考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一

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考研英语段落排序题.docx

2010年考研英语Part B新题型部分，第一次考到了新题型的段落排序题，但是与考研大纲不同的是，这次段落排序题不是5选5，而是6选5，有一个不能选的段落。

这是让广大考生感到没有思想准备的一道题。

题目要求中明确指出，本题共出现标号从A到G的7个段落，其中E段的位置已经给出，而要求从A, B, C, D, F, G这6个段落中选取5段，并结合已经给的E段，进行排序。

题目的素材。

选自2003年第一期《麦肯锡周刊》(The Mckinsey Quartly)。

请注意，这已经是这本注明的经济管理类杂志第二次入选考研英语试题的素材库了。

原文的名字叫“A wholesale shift in European groceries”，翻译成汉语，为“欧洲日常用品销售向批发转型”。

整个文章主要描述的目前欧洲的日用消费品零售商(主要是连锁大超市集团)在欧洲面临的困境——缺乏增长动力。

而它们却忽视了现在消费者的习惯正在发生改变这一事实。

下面我们来分析一下新题型这道题的解题方法。

[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hours has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption on 1995 to 35% in 2000 and is expected to approach 38% by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5% a year as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternation.[B] Retail, sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retails have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion aboard. But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own back yard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is base on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide. What to buy. At any rate, this change and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rank in substantial profits thereby. At last, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest nation market especially in their customer segment and wholesale structures, a as well as the competitive dynamics.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined---France, Germany—are made out of the same building block. Demand mainly from two sources: in dependent mom—and –pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels, restaurant and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figure when assed together, mask too opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to ＄268 billion in France, Germany, Spain, America in 2000 --- more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail ; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often ;and in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last man it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers land even some large food producers and existing wholesalers, from trying their hand, foe those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.解题步骤与思路：一．归纳6个选项的段落大意，同时注意两个选项之间的联系。

XX考研英语二新题型排序题预测模拟押题

XX考研英语二新题型排序题预测模拟押题以下《xx考研英语二新题型排序题预测模拟押题》由出guo考研英语频道为您独家提供，欢迎大家参考。

排序题Passage 1Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] Subscription has proved by far the best way of paying for high quality television. Advertising veers up and down with the economic cycle, and can be skipped by using digital video recorders. And any outfit that depends on advertising is liable to worry more about offending advertisers than about pleasing viewers. Voluntary subscription is also preferable to the pulsory, universal variety that pays for the BBC and other European public broadcasters. A broadcaster supported by a tax on everyone must try to please everyone. And a government can starve public broadcasters of money, too—as the BBC is painfully learning.[B] What began as an interesting experiment has bee the standard way of supporting high quality programming. Most ofthe great television dramas that are watched in America and around the world appear first on pay TV channels. Having shown others how to make gangster dramas with “The Sopranos”, HBO is laying down the standard for fantasy with “Game of Thrones”. Other pay TV channels have delved into 1960s advertising (“Mad Men”), drug dealing (“Breaking Bad”) and Renaissance court society (“The Borgias”). Pay TV firms outside America, like Britain s BSkyB, are beginning to pour money into original series. Talent is drifting to pay television, in part because there are fewer appealing roles in film. Meanwhile, broadcast works have retreated into a safe zone of sits, police procedurals and singing petitions.[C] But pay television is now under threat, especially in America. Prices have been driven so high at a time of economic malaise that many people simply cannot afford it. Disruptive, deep pocketed firms like Amazon and Netflix lurk, whispering promises of inter delivered films and television shows for little or no money. Whether the lure of such alternatives or poverty is what is causing people to cancel their subscriptions is not clear. But the proportion of Americans who pay for TV is falling. Other countries may follow.[D] Pay TV executives argue that people will always find ways of paying for their wares, perhaps by cutting back on cinema tickets or bottled water. That notion seems increasingly hopeful. Every month it appears more likely that the pay TV system will break down. The era of ever growing channel choice is ing to an end; cable and satellite distributors will begin to prune the least popular ones. They may push “best of basic”packages, offering the most desirable channels—and perhaps leaving out sport. In the most disruptive scenario, no longer unimaginable, pay TV would bee a free for all, with channels hawking themselves directly to consumers, perhaps sending their content over the inter. How can media firms survive in such a world?[E] Fifteen years ago nearly all the television shows that excited critics and won awards appeared on free broadcast channels. Pay television (or, as many Americans call it, “cable”) was the domain of repeats, music videos and televangelists. Then HBO, a subscription outfit mostly known for boxing and films, decided to try its hand at hour long dramas.[F] But television as a whole should emerge stronger. If people buy individual channels rather than a huge bundle, theywill have to think about what they really value—the more so because each channel will cost more than it does at present. Media firms will improve their game in response. The activity that diverts the average American for some four and a half hours each day should bee more gripping, not less.[G] It won t be easy. They will have to start marketing heavily: at present the pay TV distributors do that for them. They must produce much more of their own programming. Repeats and old films lose their appeal in a world in which consumers can instantly call up vast archives. If they are to sell directly to the audience they will have to bee technology firms, building apps and much slicker websites than they have now, which anticipate what customers might want to watch.1→2→A→3→D→4→5Passage 2Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs D and E have been correctly placed.[A] For publishers, though, it is a dangerous time. Book publishing resembles the newspaper business in the late 1990s, or music in the early 2000s. Although revenues are fairly stable,and the traditional route is still the only way to launch a blockbuster, the climate is changing. Some of the publishers functions—packaging books and promoting them to shops—are being obsolete. Algorithms and online remendations threaten to replace them as arbiters of quality. The tide of self published books threatens to swamp their products. As bookshops close, they lose a crucial showcase. And they face, as the record panies did, a near monopoly controlling digital distribution: Amazon’s grip over the ebook market is much like Apple’s control of music downloads.[B] They also need to bee more efficient. Digital books can be distributed globally, but publishers persist in dividing the world into territories with separate editorial staffs. In the digital age it is daft to take months or even years to get a book to market. And if they are to distinguish their wares from self published dross, they must get better at choosing books, honing ideas and polishing copy. If publishers are to hold readers’ attention they must tell a better story—and edit out all the spelling mistakes as well.[C] For readers, this is splendid. Just as Amazon collapsed distance by bringing a huge range of books to out of the way places, it is now collapsing time, by enablingreaders to download books instantly. Moreover, anybody can now publish a book, through Amazon and a number of other services.[D] During the next few weeks publishers will release a crush of books, pile them onto delivery lorries and fight to get them on the display tables at the front of bookshops in the run up to Christmas. It is an impressive display of petitive mercial activity. It is also increasingly pointless.[E] Yet there are still two important jobs for publishers. They act as the venture capitalists of the words business, advancing money to authors of worthwhile books that might not be written otherwise. And they are editors, picking good books and improving them. So it would be good, not just for their shareholders but also for intellectual life, if they survived.[F] More quickly than almost anyone predicted, e books are emerging as a serious alternative to the paper kind. Amazon, fortably the biggest e book retailer, has lowered the price of its Kindle e readers to the point where people do not fear to take them to the beach. In America, the most advanced market, about one fifth of the largest publishers sales are of e books. Newly released blockbusters may sell as many digital copies as paper ones. The proportion is growing quickly, not least because many bookshops are closing.[G] They are doing some things right. Having watched the record panies impotence after Apple wrested control of music pricing from them, the publishers have managed to retain their ability to set prices. But they are missing some tricks. The music and film industries have started to bundle electronic with physical versions of their products—by, for instance, providing those who buy a DVD of a movie with a code to download it from the inter. Publishers, similarly, should bundle e books with paper books.D→1→2→3→E→4→5Passage 3Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.[A] Fifteen years ago Vincent Bolloré, a French industrialist, decided to get into the business of electricity storage. He started a project to produce rechargeable batteries in two small rooms of his family mansion in Brittany. “I asked him, ‘what are you doing? and I told him to stop, that it wouldn t go anywhere,” says Alain Minc, a businessconsultant in Paris who has advised Mr Bolloré for many years. Fortunately, he says, Mr Bolloré continued.[B] The real aim for Mr Bolloré, however, is to showcase his battery technology. His group has developed a type of rechargeable cell, called a lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery. This is different from the lithium ion batteries used by most of the car industry. Mr Bolloré believes fervently that his batteries are superior, mainly because they are safer. Lithium ion batteries can explode if they overheat—which in the past happened in some laptops. Carmakers incorporate safety features to prevent the batterys cells from overheating.[C] The city of Paris will cover most of the cost of the stations, but Mr Bolloré will pay an estimated 105m to supply his design of “Bluecar” vehicles and their batteries. He will bear a further 80m a year in running costs. The city s estimates for how popular the new service will be are highly optimistic, said a recent study by the government. Autolib could make 33ma year for Mr Bolloré, aording to the study, but it could easily just breakeven or lose as much as 60mannually. Autolib will also be the first time the group has operated in a big consumer facing business where it will be held directly responsible for problems such as vandalism or breakdowns.[D] Going up against the rest of the car industry may seem quixotic. Before he won Autolib, Mr Bolloré says, people may well have thought he and his team were mad to venture into such a new area. But they underestimated his group s knowledge of electricity storage, he maintains. And if the growing number of electric cars on the road does lead to safety concerns over batteries, then Mr Bollorés LMP technology could move from the margin to the mainstream—provided, of course, they pass their test on the streets of Paris.[E] “Being a family pany means we can invest for the long term,” says Mr Bolloré, who has spent 1.5 billion on battery development since 1996. Most of his group s money es from transport and logistics, with a strong position in Africa, and from petrol distribution in France. Mr Bolloré has also made billions from financial investments such as in Rue Imperiale, a holding pany. Autolib will be keenly watched throughout the car industry. It is the first large scale city car sharing service to use only electric vehicles from the outset; a scheme in Ulm in Germany, by contrast, started with diesel vehicles. Running Autolib could mean shouldering substantial losses for the Bolloré Group. Mr Bolloré was not expected to win thecontract, but did so mainly because he offered low rental charges for drivers.[F] Mr Bollorés LMP batteries are said to be more stable when being charged and discharged, which is when batteries e under most strain. Just two European carmakers have seen the batteries, which are made only by the Bolloré Group. One car industry executive says that though the LMP technology is attractive from a safety point of view, the batteries have to be heated up to function—which takes power and makes them less convenient to use.[G] Mr Bollorés technology is about to hit the road. In xx his group won a contract to run Autolib, a car sharing scheme designed by Bertrand Delan e, the mayor of Paris, which will put 3,000 electric vehicles on the city s streets along with 1,120 stations for parking and recharging. Construction of the stations started in the summer, and Mr Bolloré will begin testing the service on October 1st before opening it to the public in December. Rechargeable batteries are now an important technology for the global car industry as it starts to make ever more electric and hybrid vehicles. Renault, a French manufacturer, is alone investing 4 billion ($5.6 billion) in a range of electric models which it will start selling thisautumn. Many producers will unveil new electric vehicles next week when the Frankfurt Motor Show opens.1→2→3→C→4→F→5Passage 4Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] The contest has been held in anticipation of a new era of pylon building. By 2020, a quarter of the country s current generating capacity will need replacing; the government hopes the new supply will e from renewable sources such as onshore and offshore wind farms. Today s offshore capacity is just 7% of ministers targets for the end of the decade—and all of the new generation out to sea will need to land transmission cables ashore. The existing electricity grid is in the wrong place for many of these new sources of power. That creates a paradox: trying to save the world by cutting carbon emissions means scarring particular bits of it by dragging new power lines through scenic countryside.[B] This is an old problem. The launch of Britain s national electricity grid in 1933 was decried for desecratingthe landscape. More recently, the location of wind farms has prompted similar debates. The difficulty with pylons is that they go everywhere. Scotland has had nearly five years of disputes over the planned 600pylon upgrade of a transmission line running from Beauly in the Highlands to the central belt where more electricity is used. The same clashes will now play out in England and Wales. A new planning mission was set up in xx to speed up the glacial pace of infrastructure decision making. But weighing economic demands against beauty remains a thorny and potentially time-consuming job.[C] Opponents of towering pylons say the answer is to bury power lines: at present only 950km of Britain s 13,000km of high voltage cable runs underground, most of it in urban areas. But sinking wires, which means clearing a corridor 17m to 40m wide and cannot be done in all terrains, carries an environmental toll too. “You are effectively sterilising land use in the area,” says Richard Smith of National Grid; no planting, digging or building is allowed. That makes installing subsurface cables 12 to 17 times as pricey as overhead lines, aording to National Grid (they also need replacing sooner). Since consumers pay for this through their electricity bills,everyone would have to fork out to protect the views and house prices of a few people.[D] So finding a new shape for pylons may be only one aspect of the ing power rows. But it will be a tricky one. Typically the best designs bine elegance with utility. Yet rather than being a feature in itself, the optimal pylon blends in with nature. That s a tough task for 20 tons of steel, however impressively shaped.[E] The skeletal, lattice design of Britain s electricity pylons has changed little since the first one was raised in 1928. Many countries have copied these “striding steel sentries”, as the poet Stephen Spender called them; more than 88,000 now march across the country s intermittently green and pleasant land.[F] Now six new models are vying to replace these familiar steel towers. The finalists in a government sponsored petition to design a new pylon include a single shard spiking into the sky and an arced, open bow. After a winner is picked in October, National Grid, which runs the electricity transmission work, will decide whether to construct it.[G] But the price of despoiling pretty scenery is hard to calculate. The risk is that the cost of damaging the landscapeis ignored because it is not ascribed a moary value, says Steve Albon, co author of a government missioned report on how much the natural environment contributes to Britain s economy. As yet, though, no one has found an easy or aepted measure of this worth to help make decisions.1→2→A→3→4→5→DPassage 5Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and E have been correctly placed.[A] Nor can it buy panies as freely as postal services in Europe, Canada or Asia have been doing for the past decade. Many European countries, as well as New Zealand and Japan, have already privatised or liberalised their postal services. Combined, foreign posts now get most of their revenue from new businesses such as retailing or banking for consumers, or warehousing and logistics for panies.[B] THE US Postal Service has an unofficial creed that harks back to Herodotus, who was admiring the Persian Empire s stalwart messengers. Its own history is impressive too, dating to a royal license by William and Mary in 1692, andincluding Benjamin Franklin as a notable postmaster, both for the crownand then for the newly independent country. Ever since, the post has existed “to bind the Nation together”.[C] Quasi independent since 1970, the post gets no public money. And yet it is obliged (as FedEx and UPS are not) to visit every mailbox, no matter how remote, six days a week. This has driven the average cost of each piece of mail up from 34 cents in xx to 41 cents. Yet the post is not allowed to raise prices (of stamps and such) willy nilly; a xx law set formulas for that. So in effect, the post cannot control either its costs or its revenues.[D] So America s post is looking for other solutions. It is planning to close post offices; up to 3,653, out of about 32,000. This month it announced plans to lay off another 120,000 workers by xx, having already bidden adieu to some 110,000 over the past four years (for a total of about 560,000 now). It also wants to fiddle with its workers pensions and health care.[E] Ultimately, says Mr Donahoe, the post will have to stop delivering mail on Saturdays. Then perhaps on other days too. The post has survived new technologies before, he points out. “In 1910, we owned the most horses, by 1920 we owned the mostvehicles.” But the inter just might send it the way of the pony express.[F] But as ever more Americans go online instead of sending paper, the volume of mail has been plummeting. The decline is steeper than even pessimists expected a decade ago, says Patrick Donahoe, the current postmaster general. Worse, because the post must deliver to every address in the country —about 150m, with some 1.4m additions every year—costs are simultaneously going up. As a result, the post has lost $20 billion in the last four years and expects to lose another $8 billion this fiscal year.[G] And although the recession made everything worse, the inter is the main culprit. As Christmas cards have gone online (and “green”), so have bills. In 2000, 5% of Americans paid utilities online. Last year 55% did, and eventually everybody will, says Mr Donahoe. Photos now go on Facebook, magazines e on iPads. Already, at least for Americans under a certain age, the post delivers only bad news or nuisances, from jury summonses to junk mail. Pleasant deliveries probably arrive by a parcel service such as UPS or FedEx.1→2→3→C→4→5→EPassage 6Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and B have been correctly placed.[A] Among national newspapers, paywalls are still rare, though the New York Times and the Times of London both have them. Most wall building is being done by small local outfits. “Local newspapers are more vital to their munities, and they have less petition,” explains Ken Doctor, the author of “Newsonomics”[B] The paywall builders tend to report a drop in online traffic. But not usually a steep drop, and not always an enduring one. Oklahoma s Tulsa World, which started demanding subscriptions from heavy online readers in April, reports that traffic in August of this year was higher than a year earlier. One possible explanation, odd as it may sound, is that readers are still discovering its website. “We have paper subscribers who want nothing to do with the inter,” explains Robert Lorton, the Tulsa World s publisher. Fewer than half of the newspaper s print subscribers have so far signed up for unrestricted free aess to the website. Other newspapers report similar proportions.[C] That suggests the game is not over. The early adopting young abandoned print newspapers long ago. But many newspapers have a surprisingly large, if dwindling, herd of paying customers. They will milk them as hard as they can.[D] On October 10th the Baltimore Sun will join a fastgrowing club. The newspaper will start tracking the number of times people read its stories online; when they reach a limit of 15 a month, they will be asked to pay. Local bloggers may squawk about content wanting to be free. But perhaps not as much as they would have done a few months ago. There is a sense of inevitability about paywalls. In April xx PaidContent, an online publication, found 26 American local and metropolitan newspapers charging for online aess. Several times that number now do so. More than 100 newspapers are using Press+, an online payment system developed in part by a former publisher of the Wall Street Journal. Media News, a newspaper group, put up two paywalls in xx; it has erected 23 so far this year.[E] Why the rush? One reason is that building paywalls has bee easier: Press+ and Google s One Pass will collect online subscriptions on behalf of newspapers, skimming a little off the top. The popularity of Apple s iPad is another explanation. Many newspapers have created paid for apps. There is littlepoint doing that if a tablet user can simply read the news for free on a web browser. But the big push es from advertising —or the lack of it.[F] The most ambitious architects are in Europe. Since May Slovakia has had a virtual national paywall—a single payment system that enpasses nine of the country s biggest publications. Slovaks who want to read news online pay 2.90 ($3.90) a month, which is split between the newspapers aording to a formula that aounts for where people signed up and how heavily they use each publication s website. Piano Media, which built the system, plans to launch another national paywall in Europe early next year.[G] Jim Moroney, publisher of the Dallas Morning News, says American newspapers used to abide by an “8020” rule. That is, 80% of their revenues came from advertising and 20% came from subscriptions. Those days are over. Newspaper advertising, print and online bined, has crashed from $9.6 billion in the second quarter of xx to $6 billion in the second quarter of xx, aording to the Newspaper Association of America. Few believe it will ever fully recover. So the race is on to build a subscription business, both in print (cover prices are going up) and online.1→A→2→3→4→B→5Passage 7Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed.[A] A GOOD unit of measurement, writes Robert Crease, must satisfy three conditions. It has to be easy to relate to, match the things it is meant to measure in scale (no point using inches to describe geographical distances) and be stable. In his new book, “World in the Balance”, Mr Crease, who teaches philosophy at Stony Brook University on Long Island and writes a column for the magazine Physics World, describes man s quest for that metrological holy grail. In the process, he shows that the story of metrology, not obvious material for a page turner, can in the right hands make for a riveting read.[B] In response the metre, from the Greek metron, meaning “measure”, was ushered in, helped along by French revolutionaries, eager to replace the Bourbon toise (just under two metres) with an all new, universal unit. The metre was to be defined as a fraction of the Paris meridian whose precise measurement was under way. Together with the kilogram,initially the mass of a decaliter of distilled water, it formed the basis of the metric system.[C] Suessful French metrological diplomacy meant that in the ensuing decades the metric system supplanted a hotchpotch of regional units in all bar a handful of nations. Even Britain, long wedded to its imperial measures, caved in. (Americans are taking longer to persuade.) In 1875 Nature, a British magazine, hailed the metric system as “one of the greatest triumphs of modern civilisation”. Paradoxically, Mr Crease argues, it thrived in part as a consequence of British imperialism, which all but wiped out innumerable indigenous measurement systems, creating a vacuum that the new framework was able to fill.[D] For all its diplomatic suess, though, the metre failed to live up to its original promise. Tying it to the meridian, or any other natural benchmark, proved intractable. As a result, the unit continued to be defined in explicit reference to a unique platinum iridium ingot until 1960. Only then was it recast in less fleeting terms: as a multiple of the wavelength of a particular type of light. Finally, in 1983, it was tied to a fundamental physical constant, the speed of light, being the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. (The second had by then itself got a metrological makeover: no longera 60th of a 60th of a 24th of the period of the Earth s rotation, it is currently the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a phenomenon called microwave transition in an atom of caesium 133.)[E] The earliest known units met the first two of Mr Creases requirements well. Most were drawn from things to hand: the human body (the foot or the mile, which derives from the Latin milia passuum, or 1,000 paces) and tools (barrels, cups). Others were more abstract. The journal (from jour, French for “day”), used in medieval France, was equivalent to the area a man could plough in a day with a single ox, as was the acre in Britain or the morgen in north Germany and Holland.[F] But no two feet, barrels or workdays are quite the same. What was needed was “a foot, not yours or mine”. Calls for a firm standard that was not subject to fluctuations or the whim of feudal lords, grew louder in the late 17th century. They were a consequence of the beginnings of international trade and modern science. Both required greater precision to advance.[G] Now the kilogram, the last artefact based unit, awaits its turn. Adding urgency is the fact the “real” kilogram, stored in a safe in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, seems to be shedding weightrelative to its official copies. Metrologists are busy trying to recast it in terms of Planck s constant, a formula which is deemed cosmicly inviolate, as is the speed of light (pending further findings from CERN, anyway). In his jolly book, Mr Crease is cheering them on.A→1→2→3→4→5→GPassage 8Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs B and G have been correctly placed.[A] There are doubters, of course. The cost of electricity may rise, and some polluters may flee the state, taking jobs away. But California already has one in four of America s solar energy jobs and will add many more. Sun, wind, geothermal, nuclear: “We need it all,” says Terry Tamminen, who advised Mr Schwarzenegger. The state is setting up an “interesting experiment”, he thinks. “California goes one way, the United States another.”[B] To Europeans, Asians and Australians, this may seem nothing much. After all, the European union already has a similar emissions trading market, and a carbon tax is now。

考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一

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考研英语段落排序题全真模拟试一————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A] On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, the electors who have been chosen in November assemble in their respective state capitals to signal their preference. The future president and vice-president must receive at least 270 electoral votes, a majority of the total of 538, to win. Members of the electoral college have the moral, but not the legal, obligation to vote for the candidate who won the popular vote in their state. This moral imperative, plus the fact that electors are members of the same political party as the presidential candidate winning the popular vote, ensures that the outcome in the electoral college is a valid reflection of the popular vote in November.[B] It is even possible for someone to win the popular vote, yet lost the presidency to another candidate. How? It has to do with the electoral college.[C] The electoral college was created in response to a problem encountered during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, where delegates were trying to determine the best way to choose the president. The framers of the Constitution intended that the electors, a body of men chosen for their wisdom, should come together and choose on behalf of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political parties guaranteed that the electoral of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political guaranteed that the electoral system never worked as the framers had intended; instead, national parties, i. e. nationwide alliances of local interests, quickly came to dominate the election campaigns. The electors became mere figureheads representing the state branches of the parties who got them chosen, and their votes were predetermined and predictable.[D] How are the electors chosen? Although there is some variation among states in how electors are appointed, generally they are chosen by the popular vote, always on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Each political party in a state chooses a state of local worthies to be members of the electoral college if the party’s presidential candidate wins at least a plurality of the popular vote in the state.[E] How is the number of electors decided? Every state has one elector for each senator and representative it sends to Congress. States with greater populations therefore have more electors in the electoral college. All states have at least 3 electors, but California, the most populous state, has 54. The District of Columbia, though not a state, is also allowed to send three electors.[F] How can one win the popular vote yet lose the presidency? Let’s simplify f or the sake of argument: imagine that instead of 50 states America had only two. California and Montana. Now suppose that candidate A wins in California by 9,000,500 votes to 9,000,400; the 100-vote margin still gives him 54 electors. But then candidate A loses in Montana by 201,000 to 205,000, candidate B gets Montana’s electoral votes. The total number of votes for A is 9,210,500 and for B, 9,205,400; yet A, with 54 electoral votes out of 57, wins the election![G] America’s election day is 7 November. O n the day citizens who wish to will cast their ballots for the presidential candidate they prefer. The result of this process is called the popular vote, and these days the winner of the popular vote is usually known shortly after the polls close. However, not one of the votes cast on Election Day actually goes directly to a particular candidate.Order:G → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → 45.［试题分析］这篇文章共分7段，[G]段和[F]段已分别被定为篇首段与篇尾段。

2019年全国硕士研究生考试英语(一)考前全真模拟卷

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Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Driving through snowstorm on icy roads for long distances is a most nerve-racking experience. It is a paradox that the snow, coming __1__ gently, blowing gleefully in a high wind, all the while __2__ down a treacherous carpet, freezes the windows,__3__ the view. The might of automated man is__4__ . The horses, the powerful electrical systems, the deep-tread tires, all go __5__ nothing. One minute the road feels __6__, and the next the driver is sliding over it, light as a__7__, in a panic, wondering what the heavy trailer trucks coming up__8__the rear are going to do. The trucks are like __9__ when you have to pass them, not at sixty or seventy __10__ you do when the road is dry, but at twenty-five and thirty. __11__ their engines sound unnaturally loud. Snow, slush and__12__ of ice spray from beneath the wheels, obscure the windshield, and rattle __13__your car. Beneath the wheels there is plenty of __14__ for you to slide and get mashed to a pulp. Inch __15__ inch you move up, past the rear wheels, the center wheels, the cab, the front wheels, all__16__too slowly by. Straight ahead you continue,__17__ to cut over sharply would send you into a slip,__18__in front of the vehicle. At last, there is__19__enough, and you creep back over, in front of the truck now, but__20__the sound of its engine still thundering in your ears.1. [A] up [B] off [C] down [D] on2. [A] lies [B] lays [C] settles [D] sends3. [A] blocks [B] strikes [C] puffs [D] cancels4. [A] muted [B] discovered [C] doubled [D] undervalued5. [A] for [B] with [C] into [D] from6. [A] comfortable [B] weak [C] risky [D] firm7. [A] loaf [B] feather [C] leaf [D] fog8. [A] beneath [B] from [C] under [D] beyond9. [A] dwarfs [B] giants [C] patients [D] princesses10. [A] what [B] since [C] as [D] that11. [A] So [B] But [C] Or [D] Then12. [A] flakes [B] flocks [C] chips [D] cakes13. [A] onto [B] against [C] off [D] along14. [A] snow [B] earth [C] room [D] ice15. [A] by [B] after [C] for [D] with16. [A] climbing [B] crawling [C] winding [D] sliding17. [A] meanwhile [B] unless [C] whereas [D] for18. [A] sheer [B] mostly [C] rarely [D] right19. [A] might [B] distance [C] air [D] power20. [A] with [B] like [C] inside [D] upon答案1.C2.B3.A4.A5.A6.D7.B8.C9.B 10.C11.D 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.D 17.D 18.D 19.B 20.A总体分析本文描述了在冰雪覆盖的路面上开车的经历。

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考研《英语一》新题型密押：排序题及答案Passage 1Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] Subscription has proved by far the best way of paying for high quality television. Advertising veers up and down with the economic cycle, and can be skipped by using digital video recorders. And any outfit that depends on advertising is liable to worry more about offending advertisers than about pleasing viewers. V oluntary subscription is also preferable to the compulsory, universal variety that pays for the BBC and other European public broadcasters. A broadcaster supported by a tax on everyone must try to please everyone. And a government can starve public broadcasters of money, too—as the BBC is painfully learning.[B] What began as an interesting experiment has become the standard way of supporting high quality programming. Most of the great television dramas that are watched in America and around the world appear first on pay TV channels. Having shown others how to make gangster dramas with “The Sopranos”, HBO is laying down the standard for fantasy with “Game of Thrones”. Other pay TV channels have delved into 1960s ad vertising (“Mad Men”), drug dealing (“BreakingBad”) and Renaissance court society (“The Borgias”). Pay TV firms outside America, like Britain s BSkyB, are beginning to pour money into original series. Talent is drifting to pay television, in part because there are fewer appealing roles in film. Meanwhile, broadcast networks have retreated into a safe zone of sitcoms, police procedurals and singing competitions.[C] But pay television is now under threat, especially in America. Prices have been driven so high at a time of economic malaise that many people simply cannot afford it. Disruptive, deep pocketed firms like Amazon and Netflix lurk, whispering promises of internet delivered films and television shows for little or no money. Whether the lure of such alternatives or poverty is what is causing people to cancel their subscriptions is not clear. But the proportion of Americans who pay for TV is falling. Other countries may follow.[D] Pay TV executives argue that people will always find ways of paying for their wares, perhaps by cutting back on cinema tickets or bottled water. That notion seems increasingly hopeful. Every month it appears more likely that the pay TV system will break down. The era of ever growing channel choice is coming to an end; cable and satellite distributors will begin to prune the least popular ones. They may push “best of basic” packages, offering the most desirable channels—and perhaps leaving out sport. In the most disruptive scenario, no longerunimaginable, pay TV would become a free for all, with channels hawking themselves directly to consumers, perhaps sending their content over the internet. How can media firms survive in such a world?[E] Fifteen years ago nearly all the television shows that excited critics and won awards appeared on free broadcast channels. Pay television (or, as many Americans call it, “cable”) was the domain of repeats, music videos and televangelists. Then HBO, a subscription outfit mostly known for boxing and films, decided to try its hand at hour long dramas.[F] But television as a whole should emerge stronger. If people buy individual channels rather than a huge bundle, they will have to think about what they really value—the more so because each channel will cost more than it does at present. Media firms will improve their game in response. The activity that diverts the average American for some four and a half hours each day should become more gripping, not less.[G] It won t be easy. They will have to start marketing heavily: at present the pay TV distributors do that for them. They must produce much more of their own programming. Repeats and old films lose their appeal in a world in which consumers can instantly call up vast archives. If they are to sell directly to the audience they will have to become technology firms, building apps and much slicker websites than they have now, which anticipate what customers might want to watch.1→2→A→3→D→4→5Passage 2Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs D and E have been correctly placed.[A] For publishers, though, it is a dangerous time. Book publishing resembles the newspaper business in the late 1990s, or music in the early 2000s. Although revenues are fairly stable, and the traditional route is still the only way to launch a blockbuster, the climate is changing. Some of the publishers functions—packaging books and promoting them to shops—are becoming obsolete. Algorithms and online recommendations threaten to replace them as arbiters of quality. The tide of self published books threatens to swamp their products. As bookshops close, they lose a crucial showcase. And they face, as the record companies did, a near monopoly controlling digital distribution: Amazon’s grip over the ebook market is much like Apple’s control of music downloads.[B] They also need to become more efficient. Digital books can be distributed globally, but publishers persist in dividing the world into territories with separate editorial staffs. In the digital age it is daft to take months or even years to get a book to market. And if they are to distinguish their wares from self published dross, they must get better at choosing books, honing ideas and polishing copy. If publishers are tohold readers’attention they must tell a better story—and edit out all the spelling mistakes as well.[C] For readers, this is splendid. Just as Amazon collapsed distance by bringing a huge range of books to out of the way places, it is now collapsing time, by enabling readers to download books instantly. Moreover, anybody can now publish a book, through Amazon and a number of other services.[D] During the next few weeks publishers will release a crush of books, pile them onto delivery lorries and fight to get them on the display tables at the front of bookshops in the run up to Christmas. It is an impressive display of competitive commercial activity. It is also increasingly pointless.[E] Yet there are still two important jobs for publishers. They act as the venture capitalists of the words business, advancing money to authors of worthwhile books that might not be written otherwise. And they are editors, picking good books and improving them. So it would be good, not just for their shareholders but also for intellectual life, if they survived.[F] More quickly than almost anyone predicted, e books are emerging as a serious alternative to the paper kind. Amazon, comfortably the biggest e book retailer, has lowered the price of its Kindle e readers to the point where people do not fear to take them to the beach. In America, the most advanced market, about one fifth of the largestpublishers sales are of e books. Newly released blockbusters may sell as many digital copies as paper ones. The proportion is growing quickly, not least because many bookshops are closing.[G] They are doing some things right. Having watched the record companies impotence after Apple wrested control of music pricing from them, the publishers have managed to retain their ability to set prices. But they are missing some tricks. The music and film industries have started to bundle electronic with physical versions of their products—by, for instance, providing those who buy a DVD of a movie with a code to download it from the internet. Publishers, similarly, should bundle e books with paper books.D→1→2→3→E→4→5Passage 3Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.[A] Fifteen years ago Vincent Bolloré, a French industrialist, decided to get into the business of electricity storage. He started a project to produce rechargeable batteries in two small rooms of his family mansion in Brittany. “I asked him, ‘what are you doing? and I told him to stop, that it wouldn t go anywhere,” says Alain Minc, a business consultant in Paris who has advised Mr Bolloréfor many years.Fortunately, he says, Mr Bolloré continued.[B] The real aim for Mr Bolloré, however, is to showcase his battery technology. His group has developed a type of rechargeable cell, called a lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery. This is different from the lithium ion batteries used by most of the car industry. Mr Bollorébelieves fervently that his batteries are superior, mainly because they are safer. Lithium ion batteries can explode if they overheat—which in the past happened in some laptops. Carmakers incorporate safety features to prevent the batterys cells from overheating.[C] The city of Paris will cover most of the cost of the stations, but Mr Bolloré will pay an estimated 105m to supply his design of “Bluecar” vehicles and their batteries. He will bear a further 80m a year in running costs. The city s estimates for how popular the new service will be are highly optimistic, said a recent study by the government. Autolib could make 33ma year for Mr Bolloré, according to the study, but it could easily just breakeven or lose as much as 60mannually. Autolib will also be the first time the group has operated in a big consumer facing business where it will be held directly responsible for problems such as vandalism or breakdowns.[D] Going up against the rest of the car industry may seem quixotic. Before he won Autolib, Mr Bolloré says, people may well have thought he and his team were mad to venture into such a new area. But theyunderestimated his group s knowledge of electricity storage, he maintains. And if the growing number of electric cars on the road does lead to safety concerns over batteries, then Mr Bollorés LMP technology could move from the margin to the mainstream—provided, of course, they pass their test on the streets of Paris.[E] “Being a family company means we can invest for the long term,” says Mr Bolloré, who has spent 1.5 bill ion on battery development since 1996. Most of his group s money comes from transport and logistics, with a strong position in Africa, and from petrol distribution in France. Mr Bolloréhas also made billions from financial investments such as in Rue Imperiale, a holding company. Autolib will be keenly watched throughout the car industry. It is the first large scale city car sharing service to use only electric vehicles from the outset; a scheme in Ulm in Germany, by contrast, started with diesel vehicles. Running Autolib could mean shouldering substantial losses for the Bolloré Group. Mr Bolloré was not expected to win the contract, but did so mainly because he offered low rental charges for drivers.[F] Mr Bollorés LMP batteries are said to be more stable when being charged and discharged, which is when batteries come under most strain. Just two European carmakers have seen the batteries, which are made only by the Bolloré Group. One car industry executive says that though the LMP technology is attractive from a safety point of view, thebatteries have to be heated up to function—which takes power and makes them less convenient to use.[G] Mr Bollorés technology is about to hit the road. In his group won a contract to run Autolib, a car sharing scheme designed by Bertrand Delan e, the mayor of Paris, which will put 3,000 electric vehicles on the city s streets along with 1,120 stations for parking and recharging. Construction of the stations started in the summer, and Mr Bolloré will begin testing the service on October 1st before opening it to the public in December. Rechargeable batteries are now an important technology for the global car industry as it starts to make ever more electric and hybrid vehicles. Renault, a French manufacturer, is alone investing 4 billion ($5.6 billion) in a range of electric models which it will start selling this autumn. Many producers will unveil new electric vehicles next week when the Frankfurt Motor Show opens.1→2→3→C→4→F→5Passage 4Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] The contest has been held in anticipation of a new era of pylon building. By XX, a quarter of the country s current generating capacity will need replacing; the government hopes the new supply will comefrom renewable sources such as onshore and offshore wind farms. Today s offshore capacity is just 7% of ministers targets for the end of the decade—and all of the new generation out to sea will need to land transmission cables ashore. The existing electricity grid is in the wrong place for many of these new sources of power. That creates a paradox: trying to save the world by cutting carbon emissions means scarring particular bits of it by dragging new power lines through scenic countryside.[B] This is an old problem. The launch of Britain s national electricity grid in 1933 was decried for desecrating the landscape. More recently, the location of wind farms has prompted similar debates. The difficulty with pylons is that they go everywhere. Scotland has had nearly five years of disputes over the planned 600pylon upgrade of a transmission line running from Beauly in the Highlands to the central belt where more electricity is used. The same clashes will now play out in England and Wales. A new planning commission was set up in 2009 to speed up the glacial pace of infrastructure decision making. But weighing economic demands against beauty remains a thorny and potentially time-consuming job.[C] Opponents of towering pylons say the answer is to bury power lines: at present only 950km of Britain s 13,000km of high voltage cable runs underground, most of it in urban areas. But sinking wires,which means clearing a corridor 17m to 40m wide and cannot be done in all terrains, carries an environmental toll too. “You are effectively sterilising land use in the area,” says Richard Smith of National Grid; no planting, digging or building is allowed. That makes installing subsurface cables 12 to 17 times as pricey as overhead lines, according to National Grid (they also need replacing sooner). Since consumers pay for this through their electricity bills, everyone would have to fork out to protect the views and house prices of a few people.[D] So finding a new shape for pylons may be only one aspect of the coming power rows. But it will be a tricky one. Typically the best designs combine elegance with utility. Yet rather than being a feature in itself, the optimal pylon blends in with nature. That s a tough task for20 tons of steel, however impressively shaped.[E] The skeletal, lattice design of Britain s electricity pylons has changed little since the first one was raised in 1928. Many countries have copied these “striding steel sentries”, as the poet Stephen Spender called them; more than 88,000 now march across the country s intermittently green and pleasant land.[F] Now six new models are vying to replace these familiar steel towers. The finalists in a government sponsored competition to design a new pylon include a single shard spiking into the sky and an arced, open bow. After a winner is picked in October, National Grid, which runs theelectricity transmission network, will decide whether to construct it.[G] But the price of despoiling pretty scenery is hard to calculate. The risk is that the cost of damaging the landscape is ignored because it is not ascribed a monetary value, says Steve Albon, co author of a government commissioned report on how much the natural environment contributes to Britain s economy. As yet, though, no one has found an easy or accepted measure of this worth to help make decisions.1→2→A→3→4→5→DPassage 5Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and E have been correctly placed.[A] Nor can it buy companies as freely as postal services in Europe, Canada or Asia have been doing for the past decade. Many European countries, as well as New Zealand and Japan, have already privatised or liberalised their postal services. Combined, foreign posts now get most of their revenue from new businesses such as retailing or banking for consumers, or warehousing and logistics for companies.[B] THE US Postal Service has an unofficial creed that harks back to Herodotus, who was admiring the Persian Empire s stalwart messengers. Its own history is impressive too, dating to a royal license byWilliam and Mary in 1692, and including Benjamin Franklin as a notable postmaster, both for the crownand then for the newly independent country. Ever since, the post has existed “to bind the Nation together”.[C] Quasi independent since 1970, the post gets no public money. And yet it is obliged (as FedEx and UPS are not) to visit every mailbox, no matter how remote, six days a week. This has driven the average cost of each piece of mail up from 34 cents in 2006 to 41 cents. Yet the post is not allowed to raise prices (of stamps and such) willy nilly; a 2006 law set formulas for that. So in effect, the post cannot control either its costs or its revenues.[D] So America s post is looking for other solutions. It is planning to close post offices; up to 3,653, out of about 32,000. This month it announced plans to lay off another 120,000 workers by , having already bidden adieu to some 110,000 over the past four years (for a total of about 560,000 now). It also wants to fiddle with its workers pensions and health care.[E] Ultimately, says Mr Donahoe, the post will have to stop delivering mail on Saturdays. Then perhaps on other days too. The post has surv ived new technologies before, he points out. “In 1910, we owned the most horses, by 1920 we owned the most vehicles.” But the internet just might send it the way of the pony express.[F] But as ever more Americans go online instead of sending paper,the volume of mail has been plummeting. The decline is steeper than even pessimists expected a decade ago, says Patrick Donahoe, the current postmaster general. Worse, because the post must deliver to every address in the country—about 150m, with some 1.4m additions every year—costs are simultaneously going up. As a result, the post has lost $20 billion in the last four years and expects to lose another $8 billion this fiscal year.[G] And although the recession made everything worse, the internet is the main culprit. As Christmas cards have gone online (and “green”), so have bills. In 2000, 5% of Americans paid utilities online. Last year 55% did, and eventually everybody will, says Mr Donahoe. Photos now go on Facebook, magazines come on iPads. Already, at least for Americans under a certain age, the post delivers only bad news or nuisances, from jury summonses to junk mail. Pleasant deliveries probably arrive by a parcel service such as UPS or FedEx.1→2→3→C→4→5→EPassage 6Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and B have been correctly placed.[A] Among national newspapers, paywalls are still rare, though the New York Times and the Times of London both have them. Mostwall building is being done by small local outfits. “Local newspapers are more vital to their communities, and they have less competition,” explains Ken Doctor, the author of “Newsonomics”[B] The paywall builders tend to report a drop in online traffic. But not usually a steep drop, and not always an enduring one. Oklahoma s Tulsa World, which started demanding subscriptions from heavy online readers in April, reports that traffic in August of this year was higher than a year earlier. One possible explanation, odd as it may sound, is that readers are still discovering its website. “We have paper subscribers who want nothing to do with the internet,” explains Robert Lorton, the Tulsa World s publisher. Fewer than half of the newspaper s print subscribers have so far signed up for unrestricted free access to the website. Other newspapers report similar proportions.[C] That suggests the game is not over. The early adopting young abandoned print newspapers long ago. But many newspapers have a surprisingly large, if dwindling, herd of paying customers. They will milk them as hard as they can.[D] On October 10th the Baltimore Sun will join a fast growing club. The newspaper will start tracking the number of times people read its stories online; when they reach a limit of 15 a month, they will be asked to pay. Local bloggers may squawk about content wanting to be free. But perhaps not as much as they would have done a few months ago.There is a sense of inevitability about paywalls. In April PaidContent, an online publication, found 26 American local and metropolitan newspapers charging for online access. Several times that number now do so. More than 100 newspapers are using Press+, an online payment system developed in part by a former publisher of the Wall Street Journal. Media News, a newspaper group, put up two paywalls in ; it has erected23 so far this year.[E] Why the rush? One reason is that building paywalls has become easier: Press+ and Google s One Pass will collect online subscriptions on behalf of newspapers, skimming a little off the top. The popularity of Apple s iPad is another explanation. Many newspapers have created paid for apps. There is little point doing that if a tablet user can simply read the news for free on a web browser. But the big push comes from advertising—or the lack of it.[F] The most ambitious architects are in Europe. Since May Slovakia has had a virtual national paywall—a single payment system that encompasses nine of the country s biggest publications. Slovaks who want to read news online pay 2.90 ($3.90) a month, which is split between the newspapers according to a formula that accounts for where people signed up and how heavily they use each publication s website. Piano Media, which built the system, plans to launch another national paywall in Europe early next year.[G] Jim Moroney, publisher of the Dallas Morning News, says American newspapers used to abide by an “8020” rule. That is, 80% of their revenues came from advertising and 20% came from subscriptions. Those days are over. Newspaper advertising, print and online combined, has crashed from $9.6 billion in the second quarter of 2008 to $6 billion in the second quarter of , according to the Newspaper Association of America. Few believe it will ever fully recover. So the race is on to build a subscription business, both in print (cover prices are going up) and online.1→A→2→3→4→B→5Passage 7Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed.[A] A GOOD unit of measurement, writes Robert Crease, must satisfy three conditions. It has to be easy to relate to, match the things it is meant to measure in scale (no point using inches to describe geographical distances) and be stable. In his new book, “World in the Balance”, Mr Crease, who teaches philosophy at Stony Brook University on Long Island and writes a column for the magazine Physics World, describes man s quest for that metrological holy grail. In the process, he shows that the story of metrology, not obvious material for a page turner, canin the right hands make for a riveting read.[B] In response the metre, from the Greek metron, meaning “measure”, was ushered in, helped along by French revolutionaries, eager to replace the Bourbon toise (just under two metres) with an all new, universal unit. The metre was to be defined as a fraction of the Paris meridian whose precise measurement was under way. Together with the kilogram, initially the mass of a decaliter of distilled water, it formed the basis of the metric system.[C] Successful French metrological diplomacy meant that in the ensuing decades the metric system supplanted a hotchpotch of regional units in all bar a handful of nations. Even Britain, long wedded to its imperial measures, caved in. (Americans are taking longer to persuade.) In 1875 Nature, a British magazine, hailed the metric system as “one of the greatest triumphs of modern civilisation”. Paradoxically, Mr Crease argues, it thrived in part as a consequence of British imperialism, which all but wiped out innumerable indigenous measurement systems, creating a vacuum that the new framework was able to fill.[D] For all its diplomatic success, though, the metre failed to live up to its original promise. Tying it to the meridian, or any other natural benchmark, proved intractable. As a result, the unit continued to be defined in explicit reference to a unique platinum iridium ingot until 1960. Only then was it recast in less fleeting terms: as a multiple of thewavelength of a particular type of light. Finally, in 1983, it was tied to a fundamental physical constant, the speed of light, becoming the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. (The second had by then itself got a metrological makeover: no longer a 60th of a 60th of a 24th of the period of the Earth s rotation, it is currently the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a phenomenon called microwave transition in an atom of caesium133.)[E] The earliest known units met the first two of Mr Crease s requirements well. Most were drawn from things to hand: the human body (the foot or the mile, which derives from the Latin milia passuum, or 1,000 paces) and tools (barrels, cups). Others were more abstract. The journal (from jour, French for “day”), used in medieval France, was equivalent to the area a man could plough in a day with a single ox, as was the acre in Britain or the morgen in north Germany and Holland.[F] But no two feet, barrels or workdays are quite the same. What was needed was “a foot, not yours or mine”. Calls for a firm standard that was not subject to fluctuations or the whim of feudal lords, grew louder in the late 17th century. They were a consequence of the beginnings of international trade and modern science. Both required greater precision to advance.[G] Now the kilogram, the last artefact based unit, awaits its turn. Adding urgency is the fact the “real” kilogram, stored in a safe in theInternational Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, seems to be shedding weight relative to its official copies. Metrologists are busy trying to recast it in terms of Planck s constant, a formula which is deemed cosmicly inviolate, as is the speed of light (pending further findings from CERN, anyway). In his jolly book, Mr Crease is cheering them on.A→1→2→3→4→5→GPassage 8Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs B and G have been correctly placed.[A] There are doubters, of course. The cost of electricity may rise, and some polluters may flee the state, taking jobs away. But California already has one in four of America s solar energy jobs and will add many more. Sun, wind, geothermal, nuclear: “We need it all,” says Terry Tamminen, who advised Mr Schwarzenegger. The state is setting up an “interesting experiment”, he thinks. “California goes one way, the United States another.”[B] To Europeans, Asians and Australians, this may seem nothing much. After all, the European Union already has a similar emissions trading market, and a carbon tax is now wending its way through the Australian legislature. India have adopted versions of carbon。

考研英语一全真模拟5套卷

3、推广民间器乐演奏活动：通过举办音乐会、讲座等形式，推广民间器乐演奏活动，让更多人了解和欣赏民间器乐的魅力。
参考内容二
随着时间的推移，越来越多的传统文化逐渐受到重视和保护。在这些文化遗产中，工尺谱作为中国音乐的重要符号之一，也在不断地传承和发扬。然而，在现代社会中，新生工尺谱的存在意义和作用却引发了人们的思考。
二、简谱
简谱，顾名思义，是一种简化的记谱法。它将音符用阿拉伯数字表示，同时用各种符号来表示节奏和装饰音。简谱的优点在于其简单易学，使得初学者可以快速上手。此外，由于简谱使用的是国际通用的数字符号，因此它也具有较高的国际通用性。
三、差异比较
1、音符表示：工尺谱使用文字来标记音符，如“工”、“尺”等，而简谱使用数字来表示音符。
首先，新生工尺谱的存在意义在于它是一种独特的文化传承方式。工尺谱是中国古代音乐的一种记谱方式，具有悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴。它不仅代表着中国音乐的传统，也反映了中国古代文化的精髓。通过学习新生工尺谱，人们可以了解中国古代音乐的韵律、节奏、调式等方方面面，更深刻地理解中国传统文化的内涵。
其次，新生工尺谱的作用在于它可以帮助人们更好地传承和发扬中国音乐文化。在现代社会中，随着流行音乐的兴起和西方音乐的传入，中国传统音乐逐渐失去了原有的地位和影响力。而新生工尺谱的出现，为传统音乐的传承和发展提供了一个新的平台和途径。通过学习新生工尺谱，人们可以更好地了解和掌握中国传统音乐的精髓，从而更好地传承和发扬中国音乐文化。
3、文化传承和音乐思想表达：通过学习和演绎《梅花三弄》，我们能够更深刻地了解古琴音乐的文化内涵和艺术价值，体验中华文化的博大精深。同时，这首曲子以梅花为主题，表现了人们对高洁品质和坚韧精神的追求，这也是我们要传承和发扬的优秀音乐思想。

英语考研12篇排序题答案

Text 1整体分析：本篇文章为现象分析型文章，重点分析了航空公司行李丢失的过程和原因，简要地从乘客自身角度提出了对策。

局部分析：首段A：通过个例引出主题，即行李丢失问题及其后果。

末段G：针对机场行李运输中存在的问题向旅客提出了几点建议。

4l. EA段谈的是行李丢失问题的个例，E段谈的是行李丢失问题的普遍情况。

从A到E，这是从具体到一般，注意作者采用了归纳法提出了行李丢失的问题。

而其他选项都是在分析行李丢失现象的原因，是应该在提出问题后谈论的，故只有E项正确。

42. D针对A和E段提出的问题，下面该分析原因了。

D交待的是飞机行李运输背景知识，谈的是正常情况，而B、C、D谈的是不正常的情况。

人们讨论问题的逻辑是从正常到不正常，先说惯例再说例外。

D 谈论的是正常情况、是惯例。

很显然这里应选D。

D的意思是航空公司尽量争取时间，尽量保证行李的正常运输。

43. C上段讲行李的正常运输，C以"In normal circumstances the system works well."与上段衔接。

下面自然引出不正常的情况，即飞机延误，或者人为因素导致行李运输系统出现问题，导致问题产生。

44. F上段讲行李出现问题的普遍情况，F项讲这一情况出现的极端情况，即过于繁忙的、作为枢纽的大机场出现这种情况更加严重。

F首句说"These problems can become severe at transfer airport…"，"these problems"与上段衔接。

从C到F是从轻到重，是递进关系。

故F正确。

45. B上一段讲了忙乱的机场行李丢失现象严重，本段进一步指出即使是效率高的机场也无法解决这个痼疾——并列举了欧洲和美国的例子印证。

B递进了上一段的意思。

末段G：在上段分析问题后，简单地针对个人提出了几点建议。

参考译文：到达国外的机场，结果发现自己的行李没有运到，这是最令人失望不过的事情了。

大学生考研英语模拟试题一套(带答案)

大学生考研英语模拟试题一套Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The key position and role of women in the process of development is increasingly being recognized. 1 the three great World Conferences of Women were more concerned 2 recognizing and compiling approaches to 3 , we can currently confirm a general sharpening of awareness. It has become clear that the Third World Cultures, in earlier times strongly matriarchal, have been weakened 4 this respect by the methods of colonial education which are almost 5 directed towards the male. Of the many criticisms of this situation let one voice be heard: "Development education groups and programmes are very much 6 and lack woman's perspective". So, too, the hopes placed in vocational training—"vocationalization" —as an aid to equality have been disappointed since this in its turn was to large extent focused on the male.In these circumstances we should not be surprised that until now women have 7 at least in the educational processes which have been introduced. Only 20% attend primary school and the 8 of those who leave early is highest 9 girls. Because of the lack of basic training only around 10% take part in Adult Education programmes. Hence it is vitally important to 10 a turning-point by increasing the 11 of the need 12 education.Hence even Primary Education for girls should be 13 towards the basic needs and necessities and provide answers which are as simple as possible. In rural districts such answers will be different from those 14 in urban areas. The education of girls and women must to a large degree be an education for the life they will lead, tailored 15 a woman's position. In saying this we are in fact demanding that the education of women, like all educational work in the Third World, should be an 16 part of the community. 17 there are many partners in this process school, family, small businesses, governmental and non-governmental organizations. The educational skill 18 keeping this interplay active in such a way that there is no deficiency in material content. An important consequence of this is the 19 of the desire to question, which, on the one hand, presses for further education and on the other for its 20 application.1、A. Although B. For C. Nevertheless D. Because2、A. with B. of C. upon D. over3、A. salvage B. revolution C. liberty D. liberation4、A. in B. of C. upon D. with5、A. specially B. distinctively C. exclusively D. respectively6、A. males-dominating B. female-dominating C. male-dominating D. females-dominating7、A. pooled B. joined C. taken D. participated8、A. percentage B. number C. fraction D. part9、A. in B. between C. of D. among10、A. secure B. strike C. save D. hit11、A. acknowledgementB. awareness C. affirmation D. agreement12、A. for B. of C. in D. with13、A. aimed B. targeted C. directed D. manipulated14、A. offered B. provided C. told D. given15、A. for B. to C. with D. at16、A. synthetic B. combined C. integrated D. comprehensive17、A. Subsequently B. Consequently C. Accordingly D. Reversely18、A. consists of B. accounts for C. consists in D. leads to19、A. waking B. awakening C. rising D. arising20、A. practical B. useful C. material D. artificialSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1The past 40 years have witnessed an extraordinary evolution. From slow expensive machines controlled by punched cards, computers have become low-cost, powerful units taking up no more space than a briefcase. Simultaneously, our world has become interlaced with telephone wires, optic fibers, undersea cables, microwave links, television channels and satellite communications.At the crossing of these two developments stands the Internet—a direct result of computer technology intersecting with communication technology. But for many in the world of today's media, this is merely a first landmark in what promises to be a giant upheaval in the way people communicate, relax and work. This is the era of digital convergence.According to a recent article in Scientific American, convergence is in principle "the union of audio, video and data communications into a single source, received on a single device, delivered by a single connection." Digital technology has already provided a medium for integrating media that until now required distinct channels of communication: we can now send emails using our televisions or text messages over mobile phones. Real-time video can be transmitted over radio channels, while television and radio can be received on Personal Computers.Full digital convergence promises real-time access to information anywhere in the world, and global communication through text, graphics, video and audio. In fact, there seems to be no technological limit to what might be possible. "The reality of 'anywhere, anytime' access to broadband digital networks is going to make our lives freer and fuller," Gerald Levin, chief executive officer of AOL Time Warner, has promised. But technology alone cannot bring about such a world, as long as consumers and companies do not embrace it, convergence is likely to go the way of several hyped-up predecessors.Over a decade ago, for example, virtual reality was the technology of thefuture, and many people anticipated a day where we would be wearing head-mounted displays and interacting with all manner of virtual environments. At the time there was real concern about changes in industrial practices and social behavior brought about by this technology. So what happened to this vision? Well, we got it wrong. Currently, the home computer is the main interface to the Internet. But relatively few people in the world have access to PCs, and few would argue that they are ideal for the purpose--they can crash and freeze because they were not designed for widespread Internet use.21、In this text the extraordinary evolution refers to______.A. the appearance of the smaller, low-cost and powerful computers.B. the interrelated telephone wires, optic fibers, undersea cables, microwave links.C. the popularity of TV channels and satellite communication.D. the fast development of computer and communication technology.22、According to this text the Internet_________.A. develops with the advance of computer technology.B. combines computer technology and communication technology.C. brings great changes to today's media.D. will give way to digital convergence.23、The medium for integrating media is______.A. the Internet.B. the digital technology.C. the mobile phone.D. Personal Computer.24、The word "convergence (in Para. 3) means__________.A. revolution.B. communication.C. integration.D. transmission.25、Full digital convergence depends on_______.A. whether more people have access to PCs.B. the provision of more interfaces to the Internet.C. the improvement of the technology of virtual reality.D. whether the users will accept the new technology or not.Text 2Linguists have been able to follow the formation of a new language in Nicaragua. The catch is that it is not a spoken language but, rather, a sign language which arose spontaneously in deaf children.The Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL) emerged in the late 1970s, at a new school for deaf children. Initially the children were instructed by teachers who could hear. No one taught them how to sign; they simply worked it out for themselves. By conducting experiments on people who attended the school at various points in its history, Dr. Senghas has shown how NSL has become more sophisticated over time. For example, concepts that an older signer uses a single sign for, such as rolling and falling, have been unpacked into separate signs by youngsters.Early users, too, did not develop a way of distinguishing left from right. Dr. Senghas showed this by asking signers of different ages to converse about a set of photographs that each could see. One signer had to pick a photograph and describeit. The other had to guess which photograph was being described.When all the photographs contained the same elements, merely arranged differently, older people, who had learned the early form of the language, could neither signal which photo they meant, nor understand the signals of their younger partners. Nor could their younger partners teach them the signs that indicate left and right. The older people clearly understood the concept of left and right, they just could not converse about it a result that bears on the vexing question of how much language merely reflects the way the brain thinks about the world, and how much it actually shapes such thinking.For a sign language to emerge spontaneously, though, deaf children must have some inherent tendency to tie gestures to meaning. Spoken language, of course, is frequently accompanied by gestures. But, as a young researcher, Dr. Goldin-Meadow suspected that deaf children use gestures differently from those who can hear. In a 30-year-long project carried out on deaf children in America and Taiwan, whose parents can hear normally, she has shown that this is true.Even deaf children who have no deaf acquaintances use signs as words. The order the signs come in is important. It is also different from the order of words in either English or Chinese. But it is the same, for a given set of signs and meanings, in both America and Taiwan.Curiously enough, the signs produced by children in Spain and Turkey, whom Dr. Goldin- Meadow is also studying, while similar to each other, differ from those that American and Taiwanese children produce. Dr. Goldin-Meadow is not certain why that is. However, the key commonality is that their spontaneously created languages resemble fully-formed languages.26、The Nicaragua Sign Language is__________.A. a non-verbal language created by deaf children.B. an artificial language used by people in Nicaragua.C. a language invented by teachers who teach the deaf.D. a language described and modified by deliberate linguists27、The experiment with the photographs shows that_________.A. none of them are clever enough to communicate freely.B. early signs fail to communicate certain ideas.C. the youngsters are better at describing the photographs.D. the elders are better at locating the photographs.28、It can be inferred from the fourth paragraph that_________.A. the way of thinking determines the way of expression.B. the way of expression determines the way of thinking.C. people are not sure about the relationship between language and thinking.D. people are unable to tell right from left due to brain problems.29、Which of the following is true according to the text?A. Deaf children are born to tie gestures with meanings.B. Gestures used by the deaf and the normal are similar.C. No countries share similar gestures orders in sign language.D. NSL is to some extent similar to spoken language.30、What can be the best title for the text?A. Sign language and spoken language.B. The history of NSL.C. Findings about sign language.D. The origin of language.Text 3For a variety of reasons, travel medicine in Britain is a responsibility nobody wants. As a result, many travelers go abroad ill prepared to avoid serious disease. Why is travel medicine so unloved? Partly there's an identity problem. Because it takes an interest in anything that impinges on the health of travelers, this emerging medical specialism invariably cuts across the traditional disciplines. It delves into everything from seasickness, jet lag and the hazards of camels to malaria and plague. But travel medicine has a more serious obstacle to overcome. Travel clinics are meant to tell people how to avoid ending up dead or in a tropical Diseases hospital when they come home. But it is notoriously difficult to get everybody to pay out money for keeping people healthy.Travel medicine has also been colonized by commercial interests—the vast majority of travel clinics in Britain are run by airlines or travel companies. And while travel concerns are happy to sell profitable injections, they may be less keen to spread bad news about travelers' diarrhea in Turkey, or to take the time to spell out preventive measures travelers could take. "The NHS consultant finds it difficult to define travelers' health," says Ron Behrens, the only NHS consultant in travel and tropical medicine and director of the travel clinic of the Hospital forTropical Diseases in London. "Should it come within the NHS or should it be paid for? It's a grey Tropical Diseases in London. area, and opinion is split. No one seems to have any responsibility for defining its role," he says.To compound its low status in the medical hierarchy, travel medicine has to rely on statistics that are patchy at best. In most cases we just don't know how many Britons contract diseases when abroad. And even if a disease is linked to travel there is rarely any information about where those afflicted went, what they ate, how they behaved, or which vaccinations they had. This shortage of hard facts and figures makes it difficult to give detailed advice to people, information that might even save their lives.A recent leader in the British Medical Journal argued: "Travel medicine will emerge as a credible discipline only if the risks encountered by travelers and the relative benefits of public health interventions are well defined in terms of their relative occurrence, distribution and control." Exactly how much money is wasted by poor travel advice? The real figure is anybody's guess, but it could easily run into millions. Behrens gives one example. Britain spends more than fl million each year just on cholera vaccines that often don't work and so give people a false sense of security. "Information on the prevention and treatment of all forms of diarrhea would be a better priority," he says.31、Travel medicine in Britain is________.A. not something anyone wants to run.B. the responsibility of the government.C. administered by private doctors.D. handled adequately by travel agents.32、One big obstacle to the development of travel medicine is________.A. there's an identity problem.B. it involves knowledge of many traditional disciplines.C. nobody, either the government or individuals, is willing to pay for the service.D. the information of how to avoid, tropical diseases are of little use for those travel to Antarctica.33、The main interest of travel agencies dealing with travel medicine is toA. prevent people from falling iii.B. make money out of it.C. give advice on specific countries.D. get the government to pay for it.34、In Behren's opinion the question of who should run travel medicineA. is for the government to decide.B. should be left to specialist hospitals.C. can be left to travel companies.D. has no clear and simple answer.35、People will only think better of travel medicine if_________.A. it is given more resources by the government.B. more accurate information on its value is available.C. the government takes over responsibility from the NHS.D. travelers pay more attention to the advice they get.Text 4The first great cliche of the Internet was, "Information wants to be free." The notion was that no one should have to pay for "content" words and pictures and stuff like that and, in the friction-free world of cyberspace, no one would have to.The reigning notion today is that the laws of economics are not, after all, suspended in cyberspace like the laws of gravity in outer space. Content needs to be paid for on the Web just as in any other medium. And it probably has to be paid for the same way most other things are paid for. by the people who use it. We tried charging the customers at Slate. It didn't work. Future experiments may be more successful. But meanwhile, let's look again at this notion that in every medium except the Internet, people pay for the content they consume. It's not really true.TV is the most obvious case. A few weeks ago a producer from "Nightline" contacted Slate while researching a possible show on the crisis of content on the Internet. He wanted to know how on earth we could ever be a going business if we gave away our content for free. I asked how many people pay to watch "Nightline". Answer. none. People pay for their cable or satellite transmission, and they pay for content on HBO, but "Nightline" and other broadcast programs thrive without a penny directly from viewers. There are plenty of differences, of course, and the ability of Web sites to support themselves on advertising is unproven. But "Nightline" itself disproves the notion that giving away content is suicidal.Now, look at magazines. The money that magazine subscribers pay often doesn't even cover the cost of persuading them to subscribe. A glossy monthly will happily send out $ 20 of junk mail--sometimes far more to find one subscriber who will pay $12 or $15 for a yearly subscription. Why? Partly in the hope that she or he will renew again and again until these costs are covered. But for many magazines including profitable ones--the average subscriber never pays back the cost of finding, signing and keeping him or her. The magazines need these subscribers in order to sell advertising.Most leading print magazines would happily send you their product for free, if they had any way of knowing (and proving to advertisers) that you read it. Advertisers figure, reasonably, that folks who pay for a magazine are more likely to read it, and maybe see their ad, than those who don't. So magazines make you pay, even if it costs them more than they get from you.This madcap logic doesn't apply on the Internet, where advertisers pay only for ads that have definitely appeared in front of someone's "eyeballs". They can even know exactly how many people have clicked on their ads. So far advertisers have been insufficiently grateful for this advantage. But whether they come around or not, there will never be a need on the Internet to make you pay just to prove that you're willing. So maybe the Internet's first great cliche had it exactly backward: Information has been free all along. It's the Internet that wants to enslave it.36、The predominant idea of today is thatA. information should be free in cyberspace.B. content on the Web should be paid for.C. the laws of economics are not applicable to cyberspace.D. the laws of economics are as outdated as the laws of gravity.37、The "Nightline" case shows that________.A. a media program survives on ad rather than on subscription.B. the role of ad in helping a program survive is negligible.C. people indeed pay a certain amount of money for the content.D. the media can afford to give away the content for free.38、Many magazines charge the consumers some money________.A. because they need that money badly for survival.B. so that the consumers are more likely to read the ad in them.C. because it encourages the consumers to renew subscription.D. since the monthly postage itself costs quite a lot of money.39、Most leading magazines would be given to consumers for free as long as______.A. they earned enough money to keep the business going.B. consumers take the trouble to read the ad in the magazine.C. consumers read the main content of these magazines.D. consumers understand the policy of the magazine business.40、The last sentence of the text means that it is the Internet that________.A. wants consumers to pay for information.B. fails to see the prospect of a brand new business.C. provides outdated rather than updated information to consumers.D. tries to use information to manipulate consumers' minds.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Managing the Dell Way. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. No ExcuseB. Worry About saving Money, Not saving FaceC. Leave the Ego at the DoorD. No victory LapsE. No Easy TargetsF. Be DirectMichael Dell revolutionized the PC biz with a direct-sales model that keeps costs low and customer satisfaction high. That was 19 years ago, y. et Dell is still outdistancing rivals. Credit his management principles:41.________________.It's an attitude, not just a business model. When the CEO talks, he doesn't mince words, and workers shouldn't either. They're supposed to question everything and challenge their bosses. And no one is exempt. In Dell's own annual 360-degree review, workers complained of his detached style, so he has pledged to be more emotionally engaged.42.________________.Dell believes in accountability above all else: "There's no 'the dog ate my homework' at Dell," he warns. A manager must quickly admit a problem, confront it, and never be defensive. Dell ruthlessly exposes weak spots during grueling quarterly reviews. And execs know they had better fix the problem before the next meeting.43.________________.To Dell, celebration breeds complacency. He once rejected an idea to display Dell artifacts in the company's lobby because "museums are looking at the past." When they succeed, managers must make due with a short e-mail or a quick pat on the back. The founder s mantra: Celebrate for a nanosecond, then move on."44.________________.The company favors "two-in-a-box" management, in which two exec utives share responsibility for a product, a region, or a company function. That forces them to work as a team, playing off each other's strengths and watching out for each other's weaknesses.45.________________.It's not enough to rack up profits or turbocharge growth--execs must do both. Miss a profit goal, and you're not cutting costs fast enough. Overshoot it, and you're leaving sales on the table. In the past year, the server, storage, and networking chiefs were reassigned, despite solid results. "Pity the folks who didn't use all the bullets intheir gun "says a former exec.Unlike its rivals, Dell is quick to pull the plug on disappointing new ventures. The latest: Despite a year of work and extensive news coverage, Michael Dell spiked a plan to put e-commerce kiosks in Sears stores after just four were installed. Instead, kiosks are going into public areas in malls.41、42、43、44、45、Part CDirections.Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Scientists at Johns Hopkins have discovered "striking" differences between men and women in a part of the brain linked with ability to estimate time, judge speed, visualize things three-dimensionally and solve mathematical problems.47)The differences, the researchers say, may underlie well-known trends that vary by sex, such as the fact that more men than women are architects, mathematicians and race-car drivers.In a study reported this week in the Journal Cerebral Cortex, the researchers show that a brain region called the inferior parietal lobule is significantly larger overall in men than in women. The area is part of the cerebral cortex and appears on both sides of the brain just above ear-level.Also, there's a symmetry difference, with men having a larger left IPL than right. 48) In women in the study, it's the right IPL that's somewhat larger, though the difference between the two sides of the brain is less obvious than in men, says psychiatrist Godfrey Pearlson, M. D. who headed the project.Researchers also compared IPL volumes on the left and the right sides of the brain. After allowances for men's larger overall head and brain size, men had roughly 6 percent more IPL tissue than women."The inferior parietal lobule is far more developed in people than in animals and has evolved relatively recently, "says Pearlson. 49)It allows the brain to process information from senses such as vision and touch, and enables the sort of thinking involved in selective attention and perception.Studies link the right IPL with a working memory of spatial relationships, the ability to sense relationships between body parts and awareness of a person's own affect or feelings. The left IPL, Pearlson says, is more involved in perception, such as judging how fast something is moving, estimating time and having the ability to mentally rotate 3-D figures."To say this means men are automatically better at some things than women is a simplification, "says Pearlson. "It's easy to find women who are fantastic at math and physics and men who excel in language skills. Only when we look at very largepopulations and look for slight but significant trends do we see the generalizations. 50) There are plenty of exceptions, but there's also a grain of truth, revealed through the brain structure, that we think underlies some of the ways people characterize the sexes."46、47、48、49、50、Section ⅢWritingPart A51、Directions:A student wants to join the Students' Union, and asks you to write a recommendation letter, of which the content should include:1) The reason why the student wants to join the Students' Union2) The student's study and work ability3) Your confidence in him or her of holding the postYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52、Directions:Write an essay of 160 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then point out the reasons of launching the spaceships, and give your comment.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案:Section ⅠUse of English1、A[解析] 第二句谈的是尽管…，我们必须承认一个事实。

2016年考研英语（一）全真模拟试题1

2016年考研英语（一）全真模拟试题1绝密★启用前2016 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语（一）试题（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在答题卡指定位置上填写考生姓名、报考单位和考生编号，同时在答题卡上涂写考生编号的信息点。

2.英语知识运用、阅读理解A节和B节的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，阅读理解C 节的答案和作文必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。

写在其他地方无效。

3.填(书)写部分必须使用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔，涂写部分必须使用2B 铅笔。

4.考试结束，将答题卡和试题一并装入试题袋中交回。

Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSEER SHEET 1. (10 points)The use of biological or chemical weapons is a sensitive topic, especially now. Experts 1 that though a bioterrorism attack in the United States is not inevitable, the science exists to 2 such an attack and, obviously, 3 does the hatred. President Clinton said 4 1999 that a biological or chemical attack on the United states was “ 5 li kely.”A commander of Afghanistan’s Taliban said that Osama bin Laden was training his fighters6 the use of chemical weapons. Satellite photos shows dead animals at a terrorist training7 in eastern Afghanistan8 by Osama bin Laden.Fighting with disease was prohibited by a 1972 treaty signed by 143 nations, 9 biological weapons have been, 10 , used in the past. In the Middle Ages, sieges were broken by throwing corpses 11 castle walls to spread poxes and plagues.During the Gulf War, Saddam Hussein was 12 using chemical weapons against Iraq’s Kurdish minority. The CIA says he is now 13 the biological and chemical weapons again.The United States and the former Soviet Union 14 vast germ warfare stockpiles. In July, the Bush administration 15 out of negotiations to further 16 the biological weapons ban.Subsequent reports suggest 17 nations still investigate new bioweapons, including anthrax. Experts speculate that hardships might prompt some Russian scientists 18 their know-how on the black market. In addition to Iraq, Iran and Libya have 19 pursued germ warfare. In Japan, a dozen commuters were killed on a Tokyo subway 20 nerve gas in 1995.1.[A] deduce [B] speculate [C] predict [D] caution2.[A] resist [B] release [C] discharge [D] launch3.[A] such [B] either [C] much [D] so4.[A] asearlyas [B] noearlierthan [C] soearlyas [D] lessearlythan5.[A] largely [B] widely [C] highly [D] broadly6.[A] in [B] at [C] with [D] for7.[A] camp [B] basis [C] quarters [D] station8.[A] initiated [B] operated [C] designed [D] administered9.[A] whereas [B] though [C] but [D] lest10.[A] bynecessity [B] inadvance [C] byaccident [D] onoccasion11.[A] above [B] over [C] onto [D] beyond12.[A] restrainedfrom [B] accusedof [C] scoldedfor [D]rushedinto13.[A] pursuing [B] chasing [C] trailing [D] following14.[A] erected [B] constructed [C] built [D] accomplished15.[A] pulled [B] pushed [C] withdrew [D] retreated16.[A] enhance [B] engage [C] enforce [D] ensure17.[A] either [B] both [C] all [D] any18.[A] tosell [B] toselling [C] sell [D] soldto19.[A] confessedly [B] disappointedly [C] expectedly [D] reportedly20.[A] in [B] with [C] on [D] forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1“I've never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at Texas A&M University. “It's a stupid endeavor.” That's an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy later thisyear—or perhaps not for another five years. It seems that the reproductive system of man's best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusin's experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work onthe Missyplicity project, using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs, the A & M team has produced only a dozen or so embryos carrying Missy's DNA. None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother. The wastage of eggs and the many spontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when you're dealing with cats or bulls, he argues, but not with humans. “Cloning is incredibly inefficient, and also dangerous,” he says.Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff. Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin's phone at A & M College of V eterinary Medicine has been ringing busily. Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy's mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy. He's plopped down $ 3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy's fine qualities after she dies. But he knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy's owner and the A & M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways th at her clone differs from Missy.”The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusin's work. He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. “Why would you ever want to clone humans,” Westhusin asks, “when we're not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”21. Which of the following best represents Mr Westhusin's attitude toward cloning?[A] Animal cloning is a stupid attempt.[B] Human cloning is not yet close to getting it worked out.[C] Cloning is too inefficient and should be stopped.[D] Animals cloning yes, and human cloning at least not now.22. The Missyplicity project does not seem very successful probably because .[A] there isn't enough fund to support the research[B] cloning dogs is more complicated than cloning cats and bulls[C] Mr. Westhusin is too busy taking care of the business[D] the owner is asking for an exact copy of his pet23. When Mr. Westhusin says “... cloning is dangerous,” he implies that .[A] lab technicians may be affected by chemicals[B] cats and dogs in the lab may die of diseases[C] experiments may waste lots of lives[D] cloned animals could outlive the natural ones24. We can infer from the third paragraph that .[A] rich people are more interested in cloning humans than animals[B] cloning of animal pets is becoming a prosperous industry[C] there is no distinction between a cloned and a natural dog[D] Missy's master pays a lot in a hope to revive the dog25. We may conclude from the text that .[A] human cloning will not succeed unless the technique is more efficient[B] scientists are optimistic about cloning technique[C] many people are against the idea of human cloning[D] cloned animals are more favored by owners even if they are weakerText 2Because some resources must be allocated at the nationallevel, we have created policies which reflect the aggregated attributes of our society. The Federal budget determines the proportion of Federal resources to be invested in social welfare programs and how these resources are distributed among competing programs. This budget is arrived at through a reiterative aggregative political process which mediates the claims of groups interested in health, education. welfare, and so on, thus socializing the continuing conflict generated by their separate aspirations. The test of whether a policy is “good” under this system is whether it can marshal sufficient legitimacy and consent to provide a basis for cohesion and action. Technical criteria may play a role in the process, but the ultimate criteria are political and social.Whether a policy which is “good” in the aggregate sense is also “good” for a particular person, however, is a different matter. If everyone had identical attributes, these criteria of goodness would produce identical outcomes. With any degree of complexity or change, however, these criteria will always produce different outcomes. Any policy negotiated to attain an aggregate correctness will be wrong for every individual to whom the policy applies. The less a person conforms to the aggregate, the more wrong it will be.When a policy is not working, we normally assume that the policy is right in form but wrong in content. It has failed because insufficient intelligence has informed its construction or insufficient energy has been put to its implementation. We proceed to replace the old policy by a new one of the same form. This buys time, since some time must elapse before the new policy can fully display the same set of symptoms of failure as the old. We thus continue to invest our time, energy, and otherresources as if every new discovery of a nonworking policy is a surprise, and a surprise that can be corrected with some reorganized model. But if policies based on complex, aggregated information are always wrong with respect to the preferences of every person to whomthey apply, we should concentrate on limiting such policies to mini ma or “floors.” Rat her than trying for better policies, we should try for fewer policies or more limited aggregated ones. Such limitations could be designed to produce policies as spare and minimal as possible, for the resources not consumed in their operation would then be usable in a nonaggregative and person-specific—that is, in a disaggregated fashion. This will require more than just strengthened “local” capacity; it will require the development of new procedures, institutions, roles, and expe rts.26 . Which of the following best states the central theme of the passage?[A] Policies designed to meet the needs of a large group of people are inherently imperfect andshould be scaled down.[B] Policies created by the democratic process are less effective than policies designed by asingle, concentrated body of authority.[C] The effectiveness of a social policy depends more upon the manner in which the policy isadministered than upon its initial design.[D] Since policies created on the Federal level are inherently ineffective, all Federal socialwelfare programs should be discontinued.27. According to the passage, the test of whether a policy is successful in the aggregate sense iswhether or not it __________.[A] applies to a large number of people[B] satisfies the needs of the people to whom it applies[C] appeals to a sufficiently large number of people[D] can be revised periodically in response to changing conditions28. The author places the word “good” in quotation marks in paragraph 1 in order to ________.[A] emphasize that the word is ambiguous when applied to public policies[B] stress that no two people will a gree on what is “good” and what is not[C] point out that the word can be applied to individuals but not to groups[D] remind the reader that the word is a technical term29. Which of the following words, when substituted for the word “aggregate” in parag raph 2 wouldleast change the meaning of the sentence?[A] extreme [B] group [C] average [D] quantity30. The author regards the use of aggregative policies as_________.[A] enlightened but prohibitively expensive[B] undesirable but sometimes necessary[C] wasteful and open to corruption[D] essential and praiseworthyTest 3As hard as it is to date something as vast and complex as the universe, the methods often rest on simple principles. Stars are like these strobe light: The closer they are, the brighter they look. When scientists know how bright a star actually is, they candetermine its distance by comparing its true brightness with how bright it appears. As distances become known, the universe's age comes into sharper focus. Pegged at 50 million light-years away, the M100 galaxy is one piece recently snapped into the puzzle.Until Edwin Hubble came on the scene, astronomers not only had no way to gauge the age of the universe, they weren't sure that anything existed beyond the Milky Way. Then in 1924 Hubble discovered that there was more. (There are, in fact, billions of galaxies.) But he didn't stop there: by decade's end Hubble had proved that the universe is expanding—and that its expansion rate can help tell us its age.Hubble found that galaxies move away from each other at speeds that increase proportionally with distance. If we know how fast galaxies are moving away from our own and how far away they are, we can determine the expansion rate of the universe—known as the Hubble constant. Then it is possible to calculate the universe's age. But it has been hard to get a dependable figure for the constant. Velocities are relatively easy to measure by looking at a galaxy's light spectrum: The more it is shifted into the red end, the faster the galaxy is moving away from us. But measuring distances is difficult—so much so that Bubble's measurement of his own constant turned out to be wrong by a factor of almost ten.In the 1990s a second Hubble weighed in: The Hubble Space Telescope brought crucial data to Hubble's equation. In the M100 galaxy astronomers found 52 Cepheid variables, young stars that pulsate at rates that correlate with their brightness. By measuring the period of the pulse (in the case of the star outlined, 50 days), one can calculate a Cepheid's absolute brightness, compare that with its apparent brightness, and determine how far the star isfrom Earth. This is how researchers concluded that Ml 00 is 50 million light-years away. Using distances derived from Cepheids in 27 galaxies, astronomer Wendy Freedman and other investigators calculated a Hubble constant of 72. Combined with other cosmological data, this yields an age for the universe of about 13 billion years.31. Which statement is NOT true?[A] Before Hubble nobody knew if the Milky Way is the only thing in the space.[B] Hubble was the first one to find the way of measuring the age of the universe.[C] The st ar’s distance and the expansion rate of the universe are not related to its age.[D] The universe is increasing in size.32. When did Hubble discover the universe is expanding?[A] By the end of 30s of 20 century. [B] In 1942.[C] In 1990s. [D] In the end of 1990s.33. How can we determine the Hubble constant?[A] By knowing the distance of galaxies from ours.[B] Given the speed of galaxies' movement from ours.[C] By looking at galaxy's light spectrum.[D] [A] and [B]34. Which statement is true?[A] It is impossible to calculate the universe's age.[B] It is not easy to have a reliable figure for the constant.[C] It is easy to measure velocities of galaxies.[D] A galaxy's light spectrum has nothing to do with its speed.35. How could scientists conclude that M100 is 50 million light-years away?[A] By using distances derived from Cepheids in 27 galaxies.[B] By measuring the period of the pulse.[C] By calculating a Cepheid's brightness.[D] By comparing the brightness and distance.Text 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendation for a national policy on human cloning. That group—the National Bioethics Advisor Commission (NBAC)—has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton’s 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word the recommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning of human DNA or cells—routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally un acceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning.”Shapiro ex plained during the meeting that the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panel then informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt to clone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo’s life, NBAC will re main si lent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers and clinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whether to go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning. Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, he said this issue was still “up in the air.”36. We can learn from the first paragraph that .[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans[B] the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the Wh ite House has got the panel’s recommendations on cloning37. The panel agreed on all of the following except that .[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under morecontrol[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being38. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed because .[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo’s life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law39. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC’s appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settled40. Which of the following statements is true?[A] NBAC has decided to recommend Clinton’s 90-day ban be made law.[B] NBAC strongly objects to cloning of any kind.[C] NBAC has not decided whether to recommend a complete ban on human cloning.[D] NBAC fears that human cloning may be used for criminal purposes.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41---45, choose the most suitable one from thelist A---G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk , and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41 ) .Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42) . Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.( 43 ) . Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) . These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A & P as a State of Mind” wiselydropped a paragraph that questioned whethe r Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) .Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times---and then again---working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific,it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic intoa tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline youhave made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains howthe setting infl uences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’ s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to theA & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significanc e of the setting in “A & P,” th e student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likelydis cover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections: read the following carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 point)In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. (46) First, the material —rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc. —on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regionsor with other periods of geological history. Second, in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. (47)This last criterionis more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a reliable picture. (48) In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. (49) On the basis of snow-line elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler,resulting in reduced evaporation.Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. (50) In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture dramatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from your travel to London with a tourist group. Your tourist guide Linda did a good job for you in visiting the Buckingham Palace and the Hyde Park. Write her a letter to thank her for her service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)。

考研英语新题型段落排序题解析

考研英语新题型段落排序题解析笔者英语类考试频道为网友整理研究生管理考试，供大家参考学习。

[B] Retail, sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retails have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion aboard. But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own back yard: thewholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题及答案

Even so, dog cloning is a commercial opportunity, with a nice research payoff.Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997, Westhusin’s phone at A&M College of Veterinary Medicine has been ringing busily.Cost is no obstacle for customers like Missy’s mysterious owner, who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy.He’s plopped down $3.7 million so far to fund the research because he wants a twin to carry on Missy’s fine qualities after she dies.But he knows her clone may not have her temperament.In a statement of purpose, Missy’s owners and the A&M team say they are “both looking forward to studying the ways that her clone differs from Missy.”
Some people, however, 8 to the very idea of persuasion.They may regard it as an unwelcome intrusion 9 their lives or as a manipulation or domination.10 , we believe that persuasion is 11 —to live is to persuade.Persuasion may be ethical or unethical, selfless or selfish, 12 or degrading.Persuaders may enlighten our minds or 13 on our vulnerability.Ethical persuasion, however, calls 14 sound reasoning and is sensitive to the feelings and needs of listeners.Such persuasion can help us 15 the wisdom of the past to the decisions we now must make.16 , an essential part of education is learning to 17 the one kind of persuasion and to encourage and practise the other.

考研英语模拟题（1）及答案

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.( 10 points )In the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had 1 that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that 2 variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the 3 are not solely fixed by the genes.4，the learning that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly 5 instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best 6 the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly 7 they hatch, ducklings fix 8 any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are 9 for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considerably 10, even ones that have a considerable base 11 by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting 12 influence social behavior. For example, biologists once thought bees communicated with others purely 13 instinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could not communicate effectively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all purpose learning rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, generally 14 very good mother but Jane Goodall reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or 15 fail to nurture the young. She believes that these females were the youngest or the 16 child of a mother. In such circumstances, they did not have the opportunity to observe how their own mother 17 for her young. Certainly adolescent chimps who are still with their mothers when other young are born take much interest in the rearing of their young brother or sister. They have an excellent opportunity to learn, and the social ties that are created between mother and young 18 Goodall to describe the social unit as a family. The mother offspring tie is beyond 19;there is some evidence to 20 that ties also continue between siblings of the same sex, that is "brother brother" and "sister sister".1 A assumedB adoptedC believedD surmised2 A considerateB consideratedC considerableD considering3 A statuesB statusesC statutesD statures4 A What s moreB HenceC ButD However5 A notB onl yC butD solely6 A clarifiesB classifiesC definesD outlines7 A thanB beforeC whenD after8 A onB withC inD within9 A appropriatedB substitutedC assignedD distributed10 A variedB deviatedC differedD altered11 A fashionedB modifiedC inf luencedD affected12 A mayB shouldC mustD can13 A byB out ofC fromD through14 A proveB makeC turnD create15 A otherwiseB stillC yetD even16 A oneB soleC singleD only17 A lookedB attendedC caredD provided18 A guideB causeC directD lead19 A limitationB imaginationC doubtD expectation20 A adviseB hintC implyD suggestSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D Mark you r answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1New figures from France,Germany and Italy-the three biggest economies in the 12 country Eurozone -suggest the continent's economic woes may have been exaggerated.In France, evidence emerged that consumer spending remained solid in July and August,rising 1.4%and 0.6%respectively.Forecasters had generally expected the July figure to show a 0.1% slippage,with August unchanged.But the figures were flattered slightly by a down grade to the June figure,to 0.7% from1.5%.With manufacturing in the doldrums across Europe and the US,consumer spending has been increasingly seen as the best hope of stopping the global economic slowdown from turning into a recession.The French government said the news proved that the economy was holding up to the strain of the slowdown.Meanwhile in Germany,new regional price figures went someway towards calming fears about inflation in Europe's largest economy-a key reason for the European Central Bank's reluctance to cut interest 15 states said consumer prices were broadly stable,with inflation falling year on year.The information backed economists' expectations that inflation for the country as a whole is set to fall back to a yearly rate of 2.1%,compared to a yearly rate of 2.6% in August,closing in on the Euro wide target of 2%.The drop is partly due to last year's spike in oil prices dropping out of the year on year calculation.The icing on the cake was news that Italy's job market has remained buoyant.The country's July unemployment rate dropped to 9.4% from 9.6% the month before,its lowest level in more than eight years.And a business confidence survey from quasi governmental research group ISAE told of a general pick up in demand in the six weeks to early September.But the news was tempered by an announcement by Alitalia,the country's biggest airline,that it will have to get rid of 2，500 staff to cope with the expected contraction as well as selling 12 aeroplanes. And industrial group Confindustria warned that the attacks on US targetsmeant growth will be about 1.9% this year,well short of the government's 2.4% target. And it said the budget deficit will probably be about 1.5%,nearly twice the 0.8% Italy's government has promised its European Union partners.21 We know from the first paragraph that.A new figures from the three European countries show the prediction of forecasters is exactly rightB European economy gets on better than forecasters have predictedC all of the forecasters expect the fully figure to show a reductionD in threeE uropean countries the consumer spending continues to rise22 The term"in the doldrums"in Paragraph 2 refers to .A in the process of risingB experiencing a sharp turningC in the recessionD rising rapidly23 Which of the following statements i s true according to the text?.A The reason for the ECB's unwilling to cut interest rates is inflation was actually expected to fall in GermanyB In Germany consumer prices were fallingC Last year's oil prices dropping out of the year on year ca lculation directly leads to the drop of inflationD The European Central Bank is willing to cut interest rate24 ln this passage,the word"buoyant" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to the word.A depressingB gloomyC activeD calm25 lndustria l group Confindustria warned that.A the attacks on US targets lead to the comparatively lower growthB the growth had been well short of the government's targetC the budget deficit must be about 1.5%D the budget deficit will probably be grea t different from the country's promiseText 2Survey results indicate that smoking and alcohol and marijuana use increased among residents of Manhattan during the 5～8 weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center which took place on September 11, 2001. Almost one third of the nearly 1,000 persons interviewed reported an increased use of alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes following the September 11th attacks. The largest increase was in alcohol use. About one fourth of the respondents said they were drinking more alcohol in the weeks after September 11; about 10% reported an increase in smoking, and 3.2% said they had increased their use of marijuana.The investigators found survey participants by randomly dialing New York City phone numbers and screened potential respondents for Manhattan residents living in areas close to the World Trade Center. Interviews were conducted with 988 individuals between October 16 and November 15, 2001. Participants were asked about their cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and marijuana use habits before and after September 11. During the week prior to September 11, 2001, 22.6% of the participants reported smoking cigarettes, 59.1% drinking alcohol, and 4.4% using marijuana. After September 11th, 23.4% reported smoking cigarettes, 64.4% drinking alcohol, and 5.7% smoking marijuana. Among those who smoked, almost 10% reported smoking at least an extra pack of cigarettes a week and among those who drank alcohol, more than 20% reported imbibing at least one extra drink a day.The researchers found that people who reported an increase in substance abuse were more likely to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and from depression. People who reported an increase in cigarette smoking or marijuana use were also more likely to have both PTSD and depression, while those who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have depression only. Persons who were living closer to the World Trade Center were more likely to increase their cigarette smoking, but other factors such as being displaced from home, losing possessions during the attacks, or being involved in the rescue efforts were not consistently associated with increased substance use. Symptoms of panic attack were associated with anincrease in the use of all substances.Increase in substance abuse did not differ significantly between men and women or among racial or ethnic groups. Demographic factors such as age, marital status, and income seemed to play a more critical role in determining if the events of September 11th led to an increase in substance use.26. The survey results suggest that the largest increase in substance use was .A alcoholB marijuanaC cigarettesD cocaine27. The survey participants were .A randomly selected Uni t ed States citizensB randomly selected New York City citizensC randomly selected Manhattan residents who live close to the World Trade CenterD randomly selected American citizens who witnessed the terrorist attack28. The author is trying to show that .A use of substances may vary from time to timeB abuse of certain substances is harmful for healthC the attack of september 11th has left incurable harm to people s mental healthD terrorist attack increase anxiety and sens e of insecurity among residents29. What can be said about substance abuse after September 11?A People who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have PTSD.B People who were living closer to World Trade Center were most likely to increase cigarette smoking.C Displacement from home and involvement in rescue efforts were consistently associated with increased substance use.D Symptoms of panic attach were unrelated with increased use of substances.30. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Demographic information such as gender, race and marital status was not collected.B Gender and race do not have much effect on the amount of substance abuse.C Age and marital status do not make any difference on substance abuse.D Income is a better predictor of substance abuse than age.Text 3The entrepreneur, according to French economist J.B. Say, "is a person who shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and yield."But Say s definition does not tell us who this entrepreneur is. Some define the entrepreneur simply as one who starts his or her own new and small business. For our purposes, we will define the entrepreneur as a person who takes the necessary risks to organize and manage a business and receives the financial profits and nonmonetary rewards.The man who opens a small pizza restaurant is in business, but is he an entrepreneur? He took a risk and did something, but did he shift resources or start the business? If the answer is yes, then he is considered an entrepreneur. Ray Kroc is an example of an entrepreneur because he founded and established McDonald s. His hamburgers were not a new idea, but he applied new techniques, resource allocations, and organizational methods in his venture. Ray Kroc upgraded the productivity and yield from the resources applied to create his fast food chain. This is what entrepreneurs do; this is what entrepreneurship means.Many of the sharp, black and white contrasts between the entrepreneur and theprofessional have faced to a gray color. Formerly, professionals such as doctors, lawyers, dentists, and accountants were not supposed to be entrepreneurial, aggressive, or market oriented. They were "above" the market driven world. Entrepreneurs, on the other hand, were the mavericks of society. They were risk takers who aggressively sought to make something happen. Long hours were about all the two worlds had in common. However, increased competition, saturated markets, and a more price conscious public have changed the world of the professionals. Today they need to market their skills, talents, and competencies; Lawyers advertise their services. Doctors specialize in one form of surgery. Accounting firms join with other businesses(e.g., consulting and law) to serve clients.Entrepreneurs exhibit many different behaviors; searching for a specific personality pattern is very difficult. Some entrepreneurs are quiet, introverted, and analytical. On the other hand, some are brash, extroverted, and very emotional. many of them share some qualities. Viewing change as the norm, entrepreneurs usually search for it, respond to it, and treat it as an opportunity. An entrepreneur such as Ray Kroc of McDonald s is able to take resources and shift them to meet a need. Making the decision to shift resources works better if a person is creative, experienced, and confident.31.According to the first paragraph, who can be regarded as an entrepreneur?A.The CEO of a big company.B.The owner of a profitable restaurant.C.A man who started a new kind of business but eventually failed after 5 years because of some financial problems.D.A successful salesman.32.Which of the followings are necessary for an entrepreneur?①a resource shifter②one who starts a new business③non professional④money gaining⑤a risk takerA.①②③B.①②④⑤C.①②⑤D.①②③④⑤33.From the text, we learn that .A.an entrepreneur should be very extrovertedB.an entrepreneur should be quick to seize opportunitiesC.change is not norm in an entrepreneur s eyesD.the French economist J.B. Say is the first person who gave the definition of "entrepreneur"34.The purpose of the author in writing the passage is to .plete the definition of entrepreneurB.tell the readers what is entrepreneur and the main characteristics of entrepreneursC.show what kind of people can become entrepreneursD.illustrate why Ray Kroc can become an entrepreneur35.What will most possibly follow the text?A.An example of how an entrepreneur operates.B.Another theory about entrepreneurship.C.The bad effects of entrepreneurs.D.The good effects of entrepreneurs.Text 4Modern technology and science have produced a wealth of new materials and new ways of using old materials.For the artist this means wider opportunities.There is no doubt that the limitations of materials and nature of tools both restrict and shape a man's work.Observe how the development of plastics and light metals along with new methods of welding has changed the direction of sculpture.Transparent plastic materials allow one to look through an object,to see its various sides superimposed on each other(as in Cubism or in an X ray).Today,welding is as prevalent as casting was in the past.This new method encourages open designs,where surrounding and intervening space becomes as important as form itself.More ambiguous than other scientific inventions familiar to modern artists,but no less influential,are the psychoanalytic studies of Freud and his followers,discoveries that have infiltrated recent art,especially Surrealism.The Surrealists,in their struggle to escape the monotony and frustrations of everyday life,claimed that dreams were the only hope.Turning to the irrational world of their unconscious,they banished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnected dream experiences from the past,present and intervening psychological states.The Surrealists were concerned with overlapping emotions more than with overlapping forms.Their paintings often become segmented capsules of associative experiences.For them,obsessive and often unrelated images replaced the direct emotional message of expressionism.They did not need to smash paint and canvas;they went beyond this to smash the whole continuity of logical thought.There is little doubt that contemporary art has taken much from contemporary life.In a period when science has made revolutionary strides,artists in their studios have not been unaware of scientists in their laboratories.But this has rarely been a one w ay street.Painters and sculptors,though admittedly influenced by modern science,have also molded and changed our world.If break up has been a vital part of their expression,it has not always been a symbol of destruction.Quite the contrary:it has been used to examine more fully,to penetrate more deeply,to analyze more thoroughly,to enlarge,isolate and make more familiar certain aspects of life that earlier we were apt to neglect.In addition,it sometimes provides rich multiple experiences so organized as not merely to reflect our world,but in fact to interpret it.36.According to the passage,it is true that.A artistic creations seem to be the reproductions of modern technologyB artistic creations have made great strides scientificallyC artistic creations appear to be incapable of ignoring material a dvancesD artistic creations are the reflection of the material world37.The welding techniques.A can cause a lot of changes in sculpture artsB permit details of an object to be seen clearlyC can superimpose multiple sides of sculpto r's designsD can make artists adaptable to be surroundings38.We can learn from the text that Freud's studies.A are more ambiguous than any other scientific inventionB have influenced other scientific inventionsC cause SurrealismD have infiltrated Surrealism39.Which of the following is true about Surrealists?A They diminished all time barriers and moral judgements to combine disconnecteddream experiences.B They tried to express their subconscious world.C They could transform real existence into incoherent dreams.D They wanted to substitute direct expressions for fragmented images.40.The sentence "But this has rarely been a one way street."in the last paragraph means that.A contemporary art has be en nourished by modern scienceB modern science has been nourished by artC artists can become scientists and scientists can become artistsD the impacts of modern art and science are actually mutualPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed .For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) Aremote Patagonian town that's just beginning to prosper by guiding tourists through the virgin forests nearby is being shaken by the realization that it's sitting on a gold mine. Literally.41)___________________________________________________________________Esquel's plight is winning attention from international conservation and environmental groups such as Greenpeace. 42)__________________________About 3.2 million acres already are under contract for mineral exploration in poor and sparsely settled Chubut Province, where Esquel is, near the southern tip of South America.43)______________________________________Meridian's project, about 5 miles outside Esquel at a higher elevation, is about 20 miles from a national park that preserves rate trees known as alerces, a southern relative of California's giant sequoia. Some of them have been growing serenely in the temperate rain forest for more than 3,000 years.The greatest fear is that cyanide, which is used to leach gold from ore, will drain downhill and poison Esquel's and possibly the park's water supplies. The mine will use 180 tons of the deadly chemical each month. Although many townspeople and some geologists disagree, the company says any excess cyanide would drain away from Esquel."We won't allow them to tear things up and leave us with the toxic aftermath," said Felix Aguilar, 28, as he piloted a boatload of tourists through a lake in the Alerces National Park."We take care of things here, so that the entire world can hear and see nature in its pure state. The world must help us prevent this."44)__________________________________________________________________________A young English botanist named Charles Darwin, the author of the theory of evolution, was the first European to see alerces, with trunks that had a circumference of 130 feet. He gave the tree its generic name, Fitzroya cupressoides, for the captain of his ship, Robert Fitzroy.Argentina, pressed by the United States, Canada, the World Bank and other global lenders, rewrote its mining laws in the 1990s to encourage foreign investment.45)________________________________________Argentina took in more than＄1 billion over the past decade by granting explorationcontracts for precious metals to more than 70 foreign and domestic companies. If the country were to turn away a major investor, the message to its mining sector would be chilling.［A］Whether Meridian Gold Corp. gets its open pit gold mine outside Esquel could determine the fate of mining in Patagonia, a pristine region spanning southern Argentina and Chile.［B］Forest ecologist Paul Alaback, a University of Montana professor who studies the alerces, said Argentine authorities could gain from Alaska's successful nature based tourism.［C］More than 3,000 worried Esquel residents recently took to the streets in protests aimed at assuring that their neat community of 28,000 becomes a ecotourism center, not a gold rush town.［D］American Douglas Tomkins,the founder of the Esprit clothing line and a prominent global conservationist, has bought more than 800,000 wilderness acres in Chile to preserve alerces and protect what's left of the temperate rain forest. Ted Turner, the communications magnate, also has bought land in Argentine Patagonia with an eye to conservation.［E］Residents also complain that Argentina hasn't given nature based tourism a chance.［F］Mining companies received incentives such as 30 years without new taxes and duty free imports of earth moving equipment.［G］In Argentina, the town has become a national symbol in the debate over exploitation vs. preservation of the country's vast natural resources.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)For better or worse,multiple marriages aren't just for actress Elizabeth Taylor (renowned for her eight marriages) anymore.More Americans than ever are tying the knot (getting married) for the third time or more.Lynn Y. Naugle Haspel,a 53 year old family therapist in New Orleans,says that people's personal needs and desires simply changes as their life evolves."What functions well in the first part of our lives may not function well in the second or third parts of our lives,"she explains.She didn't start her career as a therapist until her children from her first marriage went to school.That marriage lasted 21 years,her second marriage five years.Two years ago,she wed for a third time,and she describes this union as an "extremely easy marriage".Today,at an estimated one of seven weddings,the bride,the groom or both are making that trip down the aisle for at least the third time.That's twice as many as a generation ago,according to the US National Centre for Health Statistics.46)In part,the surge in multiple marriages is a side effect of the 1970s divorce boom that has supplied an ever expanding pool of divorced singles.Even the simple fact that people are living longer has opened the door to marrying more often.No fault divorce laws (meaning no one is blamed for the failure of the marriage),and cultural changes have also meant there's less peer pressure than in past generations to stay in a joyless or abusive marriage.47)While a single divorce didn't block either Ronald Reagan or Bob Dole from seeking the most highly scrutinized job in America - the US presidency - modern society still raises an eyebrow at more than one matrimonial mistake.Indeed,there are signs that attitudes are changing.Even the language is softening.Clinical papers in social science journals no longer probe for "neurosis" or mental depressive disorderamong the "divorce prone". More and more marriages are said to "end," not "fail," and one author has coined the term "encore marriages"."It's coming out of the closet or becoming more accepted," says Glenda Riley,a Ball State University professor who wrote a book on the history of divorce in the US.48)"There's still embarrassment on the personal level,while there is growing acceptance on the public level" for three or more marriages in a lifetime.49)Some experts say that the trend toward multiple marriages shows an erosion in Americans' capacity for commitment."We live in the age of light.We have light cream cheese,light beer,light mayonnaise,"says Wayne Sotile,a psychologist and marriage counselor in Winston Salem,North Carolina.But,he adds,"There's no such thing as light,long term,intimate,romantic marriage.You've got to commit yourself to those thi n gs."There's no guarantee,of course,that the third time is the best.50)To the contrary,second and third marriages run an equal or greater risk of divorce than first marriages,which today are given 4 out of 10 odds of failing,and they tend to end more q uickly.Divorce statistics show that failed second marriages typically end two years sooner than first marriages,lasting six years on average rather than eight.That leaves some doubly divorced people open for a third try at a relatively young age.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Direction:You've just come back from a tour in JiuZhaiGou, and you're writing to your friend Mary.1)tell her that you've been back at the very day2)share your travelling experience with her3）invite her to a tour in ZhangJiajie in the coming yearYou should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jane" instead. You do not need to wirte the address.(10 points) Part B52.Direction:study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 200 words.In the essay you should1)interpret the picture's meaning2)give your comments on the phenomenon3)give your suggestions to solve the problem答案Section ⅠUse of English1 A assumed根据题意，"早期的科学家，假定非人类动物的社会生活几乎完全是天生的，或是由遗传决定的",assume多用于未证实的假定；adopt 意为"采用，接受"；believe 意为"相信"；surmise 意为"猜测，推测"，相当于"guess"。

2021年考研英语--考前模拟试题(第一套)

2021年考研英语--考前模拟试题关建字摘要：入学考试，试题，硕士，研究生，模拟，全国竭诚为您提供优质文档，本文为收集整理修正，共12页，请先行预览，如有帮助感谢下载支持2021年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题〔第一套〕Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)It is acknowledged that the modern musical show is America’s most original and dynamic contribution toward theater．In the last quarter of a century，America has produced large 1of musical plays that have been popular abroad2at home.3，it is very difficult to explain 4 is new or 5 American about them，for the 6 are centuries old．Perhaps the uniqueness of America’s contribution to the 7 can best be characterized through brief descriptions of several of the most important and best-known musicals．One of these is surely Oklahoma by Richard Rogers and Oscar Hamerstein．It burst 8 popularity in 1943．Broadway audience and critics were 9by its 10，vitality and excitement．Thi“s new〞type of musical was 11 as kind of 12 theater in which the play，the music and lyrics，the dancing，and the scenic background were assem bled not merely to provide entertainment and 131.[A] number[B] amount2.[A] better than[B] instead of3. [A] Therefore[B] Yet4. [A] which[B] that5. [A] characteristically[B] particularly6. [A] factors[B] ingredients7. [A] trait[B] feature8. [A] with[B] into [C] quantity[C] as well as[C] Moreover[C] what[C] mainly[C] composers[C] genre[C] out into[D] numbers[D] rather than[D] Thus[D] how[D] exactly[D] facts[D] style[D] in9. [A] struck10. [A] vivacity11. [A] conceived12. [A] special13. [A] variety14. [A] mix15. [A] In other words16. [A] arise17. [A] out18. [A] direction19. [A] for20. [A] circumstances [B] touched[B] originality[B] thought[B] peculiar[B] amusement[B] join[B] To sum up[B] derive[B] on[B] way[B] with[B] context[C] moved[C] creativity[C] believed[C] gross[C] sundries[C] put[C] On the contrary[C] raise[C] forward[C] method[C] without[C] situation[D] hit[D] dynamic[D] perceived[D] total[D] fun[D] share[D] Generally speaking[D] originate[D] through[D] epoch[D] except[D] surroundingsPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1They are ignoring their most important asset,the accumulated skills and experience of the workforce. Management in Japan, Germany and the Scandinavian countries see skilled labor as a valuable asset. By investing in, and partnering with, labor they have been able to displace U.S. manufacturers as the quality providers of high technology products.forced to abandon their American employees as they move offshore to seek even cheaper labor. Those manufacturing jobs that remain in the U.S. are experiencing declining wages.Against this background it is not surprising that U.S. Manufacturing has been characterized by poor labor relations and an“us-versus-them〞attitude on the shop floor.21.According to the text, which of the following is true?［A］The relationship between owners and managers have changed.22.American industries, according to the text,＿＿＿.［A］have a great superiority in international market［B］are reluctant to be growth-oriented producers［C］possess advantages in workforce［D］top in high technology producers23.The word “niche〞 (Line 1, Para. 6) most probably means＿＿＿.［A］market［B］status［C］character［D］goal24.［A］are invested by owners and workers［B］give workers real decision-making power［C］are more successful than their counterparts［D］are still an assumption25.［A］strong disapproval［B］reserved consent［C］slight contempt［D］enthusiastic supportText 2Alarmed by a20-year decline in student achievement,American schools are consideringmajor upheavals in the career structure of teachers, school boards around the country are planningto abandon traditional salary schedules and single out outstanding teachers for massive pay rise.But heightened public anxiety about secondary education appears to have given the masterteacher concept unstoppable political momentum. Florida and Tennessee are racing to introduceambitious statewide master teacher schemes before the end of the year. Less grandiose proposalsto pay teachers on the basis of merit instead of seniority have already been implemented incountless school districts.And the Secretary of Education,Mr.Terrel Bell,recently promisedsubstantial incentive grants to states which intend to follow their example.but most states would find that too expensive, they would be better able to afford schemes thatconfine pay increases to a small number of exceptional teachers.Champions of the idea say itwould at least hold out the promise of high pay and status to bright graduates who are confident oftheir ability to do well in the classroom, but are deterred by the present meager opportunities forpromotion.The Tennessee plan will make it harder for poor teachers to join the profession. Beginnerswill have to serve a probationary year before qualifying, and another three apprentice years beforereceiving tenure. Apprentice teachers who fail to reach a required standard will not be allowed tostay on. Survivors will b e designated ‘career teachers’ and given a chance to climb through three career rugs and earn bonuses of up to＄7,000.Advancement will not be automatic.The26.What support is the federal government offering to states that set up a master teacherscheme?［A］Substantial incentive grants.［B］Political support.［C］Bank loan .［D］＄|300 million.scheme?27.What’s the purpose of the master teacher［A］To improve student performance .［B］To stop teachers leaving for better-paid jobs.［C］To provide incentives to excellent teachers.［D］To improve teacher performance.28.In the state of Tennessee, how will teachers be assessed?［A］By student performance.［C］By their teaching achievement.29.What is the main idea of the passage?［A］American master teacher scheme has been adopted.［B］American teachers leave for better-paid jobs.［C］American teachers will go through strict assessment.［D］The American government adopted effective measures to stimulate the teachers.30.It can be inferred from the passage that the master teacher scheme.［B］will not be carried out smoothly in other states［C］is questioned by the teachers’ unions［D］is an ideal way to improve student performanceText 3technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign,even to educated speech.And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn.Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions,and seldom get into general literature or conversation.Yet no profession is nowadays,as all professions once were, a close guild.31.What is this passage primarily concerned with?［A］A new language.［B］Technical terminology.［C］Various occupations and professions.［D］Scientific undertakings.32.Special words used in technical discussion.［B］should be confined to scientific fields［C］should resemble mathematical formulae［D］are considered artificial speech33.It is true that.［A］the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language［B］various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects jargons［C］there is always a clear-cut non-technical word that may be substituted for the technical word［D］an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms34.In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the nomenclature of.［A］farming［B］government［C］botany［D］fishingpassage?35.What is the author’s main purpose in the［A］To describe a phenomenon.［B］To argue a belief.［C］To propose a solution.［D］To stimulate action.Text 4The painful reality is that recessions happen for reasons beyond political convenience.Economies build up imbalances and bad bets that must be cleaned up by the business cycle. Attempts to paper over these forces are dangerous, merely sound money and fiscal policies help birth the last boom. It’s not an appealing program. It just works.36.In the second paragraph, the author suggests that.[A]similar incident has taken place in history and has left similar economic impact.[B]history repeats itself and there is nothing new in what is happening now.[C]Maynard Keynes’s economic theory never worked in fighting the Great Depression[D]we should learn from history to recognize the nature of the present problem.37.What is implied in the third paragraph?[A]Pump priming had never produced the intended effect in the 1980s[B]Pump priming turned out to be ineffective in saving the economy.[C]Pump priming proved to be very effective in stopping the vicious business cycles[D]Pump priming had actually prolonged the duration of the Depression.38.What does the writer imply as to today’s tax proposals?[A]They have done nothing towards freeing capital.[B]They do contribute to the overall government revenue.[C]They are directed towards giving a stimulus push.[D]They do not increase corporate welfare.39.The author’s attitude towards political convenience is[A]indifferent[B]positive.[C]negative.[D]ironic.40.In paragraph 4 the word “bestow〞 probably means[A]resist[B]rob[C]award[D]get . .Part BDirections：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)［C］Museums have changed.They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days. Action and democracy are words used in descriptions of museums now.［D］The effect of all this has been to change existing museums and to encourage the building of new ones. In the US and Canada alone, there are now more than 6,000 museums, almosttwice as many as there were 25 years ago. About half of them are devoted to history, andthe rest are evenly divided between the arts and sciences.The number of visitors, according to the American Association of Museums, has risen to more than 700 million ayear.the rising percentage of young people in the population. Many of these young people arecollege students or college graduates. They are better educated than their parents. They see things in a new and different way. They are not content to stand and look at works of art;they want art they can participate in. The same is true of science and history.［F］At a science museum in Ontario, Canada, you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at17th century instruments while listening to their music.At Modern Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As these example show,museums are reaching out to new audiences,particularly the young,the poor, and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is increasing.Order:C→41.→42.→43.→44.→45.→BPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (46) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(47)“In short〞, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.〞(48) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to,and derived great benefit from,craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (49) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists,was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (50) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:There is an error in an English magazine that you feel must be corrected. Write a letter to the editor to1)point out the mistake,2)suggest correction, and3)express your interests in the magazine.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.〞 instead.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li MingDo not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1)Describe the drawing.2)Interpret its meaning.3)You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。

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考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A] On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, the electors who have been chosen in November assemble in their respective state capitals to signal their preference. The future president and vice-president must receive at least 270 electoral votes, a majority of the total of 538, to win. Members of the electoral college have the moral, but not the legal, obligation to vote for the candidate who won the popular vote in their state. This moral imperative, plus the fact that electors are members of the same political party as the presidential candidate winning the popular vote, ensures that the outcome in the electoral college is a valid reflection of the popular vote in November.[B] It is even possible for someone to win the popular vote, yet lost the presidency to another candidate. How? It has to do with the electoral college.[C] The electoral college was created in response to a problem encountered during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, where delegates were trying to determine the best way to choose the president. The framers of the Constitution intended that the electors, a body of men chosen for their wisdom, should come together and choose on behalf of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political parties guaranteed that the electoral of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political guaranteed that the electoral system never worked as the framers had intended; instead, national parties, i. e. nationwide alliances of local interests, quickly came to dominate the election campaigns. The electors became mere figureheads representing the state branches of the parties who got them chosen, and their votes were predetermined and predictable.[D] How are the electors chosen? Although there is some variation among states in how electors are appointed, generally they are chosen by the popular vote, always on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Each political party in a state chooses a state of local worthies to be members of the electoral college if the party’s presidential candidate wins at least a plurality of the popular vote in the state.[E] How is the number of electors decided? Every state has one elector for each senator and representative it sends to Congress. States with greater populations therefore have more electors in the electoral college. All states have at least 3 electors, but California, the most populous state, has 54. The District of Columbia, though not a state, is also allowed to send three electors.[A]段讲选举进行的具体情况，及选举中获胜当总统的条件。

[F]段以实便解释了为什么某候选人在普选中获胜却得不到总统职位的原因，也回答了[B]段提出的问题，足以说明[A]段在[F]段前，是45题的答案。

［答案］41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [E] 44. [D] 45. [A]考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习二Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A] As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends on them. They are the mark of success or failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day. It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that d on’t count; the exam goes on. No one can give off his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do.[B] The results on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human. They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge’s decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner’s.[C] They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always the best educated; they are the best trained in the technique of working under duress.[D] The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where success and failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’; young people who are written off as ut ter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?[E] A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. The examination system does anything but that. What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming.[F] The re must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person’s true abilities. Is it cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what it boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall: “I were a teenage drop-out and now I am a teenage millionaire.”[G] We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact opposite. They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly under extreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and apt itude.Order:G → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → 45. → F［试题分析］这篇文章共有7段落，其中[G]和[F]段已分别确定为篇首段和篇尾段。

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