美国文学欣赏WashingtonIrving
Washington Irving 课件
In
1815,driven by his sorrow ,
Irving sailed again for
England,thus began remain
abroad for 17 years.
---- Made By Wang Tao
content
Character analyse
Theme
The significance
★ Content ★来自The story is set in 1790 ,happened in a valley called Sleepy Hollow. The valley known as Sleepy Hollow hides from the world in the high hills of New York State. A legend believed dy many people here is about a man who rides a horse at night. The man in this story died many years ago during the American revolutionary war. His head was shot off. Every night he rises from his burial place, jumps on his horse and rides through the valley looking for his missing head. The novel tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a sycophantic, lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel.
washington_irving(美国文学,常耀信,华盛顿欧文)
The Father of American Literature
范莉
济宁学院外国语系
Landscape design
Traveling
Bachelor
Washington Irving
(1783-1859)
Writing
lawyer Diplomacy
P47
Irving is the first belletrist in American
literature, writing for pleasure at a time when writing was practical and for useful purposes. He is the first American literary humorist. He has written the first modern short stories. He is the first to write history and biography as entertainment. He introduced the nonfiction prose as a literary genre. His use of the gothic looks forward to Poe.
Rip Van Winkle is a short story by Washington Irving published in 1819, as well as the name of the story's fictional protagonist. It was part of a collection of stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. The story has become a part of cultural mythology: even for those who have never read the original story, "Rip Van Winkle" means either a person who sleeps for a long period of time, or one who is inexplicably (perhaps even blissfully) unaware of current events.
英美文学-欧文Washington Irving
Unit 1 Washington Irving作家介绍：华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving，1783 年4 月3 日–1859年11月28日)，出生于纽约一个富商家庭。
幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学、旅游。
1806年在弗吉尼亚州任律师，并与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚。
妻子早逝于1809年，后来虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
欧文的第一部重要作品是《纽约外史》。
1820年，他的《见闻札记》出版，引起欧洲和美国文学界的重视，也奠定了他在美国文学史上的地位。
该作品包含了他最为脍炙人口的名篇《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》。
晚年他在曾描写过的睡谷附近度过。
因其对美国文学的巨大贡献，欧文被尊称为“美国文学之父”。
内容摘要：瑞普·凡·温克尔是一个心底善良、和蔼可亲的人。
他乐于帮助别人，但在自己家里却十分懒惰。
有一天，为了躲避唠叨凶悍的妻子，他独自到附近的赫德森河畔兹吉尔山上去打猎。
途中，他巧遇了当年发现这条河的赫德森船长及其伙伴，在喝了他们的仙酒后，睡了一觉。
醒后下山回家，才发现时间已过了整整二十年，人世沧桑，一切都十分陌生。
原本闭塞的山村现在一片沸腾，到处是演说、传单、竞选。
恍惚中，瑞普发现酒店招牌上英王乔治的画像变了。
红色的上衣变成了蓝黄色，手中的王笏变成宝剑，头冠三角帽，下面是”华盛顿将军”的字眼。
经过一番曲折后，瑞普终于知道，他现在已由英王的臣民变成”合众国的一个自由的公民”。
但对所有这些变化，瑞普无动于衷，因为他最担心的是家“女人的专政”。
作品导读：《瑞普·凡·温克尔》出自欧文的《见闻札记》。
该作品是作家最知名的代表作，包括小说、散文、杂感等32篇，以幽默风趣的笔调和富于幻想的浪漫色彩，描写了英国和美国古老的风俗习惯以及善良淳朴的旧式人物。
作家喜欢田园生活和古代遗风，爱写随笔和短篇小说，尤为关注奇闻轶事和穷乡僻壤的风俗习惯。
美国浪漫主义时期诗歌欣赏
美国浪漫主义时期诗歌欣赏第一篇：美国浪漫主义时期诗歌欣赏Choose one romantic poet and make your comment on one of his/her poem.Song of MyselfWalt WhitmanWhitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.He spoke highly of individualism and self-affirmation.“Song of Myself” is one of the most popular of all Walt Whitman’s poems and is included in Whitman’s spectacular poetry collection Leaves of Grass.Throughout his poetry, Whitman praised the individual.He imagined a democratic nation as a unified whole composed of unique but equal individuals.“Song of Myself” opens in a triumphant paean to the individual: “I celebrate myself, and sing myself”.But strictly speaking, in “Song of Myself”, Whitman is not writing about himself.Many of the experiences recorded in the poem are purely imaginary.His aim is to embrace the whole human experience by means of imaginative sympathy, which Whitman possessed to an extraordinary degree, and enables him to identify himself with all sorts and conditions of men.He fraternizes with all;their interests are his.All men and women, moreover, are potentially equal in the sight of Whitman.“Song of Myself” is perhaps the most thorou ghly democratic poem in American literature.His style is simple and natural, without such nonterminating as conventional rime or meter, hence it must have an organic growth like a perfect animal or tree, in which each part is propositional and harmonious with the whole.To sum it up, by reading this long poem I have a overall understanding about Song of Myself.In this poem, he taught us how to treatpeople equally, how to respect nature and ourselves, and that we should always be optimistic about life, both current and future, no matter what the outside world is, just believe in ourselves.专业：英语专业学号：B12123104姓名：王利莹第二篇：美国浪漫主义时期文学家及其作品美国浪漫主义时期文学家及其作品华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving，1783年-1859年），19世纪美国最著名的作家，号称美国文学之父。
华盛顿欧文WashingtonIrving解析
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a
short story by Washington Irving
contained in his collection The Sketch
Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.,
written while he was living in Birmingham,
(1783—1856)
--made by xxx
• The STRUCTURE of The PPT
• 1·His life • 2·His career and works • 3·His style • 4·His Contribution to American literature
Washington Irving was born on April 3,1783 into a wealthy New York merchant family,the youngest son of the family with 11 children.
Plot Summary of “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
• The story is set in 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town，New York，in a secluded（与世隔绝的） glen（峡 谷） called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky（过分瘦长的）, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut（康涅狄格州 Bones" Van Brunt, the rowdy town, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer.
Rip-van-winkle分析
华盛顿·欧文是美国早期浪漫主义文学的代表，被誉为“美国文学之父”，是第一个为美国文学赢得欧洲乃至世界声誉的作家。
在作品中，欧文常常把美国的现实状况与欧洲的历史传说融合在一起，展现了一幅幅生动的画面。
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》是《见闻札记》中很有特色的一篇。
该小说以哈得逊河流域的一个小村子背景，讲述了一个神奇的故事：主人公瑞普·凡·温克尔脾气温和，天性懒惰，不事生产，“什么赚钱的活儿他都不喜欢，甚至是憎恨。
”经常遭到妻子的责备数落。
为逃避妻子的唠叨，他经常带着猎枪和狗到山中去打猎。
一天，瑞普在山中遇到一群古怪的老人在玩九木桩（some odd-looking personage playing at ninepins）游戏。
贪杯的瑞普·凡·温克尔偷饮了古怪老人的仙酒后酣然入睡(fell into a deep sleep)。
等他一觉醒来回到村子时，却惊奇的发现村里发生了天翻地覆的变化。
村子比以前大了；老朋友死于一场战争或者去了别的地方；妻子已经过世。
孩子们都已长大成人；睡觉前他还是乔治王的臣民，现在竟成了美利坚合众国的公民——原来他一睡就是20年。
在我看来，瑞普·凡·温克尔是个矛盾的人物形象。
一方面他虽然担负着养家糊口的责任，却一切有好处的劳动都深恶痛绝。
因此，瑞普家的田地是最糟糕的，杂草丛生，篱笆倒塌，牲畜乱跑，家人仅靠一小块玉米和马铃薯地勉强生活。
即便这样，懒惰的瑞普也不为所动，依旧无所事事、不事耕耘。
另一方面，瑞普这个对自家的农活儿不理不睬的大懒汉，却一反常态地对帮助邻居表现出极大的积极性。
比如。
无论参加村里剥玉米垒石墙的劳动。
还是给农妇们跑腿打杂，瑞普都有求必应．任劳任怨，乐而不疲。
通过明显的对比体现出了瑞普·凡·温克尔是个惧怕承担家庭责任的胆小鬼，永远长不大的小孩子。
其次，该作品采取对不同人物的描写以及采取不同视角的对人物的刻画，为读者描绘出一幅美国革命前的乡村美景。
英美文学Washington Irving
LIFE EXPERIENCE
He was the US ambassador to Spain until 1846. On the 28th of November, 1859, Irving suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 76.
LIFE EXPERIENCE
When he grew older, he longed to travel. Tales of voyages became his passion.
LIFE EXPERIENCE
In 1798,, there was a outbreak of yellow fever(黄热病), so Irving went to stay with a friend in Terrytown. Nearby, he discovered the small town, Sleepy Hollow.
LIFE EXPERIENCE
Washington, the youngest of eleven children, being sickly in childhood, was not sent to school. His English-born mother had him educated at home. Three of his siblings died.
In 1809
Hedaughter, Matilda Hoffman. After she died , he continued writing.
…
He rarely signed his own name to his works, he enjoyed creating personas and narrators that readers could relate to.
美国文学欣赏WashingtonIrving
(3) The plot
❖ One autumn day he escapes his nagging wife by wandering up the mountains.
❖ There he encounters strangely dressed men, rumored to be the ghosts of Henry Hudson's crew, who are playing nine-pins.
❖ The stories (including “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”) appeared serially in 1819– 20.
❖ Their enthusiastic reception made Irving the best-known figure in American literature both at home and abroad.
❖ The first American author to win international recognition
❖ The first prose stylist of American romanticism
❖ In his Sketch Book appeared the first modern American short stories.
❖ part of a collection entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon
❖ The story is set in the years before and after the American Revolutionary War.
Washington-Irving剖析
1. short story
A prose narrative that is brief in nature
It also has many of the same characteristics of a novel including characters, setting and plot.
When he was 19, he published his “Jonathan Oldstyle” satires of New York life.
When he was 23, he was admitted to the New York bar. And his older brothers financed his tour of France and Italy.
However, due to length constraints, these characteristics and devices generally may not be as fully developed or as complex as those developed for a full-length novel. The short story usually deals with a single episode and often a single character.
The Van Tassel stronghold was situated on the banks of the Hudson, in one of those green, sheltered, fertile nooks in which the Dutch farmers are so fond of nestling. A great elm tree spread its broad branches over it, at the foot of which bubbled up a spring of the softest and sweetest water. Hard by the farmhouse was a vast barn, every window and crevice of which seemed bursting forth with the treasures of the farm. Rows of pigeons were enjoying the sunshine on the roof. Sleek unwieldy porkers were grunting in the repose and abundance of their pens. A stately squadron of snowy geese were riding in an adjoining pond, convoying whole fleets of ducks; regiments of turkeys were gobbling through the farmyard.
Washington Irving
Washington Irving (1783-1859)He is an American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving has been called the father of the American short story. He is best known for 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'，in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and 'Rip Van Winkle,' about a man who falls asleep for 20 years."I am always at a loss to know how much to believe of my own stories." (from Tales of a Traveler, 1824)Washington Irving was born in New York City as the youngest of 11 children. His father was a wealthy merchant, and his mother, an English woman, was the granddaughter of a clergyman. According to a story, George Washington met Irving, named after him, and gave his blessing. In the years to come Irving would write one of his greatest works, The Life of George Washington (1855-59).Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He read Robinson Crusoe, Sinbad the Sailor, and The World Displayed (stories about voyages and travels). He studied law privately in the offices of Henry Masterton (1798), Brockholst Livingston (1801), and John Ogde Hoffman (1802), but practiced only briefly. From 1804 to 1806 he traveled widely Europe. He visited Marseilles, Genoa, Sicily, where he saw the famous English naval officer, Nelson, and met Washington Allston, the painter, in Rome. After return to the United States, Irving was admitted to New York bar in 1806. He was a partner with his brothers in the family hardware business, New York and Liverpool, England, and representative of the business in England until it collapsed in 1818. During the war of 1812 Irving was a military aide to New York Governor Tompkins in the U.S. Army.Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers. He contributed to Morning Chronicle(1802-03), which was edited by his brother Peter, and published Salmagundi(1807-08), writing in collaboration with his brother William and James Kirke Paulding. From 1812 to 1814 he was an editor of Analetic magazine in Philadelphia and New York.Irving's success in social life and literature was shadowed by a personal tragedy. He was engaged to be married to Matilda Hoffmanm who died at the age of seventeen, in 1809. Later he wrote in a private letter, addressed to Mrs. Forster, as an answer to her inquiry why he had not been married: "For years I could not talk on the subject of this hopeless regret; I could not even mention her name; but her image was continually before me, and I dreamt of her incessantly."In 1809 appeared Irving's comic history of the Dutch regime in New York, AHISTORY OF NEW YORK, by the imaginary 'Dietrich Knickerbocker', who was supposed to be an eccentric Dutch-American scholar. It was one of the earliest fantasies of history. The name Knickerbocker was later used to identify the first American school of writers, the Knickerbocker Group, of which Irving was a leading figure. The book became part of New York folklore, and eventually the word Knickerbocker was also used to describe any New Yorker who could trace one's family to the original Dutch settlers. Irving's success continued with The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(1819-20), a collection of stories, which allowed him to become a full-time writer. The stories were heavily influenced by the German folktales. In 1822 appeared a sequel of The Sketch Book, Bracebridge Hall. Irving invites the reader to ramble gently with him at the Hall, stating that "I am not writing a novel, and have nothing of intricate plot, or marvelous adventure, to promise the reader." After the death of his mother, Irving decided to stay in Europe, where he remained for seventeen years from 1815 to 1832. He lived in Dresden (1822-23), London (1824) and Paris (1925). After a romantic liaison with Mary Shelley he settled in Spain, where he worked for financial reasons for the U.S. Embassy in Madrid (1826-29). In 1829-32 he was a secretary to the American Legation under Martin Van Buren. During his stay in Spain, he wrote Columbus (1828), Conquest of Granada (1829), and The Companions of Columbus (1831), all based on careful historical research. In 1829 he moved to London and published Alhambra (1832), concerning the history and the legends of Moorish Spain. Among his literary friends were Mary Shelley and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achieved international fame. He toured the southern and western United States and wrote The Crayon Miscellany (1835) and A Tour of the Prairies(1835), an account of a journey, which extended from Fort Gibson, at that time a frontier post of the Far West, to the Cross Timbers in what is now Oklahoma. His fellow-travelers included Henry Leavitt Ellsworth (1791-1858), who also wrote an interesting narrative of the tour, and Charles Joseph Latrobe (1801-1875), whom Irving described as a "man of a thousand occupations; a botanist, a geologist, a hunter of beetles and butterflies, a musical amateur, a sketcher of no mean pretensions, in short, a complete virtuoso".From 1836 to 1842 Irving lived at Sunnyside manor house, Tarrytown-on-Hudson. After working for three months on the History of the Conquest of Mexico, Irving found out that the famous historian WilliamPrescott had decided to write a book on the same subject and abandoned his theme, "to be treated by one who will built up from it an enduring monument in the literature of our country." Between the years 1842-45 Irving was U.S. Ambassador in Spain. The appointment was sponsored by Daniel Webster, who was the Secretary of State. At the age of sixty-two Irving wrote to his friends in America: "My hear yearns for home; and I have now probably turned the last corner in life, and my remaining years are growing scanty in number, I begrudge every one that I am obliged to pass separated from my cottage and my kindred...."Irving spent the last years of his life in Tarrytown. From 1848 to 1859 he was President of Astor Library, later New York Public Library. Irving's later publications include Mahomet and His Successors(1850), a careful presentation of the life, beliefs, and character of Mohammed, Wolfert's Roost (1855), and his five-volume The Life of George Washington. Irving died in Tarrytown on November 28, 1859. Just before retiring for the night, the author had said: "Well, I must arrange my pillows for another weary night! If this could only end!" Irving's major works were published in 1860-61 in 21 volumes.As an essayist Irving was not interested in the meaning of nature like Emerson or self-inspection like Montaigne. He observed the vanishing pasts of old Europe, the riverside Creole villages of Louisiana, the old Pawnee hunting grounds of Oklahoma, and how ladies fashion moves from one extreme to the other. 'Geoffrey Crayon' was his most prolific fictional mask. Irving once wrote: "There rise authors now and then, who seem proof against the mutability of language, because they have rooted themselves in the unchanging principles of human nature." He was the earliest literary figure of the American abroad, who appeared in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., in which also Irving's best-known story 'Rip Van Winkle' was included. It was based on a German folktale, set in the Dutch culture of Pre-Revolutionary War in New York State. Rip Van Winkle is a farmer who wanders into the Catskill Mountains. He meets there a group of dwarfs playing ninepipes. Rip helps a dwarf and is rewarded with a draught of liquor. He falls into an enchanted sleep. When he awakens, 20 years later, the world has changed. He is an old man with a long, white beard. Rip goes into town and finds everything changed. His wife is dead, his children are grown. The old man entertains the people with tales of the old days and his encounter with the dwarfs. - The theme of Irving's story derives from Diogenes Laertius, Epimenides (c. 200), in which Epimenides is sent by his father into the field to look for a sheep; he lays down in a cave and sleeps fifty-seven years.When awake, he goes on looking for the sheep, thinking that he had been taking a short snap.Irving also used other German folktales in his short stories, among them The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. "The headless horseman was often seen here. An old man who did not believe in ghosts told of meeting the headless horseman coming from his trip into the Hollow. The horseman made him climb up behind. They rode over bushes, hills, and swamps. When they reached the bridge, the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton. He threw the old man into the brook and sprang away over the treetops with a clap of thunder." The story was probably based on a story by Karl Musäus (1735-1787), a German academic writer, who was among the first to collect local folktales. This story popularized the image of the headless horseman, and formed the basis for an operetta by Douglas Moore, The Headless Horseman,with libretto by Stephen Vincent Benét. The tale was filmed as the second half of Disney's animated movie The Adventures of Ichabold and Mr Toad(1949). Tim Burton's film version from 1999 has darkened and partly changed the story. The protagonist, Ichabold Crane, is a constable from New York, not a schoolteacher. He believes in rational methods of detection, and is sent in the farming community of Sleepy Hollow in upstate New York to investigate three recent murders. The townspeople know who the culprit is: a long-dead Hessian mercenary nicknamed the Headless Horseman who was killed during the Revolutionary War and buried in the Western Woods.The Legend of Sleepy HollowSleepy Hollow: Remnants of Times Not So Far Pastby AnonymousMay 04, 2004In Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, the theme of haunting is dominant; the haunting itself is purely a human creation and is created solely to meet human needs. Though at times it can seem quite realistic due to emotions evoked through Irving's masterful use of imagery, it is at all times quite fictional, even to the narrator. Haunting is continuously associated with stretches of the imagination, and also mostly with live or animate things: trees, animals, sounds escaping from the wilderness. The idea of haunting, which leads to stories told by the Sleepy Hollow community, begins when there are no answers to curious happenings, or when the given answers are not satisfactory, or even mundane. The idea is then perpetuated when citizens begin to elaborate and incite new notions of ghosts and goblins from the original stories. The 'haunting' begins, however, with supernatural explanations for simple events in the past, such asAndre's capture during the war; though this is a simple and not uncommon event in wartime, Sleepy Hollow is clutching to the past through vivid story telling. The fact that it is storytelling is subtly clear.One of the key ways that the reader can tell that the haunting is fictitious--or at the very least extremely questionable--is through the narrator's word choice. Though the story is supposed to be an historical account of events that actually occurred in Sleepy Hollow, he often questions the veracity of the haunting. Even at the climactic point in which Ichabod faces the Headless Horseman, the narrator writes that Ichabod "beheld" (1082) the horseman's disfigured shape, and that it "appeared" (1083) massive in the darkness. He never uses concrete verbs, such as 'was,' because it is not certain that what Ichabod ascertains is truly what is present. He carefully chooses his diction to simultaneously show what Ichabod is seeing as well as the fact that only he is seeing it--it is well possible that it does not exist. He does this strikingly well in the sentence, "Ichabod was horror struck, on perceiving that he was headless" (1083). There is no doubt that the protagonist believes completely in what he is seeing, but the use of the word 'perception' is key; it throws doubt upon the believability of Ichabod's sense of reality.This false sense of haunting that is seen so clearly through Ichabod's eyes manifests itself in particular places within the text. There are various moments in which nature gives him the feeling of being haunted, though it is harmless. Then, as he wended his way, by swamp and stream and awful woodland, . . .every sound of nature, at that witching hour, fluttered his excited imagination: the moan of the whip-or-will from the hill side; the boading cry of the tree toad; . . .the dreary hooting of the screech owl. . . (1064)The wilderness scares him, haunts him in a sense. Through the present nature--the shadows cast by trees, the sounds of forest animals--Ichabod, like all the other Sleepy Hollow residents, fears the past. It is the 'witching hour' merely because it is dark outside, and the sounds frighten him merely because he has an 'excited imagination,' and for no real substantial reason. Like the tree and stream that Andre is said to haunt, there is nothing that is really to be feared--merely shadows and cricket chirps, wind rustling leaves. The fear, however, is a result of the stories that are told, not necessarily of the actual surroundings. That Andre was captured is not a scary story, but that his spirit remains to haunt can be construed as frightening; it is purely imagination, though, that causes these stories to be told in the first place.The unfaithfulness of such stories is revealed toward the end of the tale. The reader is told that Ichabod is indeed alive and well following his supposedabduction from Sleepy Hollow by the Headless Horseman. The residents of the town also come into this knowledge by a farmer that has seen him firsthand. However, "the old country wives... maintain to this day, that Ichabod was spirited away by supernatural means... the schoolhouse... was reported to be haunted by the ghost of the unfortunate pedagogue" (1086). The Dutch wives, who are the perpetuators of the haunting stories throughout the text, persist in creating stories that they know to be false. They continually take what little past they have, and turn it into stories so that it is not lost, so that there is a history upon which they can build their present. But because they have so little past, they need to use the present to create a past--they use what happens to make a new history, a new past, building upon what they have already created. Ichabod is a prime example of this practice. He is clearly still alive, but he is in the history of Sleepy Hollow because he is no longer bodily present. The true reason for his disappearance is not satisfactory and is not exciting enough material with which to make a history, so the Dutch wives concoct their own history, and it becomes truth. Everyone who enters Sleepy Hollow becomes subject to their whimsical tales, and falls into their belief system, no matter "however wide awake they may have been before they entered the sleepy region" (1060). They cannot be held at fault, however. There is simply so little past that they need to preserve what they have through what is now present, what is now alive. This is shown through the abundance of live and animated haunting imagery. The haunting comes solely from within them, and only manifests itself in these external things. For these people that lack a past, fictitious events become legend, and then those legends become history. Literary analysis: Romanticism in The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, by Washington IrvingThis essay is about the selection of five characteristics of American Romanticism present in Washington Irving's The Sketch Book. I will try to show how man and nature are the chief subjects in "Rip Van Winkle," "Westminster Abbey" shows Irving's interest in the medieval past, that expressive theory of literature is shown in "The Mutability of Literature," and in the "Legend of Sleepy Hollow", shows how Irving's subjective point of view got in the way of the story, and how the story appeals to the reader's imagination.In the story, "Rip Van Winkle," the character Rip Van Winkle is the chief subject and the Kaatskill Mountains in the Hudson River Valley is the chief nature subject. The Kaatskill Mountains are part of the Appalachian chain and west of the Hudson River. Irving says of them, "When the weather is fair andsettled, they are clothed in blue and purple, and print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky; but, sometimes, when the rest of the landscape is cloudless, they will gather a hood of gray vapors about their summits, which, in the last rays of the setting sun, will glow and light up like a crown of glory (pg 38)." Later on in the story, before Rip sleeps for 20 years, Irving describes what Rip saw as he was sitting down on the ground, "He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, with the reflection of a purple cloud or the sail of a lagging bark here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom, and at long last losing itself in the blue highlands. On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. (43)"Rip Van Winkle is the main character of the story, described as a "simple and good natured man . . . . a kind neighbor, and an obedient, henpecked husband. (pg 39)" Rip was a favorite amongst the townsfolk because he helped everyone with their activities, but had, "an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor. (39)" He refused to work on his own house and property because everything would fall apart no matter what he did. He felt like all his wife did was nag him and felt like his dog, Wolf, was the only one on his side. Once Rip awoke after 20 years and found out everything had completely changed, he only cared about not being yelled at his by his wife, and the story says, "-the change of states and empires made but little impression on him; but there was one species of despotism under which he had long groaned, and that was petticoat government. Happily that was at an end; he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony, and could go in and out whenever he pleased, without dreading the tyranny of Dame Van Winkle. (pg 53)"The story "Westminster Abbey" shows Irving's interest in the medieval past, since the Abbey was built in 1065 A.D. As Irving says at the beginning, "There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile, and, as I passed its threshold, seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity and losing myself among the shades of former ages. (pg 169)" Irving takes a tour through the Abbey and sees a mixture of glory and decay among the tombstones, sees statues of Shakespeare and others erected to their memories in Poet's Corner, and the architecture of the old building. He sees the tombs of Queens Elizabeth and Mary, then says, "Two small aisles on each side of this chapel present a touching instance of the equality of the grave, which brings down the oppressor to a level with the oppressed, and mingles the dust of the bitterest enemies together. In one is the sepulcher of the haughty Elizabeth;in the other is that of her victim, the lovely and unfortunate Mary. (175)" Irving soon wonders what will become of the Abbey, if it will eventually fall to pieces, and says at the end, "Thus man passes away: his name perishes from record and recollection; his history is as a tale that is told, and his very monument becomes a ruin. (pg 179)"In "The Mutability of Literature," Irving tries to show how literature can be expressive. As Irving wanders around Westminster Abbey, he comes upon the library, where there are quite a few old, dusty, and moldy books. Irving writes, "I could not but consider the library a kind of literary catacomb, where authors, like mummies, are piously entombed and left to blacken and molder in dusty oblivion. (pg 128)" He accidentally opens a book and finds the book trying to talk to him in an old form of English. The book complains about languishing in obscurity, since books are supposed to be in circulation and read. It complains about being "clasped up for more than two centuries and might have fallen a prey to these worms that are playing the very vengeance with my intestines. (pg 130)" Irving tries to tell the book about other works written throughout the ages that have been lost, but the books says that these books deserved to be forgotten because they were written before its time, and were in Latin or French. Eventually, they get to talking about Shakespeare, and the book gives its opinion, "I presume he soon sank into oblivion. (135)" Irving tells the book that the written works of Shakespeare are still read over 300 years later and are as strong in the modern world as ever. The book starts laughing, and says, "Mighty well! And so you would persuade me that the literature of an age is to be perpetuated by a vagabond deer stealer! By a man without learning; by a poet, forsooth a poet!" (135)" Irving tells the book that poets have the best bet for immortality and tries to convince the book. Unfortunately, Irving is interrupted by one of the Abbey's staff and finds the book with its clasps closed, and could never figure out later if it was just a daydream.The story, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," has a bit of the author's point of view getting in the way of the story and is also a story that appeals to the imagination of the reader. In the first couple paragraphs, Irving wanders into the town of Sleepy Hollow, New York, and is told of the story of the Headless Horseman, also known as the Galloping Hessian. Irving interrupts the story when introducing Ichabod Crane, saying, "I would not have it imagined, however, that he was one of those cruel potentates of the school who joy in the smart of their subjects; on the contrary, he administered justice with discrimination rather than severity, taking the burthen off the backs of the weak, and laying it on those of the strong. (pg 333)" As Crane is trying to woo KatrinaVan Tassel, Irving again interrupts the flow of the story with his thoughts, "I profess not to know how women's hearts are wooed and won. To me they have always been a matter of riddle and admiration. (pg 342)" A few pages later, as Crane is seeing the Headless Horseman for the first time, the action is again interrupted by the author describing how it was a fine autumn day, with all the birds flying to their respective destinations or just tree to tree and making all the noise birds generally make. The story is interrupted about platters of carious kinds of cakes at the Van Tassel mansion, making a big deal about what there is to eat at the gathering the Van Tassels' are hosting.Finally, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" also appeals to the imagination of the reader. The story describes in detail what Ichabod Crane physically looks like, pretty much stating that his last name suited his looks. He is also described as a bad singer and someone who knows all the gossip in town. The townsfolk pass the time by telling stories, especially about the Headless Horseman, and how all the shadows and shapes at night were frightening for someone if they were walking alone. Irving describes Baltus Van Tassel's farm and how Crane wanted it all, including the food at the gathering, "The pedagogue's mouth watered as he looked upon this sumptuous promise of luxurious winter fare. (pg 338)" Brom Bones was also described in detail, saying he was strong and hardy, and pretty much the complete opposite of Ichabod Crane, yet they competed for the attention of Katrina Van Tassel. After a dance, the townsfolk told ghost and war stories, describing places where the Headless Horseman was haunting, then it turned into a competition of tales among some of the men. In one instance, Brom Bones and the Horseman came to the church bridge, " the Hessian bolted and vanished in a flash of fire. (pg 351)" This affected Crane's imagination and he started seeing things on his way home from the dance, then he encountered the Headless Horseman, who was, "of large dimensions, and mounted on a black horse or powerful frame. (pg 355)" Crane and the Horseman raced through the woods on horseback, and Crane tried his best to get away. The townsfolk could find no trace of Cranes' body after their search, then they just stopped worrying about him because "he was a bachelor, and in nobody's debt. (pg 358)" The story ends with the housewives convinced that Crane was "spirited away by supernatural means. (358)"The stories in this essay are meant to convey how Washington Irving used elements of romanticism in The Sketch Book. Irving used man and nature as the chief subject, his interest in the medieval past, the expressive theory of literature, how one story appeals to the imagination of the reader, and how his subjective point of view got in the way of the flow of the story.Rip Van WinkleSettingThe story begins about five or six years before the American Revolution and ends twenty years later. The action takes place in a village in eastern New York, near the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains. The river was named after Englishman Henry Hudson, who explored it in 1609. The Catskill Mountains were named after Kaaterskill, the Dutch word for a local stream, Wildcat Creek. The Catskills contain many other streams, as well as lakes, waterfalls, and gorges.CharactersRip Van Winkle: Meek, easygoing, ne’er-do-well resident of the village who wanders off to the mountains and meets strange men playing ninepins.Dame Van Winkle: Rip’s nagging wife.Type of Work, Source, and Publication Information"Rip Van Winkle" is a short story–one of America's most beloved–based on German folk tales. It was first published in a collection of Irving's works called The Sketch Book (1819-1820).ThemesChange With Continuity and Preservation of TraditionAfter Rip awakens from his long sleep and returns to the village, he does not recognize the people he encounters. But not only their faces are new but also their fashions and the look of the village: It is larger, with rows of houses he had never seen. His own house is in a shambles now with no one living in it, and the inn he frequented is a hotel. His wife and old Vedder are dead. Others left the village and never came back. Everything is different, it seems; nothing is as it was. There has even been a revolutionary war in which America gained its independence from England and became a new country. However, when Rip looks beyond the village, he sees that the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains are exactly the same as they were before his sleep. He also begins to encounter people who knew him long ago: first, the old woman, then the old man, Peter Vanderdonk, who testifies to the truth of Rip’s strange tale about the ninepin bowlers he met in the mountains. At this point in the story, Irving’s main theme begins to emerge: Although wrenching, radical changes are sometimes necessary to move society forward, such changes must not eradicate old ways and traditions entirely. Real, lasting change is an amalgam of the old and new. New builds on the foundations of the old. There must be continuity. So it is that old Vanderdonk, in confirming Rip’s tale, says he himself has heard the thunder of ninepin bowlers, who are the crewmen of The Half-Moon, the。
introduct Washington_Irving华盛顿_欧文
Washington Irving：Founder of American Literature美国文学之父——华盛顿·欧文华盛顿·欧文生于1783年4月3日，死于1859年11月28日，他是美国最早的浪漫主义作家之一，他以笔记、小说和传记而闻名，是第一位获得国际声誉的美国作家。
欧文汲取欧洲文化和文学的精华，创造了自己独特的风格，其文笔清新、自然、诙谐、富于乐感。
欧文在短篇小说等诸多方面为独立的美国文学做出了巨大贡献，可以说，是欧文激活了美国文学的创作潜力，为美国文学的发展奠定了坚实基础。
作为一名享有声誉的随笔作家、传记作者、历史学家、作家和政治家，华盛顿·欧文被誉为“美国文学之父”，同时他也是现代短篇散文、小说的发起人之一。
欧文以他的短篇故事“睡谷的传说”和“瑞普·凡·温克”而闻名，这两个故事都被收录在《见闻札记》一书中。
《纽约外史》对美国喜剧文学有着首次并及其重要的贡献，一经面世就获得极大成功，对于促进美国民族文学的发展有着重要的贡献，这部作品被认为美国浪漫主义的开端。
这些给欧文带来相当大的声誉和经费报酬。
他的历史作品包括《华盛顿传》、《哥尔德斯密斯传》和《穆罕默德及其继承者》，他的传记类作品也包括关于十五世纪西班牙主题的历史人物，例如哥伦布、摩尔人和阿尔罕伯拉。
总体来说，欧文的作品带给世代读者极大的享受。
他因幽默风趣的轶事笔调，轻松的文体风格而闻名，文笔优雅自然、带有温和的怀旧色调。
除了优雅的风格，他也因轻松、清新精致、和富于幻想的浪漫色彩吸引了国内外观众。
他的文学成就可以概括为以下几点：1、他是美国文学史上第一个纯文学作者，也是美国第一个幽默作家。
2、他成就了美国文学短篇小说体裁。
3、他是第一个以娱乐消遣为目的写历史和传记的人。
4、他引进非小说的散文文学体裁。
5、他是第一个获得国际声誉的美国想象文学作家。
美国浪漫主义文学：美国浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止, 是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
6 全套美国文学精心整理的各个时期作家作品简介Washington Irving
Major Works of Washington Irving
• The Sketch Book (1819-1820)
–Rip Van Winkle –The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
• The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (1828) • A Tour on the Prairies (1835) • Life of Goldsmith (1840) • Life of George Washington (1855-1859)
• Minor phase: 1832-1859
–Returned to America and influenced by the new spirit of nationalism –Wrote about the American West, “American Books”
• A Tour on the Prairies 1835
Biographical Introduction (4)
• Late years
–In 1832, returned to America –Declined a nomination to Congress and to run for the Mayor of New York –Made his home at Sunnyside on the Hudson River at Tarrytown –Spent the rest of his life leisurely and comfortably
Lecture Six
Washington Irving
By 张慧 hzhang8311@
washington irving
刘荣跃：再度走进华盛顿欧文的世界2011年06月11日 16:13 来源：中国网编辑：卫永利[字体.大.中.小] [打印]【中国网聚焦山西】综合编辑：华盛顿·欧文是著名的行旅文学作家，以其代表作《见闻札记》蜚声中外，给世人留下了《瑞普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷的传说》和《威斯敏斯特教堂》等不朽的篇章。
但正如笔者在相关文章中所说，对于这样一位文学大家而言仅仅局限于阅读、研究其代表作是不够的，那样无法全面深入地了解欧文。
其实欧文也是一位多产的作家，除《见闻札记》还创作出了大量的优秀作品。
正是由于国内在译介欧文上的局限，笔者才于近几年致力于此项工作。
于是，除了拙译《见闻札记》先后在广西师范大学出版社（2003）、中国书籍出版社（2007）和上海文艺出版社（2008，即《英伦见闻录》）以不同形式出版外，笔者又翻译出版了欧文的《征服格拉纳达》（2010，国内首译本，上海文艺出版社）。
另外，由笔者主编的该作家的《西部还没有牛仔》（即《博纳维尔上尉探险记》）曾于2008年由吉林人民出版社出版，并计划于2011年年底由中国社会科学出版社再版。
另一部笔者翻译的国内首译本《欧美见闻录》也将于年底由上海文艺出版社出版。
能在欧文的译介上多做些工作，笔者感到十分欣慰。
另外我们也高兴地看到，上海文艺出版社由于近几年的努力，在出版这位行旅文学名家的作品方面已经形成自己的品牌，除上述提到的作品外该社还出版了《阿尔罕伯拉》（2008，万紫雨宁译）和《庄园见闻录》（2008，万紫译）。
此外就笔者所知，欧文的巨著《华盛顿传》也已在国内翻译出版。
以上便是欧文的作品目前在我国的基本翻译出版情况，由此可见是取得了一些成果的。
根据笔者掌握的材料，目前仍有一些欧文的优秀之作尚未译介过来，而眼前这本《美国见闻录》中的第二部便是其中之一。
欧文曾先后旅居欧洲数年，并在那里创作出了一部部享誉世界的作品。
他1832年回国，致力于写作反映美国生活的作品，陆续出版了《大草原之旅》（1832）、《阿斯托利亚》（1836）、《崇山峻岭》（1837）和《美国纪事及其他》（1855，原名《沃尔夫特栖息屋及其他杂录》）等。
Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文汇总
❖ However, due to length constraints, these characteristics and devices generally may not be as fully developed or as complex as those developed for a fulllength novel.
❖ By the time when he was 23 years old (1809),he had roamed England, Holland, France Italy and Hudson Valley.
Life Experience
❖ After collecting sufficient original materials for writing and a good practice of editing a journal ,he formed his particular political idea and writing style.
Short stories/Essays
Title
The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
The Chronicles of the Conquest of
Gபைடு நூலகம்anada
Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus
Genre
Observational Letters
美国文学欣赏Washington_Irving PPT
❖ Irving was born in 1783, the year in which Benjamin Franklin signed at Paris the treaty of peace with England after the Revolutionary War.
❖ Irving's mother was born in England ❖ studied law ❖ amused himself by writing for periodicals ❖ From 1804 to 1806 his older brothers financed
美国文学欣赏Washington_Irving
Washington Irving(1783-1859)
❖ I. Position in American literature ❖ II. Life ❖ III. Works ❖ IV. Literary Achievements ❖ V. Style ❖ VI. Contributions
selling author
❖ 4. the first belletrist in American literature, writing for pleasure at a time when writing was practical and for useful purposes
------------------------------------------------------------------------belletrist n. 纯文学作者
❖ Born: 3 April 1783 ❖ Birthplace: New York, New York ❖ Died: 28 November 1859 ❖ named for George Washington; his parents
英美文学之华盛顿欧文
英美文学之华盛顿欧文华盛顿·欧文(Washington Irving, 1783 年4 月3 日– 1859年11月28日)美国作家。
出生于纽约。
他的父亲是纽约富有的五金商人，长老会执事，政治上反对英国殖民统治；他敬重华盛顿，因而给儿子取名为华盛顿。
欧文幼年体弱多病，16岁辍学，先后在几个律师事务所学法律，但对法律并没有兴趣，喜爱文学，从小喜欢看《鲁滨逊漂流记》、《格列佛游记》这种历险故事，还常常钻到剧院里去看戏。
欧文后来最知名的作品是《见闻札记》，写的就是在外游历的故事，不能不说是幼时受到了读书的影响。
1802年，19岁的欧文在《早晨纪事报》上发表了几篇书信体散文，崭露头角。
1804年因病赴欧洲休养，到过法国、意大利和英国，作了大量旅途笔记，为以后的创作积累了丰富的素材，一度想成为画家。
1806年回国后在弗吉尼亚州任律师，后帮助他的两个哥哥经营进口生意。
他对法律和经商之道都不甚精通。
这时他与律师霍夫曼的女儿玛蒂尔达订婚，妻子早逝于1809年，后来他虽有过几次恋爱，却一直过着独身生活。
1807年，他和哥哥威廉等人共同创办一种不定期刊物《杂拌》，沿袭18世纪英国作家乔纳森·斯威夫特、亨利·菲尔丁以及约瑟夫·艾迪生和理查德·斯梯尔的《旁观者》的传统，开始了他的文学创作活动，显露出他的幽默、风趣和含蓄的讽刺才能。
欧文的第一部重要作品是化名狄德里希·尼克尔包克尔所写《纽约外史》(A History of New York，1809年)，作者自称它的主要目的在于“以逗趣的形式体现我们这个城市的传统；阐述本地人的脾性、风俗和特色；给本地的风光与场所以及熟悉的人物披上一层唤起想象力的怪念丛生的联想”。
书中讽刺了荷兰殖民者在纽约的统治，驳斥了殖民主义者为奴役和屠杀印第安人所制造的荒谬的论据。
这部作品受到欧美广大读者的欢迎，英国小说家沃尔特·司各特曾说,他从未读过这样酷似斯威夫特的风格的作品。
《美国文学》课件六
His most outstanding achievement lies in the writing of short stories, and his The Sketch Book (a collection of essays, sketches and tales) marked the beginning of American Romanticism with such subjects as the Gothic, the supernatural, and the longing for the good old days and started the genre of short story in American literature, which attained a degree of perfection in the hands of Hawthorne (1804-1864) and Allan Poe (1809-1849).
Irving’s major works
A History of New York by Diedrick Knickerbocker: Irving’s first book, published in 1809, was a great success and won him wide popularity, and marked the maturing of the novel as a genre in American literature, and owing to the popularity of the work, Diedrick Knickerbocker is now a nickname for the New Yorkers.
最新Rip van winkle分析资料
华盛顿·欧文是美国早期浪漫主义文学的代表，被誉为“美国文学之父”，是第一个为美国文学赢得欧洲乃至世界声誉的作家。
在作品中，欧文常常把美国的现实状况与欧洲的历史传说融合在一起，展现了一幅幅生动的画面。
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》是《见闻札记》中很有特色的一篇。
该小说以哈得逊河流域的一个小村子背景，讲述了一个神奇的故事：主人公瑞普·凡·温克尔脾气温和，天性懒惰，不事生产，“什么赚钱的活儿他都不喜欢，甚至是憎恨。
”经常遭到妻子的责备数落。
为逃避妻子的唠叨，他经常带着猎枪和狗到山中去打猎。
一天，瑞普在山中遇到一群古怪的老人在玩九木桩（some odd-looking personage playing at ninepins）游戏。
贪杯的瑞普·凡·温克尔偷饮了古怪老人的仙酒后酣然入睡(fell into a deep sleep)。
等他一觉醒来回到村子时，却惊奇的发现村里发生了天翻地覆的变化。
村子比以前大了；老朋友死于一场战争或者去了别的地方；妻子已经过世。
孩子们都已长大成人；睡觉前他还是乔治王的臣民，现在竟成了美利坚合众国的公民——原来他一睡就是20年。
在我看来，瑞普·凡·温克尔是个矛盾的人物形象。
一方面他虽然担负着养家糊口的责任，却一切有好处的劳动都深恶痛绝。
因此，瑞普家的田地是最糟糕的，杂草丛生，篱笆倒塌，牲畜乱跑，家人仅靠一小块玉米和马铃薯地勉强生活。
即便这样，懒惰的瑞普也不为所动，依旧无所事事、不事耕耘。
另一方面，瑞普这个对自家的农活儿不理不睬的大懒汉，却一反常态地对帮助邻居表现出极大的积极性。
比如。
无论参加村里剥玉米垒石墙的劳动。
还是给农妇们跑腿打杂，瑞普都有求必应．任劳任怨，乐而不疲。
通过明显的对比体现出了瑞普·凡·温克尔是个惧怕承担家庭责任的胆小鬼，永远长不大的小孩子。
其次，该作品采取对不同人物的描写以及采取不同视角的对人物的刻画，为读者描绘出一幅美国革命前的乡村美景。
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❖ Irving's mother was born in England ❖ studied law ❖ amused himself by writing for periodicals ❖ From 1804 to 1806 his older brothers financed
his tour of France and Italy.
Mark Twain also is called ❖ the Father of American
Literature ❖ the true Father of American
Literature
II. life and literary career
❖ Born: 3 April 1783 ❖ Birthplace: New York, New York ❖ Died: 28 November 1859 ❖ named for George Washington; his parents
❖ Under the pseudonym Diedrich Knickerbocker, he published A History of New York (1809), a satire that has been called the first great book of comic literature written by an American.
❖ The stories (including “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”) appeared seriaiastic reception made Irving the best-known figure in American literature both at home and abroad.
entertainment
❖ 9. His use of the gothic looks forward to Poe.
❖ 10. the messenger sent from the new world to the old world
❖ 11. “the American Goldsmith”
were admirers of General Washington.
❖ Irving was born in 1783, the year in which Benjamin Franklin signed at Paris the treaty of peace with England after the Revolutionary War.
of George Washington ❖ a biography of Christopher
Columbus is still considered a classic.
Irving’s grave
III. Major Works
❖ (1809: A History of New York《纽约外 史》
❖ In search of colorful material, he made a journey to the frontier and wrote about the American West in A Tour of the Prairies (《大
草原游记》,1835).
Late life: ❖ a colossal 5-volume biography
I. Position in American literature
Father of American literature ❖ 1. the first American (true) literary writer ❖ 2. the first American man of letters ❖ 3. America’s first genuine internationally best-
❖ In 1820, Irving published The Sketch Book under the pseudonym Geoffrey Crayon.
❖ The hit book made Irving the first American author to gain real fame in Europe.
❖ 5. the first American writer to earn his living solely by his pen
❖ 6. the first American literary humorist ❖ 7. the first modern short story writer ❖ 8. the first to write history and biography as
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
“Rip Van Winkle” （《瑞普·凡·温克尔》)
Washington Irving(1783-1859)
❖ I. Position in American literature ❖ II. Life ❖ III. Works ❖ IV. Literary Achievements ❖ V. Style ❖ VI. Contributions
selling author
❖ 4. the first belletrist in American literature, writing for pleasure at a time when writing was practical and for useful purposes
------------------------------------------------------------------------belletrist n. 纯文学作者