雅思阅读练习 reading2
雅思阅读2(初级版)
READINGREADING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-11, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Section AMuynak used to be a port city. Inhabitants of Muynak, of which there are fewer and fewer, now pose for pictures next to ships which were once anchored along the shores of the Aral Sea, but are now stranded in an ocean of sand where water once was. These pictures are published in scientific journals and magazines alongside descriptions of how what was once the world’s fourt h largest lake may disappear altogether by 2020.Section BThe Aral Sea is located in the central Asian desert between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. In 1960, it covered 68,000 km2, and its waters fed agriculture across the region. By 1998, the area of the Aral Sea had shrunk to one third of its previous size and has now become a symbol of how drastically human activities can adversely affect the environment, and how much this effect can, in turn, affect human activities.Section CThe reason for this change is not exclusively due to man. Droughts in the 1970s and 80s reduced the amount of water carried by the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, two rivers which feed the sea. However, farming policies implemented during the middle of the 20th century increased the farming of water-hungry crops like cotton, and farmers used vast quantities of water from these two rivers to irrigate their land. The result of this was that very little water was entering the Aral Sea, and it consequently began decreasing in volume.Section DPolicy makers at the time were aware of the effect of diverting so much water for agriculture, but they saw it as an acceptable trade-off to improving agricultural output, and thereby improving the economy. The sea itself was of less importance to the progress of society than farming which could produce not only crops for domestic use but commodities for trade.Section EThey did not, however, anticipate all the effects that the drying of the Aral Sea would have. The Aral Sea is a salt-water sea, and the salt left behind when the waters retreated has now blown away with wind and storms, making patches of land unsuitable for farming. This affects not only the surrounding region, but lands as far as a thousand kilometers away. In addition, the remaining waters have become increasingly more concentrated in salt, and this is killing off a once thriving fishing industry as it kills off the fish themselves. The Aral Sea, like all large bodies of water, has a strong effect on local climate, and as it has disappeared, harvesting seasons have become shorter and dryer. Many farmers in the surrounding area have had to give up growing cotton because the growing season is not long enough for this crop.Section FThe effect on inhabitants of the area is not limited to economics and productivity. The health of those living in the area has deteriorated due to a supply of drinking water which has high concentrations of minerals. The area has seen sharp jumps in the rates of cancer and respiratory illnesses.Section GThere are compelling reasons to halt and try to reverse the fate of the Aral Sea, but it would be difficult. The region, though weakened by worsening conditions, still depends on agriculture to survive, and there are no alternative sources of water. In the 1980s, it was proposed to divert water from rivers far to the north in an effort to save the Aral Sea, and it might have worked had the price of the project, an estimated $250 billion, not been prohibitive.QuestionsThe Reading Passage has seven sections, A-G.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi) Man mostly to blameii) Devastating outcomesiii) A port in a sea of sandiv) A lost causev) The world's fourth largest lakevi) A symbol of environmental disastervii) A man-made disasterviii) A fair exchange?ix) Poisonous watersx) The problem of salt1) Section A2) Section B3) Section C4) Section D5) Section E6) Section F7) Section GDo the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?On your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8) The Amu Darya and the Syr Darya were not water sources before the 20th century.9) The Aral Sea will be saved by diverting water from other rivers.10) Many farmers have had to stop growing cotton and opt for other crops due to increased salt in the soil.11) Policy makers were unaware of how much the Aral Sea would shrink due to increased agriculture in the area.参考答案Answers1) iii2) vi3) i4) viii5) ii6) ix7) iv8) NOT GIVEN9) FALSE10) FALSE11) TRUE。
剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析
剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析剑桥雅思4test2reading2阅读全文解析分享给大家。
本篇阅读内容讲述的是医学的科技类的文章，所以理解起来有一定的难度，对于一开始备考雅思阅读的烤鸭们来说可能就会感觉很受挫，但是只要大家认真分析，弄得词汇，还是会发现这类题还是有一定的攻克技巧的。
首先，我们一起来认识一下本文的一些生词和高频词，这里有比较详细的词汇注解，大家在做题的时候可以参考一下。
1. alternative二者择其一，另类的 ;alternative medicine另类医学，另类疗法2. Therapies治疗3. Acupuncture针刺疗法4. Orthodox正统的，传统的5. loath勉强，不情愿6. Prescribe规定，开处方7. hand in glove合作，勾结，亲密的8. herbal草药的，草本的 9. remedies补救措施，10. turnover流通量，营业额11. scientifically系统地，合乎科学地 12. Disenchantment醒悟，清醒，不抱幻想13. empirically以经验为主的 14.eroded侵蚀，消弱 15.chiropractor按摩师，脊椎指压治疗师, naturopath理疗家，自然治疗医师, osteopath整骨医生, acupuncturist 针灸医生，herbalist草药医生 16. Clientele客户，委托人 17. exodus大批离去 18. Concurs同意，一致19. bottom line要点，关键之处 20. musculo-skeletal肌肉骨骼 21. respiratory呼吸的，与呼吸有关的22. chronic慢性的，长期的 22. adjunct附属的，附属物了解了词汇大关，小编觉得就不得不说说长难句的分析。
下面小编为大家带来了3个相对比较有难度的句子进行分析，一起来看看吧：1.Australia has been unusual in the Western world in having a very conservative attitude to natural or alternative therapies, according to Dr. Paul Laver a lecturer in Public Heath at the University of Sydney.难句类型：主系表结构(现在完成时态)+介词短语(in having……)做后置定语修饰主语，+插入语(according to……)难词注解：conservative保守的难句翻译：悉尼大学公共健康系博士Paul Laver在一次演讲中说到，澳大利亚不管是在自然医学和另类疗法中都持有非常保守的态度，因此它在西方国家中是与众不同的。
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题8-阅读Test 2（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Sheet glass manufacture: the float processGlass, which has been made since the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, is little more than a mixture of sand, soda ash and lime. When heated to about 1500 degrees Celsius (°C) this becomes a molten mass that hardens when slowly cooled. The first successful method for making clear, flat glass involved spinning. This method was very effective as the glass had not touched any surfaces between being soft and becoming hard, so it stayed perfectly unblemished, with a ‘fire finish’. However, the process took a long time and was labour intensive.Nevertheless, demand for flat glass was very high and glassmakers across the world were looking for a method of making it continuously. The first continuous ribbon process involved squeezing molten glass through two hot rollers, similar to an old mangle. This allowed glass of virtually any thickness to be made non-stop, but the rollers would leave both sides of the glass marked, and these would then need to be ground and polished. This part of the process rubbed away around 20 per cent of the glass, and the machines were very expensive.The float process for making flat glass was invented by Alistair Pilkington. This process allows the manufacture of clear, tinted and coated glass for buildings, and clear and tinted glass for vehicles. Pilkington had been experimenting with improving the melting process, and in 1952 he had the idea of using a bed of molten metal to form the flat glass, eliminating altogether the need for rollers within the float bath. The metal had to melt at a temperature less than the hardening point of glass (about 600°C), but could net boil at a temperature below the temperature of the molten glass (about 1500°C). The best metal for the job was tin.The rest of the concept relied on gravity, which guaranteed that the surface of the molten metal was perfectly flat and horizontal. Consequently, when pouring molten glass onto the molten tin, the underside of the glass would also be perfectly flat. If the glass were kept hot enough, it would flow over the molten tin until the top surface was also flat, horizontal and perfectly parallel to the bottom surface. Once the glass cooled to 604°C or less it was too hard to mark and could be transported out of the cooling zone by rollers. The glass settled to a thickness of six millimetres because of surface tension interactions between the glass and the tin. By fortunate coincidence, 60 per cent of the flat glass market at that time was for six- millimetre glass.Pilkington built a pilot plant in 1953 and by 1955 he had convinced his company to build a full-scale plant. However, it took 14 months of non-stop production, costing the company £100,000 a month, before the plant produced any usable glass. Furthermore, once they succeeded in making marketable flat glass, the machine was turned off for a service to prepare it for years of continuous production. When it started up again it took another four months to get the process right again. They finally succeeded in 1959 and there are now float plants all over the world, with each able to produce around 1000 tons of glass every day, non-stop for around 15 years.Float plants today make glass of near optical quality. Several processes -melting, refining,homogenising - take place simultaneously in the 2000 tonnes of molten glass in the furnace. They occur in separate zones in a complex glass flow driven by high temperatures. It adds up to a continuous melting process, lasting as long as 50 hours, that delivers glass smoothly and continuously to the float bath, and from there to a coating zone and finally a heat treatment zone, where stresses formed during cooling are relieved.The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s. However, the product has changed dramatically, from a single thickness of 6.8 mm to a range from sub-millimetre to 25 mm, from a ribbon frequently marred by inclusions and bubbles to almost optical perfection. To ensure the highest quality, inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally, a bubble is not removed during refining, a sand grain refuses to melt, a tremor in the tin puts ripples into the glass ribbon. Automated on-line inspection does two things. Firstly, it reveals process faults upstream that can be corrected. Inspection technology allows more than 100 million measurements a second to be made across the ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see. Secondly, it enables computers downstream to steer cutters around flaws.Float glass is sold by the square metre, and at the final stage computers translate customer requirements into patterns of cuts designed to minimise waste.Question 1-8Complete the table and diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet.Early methods of producing flat glassQuestion 9-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage9. The metal used in the float process had to have specific properties.10. Pilkington invested some of his own money in his float plant.11. Pilkington's first full-scale plant was an instant commercial success.12. The process invented by Pilkington has now been improved.puters are better than humans at detecting faults in glass.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.The Little Ice AgeA This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate - as opposed to weather -as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730,000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionized human life; and founded the world's first pre-industrial civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high.B The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in-recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves.C Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only 'proxy records' reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout thenorthern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years.D This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 t0 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler.E It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine.F Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers' axes between 1850 and -1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent.Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D–F from the list of headings below.write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.16Paragraph E17 Paragraph FQuestion 18-22Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.Weather during the Little Ice AgeDocumentation of past weather conditions is limited: our main sources of knowledge of inthedistant past are 18 …………and19 ………… . We can deduce that the Little Ice Age was a time of 20 ………… , rather than of consistent freezing. Within it there were some periods of very cold winters, others of 21 …………and heavy rain, and yet others that saw 22 …………with no rain at all.Question 23-Classify the following events as occurring during theA. Medieval Warm PeriodB. Little Ice AgeC. Modem Warm PeriodWrite the correct letter, A. B or C in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet.23. Many Europeans started farming abroad.24. The cutting down of trees began to affect the climate.25. Europeans discovered other lands.26. Changes took place in fishing patterns.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The meaning and power of smellThe sense of smell, or olfaction, is powerful. Odours affect us on a physical, psychological and social level. For the most part, however, we breathe in the aromas which surround us without being consciously aware of their importance to us. It is only when the faculty of smell is impaired for some reason that we begin to realise the essential role the sense of smell plays in our sense of well-being.A A survey conducted by Anthony Synott at Montreal's Concordia University asked participants to comment on how important smell was to them in their lives. It became apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses. A scent associated with a good experience can bring a rush of joy, while a foul odour or one associated with a bad memory may make us grimace with disgust. Respondents to the survey noted that many of their olfactory likes and dislikes were based on emotional associations. Such associations can be powerful enough so that odours that we would generally label unpleasant become agreeable, and those that we would generally consider fragrant become disagreeable for particular individuals. The perception of smell, therefore, consists not only of the sensation of the odours themselves, but of the experiences and emotions associated with them.B Odours are also essential cues in social bonding. One respondent to the survey believed that there is no true emotional bonding without touching and smelling a loved one. In fact, infants recognise the odours of their mothers soon after birth and adults can often identify their children or spouses by scent. In one well-known test, women and men were able to distinguish by smell alone clothing worn by their marriage partners from similar clothing worn by other people. Most of the subjects would probably never have given much thought to odour as a cue for identifying family members before being involved in the test, but as the experiment revealed, even when not consciously considered, smells register.C In spite of its importance to our emotional and sensory lives, smell is probably the most undervalued sense in many cultures. The reason often given for the low regard in which smell is held is that, in comparison with its importance among animals, the human sense of smell is feeble and undeveloped. While it is true that the olfactory powers of humans are nothing like as fine as those possessed by certain animals, they are still remarkably acute. Our noses are able to recognisethousands of smells, and to perceive odours which are present only in extremely small quantities.D Smell, however, is a highly elusive phenomenon. Odours, unlike colours, for instance, cannot be named in many languages because the specific vocabulary simply doesn't exist. 'It smells like…., ' we have to say when describing an odour, struggling to express our olfactory experience. Nor can odours be recorded: there is no effective way to either capture or store them over time. In the realm of olfaction, we must make do with descriptions and recollections. This has implications for olfactory research.E Most of the research on smell undertaken to date has been of a physical scientific nature. Significant advances have been made in the understanding of the biological and chemical nature of olfaction, but many fundamental questions have yet to be answered. Researchers have still to decide whether smell is one sense or two -one responding to odours proper and the other registering odourless chemicals in the air. Other unanswered questions are whether the nose is the only part of the body affected by odours, and how smells can be measured objectively given the nonphysical components. Questions like these mean that interest in the psychology of smell is inevitably set to play an increasingly important role for researchers.F However, smell is not simply a biological and psychological phenomenon. Smell is cultural, hence it is a social and historical phenomenon. Odours are invested with cultural values: smells that are considered to be offensive in some cultures may be perfectly acceptable in others. Therefore, our sense of smell is a means of, and model for, interacting with the world. Different smells can provide us with intimate and emotionally charged experiences and the value that we attach to these experiences is interiorised by the members of society in a deeply personal way. Importantly, our commonly held feelings about smells can help distinguish us from other cultures. The study of the cultural history of smell is, therefore, in a very real sense, an investigation into the essence of human culture.Question 27-32Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.28Paragraph B29 Paragraph C30 Paragraph D31 Paragraph E32Paragraph FQuestions 33-36Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.33 According to the introduction, we become aware of the importance of smell whenA we discover a new smell.B we experience a powerful smell.C our ability to smell is damaged.D we are surrounded by odours.34 The experiment described in paragraph BA shows how we make use of smell without realising it.B demonstrates that family members have a similar smell.C proves that a sense of smell is learnt.D compares the sense of smell in males and females.35 What is the writer doing in paragraph C?A supporting other researchB making a proposalD describing limitations36 What does the writer suggest about the study of smell in the atmosphere in paragraph E?A The measurement of smell is becoming more accurate.B Researchers believe smell is a purely physical reaction.C Most smells are inoffensive.D Smell is yet to be defined.Questions 37-40Complete the sentences below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37 Tests have shown that odours can help people recognise the ………… belonging to theirhusbands and wives.38 Certain linguistic groups may have difficulty describing smell because they lack the appropriate ………… .39 The sense of smell may involve response to ………… which do not smell, in addition to obvious odours.40 Odours regarded as unpleasant in certain ………… are not regarded as unpleasant in others.参考答案1 spinning2 (perfectly) unblemished3 labour/labor-intensive4 thickness5 marked6 (molten) glass7 (molten) tin/metal8 rollers9 TRUE10 NOT GIVEN11 FALSE12 TRUE13 TRUE14 ii15 vii16 ix17 iv18&19 (IN EITHER ORDER) C B20A21H22G23C24C25A26B27 viii28 ii29 vi30 i31 iii32 v33C34A35C36D37 clothing38 vocabulary39 chemicals40 cultures。
雅思阅读实战练习2 Academic Reading Sample Wind Power in the US
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雅思阅读2
Reading Passage 1
• 体裁：说明文 • 主题：结构（总结一下每段讲了什么？） • 难度：中等
Biblioteka 解题关键句解析
• It is imperative that the needs of those children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be promulgated in future • The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that 6%-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss
New Perspective Education
雅思培训课程(Reading 2）
——郑老师
What do you need to do?
1. Read the questions first(先读问题，后读 文章） 节省时间，练习时注意控制时间。1小时3篇 文章。 2.Understand the passage thoroughly
After Class
• 1.每日浏览外国新闻网站
• 2. 英语文学阅读.(If you could) • 3.Practice, Practice, Practice( 完成剑 5 Test 2,3,4) • 4.背单词
必背单词
• • • • • • • acoustics 声学 auditory 听觉的 barrier comprehend consequence consultation deficit • • • • • • • • detrimental有害的 distraction embark impairment interaction nerological sensory stimuli/stimulus
雅思阅读真题pdf
雅思阅读真题pdf一、READING1、READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 which are based on READING PASSAGE 2 below.Inuit Post-Contact History A Nobody knows exactly when or where ancestors of the Labrador Inuit first caught sight of EuropeansEarly explorers who sailed through the coastal waters of southern Labrador in the early 16th century do not mention any people who resemble InuitHowever, the Basque whalers, who monopolized the Straits of Belle Isle from the early 1540s to the mid-1580s, left records suggesting that Inuit may have reached southern Labrador by the second half of the 16th century and that they were by then involved in skirmishes with European fishermen or whalers. B Relations between Inuit and Europeans remained generally hostile throughout the early 17th century, and it is likely that the native people who killed two of John Knight’s men while he was exploring the central coast of Labrador in 1606 were InuitMost of the bloody encounters of this period took place in southern Labrador, where shore stations of the French and Spanish “dry is hery” were concentratedThese stations, abandoned during the long winter season, provided the Inuit with a ready source of boats and equipment, including iron nails, which could easily be obtained by setting fire to the fish stagesWhen European fishermen returned to Labrador the following summer, they took their revenge by attacking any Inuit who happened to come near. C In spite of the cycle of bloodshed and retaliation that characterized most early contacts between Inuit and Europeans in southern Labrador, there are some accounts of peaceful trade relations toward the end of the 17th centuryFor example, when the explorers Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard Chouart des Groseilliers were sailing from New France to Hudson Bay in 1683 they purchased sealskins from Inuit they encountered in the Nain-Okak regionSimilarly, when Louis Jolliet explored the Labrador coast as far north as Zoar, near Nain, in 1694, he purchased sea island animal oil from several InuitBy this time, the Inuit seem to have been well supplied with many articles of European manufacture, including wooden boats with sails and grapnels, barrels, sea chests, screws and nails, knives, cloth and various items of European clothingSome of the European goods were of Spanish origin, but Jolliet did not know whether they had been obtained by trade or plunderHe thought that the Inuit did not yet have regular trade contacts, but that they only traded with fishing ships when the opportunity arose. D The early 18th century saw an expansion of French activity in southeastern Labrador, with rapid development of shore-based (sedentary) seal and cod fisheriesThe seal fishery was conducted by Canadian grantees who were supplied by Quebec merchants and kept their posts open throughout the year; the cod fishery was pursued by ships that arrived from France each June and returned in SeptemberAlthough hostilities remained common for several decades, sealers and cod fishermen engaged in sporadic trade with groups of Inuit who made summer excursions into the Strait of Belle Isle and to northern Newfoundland, where they ventured as far south as Port au Choix. E Evidence suggests that most of the Inuit who frequented the posts and fishing harbours of southern Labrador during this period were summer visitors who returned to their winter homes in the northFor example, in 1705 Augustin le Gardeur de Courtemanche, a Canadian grantee who held the title Commander of Labrador, specified in his report on the “Eskimo coast” that the Inuit resided in Kesesakiou (Hamilton Inlet)The same report suggests that some Inuit had wintered a few years earlier in Baie d’Haha on the north shore of the Gulf of StLawrence, indicating that temporary winter residence may have occurred west of the Strait of Belle Isle from time to time. F The seasonal nature of Inuit presence in southern Labrador is also suggested in the records of Dutch whalers, who were trading with the Labrador Inuit during the early 18th centuryBy 1733, when such contacts were an established tradition, whalers who wanted to take advantage of the Labrador trade were instructed to complete their Greenland voyage before crossing over to Labrador to trade with the Inuit on that coastIf the Inuit had not yet arrived, the captains were to wait for them “because experience has taught that the natives always return from the north to the south at a certain time.” G Relations between Europeans and Inuit were temporarily disrupted in 1763 when Labrador became a British possession and the French were no longer allowed on the coastThe disruption was attributed partly to the inexperience of the British and Americans who attempted to take over the lucrative baleen tradeTo end the open hostilities, the governor of Newfoundland, Sir Hugh Palliser, attempted to negotiate with the Inuit in 1765Although Palliser’s truce did not immediately eliminate misunderstanding and bloodshed, it smoothed the way for an expansion of European activity and settlement along the coast of LabradorEuropean settlers concentrated in the area south of Hamilton Inlet, where they were frequently visited by travelling Inuit whose regular homes lay farther to the northAt this time, the Inuit population of the entire coast was about 1,500.1.Questions 14-19READING PASSAGE 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-x in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet. 23. 1763 (根据题干中的关键词trade union和disruptive impact可以定位到G段第一句“Relations between Europeans and Inuit were temporarily disrupted in 1763 when...”.因为题干问的是关系破裂的时间，所以，答案应该是1763。
剑桥雅思5test3reading2的阅读全文解析-智课教育出国考试
智 课 网 雅 思 备 考 资 料剑桥雅思5test3reading2的阅读全文解析-智课教育出国考试本文小编为大家带来的是剑桥雅思5test3reading2的阅读全文解析，希望大家能够关注，这里对文章的难度、疑难词、高频词、长难句、文章结构都进行了详细的分析，是非常值得大家参考的雅思阅读素材，下面是详细内容，一起来看看吧！You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26. which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D—F from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsiEffects of irrigation on sedimentation(沉淀，沉积)iiThe danger of flooding the Cairo areaiiiCausing pollution in ihc MediterraneanivInterrupting a natural processVThe threat to food productionviLess valuable sediment(n.沉积，沉淀物) than beforeviiEgypt's disappearing coastlineviiiLooking at the long-term impactExample Paragraph A Answer vii14 Paragraph B ivExample Paragraph C Answer vi15 Paragraph D i16 Paragraph E v17 Paragraph F viiiDisappearing Delta（逐渐消失的三角洲）A The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt's Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate, in some partsestimated at 100 metres per year. In the past, land scoured away from the coastline by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Mile, but this is no longer happening.B Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river. Before the dams were built, the Nile flowed freely, carrying huge quantities of sediment north from Africa's interior to be deposited on the Nile delta. This continued for 7,000 years, eventually covering a region of over 22,000 square kilometers with layers of fertile silt. Annual flooding brought in new, nutrient-rich soil to the delta region, replacing what had been washed away by the sea, and dispensing with the need for fertilizers in Egypt's richest food-growing area. But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta.C Now, however, there turns out to be more to the story. It appears that the sediment-free water emerging from the Aswan dams picks up silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks on the 800-kilometre trip to Cairo. Daniel Jean Stanley of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo, just before the river enters the delta, indicated that the river sometimes carries more than 850 grams of sediment per cubic metre of water - almost half of what it carried before the dams were built. 'I'm ashamed to say that the significance of this didn't strike me until after I had read 50 or 60 studies,' says Stanley in Marine Geology. 'There is still a lot of sediment coming into thedelta, but virtually no sediment comes out into the Mediterranean to replenish the coastline. So this sediment must be trapped on the delta itself.'D Once north of Cairo, most of the Nile water is diverted into more than 10,000 kilometres of irrigation canals and only a small proportion reaches the sea directly through the rivers in the delta. The water in the irrigation canals is still or veryslow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by formers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta. So very little of it actually reaches the coastline to replace what is being washed away by the Mediterranean currents.E The farms on the delta plains and fishing and aquaculture in the lagoons account for much of Egypt's food supply. But by the lime the sediment has come to rest in the fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region, which is home to more than 40 million people. 'Pollutants are building up faster and faster,' says Stanley.Based on his investigations of sediment from the delta lagoons, Frederic Siegel of George Washington University concurs. 'In Manzalah Lagoon, for example, the increase in mercury, lead, copper and zinc coincided with the building of the High Dam at Aswan, the availability of cheap electricity, and the development of major power-based industries/ he says. Since that time the concentration of mercury has increased significantly. Lead from engines that use leaded fuels and from other industrial sources has also increased dramatically. These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the productivity of fishing and farming. Another problem is that agricultural wastes include fertilizers which stimulate increases in plantgrowth in the lagoons and upset the ecology of the area, with serious effects on the fishing industry.F According to Siegel, international environmental organizations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem. But there are no easy solutions. In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available. 'In my view, Egypt must devise a way to have more water running through the river and the delta,' says Stanley. Easier said than done in a desert region with a rapidly growing population.Questions 18-23Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writerin Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement reflects the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this18 Coastal erosion occurred along Egypt's Mediterranean coast before the building of the Aswan dams. YES19 Some people predicted that the Aswan dams would cause land loss before they were built. NG20 l"he Aswan dams were built to increase the fertility of the Nile delta. NO21 Stanley found that the levels of sediment in the river water in Cairo were relatively high. YES22 Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding. NG23 Water is pumped from the irrigation canals into the lagoons. YESQuestions 24-26Complete the summary of paragraphs E and F with the list of words A-H below.Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 24 26 on your answer sheet.In addition to the problem of coastal erosion, there has been a marked increase in the level of 24......F.....contained in the silt deposited in the Nile delta. To deal with this, Stanley suggests the use of 25......A.....in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available through 26......B......in the longer term.A artificial floodsB desalinationC delta waterwaysD natural floodsE nutrientsF pollutantsG population controlH sediment这篇文章相对来说并不是很难，讲述的就是尼罗河逐渐消失的三角洲的自然现象，所以如果基础稍好的考生理解这篇文章是完全没有问题的，下面我们来看看本文需要掌握的生词和高频词汇：1. 疑难词注解sedimentation(沉淀，沉积)sediment(n.沉积，沉淀物)fertile land(肥沃的土地、良田)scoured 擦洗，腐蚀，冲刷replenish(补充)aquaculture(水产养殖)municipal(市政的，市的)mercury(汞)lead(铅)copper(铜)zinc(锌)leaded fuels(加铅燃料)desalination(海水淡化，脱盐作用)Easier said than done说起来容易做起来难desert region(不毛之地)2. 高频词Erode侵蚀，腐蚀hold back(隐瞒，退缩，阻止)square kilometres(平方公里)dispensing with(无需，免除，省掉)upstream(上游)coincided with(符合，与……一致)文章虽然不是很难，但是难免总是有一些长难句困扰着大家，本文为大家带来本篇文章的一些长难句分析，希望大家能够从中获益。
雅思15 test2 reading2passage1原文
雅思15 test2 reading2passage1原文标题：雅思15 test2 reading2 passage1原文解析引言概述：雅思考试是衡量英语能力的重要标准之一，其中阅读部分是考生需要重点关注的内容。
本文将对雅思15 test2 reading2 passage1原文进行解析，以帮助考生更好地理解文章内容和提高阅读能力。
正文内容：1. 主题介绍1.1 介绍文章主题及背景1.2 概述文章的结构和内容安排2. 主要论点2.1 阐述第一个主要论点及相关细节2.2 阐述第二个主要论点及相关细节2.3 阐述第三个主要论点及相关细节2.4 阐述第四个主要论点及相关细节2.5 阐述第五个主要论点及相关细节总结：1. 总结文章的主要内容和论点2. 提供对文章的评价和观点3. 引导读者对文章进一步思考和研究的方向文章结构示例：引言概述：雅思考试作为衡量英语能力的国际标准，对于考生来说是一项重要的挑战。
阅读部分尤其需要考生具备较高的阅读能力和理解能力。
本文将对雅思15 test2 reading2 passage1原文进行解析，以帮助考生更好地理解文章内容和提高阅读能力。
正文内容：1. 主题介绍1.1 介绍文章主题及背景雅思15 test2 reading2 passage1原文的主题是关于气候变化的影响和解决方案。
文章主要讨论了全球变暖对冰川融化、海平面上升和生态系统破坏等方面的影响，并提出了一些解决方案。
1.2 概述文章的结构和内容安排文章分为三个主要部分：第一部分介绍了全球变暖的原因和影响；第二部分详细讨论了冰川融化和海平面上升的情况；第三部分提出了一些解决方案和行动计划。
2. 主要论点2.1 阐述第一个主要论点及相关细节第一个主要论点是全球变暖导致冰川融化加速。
文章列举了一些具体的例子和数据，说明了冰川融化的速度和程度，以及对水资源和生态系统的影响。
2.2 阐述第二个主要论点及相关细节第二个主要论点是全球变暖导致海平面上升。
雅思(阅读)模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)
雅思（阅读）模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Tackling Obesity in the Western World A Obesity is a huge problem in many Western countries and one which nowattracts considerable medical interest as researchers take up the challenge to find a ‘cure’ for the common condition of being seriously overweight．However, rather than take responsibility for their weight，obese people have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow metabolism，a genetic hiccup which sentences more than half the Australian population(63% of men and 47% of women)to a life of battling with their weight．The argument goes like this: it doesn’t matter how little they eat，they gain weight because their bodies break down food and turn it into energy more slowly than those with a so-called normal metabolic rate B ‘This is nonsense,’says Dr Susan Jebb from the Dunn Nutrition Unit at Cambridge in England．Despite the persistence of this metabolism myth, science has known for several years that the exact opposite is in fact true．Fat people have faster metabolisms than thin people. ‘What is very clear, ‘says Dr Jebb,’is that overweight people actually burn off more energy．They have more cells，bigger hearts，bigger lungs and they all need more energy just to keep going.’ C It took only one night，spent in a sealed room at the Dunn Unit to disabuse one of their patients of the beliefs of a lifetime: her metabolism was fast，not slow．By sealing the room and measuring the exact amount of oxygen she used, researchers were able to show her that her metabolism was not the culprit．It wasn’t the answer she expected and probably not the one she wanted but she took the news philosophically． D Although the metabolism myth has been completely disproved，science has far from discounted our genes as responsible for making us whatever weight we are, fat or thin. One of the world’s leadinq obesity researchers, geneticist Professor Stephen O’Rahilly, goes so far as to say we are on the threshold of a complete change in the way we view not only morbid obesity, but also everyday overweight. Prof. O’Rahilly’s groundbreaking work in Cambridge has proven that obesity can be caused by our genes. ‘These people are not weak willed, slothful or lazy, ‘says Prof. O ‘Rahilly, ‘They have a medical condition due to a genetic defect and that causes them to be obese.’ E In Australia，the University of Sydney’s Professor lan Caterson says while major genetic defects may be rare，many people probably have minor genetic variations that combine to dictate weight and are responsible for things such as how much we eat，the amount of exercise we do and the amount of energy we need．When you add up all these little variations, the result is that some people are genetically predisposed to putting on weight．He says while the fast/slow metabolism debate may have been settled．that doesn’t mean some other subtle change in themetabolism gene won’t be found in overweight people．He is confident that science will，eventually, be able to ‘cure’ some forms of obesity but the only effective way for the vast majority of overweight and obese people to lose weight is a change of diet and an increase in exercise． F Despite the $500 million a year Australians spend trying to lose weight and the $830 million it costs the community in health care．Obesity is at epidemic proportions here, as it is in all Western nations．Until recently, research and treatment for obesity had concentrated or behaviour modification，drugs to decrease appetite and surgery．How the drugs worked was often not understood and many caused severe side effects and even death in some patients．Surgery for obesity has also claimed many lives．G It has lonq been known that a part of the brain called the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating hunger, among other things．But it wasn’t until 1994 that Professor Jeffery Friedman from Rockerfeller University in the US sent science in a new direction by studying an obese mouse．Prof．Friedman found that unlike its thin brothers，the fat mouse did not produce a hitherto unknown hormone called leptin．Manufactured by the fat cells，leptin acts as a messenger, sending signals to the hypothalamus to turn off the appetite．Previously, the fat cells were thought to be responsible simply for storing fat．Prof．Friedman gave the fat mouse leptin and it lost 30% of its body weight in two weeks．H On the other side of the Atlantic．Prof．O’Rahilly read about this research with great excitement．For many months two blood samples had lain in the bottom of his freezer, taken from two extremely obese young cousins．He hired a doctor to develop a test for leptin in human blood，which eventually resulted in the discovery that neither of the children’s blood contained the hormone．When one cousin was given leptin．she lost a stone in weight and Prof．O’RahiIly made medical history．Here was the first proof that a genetic defect could cause obesity in humans．But leptin deficiency turned out to be an extremely rare condition and there is a lot more research to be done before the ‘magic’ cu re for obesity is ever found．Questions 1-8Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-H.From the list of headings below choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph.Write the appropriate numbers (i-xi) in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet. List of headingsⅠ——Obesity in animalsⅡ——Hidden dangersⅢ——Proof of the truthⅣ——New perspective on the horizonⅤ——No known treatmentⅥ——Rodent research leads the wayⅦ——Expert explains energy requirements of obese peopleⅧ——A very uncommon complaintⅨ——Nature or nurtureⅩ——Shifting the blame Ⅺ——Lifestyle change required despite new findings1．Paragraph A正确答案：Ⅹ解析：However, rather than take responsibility for their weight, obesepeople have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow metabolism ...*2．Paragraph B正确答案：Ⅶ解析：Dr. Jebb explains that overweight people actually burn off more energy.*3．Paragraph C正确答案：Ⅲ解析：... researchers were able to show.., that her metabolism was not the culprit ...*4．Paragraph D正确答案：Ⅳ解析：... Professor Stephen O’Rahilly, goes so far as to say we are on the threshold of a complete change in the way we view not only morbid obesity, but also everyday overweight.*5．Paragraph E正确答案：Ⅺ解析：Professor lan Caterson is confident that science will, eventually, be able to ‘cure’ some forms of obesity but the only effective way.., to lose weight is a change of diet and an increase in exercise.*6．Paragraph F正确答案：Ⅱ解析：This paragraph spells out the dangers of using drugs or resorting to surgery.*7．Paragraph G正确答案：Ⅵ解析：Research being done on an overweight mouse is significant.*8．Paragraph H正确答案：Ⅷ解析：... leptin deficiency turned out to be an extremely rare condition ...Questions 9-13Complete the summary of Reading Passage 1 (Questions 9-13) using words from the box at the bottom of the page.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet. OBESITYThey do this by seeking to blame their 【9】for the fact that they are overweight and erroneously believe that they use 【10】energy than thin people to stay alive. However, recent research has shown that a 【11】problem can be responsible for obesity as some people seem programmed to 【12】more than others. The new research points to a shift from trying to change people’s 【13】to seeking an answer to the problem in the laboratory. List of wordsweight exercise sleep mind bodiesexercise metabolism more genetic lessphysical consume behaviour use mental9．【9】正确答案：metabolism解析：Para A: obese people have often sought solace in the excuse that they have a slow metabolism*10．【10】正确答案：less解析：Para A: it doesn’t matter how little they eat, they gain weight because their bodies break down food and turn it into energy more slowly than those with a so-called normal metabolic rate. Ref paragraph C also.*11．【11】正确答案：genetic解析：Para D: Prof. O’Rahil/y’s groundbreaking work in Cambridge has proven that obesity can be caused by our genes.*12．【12】正确答案：consume解析：Para E: explains that they need to eat i.e. consume more than others.*13．【13】正确答案：behaviour解析：Para F: Until recently, research and treatment for obesity had concentrated on behaviour modification ...READING PASSAGE 2 You should about 20 minutes on Questions 14-17 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Wheel of Fortune Emma Duncan discusses the potentiaI effects on the entertainment industry of the digital revolution A Since moving pictures were invented a century ago，a new way of distributing entertainment to consumers has emerged about once every generation．Each such innovation has changed the industry irreversibly；each has been accompanied by a period of fear mixed with exhilaration．The arrival of digital technology, which translates music．pictures and text into the zeros and ones of computer language，marks one of those periods． B This may sound familiar, because the digital revolution，and the explosion of choice that would go with it, has been heralded for some time．In 1992，John Malone，chief executive of TCI，an American cable giant．welcomed the ‘500-channel universe’．Digital television was about to deliver everything except pizzas to people’s living rooms．When the entertainment companies tried out the technology, it worked fine-but not at a price that people were prepared to pay． C Those 500 channels eventually arrived but via the Internet and the PC rather than through television．The digital revolution was startinq to affect the entertainment business in unexpected ways．Eventually it will chanqe every aspect of it，from the way cartoons are made to the way films are screened to the way people buy music．That much is clear．What nobody is sure of is how it will affect the economics of the business． D New technologies always contain within them both threats and opportunities．They have the potential both to make the companies in the business a great deal richer, and to sweep them away．Old companies always fear new technology．Hollywood was hostile to television，television terrified by the VCR．Go back far enough，points out Hal Varian．an economist at the University of California at Berkeley, and you find publishers complaining that’ circulating libraries’ would cannibalise their sales．Yet whenever a new technology has come in，it has made more money for existing entertainment companies. The proliferation of the means of distribution results，gratifyingly, in the proliferation of dollars，pounds，pesetas and the rest to pay for it. E All the same，there is something in the old companies’ fears．New technologies may not threaten their lives．but they usually change their role．Once television became widespread，film and radio stopped being the staple form of entertainment．Cable television has undermined the power of the broadcasters．And as power has shifted the movie studios，the radio companies and the television broadcasters have been swallowed up．These days，the grand old names of entertainment have more resonance than power．Paramount is part of Viacom，a cable company; Universal，part of Seagram, a drinks-and-entertainment company; MGM，once the roarinq lion of Hollywood，has been reduced to a whisper because it is not Dart of one of the giants．And RCA，once the most important broadcasting company in the world，is now a recording label belonging to Bertelsmann，a large German entertainment company． F Part of the reason why incumbents got pushed aside was thatthey did not see what was coming．But they also faced a tighter regulatory environment than the present one．In America，laws preventing television broadcasters from owning programme companies were repealed earlier this decade，allowing the creation of vertically integrated businesses．Greater freedom，combined with a sense of history, prompted the smarter companies in the entertainment business to re-invent themselves．They saw what happened to those of their predecessors who were stuck with one form of distribution．So，these days，the powers in the entertainment business are no longer movie studios，or television broadcasters，or publishers；all those businesses have become part of bigger businesses still，companies that can both create content and distribute it in a range of different ways．G Out of all this．seven huge entertainment companies have emerged- Time Warner, Walt Disney, Bertelsmann，Viacom，News Corp，Seagram and Sony．They cover pretty well every bit of the entertainment business except pornography．Three are American，one is Australian，one Canadian，one German and one Japanese．’What you are seeing,’says Christopher Dixon, managing director of media research at PaineWebber a stockbroker, ‘is the creation of a global oligopoly．It happened to the oil and automotive businesses earlier this century；now It is happening to the entertainment business．’It remains to be seen whether the latest technology will weaken those great companies，or make them stronger than ever．Questions 14-21Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.Which paragraph mentions the following (Questions 14-21)?Write the appropriate letters (A-G) in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.NB: Some of the paragraphs will be used more than once.14．the contrasting effects that new technology can have on existing business.正确答案：D解析：They have the potential both to make the companies in the business a great deal richer, and to sweep them away.*15．the fact that a total transformation is going to take place in the future in the delivery of all forms of entertainment.正确答案：C解析：Eventually it will change every aspect of it, from the way cartoons are made to the way films are screened to the way people buy music. That much is clear.*16．the confused feelings that people are known to have experienced in response to technological innovation.正确答案：A解析：Each such innovation ... has been accompanied by a period of fear mixed with exhilaration.*17．the fact that some companies have learnt from the mistakes of others正确答案：F解析：... the smarter companies in the entertainment business ... saw what happened to those of their predecessors who were stuck with one form of distribution.*18．the high cost to the consumer of new ways of distributing entertainment.正确答案：B解析：When the entertainment companies tried out the technology, it worked fine-but not at a price that people were prepared to pay.*19．uncertainty regarding the financial impact of wider media access.正确答案：C解析：What nobody is sure of is how it (the digital revolution) will affect the economics of the business.*20．the fact that some companies were the victims of strict government policy.正确答案：F解析：Part of the reason why incumbents got pushed aside was that they ... faced a tighter regulatory environment than the present one.*21．the fact that the digital revolution could undermine the giant entertainment companies.正确答案：G解析：It remains to be seen whether the latest technology will weaken those great companies, or make them stronger than ever.Questions 22-25 The writer refers to various individuals and companies in the reading passage. Match the people or companies (A-E) with the points made in Questions 22-25 about the introduction of new technology. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.A——John MaloneB——Hal valarianC——MGMD——Walt DisneyE——Christopher Dixon22．Historically, new forms of distributing entertainment have alarmed those well-established in the business.A．John MaloneB．Hal valarianC．MGMD．Walt DisneyE．Christopher Dixon正确答案：B解析：Old companies always fear new technology. Hollywood was hostile to television, television terrified by the VCR. Go back far enough, points out Hal Valarian.*23．The merger of entertainment companies follows a pattern evident in other industries.A．John MaloneB．Hal valarianC．MGMD．Walt DisneyE．Christopher Dixon正确答案：E解析：He says, ‘... It happened to the oil and automotive businesses earlier this century; now it is happening to the entertainment business’.*24．Major entertainment bodies that have remained independent have lost their influence.A．John MaloneB．Hal valarianC．MGMD．Walt DisneyE．Christopher Dixon正确答案：C解析：MGM, once the roaring lion of Hollywood, has been reduced to a whisper because it is not part of one of the giants.*25．News of the most recent technological development was published some years ago.A．John MaloneB．Hal valarianC．MGMD．Walt DisneyE．Christopher Dixon正确答案：A解析：In 1992, John Malone, chief executive of TCI, an American cable giant,welcomed the ‘500-channel universe’.Questions 26-27Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 26-27 on your answer sheet.26．How does the writer put across his views on the digital revolution?A．by examining the forms of media that will be affected by itB．by analysing the way entertainment companies have reacted to itC．by giving a personal definition of technological innovationD．by drawing comparisons with other periods of technological innovation正确答案：D解析：This is a reflective piece that looks back at the effects of technological innovation. Hence D is the correct answer.*27．Which of the following best summarises the writer’s views in Reading Passage 2?A．The public should cease resisting the introduction of new technology.B．Digital technology will increase profits in the entertainment business.C．Entertainment companies should adapt to technological innovation.D．Technological change only benefits big entertainment companies.正确答案：C解析：The message throughout the text is that technological innovation should be embraced and that resistance does not lead to a positive outcome. Paragraph F in particular asserts this view.READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below What do we mean by being ‘talented’ or gifted. The most obvious way is to look at the work someone does and if they are capable of significant success, label them as talented. The purely quantitative route - ‘percentage definition’- looks not at individuals, but at simple percentages, such as the top five per cent of the population, and labels them - by definition - as gifted. This definition has fallen from favour, eclipsed by the advent of IQ tests, favoured by luminaries such as Professor Hans Eysenck, where a series of written or verbal tests of general intelligence leads to a score of intelligence. The IQ test has been eclipsed in mm. Most people studying intelligence and creativity in the new millennium now prefer a broader definition, using a multifaceted approach where talents in many areas are recognised rather than purely concentrating on academic achievement. If we are therefore assuming that talented, creative or gifted individuals may need to be assessed across a range of abilities, does this mean intelligence can run in families as a genetic or inherited tendency? Mental dysfunction - such as schizophrenia - can, so is an efficient mental capacity passed on from parent to child? Animal experiments throw some light on this question, and on the wholearea of whether it is genetics, the environment or a combination of the two that allows for intelligence and creative ability. Different strains of rats show great differences in intelligence or ‘rat reasoning’. If these are brought up in normal conditions and then run through a maze to reach a food goal, the ‘bright’strain make far fewer wrong turns that the ‘dull’ ones. But if the environment is made dull and boring the number of errors becomes equal. Return the rats to an exciting maze and the discrepancy returns as before - but is much smaller. In other words, a dull rat in a stimulating environment will almost do as well as a bright rat who is bored in a normal one. This principle applies to humans too - someone may be born with innate intelligence, but their environment probably has the final say over whether they become creative or even a genius. Evidence now exists that most young children, if given enough opportunities and encouragement, are able to achieve significant and sustainable levels of academic or sporting prowess. Bright or creative children are often physically very active at the same time, and so may receive more parental attention as a result - almost by default - in order to ensure their safety. They may also talk earlier, and this, in turn, breeds parental interest. This can sometimes cause problems with other siblings who may feel jealous even though they themselves may be bright. Their creative talents may be undervalued and so never come to fruition. Two themes seem to run through famously creative families as a result. The first is that the parents were able to identify the talents of each child, and nurture and encourage these accordingly but in an even-handed manner. Individual differences were encouraged, and friendly sibling rivalry was not seen as a particular problem. If the father is, say, a famous actor, there is no undue pressure for his children to follow him onto the boards, but instead their chosen interests are encouraged. There need not even by any obvious talent in such a family since there always needs to be someone who sets the family career in motion, as in the case of the Sheen acting dynasty. Martin Sheen was the seventh of ten children born to a Spanish immigrant father and an Irish mother. Despite intense parental disapproval he turned his back on entrance exams to university and borrowed cash from a local priest to start a fledgling acting career. His acting successes in films such as Badlands and Apocalypse Now made him one of the most highly-regarded actors of the 1970s. Three sons - Emilio Estevez, Ramon Estevez and Charlie Sheen - have followed him into the profession as a consequence of being inspired by his motivation and enthusiasm. A stream seems to run through creative families. Such children are not necessarily smothered with love by their parents. They feel loved and wanted, and are secure in their home, but are often more surrounded by an atmosphere of work and where following a calling appears to be important. They may see from their parents that it takes time and dedication to be master of a craft, and so are in less of a hurry to achieve for themselves once they start to work. The generation of creativity is complex: it is a mixture of genetics, the environment, parental teaching and luck that determines how successful or talented family members are. This last point - luck - is often not mentioned where talent is concerned but plays an undoubted part. Mozart, considered by many to be the finest composer of all time, was lucky to be living in an age that encouraged the writing of music. He was brought up surrounded by it, his father was a musician whoencouraged him to the point of giving up his job to promote his child genius, and he learnt musical composition with frightening speed - the speed of a genius. Mozart himself simply wanted to create the finest music ever written but did not necessarily view himself as a genius - he could write sublime music at will, and so often preferred to lead a hedonistic lifestyle that he found more exciting than writing music to order. Albert Einstein and Bill Gates are two more examples of people whose talents have blossomed by virtue of the times they were living in. Einstein was a solitary, somewhat slow child who had affection at home but whose phenomenal intelligence emerged without any obvious parental input. This may have been partly due to the fact that at the start of the 20th Century a lot of the Newtonian laws of physics were being questioned, leaving a fertile ground for ideas such as his to be developed. Bill Gates may have had the creative vision to develop Microsoft, but without the new computer age dawning at the same time he may never have achieved the position on the world stage he now occupies.Questions 28-29Complete the notes, which show how the approaches to defining ‘talent’have changed.Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 28-29 on your answer sheet. ‘Percentage definition’→【28】______ →【29】______28．【28】正确答案：IQ/intelligence解析：Para 1: Test(s)/testing percentage definition was eclipsed by the advent of IQ tests*29．【29】正确答案：multi-faceted approach解析：Para 2: The IQ test has been eclipsed in turn. Most people ... now prefer a broader definition, using a multifaceted approachQuestions 30-32Which THREE of the following does the writer regard as a feature of creative families?Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 30-32 on your answer sheet.A——a higher than average level of parental affection B——competition between brothers and sisters C——parents who demonstrate vocational commitment D——strong motivation to take exams and attend university E——a patient approach to achieving success F——the identification of the most talented child in the family30．【30】______正确答案：B解析：Para 4: Individual differences were encouraged, and friendly sibling rivalry was not seen as a particular problem*31．【31】______正确答案：C解析：Para 6: ... are often more surrounded by an atmosphere of work and where following a calling appears to be important.*32．【32】______正确答案：E解析：Para 6: They may see from their parents that it takes time and dedication to be master of a craft, and so are in/ess of a hurry to achieve for themselves ...Questions 33-34Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 33-34 on your answer sheet.33．The rat experiment was conducted to show that ______.A．certain species of rat are more intelligent than others.B．intelligent rats are more motivated than ‘dull’ rats.C．a rat’s surroundings can influence its behaviour.D．a boring environment has little impact on a ‘bright’ rat.正确答案：C解析：Para 3: The conclusion of the experiment was that a dull rat in a stimulating environment will almost do as well as a bright rat who is bored in a normal one.*34．The writer cites the story of Martin Sheen to show that ______.A．he was the first in a creative line.B．his parents did not have his creative flair.C．he became an actor without proper training.D．his sons were able to benefit from his talents.正确答案：A解析：Para 4: ... there always needs to be someone who sets the family career in motion, as in the case of the Sheen acting dynasty.Questions 35-39Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet writeYES——if the statement agrees with the writer’s claimsNO——if the statement contradicts the writer’s claimsNOT GIVEN——if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this35．Intelligence tests have now been proved to be unreliable.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：C解析：IQ tests are referred to briefly in the first two paragraphs, but no information is given about their reliability. They became less popular amongst researchers.*36．The brother or sister of a gifted older child may fail to fulfil their own potential.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A解析：Para 4: This can sometimes cause problems with other siblings ... Thei creative talents may be undervalued and so never come to fruition.*37．The importance of luck in the genius equation tends to be ignored.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A解析：Para 7: This last point-luck-is often not mentioned where talent is concerned but plays an undoubted part.*38．Mozart was acutely aware of his own remarkable talent.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B解析：Para 7: Mozart himself simply wanted to create the finest music ever written but did not necessarily view himself as a genius ...*39．Einstein and Gates would have achieved success in any era.A．YESB．NO。
剑桥雅思 READING PASSAGE 2
READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.An examination of the functioning of the senses in cetaceans, the group of mammals comprising whales, dolphins and porpoisesSome of the senses that we and other terrestrial mammals take for granted are either reduced or absent in cetaceans or fail to function well in water. For example, it appears from their brain structure that toothed species are unable to smell. Baleen species, on the other hand, appear to have some related brain structures but it is not known whether these are functional. It has been speculated that, as the blowholes evolved and migrated to the top of the head, the neuralpathways serving sense of smell may have been nearly all sacrificed. Similarly, although at least some cetaceans have taste buds, the nerves serving these have degenerated or are rudimentary.The sense of touch has sometimes been described as weak too, but this view is probably mistaken. Trainers of captive dolphins and small whales often remark on their animals’ responsiveness to being touched or rubbed, and both captive and freeranging cetacean individuals of all species (particularly adults and calves, or members of the same subgroup) appear to make frequent contact. This contact may help to maintain order within a group, and stroking or touching are part of the courtship ritual in most species. The area around the blowhole is also particularly sensitive and captive animals often object strongly to being touched there.The sense of vision is developed to different degrees in different species. Baleen species studied at close quarters underwater –specifically a grey whale calf in captivity for a year, and free-ranging right whales and humpback whales studied and filmed off Argentina and Hawaii – have obviously tracked objects with vision underwater, and they can apparently see moderately well both in water and in air. However, the position of the eyes so restricts the field of vision inbaleen whales that they probably do not have stereoscopic vision.On the other hand, the position of the eyes in most dolphins and porpoises suggests that they have stereoscopic vision forward and downward. Eye position in freshwater dolphins, which often swim on their side or upside down while feeding, suggests that what vision they have is stereoscopic forward and upward. By comparison, the bottlenose dolphin has extremely keen vision in water. Judging from the way it watches and tracks airborne flying fish, it can apparently see fairly well through the air–water interface as well. And although preliminary experimental evidence suggests that their in-air vision is poor, the accuracy with which dolphins leap high to take small fish out of a trainer’s hand p rovides anecdotal evidence to the contrary.Such variation can no doubt be explained with reference to the habitats in which individual species have developed. For example, vision is obviously more useful to species inhabiting clear open waters than to those living in turbid rivers and flooded plains. The South American boutu and Chinese beiji, for instance, appear to have very limited vision, and the Indian susus are blind, their eyes reduced to slits that probably allow them to sense only the direction and intensity of light.Although the senses of taste and smell appear to have deteriorated, and vision in water appears to be uncertain, such weaknesses are more than compensated for by cetaceans’ well-developed acoustic sense. Most species are highly vocal, although they vary in the range of sounds they produce, and many forage for food using echolocation. Large baleen whales primarily use the lower frequencies and are often limited in their repertoire. Notable exceptions are the nearly song-like choruses of bowhead whales in summer and the complex, haunting utterances of the humpback whales. Toothed species in general employ more of the frequency spectrum, and produce a wider variety of sounds, than baleen species (though the sperm whale apparently produces a monotonous series of high-energy clicks and little else). Some of the more complicated sounds are clearly communicative, although what role they may play in the social life and ‘culture’ of cetaceans has been more the subject of wild speculation than of solid science.Question 15-21Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 2 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.Question 22-26Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.22Which of the senses is described here as being involved in mating?23 Which species swims upside down while eating?24 What can bottlenose dolphins follow from under the water?25 Which type of habitat is related to good visual ability?26 Which of the senses is best developed in cetaceans?。
剑桥雅思5test2reading2的阅读全文解析
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What's so funny?John McCrone reviews recent research on humourYou should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-27, which are based on Reading Passage 21.The joke comes over the headphones: 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left ‘No, not funny. Try again’. Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.' Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: 'unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose'.2.Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humour is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle's belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.3.Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humour but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt.4.So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental 'Aha!' is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humour is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.5.However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this too. Play is a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a 'play-face' - a gaping expression accompanied by a panting 'ah, ah' noise. Inhumans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not.6.Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalizations. However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain activity.7.Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of 'single event' functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MR! scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second'snapshots' of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.8.Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener's prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life - the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information.9.Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel's experiment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain's sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.10.All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person's outlook.11.Humour may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: 'I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It's creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humour, then we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.'Questions 14-20Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this14 Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways. F15 Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence. NG16 Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy. T17 Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle's view on the subject. F18 Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial intelligence. T19 Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour. NG20 Chimpanzees make particular noises when they arc playing. TQuestions 21-23The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes. Label the diagram.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 21 -23 on your answer sheet.21.Problem solving 22.temporal lobes 23.evaluating informationQuestions 24—27Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.24 One of the brain's most difficult tasks is to C25 Because of the language they have developed, humans A26 Individual responses to humour F27 Peter Derks believes that humour DAreact to their own thoughts.Bhelped create language in humans.Crespond instantly to whatever is happening.Dmay provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.Ecope with difficult situations.Frelate to a person's subjective views.Gled our ancestors to smile and then laugh.这篇文章虽然看起来比较贴近生活，但是理解起来还是有一定难度的，而且生词也是比较多的，所以如果基础差的考生理解这篇文章是有一定障碍的，下面我们来看看本文需要掌握的生词和高频词汇：1.疑难词注解：punchline(结尾警语、妙语连珠) pedigree(血统，家谱)punctured(被刺破的) ludicrousness(可笑的，滑稽的)appeasement(缓和，平息) ultrasonic(超声波)gaping(多洞穴的;目瞪口呆的) scuffles(混战，扭打)motor circuits(动力电图) magnetic fields(磁场)abrupt changes(突变，陡变) apparatus(装置，设备)distorted(歪曲的，受到曲解的) evolutionary accident(进化故事)prefrontal cortex(前额皮质) temporal lobes(颞叶)orbital cortex(额眶部皮质)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)(机能性磁共振成像)MRI scanners(核磁共振扫描仪) computational linguist(计算机语言学家)2.高频词headphones(耳机、听筒) dub(授予……称号)psychic tension(谨慎紧张) incongruity(不协调，不一致，不适宜)format(格式，版本) conceptual(概念上的)instinctual(本能的) evaluative(可估价的)metabolic(代谢) semantic(语义的，语义学的)apt(恰当的，有倾向的，灵敏的) leap to(迅速作出，立即作出)tap into 挖掘，开发 warm-blooded 恒温的，热温的 arousal n.唤醒，激励可以看出这些词汇还是有很多专业名词，对这些词汇如果不了解很可能阻碍大家答对题目。
雅思阅读练习 reading2
Reading2 Scanning for a specific detail and skimming for general understandingwily, Wired ConsumersThe Internet has empowered shoppers both online and offline.A The amount of time people spend researching, checking prices, visiting stores and seeking advice from friends tends to rise in proportion to the value of the product they are thinking of buying. A new car is one of the biggest purchases people make, and buyers typically spend four to six weeks mulling over their choices. So why are some people now walking into car showrooms and ordering a vehicle without even asking for a test drive? Or turning up at an electrical store and pointing out the washing machine they want without seeking advice from a sales assistant? Welcome to a new style of shopping shaped by the internet.B More people are buying products online, especially at peak buying periods. The total value of e-commerce transactions in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2004 reached $18 billon, a 22% increase over the same period in 2003, according to the Department of Commerce in Washington DC. But that just represents 2% of America’s total retail market and excludes services, such as online travel, the value of goods auctioned on the Internet, and the $34 billion-worth of goods that individuals trade on eBay.C If you consider the Internet’s wider influence over what people spend their money on, then the figures escalate out of sight. Some carmakers in America now find that eight out of ten of their buyers have logged on to the Internet to gather information about not just the exact vehicle they want, but also the price they are going to pay. Similarly with consumer electronics, nowadays if a customer wants to know which flat-screen TV they should buy, they are likely to start their shopping online – even though the vast majority will not complete the transaction there.D The Internet is moving the world closer to perfect product and price information. The additional knowledge it can provide makes consumers more self-assured and bold enough to go into a car dealership and refuse to bargain. As a result, the process of shopping is increasingly being divorced from the transaction itself. Consumers might surf the web at night and hit the shops during the day. Visiting bricks-and-mortar stores can provide the final confirmation that the item or group of items that they are interested in is right for them.E Far from losing trade to online merchants stores that offer the sorts of goods people find out about online can gain from this new form of consumer behaviour. This is provided they offer attractive facilities, good guarantees and low prices.F Merchants who charge too much and offer poor service, however, should beware. The same,too, for shaky manufacturers: smarter consumers know which products have a good reputation and which do not, because online they now read not only the sales blurb but also reviews from previous purchasers. And if customers are disappointed, a few clicks of the mouse will take them to placeswhere they can let the world know.G Some companies are already adjusting their business models to take account of these trends. The stores run by Sony and Apple, for instance, are more like brand showrooms than shops. They are there for people to try out devices and to ask questions of knowledge staff. Whether the products are ultimately bought online or offline is of secondary importance. Online traders must also adjust. Amazon, for one, is rapidly turning from being primarily a bookseller to becoming a mass retailer, by letting other companies sell products on its site, rather like a marketplace. Other transformations in the retail business are bound to follow.1 Scan the Reading passage for the following details.(2min)1 a large amount of money 4 two brand-name stores2 a US government department 5 an Internet trading company3 a percentage● read the title and subheading of the article on the next page and predict the content;●skim the passage and say what it is about.IELTS Reading test practice Short-answer questions 5 Take ten minutes to answer questions 1-6.Sifting through the Sands of timeWhen you’re on the beach, you’re stepping on ancient mountains, skeletons of marine animals, even tiny diamonds. Sand provides a mineral treature trove, a record of geology’s earth-changing processes.Sand: as children we play on it and as adults we relax on it. It is something we complain about when it gets in our food, and praise when it’s moulded into castles. But we don’t often look at it. If we did, we would discover an account of a geological past and a history of marine life that goes back thousands and in some cases millions of years.Sand covers not just seashores, but also ocean beds, deserts and mountains. It is one of the most common substances on earth. And it is a major element in man-made items too – concrete is largely sand,while glass is made of little else.What exactly is sand? Well, it is larger than fine dust and smaller than shingle. In fact, according to the most generally accepted scheme of measurement, devised by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, grains qualify if their diameter is greater than 0.06 of a millimeter and less than 0.6 of a millimeter.Depending on its age and origin, a particular sand can consist of tiny pebbles or porous granules. Its grain may have the shape of stars or spirals, their edges jagged or smooth. They have come from the erosion of rocks, or from the skeletons of marine organisms which accumulate on the bottom of the oceans, or even from volcanic eruptions.Colour is another clue to sand’s origins. If it is a dazzling white, its grains may have the shape of stars or spirals, their edges jagged or smooth. They have come from the erosion of rocks, or from the skeletons of marine organisms which accumulate on the bottom of the oceans, or even from volcanic eruptions.Colour is another clue to sand’s origins. If it is a dazzling white, its grains may be derived from nearby coral outcrops, from crystalline quartz rocks or from gypsum, like the white sands of New Mexico. On Pacific islands jet black sands form from volcanic minerals. Other black beaches are magnetic. Some sand is very recent indeed, as is the case on the island of Kamoamoa in Hawaii, where a beach was created after a volcanic eruption in 1990. molten lava spilled into the sea and exploded in glassy droplets.Usually, the older the granules, the finer they are and the smoother the edges. The fine, white beaches of northern Scotland, for instance, are recycled from sandstone several hundred million years old. Perhaps they will be stone once more, in another few hundred million.Sand is an irreplaceable industrial ingredient whose uses are legion: but it has one vital function you might never even notice. Sand cushions our land from the sea’s impact, and geologists say it often does a better job of protecting our shores than the most advanced coastal technology.7 Take five minutes to find out what the passage starting with the follow passage is about.8 Scan effects on Salmon Biodiversity for words 1-9 and then match them to definitions A-I.Effects on Salmon BiodiversityThe number of Pacific salmon has declined dramatically but the loss of genetic diversity may be a bigger problem.Each year, countless salmon migrate from the rivers and streams along the western coasts of Canada and the US to the Pacific Ocean, while at the same time others leave the ocean and return to freshwater to spawn a new generation. This ritual has been going on for many millennia. But more than a century ago, the number of salmon returning from the sea began to fall dramatically in the Pacific Northwest. The decline accelerated in the 1970s and by the 1990s the US Endangered Species Act listed 26 kinds of salmon as endangered.In North America, there are five species of Pacific salmon: pink salmon, chum, sockeye, coho and Chinook. Most of these fish migrate to the sea and then return to freshwater to reproduce. They are also semelparous–they die after spawning once. The life cycle of a typical salmon begins with females depositing eggs in nests, or redds, on the gravel bottoms of rivers and lakes. There must be large quantities of gravel for this process to be successful. The young emerge from here and live in freshwater for periods ranging from a few days to several years. Then the juveniles undergo a physiological metamorphosis, called smoltification, and head towards the ocean. Once in the sea, the salmon often undertake extensive migrations of thousands of miles while the mature. After anywhere from a few months to a few years, adult salmon return – with high fidelity – to the river where they were born. There they spawn and cycle begins again.Stream-type Chinook spend one or more years in freshwater before heading to sea; they also undertake extensive offshore voyages and return to their natal streams during the spring or summer, often holding in freshwater for several months before spawning. In contrast, ocean-type Chinook move out very early in life, before they reach one year of age. But once these salmon reach open water, they do not travel far offshore. They usually spend their entire natal streams immediately before spawning.Because salmon typically return to reproduce in the river where they were spawned, individual streams are home to local breeding populations that can have a unique genetic signature and the state of the oceans influences this. Also, salmon react in complex ways to human-induced changes to their environment.The extensive development of hydropower on the major rivers of the western US has clearly disrupted populations of salmon. Other problems come from the very engineering fixes made to protect these fish from harm. Dams on some rivers are equipped with submersible screens designed to divert migrating juveniles away from turbines. Unfortunately, these measures do not benefit all fish. These screens steer as many as 95 percent of the stream-type Chinook around the turbines, but because of idiosyncrasies in behaviour these measures redirect as few as 15 percent of ocean-type Chinook. One thus expects to see genetic shifts in favour of the stream types.Fish ladders too have drawbacks. Although these devices have helped to bring survival rates for mature fish closer to historic levels, dams have certainly altered their upstream journey. Rather than swimming against a flowing river, adults now pass through a series of reservoirs punctuated by dams, where discharge from the turbine can disorient the fish and make it hard for them to find ladders. Such impediments do not kill the fish, but they affect migration rates.Dams may also modify salmon habitat in more subtle ways. An indirect effect of the 92-metreBrownlee Dam on the Snake River provides a dramatic example. Historically, the upper Snake River produced some 25,000 to 30,000chincook salmon that spawned during the early fall. The completion of the dam in the late 1950s not only rendered the vast majority of their habitat inaccessible, but also led to more extreme water temperatures downstream from the dam. These changes, in turn, altered the life cycle of the small population of Snake River Chinook that remained. Today young Chinook emerge from the gravel later than they did before the dam was built, and thus they migrate downstream later, when temperatures are higher and water levels lower.9Scan the text for the following reference words or phrases and then say what they refer to.this ritual (Para.1) these measures (Para.5)the decline (para.1) these devices (Para.6)there they spawn (Para.2) such impediments (Para.6)influences this (Para.4) these changes (Para.7)other problems (Para.5)IELTS Reading test practice completing a flowchart/diagram/table 10Answer questions 1-5 and complete the flowchart.(8min)Complete the flowchart below.Choose NO MORE THAN ONE MORD from the passage for each answer.11Answer questions 6-12 and complete the table.(10min)。
雅思阅读练习 ielts_academic_reading_practice_test_2
IELTS reading passage - Bring back the big catsBring back the big catsJohn Vesty says that the time for returning vanished native animals to Britain has arrived. Around598AD,there is a poem that describes the hunting of a mystery animal called llewyn.What is it?Nothing got fitted until2006,an animal bone was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England,dating from around the same period.Until this discovery,the lynx which is a large spotted cat with tassel led ears was assumed to have died in Britain at least 6000years ago.It happens before the inhabitants of these islands do farming.But in2006,in Yorkshire and Scotland it is evident that the lynx and mysterious llewyn both are the same.If so, the estimated extinction date of tassel-eared cats is 5000 years.However,in British culture this is not the last glimpse of the animal.A9th century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows along the deer,pig,aurochs,a speckled cat with tasselled ears is pursued by a mounted hunter.We are sure that the animal’s backside hasn't been damaged over time as the lynx’s stubby tail is unmistakable.It’s difficult to know about the creature even without this feature.Now,lynx has become the totemic animal of a movement that transforms British environmentalism - rewilding.Rewilding is the huge restoration of damaged ecosystems.It involves replacing the trees to areas that have been stripped,making seabed parts to recover from trawling and dredging and making rivers to freely flow.These things are to bring back the missing species.In modern ecology,one of the top findings is ecosystems without large predators which behave differently than those that retain them.Some drive dynamic processes that resonate the complete food chain and provide niches for hundreds of species that might struggle to survive. The killers will turn as life bringers.For British conservation,these findings give a great challenge,which is often selected as arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals by putting huge effort and investment to prevent them from changing.As the jar of pickles,it has preserved the living world by not letting anything in and out and keeping nature in an arrested state.But ecosystems are not onlybased on the collection of species,it also depends on the dynamic and changing relationship between them. The dynamism often varies based on the large predators.When it comes to sea,it is even greater,the larger areas of commercial fishing need to be protected.18th century literature describes that the vast shoals of fish are chased by fin and sperm whales within sight of the English shore.This method will greatly increase catches in the surrounding seas;the fishing industry’s insistence on clearing every seabed without leaving any breeding reserves couldn’t be damaging to its own interests.Rewilding is one of the rare examples of environmental movement where campaigners communicate what they are for rather than what they are against.The reason for enthusiasm for rewilding is spreading fastly in Britain,is to create a more inspiring vision than the green movements’ promise of Follow us and the world will be less awful than it would be.There will be no threat to human beings by the lynx:there is no instance of a lynx preying on people.It is a specialist predator of roe deer that has exploded in Britain in recent decades which holds back the intensive browsing and planning to re-establish forests.It will also winkle out sika deer,an exotic species that is impossible for human beings to control as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees.Reintroducing this predator comes with the aim of bringing back the forests to the parts of our bare and barren uplands.The lynx needs deep cover thus giving little risk to sheep and other livestock which need to be in a condition of farm subsidies that are kept out of the woods.Several conservationists suggested that the lynx can be reintroduced within20years in the recent trip of the Cairngorm Mountains.If trees return to the bare hills anywhere in Britain, the big cats will follow.If it is seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe,there will be nothing extraordinary about the proposals.Now,the lynx has been reintroduced to the Mountains,Alps in eastern France and mountains in Germany and re-established in many places.Since1970,the European population has tripled to nearly10,000.Like wolves,bears, pigs,bison,moose and other species,the lynx will spread as farming,left the hills and then people discover that it is much needed to protect wildlife than to hunt it as tourists will pay to see it. Large scale rewilding will happen everywhere except Britain.Here,there are many changes in attitudes.Conservationists started to accept the jar model is failing even on its own terms.Projects like Trees for life in the Highlands give hints of what is expected to come.There is an organisation set up that seeks to catalyse the rewilding of land and sea across Britain,its aim is to reintroduce the rarest species to British ecosystems: hope.Bring back the big cats IELTS reading questionsQuestions (1-5)Choose the correct letter,A, B, C or D.1. What did the discovery of animal bone say about the lynx?a.It has distinctive physical appearanceb.The spread of farming is linked to its extinctionc.It survived in Britain longer than the predictiond.Thousand years ago it disappeared from Britain2. What does the writer point out about the large predators?a.Biodiversity will increase by its presenceb.It will create damage to the ecosystemsc.Based on the environment, their behaviour might changed.Only in their native places they should be reintroduced.3. What is suggested by the writer about British conservation?a.The target was missed to achieveb.The path has begin to changec.The misguided approach was heldd.It targeted only the most widespread species.4. Protecting the large are of sea from commercial fishing will end up ina.Loss for the fishing industryb.Benefits for the fishing industryc.Opposition from the fishing industryd.Changes in techniques in fishing industry5. What is the difference between rewilding from other campaigns according to the writer?a.The message is appealing and positive.b.The objective is achievablec.Supporters are more involvedd.It is based on the scientific principlesQuestions (6-9)Complete the summary belowChoose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.The advantages of reintroducing the lynx to Britain are many.There is no such evidence that lynx put______________6in danger which would reduce the population of____________7 which increased rapidly in the recent decades.It gives only minimum threat to___________ 8,if it were kept away from the lynx habitats.Further,the reintroduction concept has been linked with initiatives to return native ____________9to certain places of the country.Questions (10-14)Do the following statements match the information with the passage?WriteTRUE if the statement agrees with the views of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the views of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this10. Reintroducing the lynx is done by the Britain which is the first European country11.The conservationists'expectations have increased due to the huge population growth of European lynx since 1970.12. The habitat of lynx in Europe extended based on the changes in agricultural practices.13. Reintroduction of species has commercial advantage14. The jar of pickle models has come into acceptance by the conservationists.。
剑桥雅思18test3reading2
剑桥雅思18test3reading2摘要：一、文章主题：探讨机器人与人工智能在教育领域的应用1.引言：介绍机器人与人工智能的发展现状2.机器人与人工智能在教育领域的应用a.个性化教育b.语言学习c.特殊教育d.创客教育3.机器人与人工智能对教育的影响a.对教师角色的影响b.对学生学习方式的影响c.对教育资源分配的影响4.面临的挑战与未来展望a.技术进步带来的挑战b.教育理念的更新c.国际合作与交流正文：随着科技的发展，机器人与人工智能逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。
如今，它们已经逐渐渗透到教育领域，为教育事业发展带来了新的机遇与挑战。
本文将探讨机器人与人工智能在教育领域的应用，分析其对教育产生的影响，并展望未来的发展趋势。
首先，机器人与人工智能在教育领域的应用日益广泛。
其中，个性化教育是人工智能在教育领域的重要应用之一。
通过大数据和云计算技术，人工智能能够分析学生的学习情况，为每个学生量身定制学习方案，从而提高学习效果。
此外，人工智能还可以辅助教师进行课堂教学，如自动批改作业、生成个性化教学报告等，大大减轻了教师的工作负担。
其次，人工智能在语言学习领域也取得了显著成果。
语音识别和自然语言处理技术的发展，使得智能语音助手和聊天机器人等应用能够帮助学生练习口语和听力，提高语言表达能力。
同时，智能翻译工具的出现，让跨语言交流变得更加便捷，有助于推动国际间的教育合作与交流。
此外，人工智能在特殊教育和创客教育领域也发挥着重要作用。
对于有特殊需求的学生，人工智能可以提供更加人性化的教育支持，如智能轮椅、可穿戴设备等。
而在创客教育中，学生可以通过编程控制机器人完成各种任务，培养创新能力和实践能力。
然而，机器人与人工智能在教育领域的应用也带来了一些挑战。
首先，技术的快速迭代对教育者提出了更高的要求，他们需要不断更新教育理念和技能，以适应科技带来的变革。
其次，随着人工智能的普及，教育资源的分配问题也日益凸显，如何确保所有人都能享受到科技带来的教育红利，是教育部门面临的一大挑战。
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Reading2 Scanning for a specific detail and skimming for general understandingwily, Wired ConsumersThe Internet has empowered shoppers both online and offline.A The amount of time people spend researching, checking prices, visiting stores and seeking advice from friends tends to rise in proportion to the value of the product they are thinking of buying. A new car is one of the biggest purchases people make, and buyers typically spend four to six weeks mulling over their choices. So why are some people now walking into car showrooms and ordering a vehicle without even asking for a test drive? Or turning up at an electrical store and pointing out the washing machine they want without seeking advice from a sales assistant? Welcome to a new style of shopping shaped by the internet.B More people are buying products online, especially at peak buying periods. The total value of e-commerce transactions in the United States in the fourth quarter of 2004 reached $18 billon, a 22% increase over the same period in 2003, according to the Department of Commerce in Washington DC. But that just represents 2% of America’s total retail market and excludes services, such as online travel, the value of goods auctioned on the Internet, and the $34 billion-worth of goods that individuals trade on eBay.C If you consider the Internet’s wider influence over what people spend their money on, then the figures escalate out of sight. Some carmakers in America now find that eight out of ten of their buyers have logged on to the Internet to gather information about not just the exact vehicle they want, but also the price they are going to pay. Similarly with consumer electronics, nowadays if a customer wants to know which flat-screen TV they should buy, they are likely to start their shopping online – even though the vast majority will not complete the transaction there.D The Internet is moving the world closer to perfect product and price information. The additional knowledge it can provide makes consumers more self-assured and bold enough to go into a car dealership and refuse to bargain. As a result, the process of shopping is increasingly being divorced from the transaction itself. Consumers might surf the web at night and hit the shops during the day. Visiting bricks-and-mortar stores can provide the final confirmation that the item or group of items that they are interested in is right for them.E Far from losing trade to online merchants stores that offer the sorts of goods people find out about online can gain from this new form of consumer behaviour. This is provided they offer attractive facilities, good guarantees and low prices.F Merchants who charge too much and offer poor service, however, should beware. The same,too, for shaky manufacturers: smarter consumers know which products have a good reputation and which do not, because online they now read not only the sales blurb but also reviews from previous purchasers. And if customers are disappointed, a few clicks of the mouse will take them to placeswhere they can let the world know.G Some companies are already adjusting their business models to take account of these trends. The stores run by Sony and Apple, for instance, are more like brand showrooms than shops. They are there for people to try out devices and to ask questions of knowledge staff. Whether the products are ultimately bought online or offline is of secondary importance. Online traders must also adjust. Amazon, for one, is rapidly turning from being primarily a bookseller to becoming a mass retailer, by letting other companies sell products on its site, rather like a marketplace. Other transformations in the retail business are bound to follow.1 Scan the Reading passage for the following details.(2min)1 a large amount of money 4 two brand-name stores2 a US government department 5 an Internet trading company3 a percentage● read the title and subheading of the article on the next page and predict the content;●skim the passage and say what it is about.IELTS Reading test practice Short-answer questions 5 Take ten minutes to answer questions 1-6.Sifting through the Sands of timeWhen you’re on the beach, you’re stepping on ancient mountains, skeletons of marine animals, even tiny diamonds. Sand provides a mineral treature trove, a record of geology’s earth-changing processes.Sand: as children we play on it and as adults we relax on it. It is something we complain about when it gets in our food, and praise when it’s moulded into castles. But we don’t often look at it. If we did, we would discover an account of a geological past and a history of marine life that goes back thousands and in some cases millions of years.Sand covers not just seashores, but also ocean beds, deserts and mountains. It is one of the most common substances on earth. And it is a major element in man-made items too – concrete is largely sand,while glass is made of little else.What exactly is sand? Well, it is larger than fine dust and smaller than shingle. In fact, according to the most generally accepted scheme of measurement, devised by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, grains qualify if their diameter is greater than 0.06 of a millimeter and less than 0.6 of a millimeter.Depending on its age and origin, a particular sand can consist of tiny pebbles or porous granules. Its grain may have the shape of stars or spirals, their edges jagged or smooth. They have come from the erosion of rocks, or from the skeletons of marine organisms which accumulate on the bottom of the oceans, or even from volcanic eruptions.Colour is another clue to sand’s origins. If it is a dazzling white, its grains may have the shape of stars or spirals, their edges jagged or smooth. They have come from the erosion of rocks, or from the skeletons of marine organisms which accumulate on the bottom of the oceans, or even from volcanic eruptions.Colour is another clue to sand’s origins. If it is a dazzling white, its grains may be derived from nearby coral outcrops, from crystalline quartz rocks or from gypsum, like the white sands of New Mexico. On Pacific islands jet black sands form from volcanic minerals. Other black beaches are magnetic. Some sand is very recent indeed, as is the case on the island of Kamoamoa in Hawaii, where a beach was created after a volcanic eruption in 1990. molten lava spilled into the sea and exploded in glassy droplets.Usually, the older the granules, the finer they are and the smoother the edges. The fine, white beaches of northern Scotland, for instance, are recycled from sandstone several hundred million years old. Perhaps they will be stone once more, in another few hundred million.Sand is an irreplaceable industrial ingredient whose uses are legion: but it has one vital function you might never even notice. Sand cushions our land from the sea’s impact, and geologists say it often does a better job of protecting our shores than the most advanced coastal technology.7 Take five minutes to find out what the passage starting with the follow passage is about.8 Scan effects on Salmon Biodiversity for words 1-9 and then match them to definitions A-I.Effects on Salmon BiodiversityThe number of Pacific salmon has declined dramatically but the loss of genetic diversity may be a bigger problem.Each year, countless salmon migrate from the rivers and streams along the western coasts of Canada and the US to the Pacific Ocean, while at the same time others leave the ocean and return to freshwater to spawn a new generation. This ritual has been going on for many millennia. But more than a century ago, the number of salmon returning from the sea began to fall dramatically in the Pacific Northwest. The decline accelerated in the 1970s and by the 1990s the US Endangered Species Act listed 26 kinds of salmon as endangered.In North America, there are five species of Pacific salmon: pink salmon, chum, sockeye, coho and Chinook. Most of these fish migrate to the sea and then return to freshwater to reproduce. They are also semelparous–they die after spawning once. The life cycle of a typical salmon begins with females depositing eggs in nests, or redds, on the gravel bottoms of rivers and lakes. There must be large quantities of gravel for this process to be successful. The young emerge from here and live in freshwater for periods ranging from a few days to several years. Then the juveniles undergo a physiological metamorphosis, called smoltification, and head towards the ocean. Once in the sea, the salmon often undertake extensive migrations of thousands of miles while the mature. After anywhere from a few months to a few years, adult salmon return – with high fidelity – to the river where they were born. There they spawn and cycle begins again.Stream-type Chinook spend one or more years in freshwater before heading to sea; they also undertake extensive offshore voyages and return to their natal streams during the spring or summer, often holding in freshwater for several months before spawning. In contrast, ocean-type Chinook move out very early in life, before they reach one year of age. But once these salmon reach open water, they do not travel far offshore. They usually spend their entire natal streams immediately before spawning.Because salmon typically return to reproduce in the river where they were spawned, individual streams are home to local breeding populations that can have a unique genetic signature and the state of the oceans influences this. Also, salmon react in complex ways to human-induced changes to their environment.The extensive development of hydropower on the major rivers of the western US has clearly disrupted populations of salmon. Other problems come from the very engineering fixes made to protect these fish from harm. Dams on some rivers are equipped with submersible screens designed to divert migrating juveniles away from turbines. Unfortunately, these measures do not benefit all fish. These screens steer as many as 95 percent of the stream-type Chinook around the turbines, but because of idiosyncrasies in behaviour these measures redirect as few as 15 percent of ocean-type Chinook. One thus expects to see genetic shifts in favour of the stream types.Fish ladders too have drawbacks. Although these devices have helped to bring survival rates for mature fish closer to historic levels, dams have certainly altered their upstream journey. Rather than swimming against a flowing river, adults now pass through a series of reservoirs punctuated by dams, where discharge from the turbine can disorient the fish and make it hard for them to find ladders. Such impediments do not kill the fish, but they affect migration rates.Dams may also modify salmon habitat in more subtle ways. An indirect effect of the 92-metreBrownlee Dam on the Snake River provides a dramatic example. Historically, the upper Snake River produced some 25,000 to 30,000chincook salmon that spawned during the early fall. The completion of the dam in the late 1950s not only rendered the vast majority of their habitat inaccessible, but also led to more extreme water temperatures downstream from the dam. These changes, in turn, altered the life cycle of the small population of Snake River Chinook that remained. Today young Chinook emerge from the gravel later than they did before the dam was built, and thus they migrate downstream later, when temperatures are higher and water levels lower.9Scan the text for the following reference words or phrases and then say what they refer to.this ritual (Para.1) these measures (Para.5)the decline (para.1) these devices (Para.6)there they spawn (Para.2) such impediments (Para.6)influences this (Para.4) these changes (Para.7)other problems (Para.5)IELTS Reading test practice completing a flowchart/diagram/table 10Answer questions 1-5 and complete the flowchart.(8min)Complete the flowchart below.Choose NO MORE THAN ONE MORD from the passage for each answer.11Answer questions 6-12 and complete the table.(10min)。