "vertical integration" and "special deal". Currently, many of Iot systemare to solve the problem of specific requirements of a certain area or region, independent each other. Set up in the process of sensing equipment, software module, communication formats tend to be based on specific requirements for customization. Caused by agreement custom complex network connection between works, although perception control equipment resources abundant, but it is share difficulties, such as in the current a lot of video surveillance network, while the erection of all kinds of cameras everywhere, but its share is very difficult.3.2 Development direction of Internet of thingsFrom the development history of the Internet, we believe that the current development of the Internet of things was still in the "machine" of the "net" phase. This network connects many physical objects, can communicate with each other, data exchange, and implement all kinds of monitoring and control functions. Most of these networks for specific needs, using proprietary protocols, solve the problems of the current focus on each network owners. But at the same time, also can see, these of the “net” have a resource sharing and th e needs of each other."Machine" of the "network" become connected to many of the "net" "open net" should be the development trend of the Internet of things. This trend is also our experience on the development course from the Internet.3.3 The design requirements of Internet of thingsMentioned before the Internet of things, it is using electronic technology to the physical world of awareness and control network. This has also led to the Internet of things with the traditional numerical computing systems and the Internet data transmission network system has different characteristics and requirements.(1) Ensure real-time performanceThe numerical simulation of numerical calculation, Internet of things different from traditional problem itself may not be directly brought about changes in the physical world. But the errors of a control instruction in the Internet of things or delay a disaster may directly result in physical space. In smart grid, for example, if an error control instruction is to control equipment in the grid, small causes energy waste, is can cause paralysis of the grid. The error here includes both the wrong instruction,also including the correct instruction at the wrong time to control equipment. In other words, the real time in the Internet of things than the traditional Internet and numerical calculation system has a higher request. The design of the Internet of things should be as guarantee for real-time important consideration.(2) Privacy promiseThe emergence of the Internet of things technology makes the collection of information easier. Perception of physical space object will more or less involve in the privacy of all kinds of people. Iot will cover these private data is connected to the network, it is possible to make these data are all types of users to access remotely. How to safeguard the privacy of data is not abused and theft, this is the Internet of things another design factors must be considered.(3) Calculation to the nearsIn the Internet of things because of the continuous perception of the physical world, the amount of data and therefore is great. Under the traditional centralized data processing for the Internet of things of huge amounts of data may no longer apply. Illegal vehicle tracking, for example, found accident vehicles, such as somewhere we hope in a wider range of the car to track. One option is to all video monitoring data set to the data center. But the time delay of the data set itself will be longer, to the network bandwidth requirement is high. This scheme is difficult. To ensure real-time performance, but also to save resources, it is better near the camera video data analysis and calculation, the identification of license plate and movement track, avoid the time delay of data transmission and network bandwidth, so as to improve timeliness and network efficiency. Similarly, in the field of smart grid wide-area control, similar problems also exist, all the analyses focused on monitoring data to the data center, and then send the result to the remote, the optical signal transmission time needed for this process is likely to exceed system control limit is allowed. In this case, the calculation to the nearest has become a necessity.译文物联网技术的应用及发展研究Marisa D摘要物联网被认为是通过信息技术进行监测、分析和控制的网络，在延伸人类的感知控制能力方面潜力巨大。

物联网的关键技术的研究和应用大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：物联网的关键技术的研究和应用文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）译文及原稿译文题目：物联网的关键技术的研究和应用Research on Key Technology and Applications for Internet of 原稿题目：ThingsXian-Yi Chen1, 2, Zhi-Gang Jin3.[J].SciV erse Sciencedirect，原稿出处：2012，Physics Procedia 33：561-566.物联网的关键技术的研究和应用摘要物联网（IOT）已经在在世界各地的各个行业和政府以及被学术界被越来越多的关注。

本文就物联网的概念和物联网的体系结构进行了讨论。

并且对物联网的关键技术，包括射频识别技术、电子产品代码技术、无线个域网技术进行了分析。

数字农业的框架下也提出了基于物联网的应用。

1.1物联网物联网的概念是在1999年在MIT（麻省理工学院）的Auto-ID实验室首次提出它是指所有的物品为了实现智能识别和网络管理通过类似于RIFD（射频识别RFID）等的传感器设备连接到互联网。

其核心支持技术是无线传感器网络和射频识别技术。

物联网的概念是在2005年在国际电信联盟报告中提出的：物联网,由国际电信联盟（ITU）在突尼斯2005年11月17日的信息社会世界峰会(WSIS)中向全世界正式发布。

据报道,一切在任何地方和任何时间通过无线射频识别技术、无线传感器网络技术、智能嵌入式技术和纳米技术可以连接到对方。

由于没有统一的物联网的定义，它可以从以下技术角度来定义。

物联网是万物的网络，可以实现互连，随时有完整的意识，传输可靠，准确控制，智能处理和其他特征的支持技术,如微型电极、射频识别、无线传感器网络技术、智能嵌入技术,互联网技术,集成智能处理技术，纳米技术。

物联网中英文翻译

英文翻译资料系别物联网学院专业嵌入式系统工业控制班级嵌控0901学生姓名胥杰学号100090946指导教师杨晔2012年4 月物联网1.定义内涵物联网的英文名称为The Internet of Things,简称：IOT。

物联网是通过智能感知、识别技术与普适计算、泛在网络的融合应用，被称为继计算机、互联网之后世界信息产业发展的第三次浪潮。

与其说物联网是网络，不如说物联网是业务和应用，物联网也被视为互联网的应用拓展。

因此应用创新是物联网发展的核心，以用户体验为核心的创新2.0是物联网发展的灵魂。

2.“物”的涵义这里的“物”要满足以下条件才能够被纳入“物联网”的范围：1．要有相应信息的接收器；2．要有数据传输通路；3．要有一定的存储功能；4．要有CPU；5．要有操作系统；6．要有专门的应用程序；7．要有数据发送器；8．遵循物联网的通信协议；9．在世界网络中有可被识别的唯一编号。

3.“中国式”定义物联网(Internet of Things)指的是将无处不在（Ubiquitous）的末端设备（Devices）和设施（Facilities），包括具备“内在智能”的传感器、移动终端、工业系统、楼控系统、家庭智能设施、视频监控系统等、和“外在使能”(Enabled)的，如贴上RFID的各种资产（Assets）、携带无线终端的个人与车辆等等“智能化物件或动物”或“智能尘埃”（Mote），通过各种无线和/或有线的长距离和/或短距离通讯网络实现互联互通（M2M)、应用大集成（Grand Integration)、以及基于云计算的SaaS营运等模式，在内网（Intranet）、专网（Extranet）、和/或互联网（Internet）环境下，采用适当的信息安全保障机制，提供安全可控乃至个性化的实时在线监测、定位追溯、报警联动、调度指挥、预案管理、远程控制、安全防范、远程维保、在线升级、统计报表、决策支持、领导桌面（集中展示的Cockpit Dashboard)等管理和服务功能，实现对“万物”的“高效、节能、安全、环保”的“管、控、营”一体化[1]。

物联网工程中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Android: A Programmer’s Guide1 What Is Android1.1 Key Skills & Concepts● History of embedded device programming● Explanation of Open Handset Alliance● First look at the Android home screenIt can be said that, for a while, traditional desktop application developers have been spoiled. This is not to say that traditional desktop application development is easier than other forms of develop ment. However, as traditional desktop application developers, we have had the ability to create alm ost any kind of application we can imagine. I am including myself in this grouping because I got my start in desktop programming.One aspect that has made desktop programming more accessible is that we have had the ability to interact with the desktop operating system, and thus interact with any underlying hardware, prettyfreely (or at least with minimal exceptions). This kind of freedom to program independently, how ever, has never really been available to the small group of programmers who dared to venture int o the murky waters of cell phone development.NOTE ：I refer to two different kinds of developers in this discussion: traditional desktop applicati on developers, who work in almost any language and whose end product, applications, are built to run on any “desktop” operating system; and Android developers, J ava developers who develop for the Android platform. This is not for the purposes of saying one is by any means better or wors e than the other. Rather, the distinction is made for purposes of comparing the development styles and tools of desktop operating system environments to the mobile operating system environment1.2 Brief History of Embedded Device ProgrammingFor a long time, cell phone developers comprised a small sect of a slightly larger group of developers known as embedded device developers. Seen as a less “glamorous” sibling to desktop—and later web—development, embedded device development typically got the proverbial short end of the stick as far as hardware and operating system features, because embedded device manufacturers were notoriously stingy on feature support.Embedded device manufacturers typically needed to guard their hardware secrets closely, so they gave embedded device developers few libraries to call when trying to interact with a specific device. Embedded devices differ fro m desktops in that an embedded device is typically a “computer on a chip.” For example, consider your standard television remote control; it is not really seen as an overwhelming achievement of technological complexity. When any button is pressed, a chip interprets the signal in a way that has been programmed into the device. This allows the device to know what to expect from the input device (key pad), and how to respond to those commands (for example, turn on the television). This is a simple form of embedded device programming. However, believe it or not, simple devices such as these are definitely related to the roots of early cell phone devices and development.Most embedded devices ran (and in some cases still run) proprietary operating systems. The reason for choosing to create a proprietary operating system rather than use any consumer system was really a product of necessity. Simple devices did not need very robust and optimized operating systems.As a product of device evolution, many of the more complex embedded devices, such as early PDAs, household security systems, and GPSs, moved to somewhat standardized operating system platforms about five years ago. Small-footprint operating systems such as Linux, or even an embedded version of Microsoft Windows, have become more prevalent on many embedded devices. Around this time in device evolution, cell phones branched from other embedded devices onto their own path. This branching is evident whenyou examine their architecture.Nearly since their inception, cell phones have been fringe devices insofar as they run on proprietary software—software that is owned and controlled by the manufacturer, and is almost always considered to be a “closed” system. The practice of manufacturers using proprietary operating systems began more out of necessity than any other reason. That is, cell phone manufacturers typically used hardware that was completely developed in-house, or at least hardware that was specifically developed for the purposes of running cell phone equipment. As a result, there were no openly available, off-the-shelf software packages or solutions that would reliably interact with their hardware. Since the manufacturers also wanted to guard very closely their hardware trade secrets, some of which could be revealed by allowing access to the software level of the device, the common practice was, and in most cases still is, to use completely proprietary and closed software to run their devices. The downside to this is that anyone who wanted to develop applications for cell phones needed to have intimate knowledge of the proprietary environment within which it was to run. The solution was to purchase expensive development tools directly from the manufacturer. This isolated many of the “homebrew” develo pers.NOTE：A growing culture of homebrew developers has embraced cell phone application development. The term “homebrew” refers to the fact that these developers typically do not work for a cell phone development company and generally produce small, one-off products on their own time.Another, more compelling “necessity” that kept cell phone development out of the hands of the everyday developer was the hardware manufacturers’ solution to the “memory versus need” dilemma. Until recently, cell phones did little more than execute and receive phone calls, track your contacts, and possibly send and receive short text messages; not really the “Swiss army knives” of technology they are today. Even as late as 2002, cell phones with cameras were not commonly found in the hands of consumers.By 1997, small applications such as calculators and games (Tetris, for example) crept their way onto cell phones, but the overwhelming function was still that of a phone dialer itself. Cell phones had not yet become the multiuse, multifunction personal tools they are today. No one yet saw the need for Internet browsing, MP3 playing, or any of the multitudes of functions we are accustomed to using today. It is possible that the cell phone manufacturers of 1997 did not fully perceive the need consumers would have for an all-in-one device. However, even if the need was present, a lack of device memory and storage capacity was an even bigger obstacle to overcome. More people may have wanted their devices to be all-in-one tools, but manufacturers still had to climb the memory hurdle.To put the problem simply, it takes memory to store and run applications on any device, cell phones included. Cell phones, as a device, until recently did not have the amount of memory available to them that would facilitate the inclusion of “extra” programs. Within the last two years, the price of memory has reached very low levels. Device manufacturers now have the ability to include more memory at lower prices. Many cell phones now have more standard memory than the average PC had in the mid-1990s. So, now that we have the need, and the memory, we can all jump in and develop cool applications for cell phones around the world, right? Not exactly.Device manufacturers still closely guard the operating systems that run on their devices. While a few have opened up to the point where they will allow some Java-based applications to run within a small environment on the phone, many do not allow this. Even the systems that do allow some Java apps to run do not allow the kind of access to the “core” system that standard desktop developers are accustomed to having.1.3 Open Handset Alliance and AndroidThis barrier to application development began to crumble in November of 2007 when Google, under the Open Handset Alliance, released Android. The Open Handset Alliance is a group of hardware and software developers, including Google, NTT DoCoMo, Sprint Nextel, and HTC, whose goal is to create a more open cell phone environment. The first product to be released under the alliance is the mobile device operating system, Android.With the release of Android, Google made available a host of development tools and tutorials to aid would-be developers onto the new system. Help files, the platform software development kit (SDK), and even a developers’ community can be found at Google’s Android website, This site should be your starting point, and I highly encourage you to visit the site.NOTE ：Google, in promoting the new Android operating system, even went as far as to create a $10 million contest looking for new and exciting Android applications.While cell phones running Linux, Windows, and even PalmOS are easy to find, as of this writing, no hardware platforms have been announced for Android to run on. HTC, LG Electronics, Motorola, and Samsung are members of the Open Handset Alliance, under which Android has been released, so we can only hope that they have plans for a few Android-based devices in the near future. With its release in November 2007, the system itself is still in a software-only beta. This is good news for developers because it gives us a rare advance look at a future system and a chance to begin developing applications that willrun as soon as the hardware is released.NOTE：This strategy clearly gives the Open Handset Alliance a big advantage over other cell phone operating system developers, because there could be an uncountable number of applications available immediately for the first devices released to run Android.Introduction to AndroidAndroid, as a system, is a Java-based operating system that runs on the Linux 2.6 kernel. The system is very lightweight and full featured. Android applications are developed using Java and can be ported rather easily to the new platform. If you have not yet downloaded Java or are unsure about which version you need, I detail the installation of the development environment in Chapter 2. Other features of Android include an accelerated 3-D graphics engine (based on hardware support), database support powered by SQLite, and an integrated web browser.If you are familiar with Java programming or are an OOP developer of any sort, you are likely used to programmatic user interface (UI) development—that is, UI placement which is handled directly within the program code. Android, while recognizing and allowing for programmatic UI development, also supports the newer, XML-based UI layout. XML UI layout is a fairly new concept to the average desktop developer. I will cover both the XML UI layout and the programmatic UI development in the supporting chapters of this book.One of the more exciting and compelling features of Android is that, because of its architecture, third-party applications—including those that are “home grown”—are executed with the same system priority as those that are bundled with the core system. This is a major departure from most systems, which give embedded system apps a greater execution priority than the thread priority available to apps created by third-party developers. Also, each application is executed within its own thread using a very lightweight virtual machine.Aside from the very generous SDK and the well-formed libraries that are available to us to develop with, the most exciting feature for Android developers is that we now have access to anything the operating system has access to. In other words, if you want to create an application that dials the phone, you have access to the phone’s dialer; if you want to create an application that utilizes the phone’s internal GPS (if equipped), you have access to it. The potential for developers to create dynamic and intriguing applications is now wide open.On top of all the features that are available from the Android side of the equation, Google has thrown insome very tantalizing features of its own. Developers of Android applications will be able to tie their applications into existing Google offerings such as Google Maps and the omnipresent Google Search. Suppose you want to write an application that pulls up a Google map of where an incoming call is emanating from, or you want to be able to store common search results with your contacts; the doors of possibility have been flung wide open with Android.Chapter 2 begins your journey to Android development. You will learn the how’s and why’s of using specific development environments or integrated development environments (IDE), and you will download and install the Java IDE Eclipse.2 Application: Hello World2.1 Key Skills & Concepts●Creating new Android projects●Working with Views●Using a TextView●Modifying the main.xml file●Running applications on the Android EmulatorIn this chapter, you will be creating your first Android Activity. This chapter examines the application-building process from start to finish. I will show you how to create an Android project in Eclipse, add code to the initial files, and run the finished application in the Android Emulator. The resulting application will be a fully functioning program running in an Android environment.Actually, as you move through this chapter, you will be creating more than one Android Activity. Computer programming tradition dictates that your first application be the typical Hello World! application, so in the first section you will create a standard Hello World! application with just a blank background and the “Hello World!” text. Then, for the sake of enabling you to get to know the language better, the next section explains in detail the files automatically created by Android for your Hello World! application. You will create two iterations of this Activity, each using different techniques for displaying information to the screen. You will also create two different versions of a Hello World! application that will display an image that delivers the “Hello World!” message. This will give you a good introduction to the controls and inner workings of Android.NOTE：You will often see “application” and “Activity” used interchangeably. The difference between the two is that an application can be composed of multiple Activities, but one application must have at leastone Activity. Each “window” or screen of your application is a separate Activity. Therefore, if you create a fairly simple application with only one screen of data (like the Hello World! application in this chapter), that will be one Activity. In future chapters you will create applications with multiple Activities.To make sure that you get a good overall look at programming in Android, in Chapter 6 you will create both of these applications in the Android SDK command-line environment for Microsoft Windows and Linux. In other words, this chapter covers the creation process in Eclipse, and Chapter 6 covers the creation process using the command-line tools. Therefore, before continuing, you should check that your Eclipse environment is correctly configured. Review the steps in Chapter 3 for setting the PATH statement for the Android SDK. You should also ensure that the JRE is correctly in your PATH statement.TIP：If you have configuration-related issues while attempting to work with any of the command-line examples, try referring to the configuration steps in Chapters 2 and 3; and look at the Android SDK documentation.2.2 Creating Your First Android Project in EclipseTo start your first Android project, open Eclipse. When you open Eclipse for the first time, it opens to an empty development environment (see Figure 5-1), which is where you want to begin. Your first task is to set up and name the workspace for your application. Choose File | New | Android Project, which will launch the New Android Project wizard.CAUTION Do not select Java Project from the New menu. While Android applications are written in Java, and you are doing all of your development in Java projects, this option will create a standard Java application. Selecting Android Project enables you to create Android-specific applications.If you do not see the option for Android Project, this indicates that the Android plugin for Eclipse was not fully or correctly installed. Review the procedure in Chapter 3 for installing the Android plugin for Eclipse to correct this.2.3 The New Android Project wizard creates two things for youA shell application that ties into the Android SDK, using the android.jar file, and ties the project into the Android Emulator. This allows you to code using all of the Android libraries and packages, and also lets you debug your applications in the proper environment.Your first shell files for the new project. These shell files contain some of the vital application blocks upon which you will be building your programs. In much the same way as creating a Microsoft .NET application in Visual Studio generates some Windows-created program code in your files, using the Android Project wizard in Eclipse generates your initial program files and some Android-created code. Inaddition, the New Android Project wizard contains a few options, shown next, that you must set to initiate your Android project. For the Project Name field, for purposes of this example, use the title HelloWorldText. This name sufficiently distinguishes this Hello World! project from the others that you will be creating in this chapter.In the Contents area, keep the default selections: the Create New Project in Workspace radio button should be selected and the Use Default Location check box should be checked. This will allow Eclipse to create your project in your default workspace directory. The advantage of keeping the default options is that your projects are kept in a central location, which makes ordering, managing, and finding these projects quite easy. For example, if you are working in a Unix-based environment, this path points to your $HOME directory.If you are working in a Microsoft Windows environment, the workspace path will be C:/Users/<username>/workspace, as shown in the previous illustration. However, for any number of reasons, you may want to uncheck the Use Default Location check box and select a different location for your project. One reason you may want to specify a different location here is simply if you want to choose a location for this specific project that is separate from other Android projects. For example, you may want to keep the projects that you create in this book in a different location from projects that you create in the future on your own. If so, simply override the Location option to specify your own custom location directory for this project.3 Application FundamentalsAndroid applications are written in the Java programming language. The compiled Java code — along with any data and resource files required by the application — is bundled by the aapt tool into an Android package, an archive file marked by an .apk suffix. This file is the vehicle for distributing the application and installing it on mobile devices; it's the file users download to their devices. All the code in a single .apk file is considered to be one application.In many ways, each Android application lives in its own world:1. By default, every application runs in its own Linux process. Android starts the process when any of the application's code needs to be executed, and shuts down the process when it's no longer needed and system resources are required by other applications.2. Each process has its own virtual machine (VM), so application code runs in isolation from the code of all other applications.3. By default, each application is assigned a unique Linux user ID. Permissions are set so that the application's files are visible only to that user and only to the application itself — although there are ways to export them to other applications as well.It's possible to arrange for two applications to share the same user ID, in which case they will be able to see each other's files. To conserve system resources, applications with the same ID can also arrange to run in the same Linux process, sharing the same VM.3.1 Application ComponentsA central feature of Android is that one application can make use of elements of other applications (provided those applications permit it). For example, if your application needs to display a scrolling list of images and another application has developed a suitable scroller and made it available to others, you can call upon that scroller to do the work, rather than develop your own. Application have four types of components:(1)ActivitiesAn activity presents a visual user interface for one focused endeavor the user can undertake. For example, an activity might present a list of menu items users can choose from or it might display photographs along with their captions. A text messaging application might have one activity that shows a list of contacts to send messages to, a second activity to write the message to the chosen contact, and other activities to review old messages or change settings. Though they work together to form a cohesive user interface, each activity is independent of the others. Each one is implemented as a subclass of the Activity base class.An application might consist of just one activity or, like the text messaging application just mentioned, it may contain several. What the activities are, and how many there are depends, of course, on the application and its design. Typically, one of the activities is marked as the first one that should be presented to the user when the application is launched. Moving from one activity to another is accomplished by having the current activity start the next one.Each activity is given a default window to draw in. Typically, the window fills the screen, but it might be smaller than the screen and float on top of other windows. An activity can also make use of additional windows — for example, a pop-up dialog that calls for a user response in the midst of the activity, or a window that presents users with vital information when they select a particular item on-screen.The visual content of the window is provided by a hierarchy of views — objects derived from the base View class. Each view controls a particular rectangular space within the window. Parent views contain and organize the layout of their children. Leaf views (those at the bottom of the hierarchy) draw in the rectangles they control and respond to user actions directed at that space. Thus, views are where the activity's interaction with the user takes place.For example, a view might display a small image and initiate an action when the user taps that image. Android has a number of ready-made views that you can use — including buttons, text fields, scroll bars, menu items, check boxes, and more.A view hierarchy is placed within an activity's window by the Activity.setContentView() method. The content view is the View object at the root of the hierarchy. (See the separate User Interface document for more information on views and the hierarchy.)(2)ServicesA service doesn't have a visual user interface, but rather runs in the background for an indefinite period of time. For example, a service might play background music as the user attends to other matters, or it might fetch data over the network or calculate something and provide the result to activities that need it. Each service extends the Service base class.A prime example is a media player playing songs from a play list. The player application would probably have one or more activities that allow the user to choose songs and start playing them. However, the musicplayback itself would not be handled by an activity because users will expect the music to keep playing even after they leave the player and begin something different. To keep the music going, the media player activity could start a service to run in the background. The system would then keep the music playback service running even after the activity that started it leaves the screen.It's possible to connect to (bind to) an ongoing service (and start the service if it's not already running). While connected, you can communicate with the service through an interface that the service exposes. For the music service, this interface might allow users to pause, rewind, stop, and restart the playback.Like activities and the other components, services run in the main thread of the application process. So that they won't block other components or the user interface, they often spawn another thread for time-consuming tasks (like music playback). See Processes and Threads, later.(3)Broadcast receiversA broadcast receiver is a component that does nothing but receive and react to broadcast announcements. Many broadcasts originate in system code — for example, announcements that the timezone has changed, that the battery is low, that a picture has been taken, or that the user changed a language preference. Applications can also initiate broadcasts — for example, to let other applications know that some data has been downloaded to the device and is available for them to use.An application can have any number of broadcast receivers to respond to any announcements it considers important. All receivers extend the BroadcastReceiver base class.Broadcast receivers do not display a user interface. However, they may start an activity in response to the information they receive, or they may use the NotificationManager to alert the user. Notifications can get the user's attention in various ways — flashing the backlight, vibrating the device, playing a sound, and so on. They typically place a persistent icon in the status bar, which users can open to get the message.(4)Content providersA content provider makes a specific set of the application's data available to other applications. The data can be stored in the file system, in an SQLite database, or in any other manner that makes sense. The content provider extends the ContentProvider base class to implement a standard set of methods that enable other applications to retrieve and store data of the type it controls. However, applications do not call these methods directly. Rather they use a ContentResolver object and call its methods instead. A ContentResolver can talk to any content provider; it cooperates with the provider to manage any interprocess communication that's involved.See the separate Content Providers document for more information on using content providers. Whenever there's a request that should be handled by a particular component, Android makes sure that the application process of the component is running, starting it if necessary, and that an appropriate instance of the component is available, creating the instance if necessary.3.2 Activating components: intentsContent providers are activated when they're targeted by a request from a ContentResolver. The other three components —activities, services, and broadcast receivers —are activated by asynchronous messages called intents. An intent is an Intent object that holds the content of the message. For activities and services, it names the action being requested and specifies the URI of the data to act on, among other things. For example, it might convey a request for an activity to present an image to the user or let the user edit some text. For broadcast receivers, theIntent object names the action being announced. For example, it might announce to interested parties that the camera button has been pressed.。

英语作文-物联网技术在农业领域的应用及效益分析

英语作文-物联网技术在农业领域的应用及效益分析The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology into agriculture has revolutionized the way we approach farming and food production. By harnessing the power of interconnected devices and sensors, farmers can now monitor crop growth, soil conditions, and weather patterns with unprecedented precision. This essay delves into the applications and benefits of IoT technology in agriculture, highlighting its transformative impact on the industry.IoT technology in agriculture, often referred to as smart farming, involves the use of various sensors that collect data related to environmental conditions, plant health, and livestock welfare. These sensors provide real-time information that can be used to make informed decisions about irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. For instance, soil moisture sensors can indicate the optimal time for watering, reducing water consumption and preventing over-irrigation.One of the primary benefits of IoT in agriculture is the significant increase in efficiency it brings. Automated systems can adjust conditions to suit the needs of crops without human intervention. For example, if sensors detect a lack of nutrients in the soil, an automated system can release the required amount of fertilizer, ensuring that plants receive the precise nutrition they need to thrive.Moreover, IoT technology contributes to sustainability in agriculture. By optimizing resource use, it reduces waste and minimizes the environmental footprint of farming practices. Smart irrigation systems, for example, not only conserve water but also prevent runoff of fertilizers into nearby water bodies, thus protecting aquatic ecosystems.The economic advantages of IoT in agriculture are also noteworthy. With better control over the farming process, farmers can achieve higher yields and better quality produce. This leads to increased profitability and the potential to meet the growing demand for food as the global population continues to rise.In addition to enhancing crop production, IoT technology plays a crucial role in livestock management. Wearable sensors on animals can monitor their health and behavior, alerting farmers to any signs of illness or distress. This proactive approach to animal welfare can prevent disease outbreaks and improve the overall productivity of livestock.Challenges such as data security and the initial cost of implementing IoT systems cannot be overlooked. However, the long-term benefits and the potential for continued innovation make IoT an invaluable asset in modern agriculture.In conclusion, the application of IoT technology in agriculture offers a multitude of benefits, including increased efficiency, sustainability, and economic gains. As the technology continues to evolve, it promises to further enhance the capabilities of farmers and reshape the agricultural landscape for the better. The future of farming is smart, and IoT is at the forefront of this exciting transformation.。

物联网技术在现代农业中的实践与摸索

物联网技术在现代农业中的实践与摸索第1章物联网技术概述 (3)1.1 物联网技术的发展历程 (3)1.2 物联网技术的核心组成 (4)1.3 物联网技术在现代农业中的应用前景 (4)第2章农业物联网架构与标准 (5)2.1 农业物联网体系架构 (5)2.1.1 感知层 (5)2.1.2 传输层 (5)2.1.3 平台层 (5)2.1.4 应用层 (5)2.2 农业物联网关键技术 (5)2.2.1 传感器技术 (6)2.2.2 无线传输技术 (6)2.2.3 数据处理与分析技术 (6)2.2.4 智能控制技术 (6)2.3 农业物联网标准化进展 (6)2.3.1 国家标准 (6)2.3.2 行业标准 (6)2.3.3 地方标准 (6)2.3.4 企业标准 (7)第3章物联网在农田监测与管理中的应用 (7)3.1 土壤监测技术 (7)3.1.1 土壤湿度监测 (7)3.1.2 土壤养分监测 (7)3.1.3 土壤pH值监测 (7)3.2 气象监测技术 (7)3.2.1 空气温湿度监测 (7)3.2.2 降雨量监测 (7)3.2.3 风速风向监测 (8)3.3 水肥一体化管理技术 (8)3.3.1 智能灌溉 (8)3.3.2 精准施肥 (8)3.3.3 数据分析与决策支持 (8)第4章物联网在设施农业中的应用 (8)4.1 环境监控系统 (8)4.1.1 空气温湿度监测 (8)4.1.2 光照监测 (8)4.1.3 土壤水分监测 (8)4.2 自动控制系统 (9)4.2.1 灌溉控制系统 (9)4.2.2 温湿度控制系统 (9)4.3 智能化决策支持系统 (9)4.3.1 数据分析与处理 (9)4.3.2 生长模型建立 (9)4.3.3 病虫害监测与预警 (9)4.3.4 生产管理优化 (9)第5章物联网在农产品质量追溯中的应用 (9)5.1 农产品质量追溯体系 (9)5.1.1 追溯体系的基本构成 (10)5.1.2 追溯体系的关键技术 (10)5.2 农产品溯源技术 (10)5.2.1 二维码技术 (10)5.2.2 RFID技术 (10)5.2.3 传感器技术 (10)5.3 农产品质量安全监管平台 (10)5.3.1 监管平台的功能与架构 (10)5.3.2 监管平台的关键技术 (11)5.3.3 监管平台的应用案例 (11)第6章物联网在农业机械化管理中的应用 (11)6.1 智能农机装备技术 (11)6.1.1 智能化农业机械发展概述 (11)6.1.2 关键技术分析 (11)6.1.3 应用案例 (11)6.2 农机远程监控与调度系统 (11)6.2.1 远程监控技术概述 (11)6.2.2 系统架构与功能 (11)6.2.3 应用案例 (11)6.3 农机作业质量评价与优化 (12)6.3.1 农机作业质量评价方法 (12)6.3.2 作业优化策略 (12)6.3.3 应用案例 (12)第7章物联网在农业供应链管理中的应用 (12)7.1 农产品物流与仓储管理 (12)7.1.1 物联网技术在农产品物流中的应用 (12)7.1.2 物联网技术在农产品仓储管理中的应用 (12)7.2 农业供应链信息平台 (12)7.2.1 信息平台架构设计 (12)7.2.2 信息平台功能模块 (12)7.3 农产品电子商务 (13)7.3.1 农产品电商模式创新 (13)7.3.2 物联网技术在农产品电商中的应用 (13)第8章物联网在农业生态环境监测中的应用 (13)8.1 农业生态环境监测技术 (13)8.1.1 监测原理与设备 (13)8.2 智能病虫害监测与防治 (13)8.2.1 病虫害监测技术 (13)8.2.2 病虫害防治策略 (14)8.3 农业资源监测与评价 (14)8.3.1 土壤质量监测 (14)8.3.2 水资源监测 (14)8.3.3 农业气象监测 (14)8.3.4 农业废弃物监测 (14)第9章物联网在农业大数据分析中的应用 (14)9.1 农业大数据概述 (14)9.2 农业数据采集与处理技术 (14)9.2.1 数据采集技术 (14)9.2.2 数据处理技术 (15)9.3 农业数据挖掘与分析应用 (15)9.3.1 作物生长监测与预测 (15)9.3.2 农业资源管理与优化 (15)9.3.3 农产品市场分析与预测 (15)9.3.4 农业生态环境监测与评价 (15)9.3.5 农业智能决策支持系统 (15)第10章物联网在农业创新发展中的摸索 (15)10.1 农业物联网发展趋势 (15)10.1.1 农业物联网的宏观发展环境 (15)10.1.2 农业物联网的发展趋势分析 (16)10.2 农业物联网技术创新 (16)10.2.1 传感器技术 (16)10.2.2 大数据分析技术 (16)10.2.3 云计算与边缘计算技术 (16)10.3 农业物联网产业发展策略与建议 (16)10.3.1 政策支持与引导 (16)10.3.2 产业链协同发展 (16)10.3.3 人才培养与科技创新 (16)10.3.4 应用示范与推广 (16)第1章物联网技术概述1.1 物联网技术的发展历程物联网（Internet of Things, IoT）技术起源于20世纪90年代，其概念最早由MIT AutoID实验室提出。

ThePotentialofIoTinAgriculture

ThePotentialofIoTinAgriculture 随着技术的不断发展和农业行业的不断创新，物联网技术在农业领域也逐渐显示出其巨大潜力。

Internet of Things(IoT) 即物联网，是指一种能够将不同的设备、系统和传感器互联互通、相互协调、自主运行和智能化控制的智能化网络系统。

在农业领域，IoT技术可以被广泛应用于农业生产、营销和管理等方面，从而极大地提高农业效益和生产力。

一、物联网技术在农业生产中的应用1.智能种植：IoT技术可以通过对大量的农作物及其环境数据的采集，将种植过程可视化和可控化。

例如传感器可以实时监测土壤湿度、光照强度、气温、二氧化碳浓度等数据，通过智能算法进行分析，从而提供最优的种植方案。

同时，该技术还可以根据不同农作物的特点进行预测，提前预警病虫害的出现，及时施治预防和控制。

2. 智能灌溉：IoT技术对于节水灌溉也有很好的应用，这可以大大降低农业生产成本。

自动化灌溉系统可以根据每个农田的特点，暴露、流量、土壤含水率、降雨量等准确地进行测量，从而通过物联网的控制，自动调节水量、控制灌溉机等设备的开关门限，从而实现精细化的灌溉。

3. 智能施肥：IoT技术可以通过监测水分、温度、土壤养分等数据，根据不同的植物品种、生长期和生长环境，智能制定施肥方案及用量，自动化地调控植物的生长过程，提高农作物的生产效率。

4. 智能饲养：IoT技术也将应用于畜禽养殖行业，传感器可以实时监测动物的温度、饮食、体重和疾病情况等，从而提前预测疾病发生的可能性及时做出相应的处理。

二、物联网技术在农业营销中的应用物联网技术对农业生产的监控和管理不仅可以提高生产效率，还可以促进农业产品的营销和管理。

1. 营销渠道：IoT技术可以使农产品的销售更加精准和高效，例如，在交易平台上发布农产品的基本信息，包括品种、产地、价格等等，吸引更多的精准的采购商。

2. 产地溯源：通过建立物联网技术平台，监控产地的环境、土壤、气候等信息，确保产品的品质和安全，给消费者提供了更多的购买依据和保障。

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The Internet of things technology and modern agricultural productionAbstract—The Internet of Things assumes that objects have digital functionality and can be identified and tracked automatically. The main goal of embedded interaction is to look at new opportunities that arise for interactive systems and the immediate value users gain. The authors developed various prototypes to explore novel ways for human-computer interaction (HCI), enabled by the Internet of Things and related technologies. Based on these experiences, they derive a set of guidelines for embedding interfaces into people’s daily lives.Keyword: Internet of Things, greenhouse, agricultureOne, what is the Internet of things the greenhouseGreenhouse simple understanding of the Internet of things is the introduction of the Internet of things technology in greenhouse. On the basis of Internet of things refers to the computer to the Internet, using the radio frequency identification technology, such as wireless data communication technology to construct a global goods information real-time Shared objects to the Internet, referred to as "the Internet of things, it is the modern information technology development to a certain stage, appeared a polymerized applications and technology to promote. Now that the Internet of things is to all sorts of perception technology, modern network technology and artificial intelligence and integrated automation technology polymerization and application, so it goes with modern greenhouse have connected.The Internet of things is an important part of a new generation of information technology. Its English name is "The Internet of things". Thus, as the name implies, "Internet of things is something connected to the Internet". This has two meanings: first, the core and foundation of the Internet of things is still the Internet, is based on Internet of extension and expansion of network; Extension is second, its clients and extends to any goods and articles, information exchange and communication. Internet of things is "material objects connected to the Internet. Through the Internet of things intellisense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the computer and the Internet after the third wave of world information industry development. The Internet of things is an Internet application development, Internet of things is not so much network, Internet of things is a business and application. Therefore, innovation is the core of the development of the Internet of things application, the user experience as the core of innovation is the soul of the development of the Internet of things. 2.0.Internet of Things is defined by the radio frequency identification (the Radio Frequency Identification, RFID) devices, infrared sensors, global positioning systems, laser scanners and other information sensing device, according to the greed protocol, any goods and the Internet connected to the exchange of information and communication, and advanced cloud computing technology and supercomputers huge amount of data analyzed with a view to helping people make the right decision to act, in order to achieve intelligent identify, locate, track, monitor and manage a kinds of networks. The essence of the Internet of Things is to give the network a new meaning, blending and interaction between persons and things, the normative Reply identification, to make the choice of the program. The composition of the Internet of Things including:(1)P eripheral nodes (acquisition and control layer): namely the use of a variety ofsensors, RFID formed between the object identification and data exchange;(2)A ccess layer (data transport layer): all network form, including wired, wireless,and in the form of Wi-Fi wireless LAN, 2G, 3G, and so on;(3)T he bearer network;(4)A pplication of the control layer;(5)B earer network of computer networks and communication networks for businesson the basis network of Things network.Second, the Internet of things technology developmentIOT(Internet of Things)as early as in 1999, that is to say, put all the objects through the radio-frequency identification information such as the sensing device with an Internet connection, to realize intelligent identification and management. In Tunisia in 2005 at the world summit on the information society, the international telecommunication union released "ITU Internet report:" the Internet of things "formally put forward the concept of Internet of things. IOT concept is put forward, and quickly catch on around the world, the world has become a global attention the keywords.In 2009 the United States the Obama administration will "Internet of things" promoted to national strategic direction, with radio frequency identification (RFID), sensors, qr codes, networking and intelligent information processing as a representative of the Internet of things technology is accelerating applied in agricultural production areas in the west.In China, on August 7, 2009, premier wen jiabao of the state council micro-nano sensor network engineering technology research and development center in wuxi inspection studio said China should seize the opportunity, develop the Internet of things technology; On August 26, 2009, zhu hongren, chief engineer of ministry of industry and industrial economic operation in China in the summer of 2009 report, said at the meeting is being paid close attention to in our country, attaches great importance to the research inthe Internet of things; On September 11, 2009, ministry of sensor network standardization working group was set up, marked the our country will accelerate the formulation can meet the demand of the development of sensor network international standards, on March 5, 2010 in the three times of the 11th National People's Congress meeting, premier wen jiabao in his government work report for the first time again asked to speed up research and development of the Internet of things applications. At this point, construction of the Internet of things rise to national strategic height.Third, why should use the Internet of things the greenhouseThe greenhouse inside air temperature and humidity, soil temperature and humidity, co2 concentration and light and so on agricultural environment information collection, is essential to the production, but this is not purely depend on can achieve. In greenhouse environment, pavilions greenhouse to use the Internet of things technology, become a measurement control, wireless sensor network (WSN) use different sensor node and the node has a simple actuator, such as fan, low pressure motor, the valve actuator working current is low, a wireless network to measure humidity, matrix composition, pH, temperature and humidity of the air pressure, light intensity, co2 concentration, again through the model analysis, automatic control of greenhouse environment control, irrigation and fertilization, so as to get the best condition of plant growth.For greenhouse into agricultural park, Internet of things also can realize automatic measurement and control information. By equipped with wireless sensor nodes, each wireless sensor node can monitor various environmental parameters. By receiving data from the wireless sensor gathering node, for storage, display and data management, which can realize all base test points information acquisition, management, and analysis, and the intuitive graph and curve display for each greenhouse users, according to the requirements of plant at the same time provide a variety of sound and light alarm message and SMS alarm information, and to achieve greenhouse intensive, networked remote management.Four, the Internet of things technology, traditional agricultural why needThe party's 16th national congress put forward, the construction of modern agriculture, develop rural economy, increasing farmers' income, is the comprehensive construction socialism new countryside important task. "Farmers" problem is the party and the government care about a great event.At present, traditional agricultural extensive model has far can not adapt to the needs of agricultural sustainable development, the product quality problem, a serious shortage of resources and general waste, environmental pollution, product variety many problems,such as the agricultural demand diversity into a vicious cycle, the development of agriculture to the development of modern agriculture indeed provides a shining path, precision agriculture and traditional agriculture than the biggest characteristics is a high and new technology and scientific management for the biggest saving for the resource. It is a comprehensive very strong system engineering, is an agricultural implement way of the low consumption, high efficiency, high quality, environmental protection, is the new trend of world agricultural development, also is the best choice for our country agriculture to realize agricultural modernization.Agricultural IOT(Internet of Things) is the Internet of Things technology in the application of agricultural production and operation management, by operating terminals and sensors to collect all kinds of agricultural data, through the wireless sensors, mobile communications, wireless network and wired network to realize information transmission, through the homework terminal to realize monitoring and management in the whole process of the agricultural production process. Agricultural Internet of things can change traditional, extensive mode of agricultural production and management, improve the ability of crop diseases and insect pests prevention and control, change the management mode of agricultural products to ensure the quality safety of agricultural products, will lead the development trend in modern agriculture, therefore, at present, China's agriculture is in the process of transition from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, in particular by using modern material conditions is equipped with traditional agriculture, through to transform traditional agriculture, modern technology to further enhance the level of the agricultural industrial chain. Internet of things technology can achieve comprehensive perception, stable transmission and intelligent management, the technical characteristics decided the Internet of things will be in the process of the construction of modern agriculture.Five, the advantage of Internet of things of agriculture intelligent measurement and control systemOne of Five, comprehensive monitoring and precise regulation of agricultural growth processControl system in the greenhouse, the IOT system pH sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, light sensors, ion sensors, biosensors, carbon dioxide sensors equipment detection in the environment temperature, relative humidity, pH, light intensity, soil nutrient, physical parameters, such as carbon dioxide concentration, through a variety of instruments, meters real-time display or as an automatic control parameter involved in the automatic control, to ensure the growth of the crops have a good, suitable for the environment. Remote control the implementation of the technical staff in the office can control multiple greenhouse environment monitoring. By usingwireless network is measured to obtain the best condition of crop growth, can provide scientific basis for accurate control greenhouse, to increase production, improve quality, regulate growth cycle, improve the economic benefit. The purpose ofTwo of Five, improve the efficiency of waterInduction in soil moisture sensors and control irrigation systems in order to realize the automatic water saving and energy saving, can build a high efficiency, low energy consumption, low investment, multi-functional platform for agricultural water saving irrigation. Agriculture is our country's water conservation, and its water consumption accounts for about 70% of the total water consumption. According to statistics, due to the dry food in our country, on average, the affected area up to 20 million h m/year, losses of food accounted for 50% of total national output as a result of food. For a long time, because of technology, backward management level, lead to irrigation water waste is very serious, agricultural irrigation water utilization rate is only 40%. If according to the monitoring soil moisture information, real-time control irrigation timing and water amount, water use efficiency can be effectively improved. And artificial time measuring moisture content, not only cost a lot of manpower, and to do real-time monitoring; The cable measurement and control system, requires the high cost of wiring, not easy to expand, and inconvenience to farm. With low power wireless sensor network node through the ZigBee ad-hoc network way of water-saving irrigation control system based on wireless sensor network (WSN), to avoid the wiring for the inconvenience, the shortcomings of flexibility is poor, to realize continuous online monitoring soil moisture, irrigation and water-saving irrigation automatic control, both for improving the utilization ratio of irrigation water, to alleviate the problem of the growing scarcity of water resources in our country, also provide a good growth environment for crop growth.Three of Five, agriculture from production to the standardization of quality supervision, inspection and transportation and network managementIntelligent agricultural greenhouses iot information system research to produce a variety of sensors, such as temperature, chemical growth process of the whole monitoring and digital management; Combination of RFID electronic tags in the cultivation, production, quality inspection, transportation process, real time identifiable data storage and management. In the field of modern greenhouse cultivation, the Internet of things technology accurately to caress the fruit and vegetable and crop seedling. In this process, the pH sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, optical sensors, ion sensors, biosensors, carbon dioxide sensors such as equipment, detection in the environment temperature, relative humidity, pH, light intensity, soil nutrient, physical parameters, such as carbon dioxide concentration, through a variety of instrumentation real-time display, or as the automatic control of depending on a parameter involved in the automatic control,guarantee crops have a good, suitable for the growth of the environment, thus to increase crop yield, improve quality, regulate growth cycle, improve the economic benefit, the purpose of implement the standardization of agricultural production, networked and digitized.Six, the limitations of iot technology in agricultureOne of Six, make the cost higherAlthough the cost of the sensor have fallen significantly in recent years, but its application cost is still high, a humidity sensor to hundreds of yuan, a soil moisture sensor to more than one thousand yuan, a greenhouse environment parameter all sensors should be in ten thousand yuan, for farmers still is a big investment, so the Internet of things of agriculture application also mainly concentrated in some scientific research institutes, agricultural enterprise and the government to promote projects, to large-scale promotion also need to drastically reduce the cost.Two of Six, technical problemsCurrent sensor may be due to improper installation location data, or the stability of the sensor is bad because of the time change, data gathering are some wireless sensor signals transmission distance is limited, data transmission is not stable, high maintenance costs. Again such as power supply problem also is not very good solve, if using solar power, the power is not enough, if use alternating current (ac), the vast majority of greenhouse without electricity and the need to wash the power cord, all of these limit the Internet of things in agriculture large-scale popularization.Seven, the Internet of things technology in the agricultural development trendIn order to achieve a high level of facility agriculture, to develop in the direction of refinement, intensive agriculture in our country, must use scientific and technological progress, especially attaches great importance to the application of information technology in agriculture is very important. Realization of Internet of things technology application in the field of agriculture is to improve agricultural production means, improve the efficiency of agricultural production and production level of beneficial attempt. Internet of things technology application in agriculture, can change the extensive mode of agricultural management, also can improve the ability of plant and animal epidemic disease prevention and control, ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products, leading the modern agricultural development in the field of modern greenhouse cultivation, the Internet of things technology accurately to caress the seedlings of fruit vegetables and crops. In this process, the temperature sensor, humidity sensor, pH sensor,light sensor, ion sensors, biosensors, carbon dioxide sensors such as equipment, detection in the environment temperature, relative humidity, pH, light intensity, soil nutrient, physical parameters, such as carbon dioxide concentration, through a variety of instrumentation real-time display, or as the automatic control of depending on a parameter involved in the automatic control, to ensure the growth of the crops have a good, suitable for the environment.In the fruits and vegetables and food storage, temperature sensor plays a huge role, refrigerator according to real-time parameters of cold storage temperature within the sensor to implement automatic control and keep the relative stability of the temperature.Internet of things, therefore, has a broad application prospect in agricultural areas, in terms of farmland, orchards and other large-scale production can use the Internet of things technology turn agricultural environment temperature, humidity, illumination, precipitation, etc., the soil organic matter content, temperature and humidity, heavy metal content, pH, etc., and the characteristics of plant growth information such as real-time access to transport and use, and that for scientific fertilization, irrigation work has very important significance, has become the field of Internet of things of agriculture research one of the most main topic.Based on wireless sensor network technology in the Internet of things of agriculture is the direction of the facilities agriculture, agricultural IOT will greatly promote the development of facilities agriculture in our country, really realize the automation, intellectualization and modernization of agriculture in our country. At present, in our country some areas of agricultural facilities, Internet of things of agriculture has received initial deployment, and obtained the considerable economic benefits. But in popularization of the Internet of things of agriculture also faces many difficulties, such as cost of sensor nodes, wireless sensor network system of power consumption, perception nodes data efficient transmission problems and so on. How to overcome these difficulties, it is key to the development of the Internet of things of agriculture. Believe that along with the relevant scientific research institutions and scholars at home and abroad continue to exploration and efforts, the various technology unceasing development and perfect, these difficulties will be readily solved, finally realize a highly efficient, high quality and safe facilities industry monitoring system.References1.M. Kranz et al., “Context-Aware Kitchen Utilities,” Proc. 1st Int，l Conf. Tangible and Embedded Interaction (TEI 07), ACM Press, 2007, pp.213-214.2.M. Kranz et al., “Sensing Technologies and the Player Middleware for Context-Awareness in Kitchen Envi ronments,” Proc. 4th Int，l Conf.Networked Sensing Systems (INSS 07), IEEE Press, 2007, pp. 179-186.3.R. Wimmer et al., “CapTable and CapShelf —Unobtrusive Activity Recognition Using Networked Capacitive Sensors, Proc. 4th Int'l Conf.Networked Sensing Systems (INSS 07), IEEE Press, 2007, pp. 85-88.4.S. Paasovaara et al., “Evaluating Capacitive Touch Input on Clothes,” Proc. 10th Int’l Conf. Human-Com-puter Interaction with MobileDevices and Services (MobileHCI 08), ACM Press, 2008, pp. 81-90.5.P. Holleis et al., “Playing with the Real World,” J. Virtual Reality and Broadcasting, vol. 3, no. 1, 2006, pp. 1-12.6.M. Kranz et al., “The Therapy Top Measureme nt and Visualization System — An Example for the Advance ments in Existing Sports Equipments,”Int，l J. Computer Science in Sport, vol. 5, no. 2, 2006, pp. 201-210.7. A. Schmidt, P. Holleis, and M. Kranz, “Sensor Virrig: A Balance Cushion as Controller,” Adjunct Proc. 6th Int’l Conf. Ubiquitous Computing(UbiComp 04), 2004; /documents/sensorvirrigabalance cushionascontroller.pdf.8.T. Matthews et al., “Augmenting Collections of Every day Objects: A Case Study of Clothes Hangers as an Information Display,” Proc. 2nd Int’lConf. Pervasive Computing (Pervasive 04), Springer, 2004, pp. 340-344.9.P. Holleis et al., “Displayed Connectivity,” Adjunct Proc. 7th Int’l Conf. Ubiquitous Computing(UbiComp 05), 2005;/documents/DisplayedConnectivity -HolleisKranzSchmidt_UbiComp2005Demo.pdf.10.P. Holleis, “Programming Interactive Physical Prototypes,” Proc. 1st Int，l Workshop on Design and Integration Principles for SmartObjects (DIPSO 07), 2007; /workshops/dipso/dipso 2007/programme.php.。

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