被动语态翻译
英语被动语态的翻译举例
英语被动句的翻译举例英语被动句翻译为汉语时，应根据具体情况灵活掌握。
1. 用“被”、“由”、“受（到）”、“挨”、“得到”、“给”、“叫……给”、“让……（给）”、“是……的”、“为……所”、“加以”等译成汉语的被动句。
例如：1）The door was mended by him.门被他修好了。
/ 门叫（让）他给修好了。
/ 门是他修的。
2）He was praised（表扬）. But we were criticized（批评；责备）.3）The machine is used by many people. 这台机器为（被）许多人所使用。
4）The problem must be studied carefully. 这个问题必须仔细加以研究。
2. 借助句中的状语等做主语，译成汉语的主动句。
例如：1）All kinds of drinks are sold in that supermarket.在那家超市里卖各种各样的饮料。
或：那家超市卖各种各样的饮料。
2）Table tennis is played all over China.中国各地都打乒乓球。
3．按照英语句子的主谓顺序，译成可省“被”字的汉语句。
例如：1）His homework has just been done.他的家庭作业刚做完。
2）The food has been eaten up.食物已吃光了。
4．成汉语的无主句。
例如：1）Soon the news was received.不久就收到了那个消息。
也可译为：不久那个消息就收到了。
2）After a while, many people were seen to run out.过来一会儿，看到许多人跑了出来。
5. 添加“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“我们”等泛指的主语译成汉语。
或译为“据……”。
例如：1）He was seen to take the book.有人看见他拿走了那本书。
被动语态的翻译
●被动语态的翻译●英语中的被动语态●被动语态在英语中使用很广，光泛程度远远超过汉语，具体使用情况如下：●在没有必要说出动作的发出者时●H i s f r e q u e n t a b s e n c e f r o m c l a s s m u s t b e d e a l t w i t h i m m e d i a t e l y.●不愿说出动作的发出者时●没有办法说出动作的发出者时◆N o w a d a y s,h e r s o n g s a r e s o p o p u l a r a m o n g t h e y o u n g p e o p l e t h a t t h e ya r e p l a y e d o n t h e r a d i o e v e r y S u n d a y.●在正式的书信或商务信函中，也常采用被动来增强客观性和正式程度◆W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s b e c a r r i e d o u t i n t o t h e m a r k e t i n gs t r a t e g i e s b e s t s u i t e d t o d i f f e r e n t E u r o p e a n r e g i o n s.●英语被动句的翻译◆我们在处理英语被动句时，必须根据汉语的表达习惯，尽最大可能译出原文的被动含义。
下面是英语被动句的常见处理方式：●译成被动句●译成主动句●英语被动句的翻译●译成被动句●T h e u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e i n t h a t c o u n t r y i s e x p e c t e d t o r e m a i n s t a b l e f o r2000.⏹该国2000年失业率可望保持稳定。
被动语态的翻译
被动语态的翻译
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英语中以it 做形式主语，以被动语态作谓语，其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结 构在译成汉语时，除把it一律省略外，通常有两种处理方法： 1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 2.用“据……”等短语译出
2). It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting. 据估计，美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避 不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。 英语中这种it做形式主语的被动句型在各类文章中比 比皆是，汉译时一般均按主动结构译出。即将原文中 的主语从句译在宾语的位置上，而把it做形式主语的主 句译成一个独立语或分句。常见的固定结构如：
4) The monkeys were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island.
科学家们给猴子白薯，想把它们引到海岛的岸边。
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被动语态的翻译
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B . 把被动语态译成汉语主动句 1). His pride must be pinched. 他这股傲气应该打下去。
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被动语态的翻译
1.4 “It+ be+ past participle + that引导的从句”句型的翻译 A. 不加主语 It is hoped that... 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that... 据说…… It is supposed that… 据推测…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that… 可以 毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that... 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that... 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……
被动语态翻译
被动语态翻译被动语态是英语语法中常用的一种语态。
在被动句中，动作的承受者（即主动句中的宾语）成为句子的主语，而动作的执行者（即主动句中的主语）则成为被动句中的介词短语（通常由介词“by”引导）或省略掉。
被动语态常用于强调动作的接收者或者操纵者的不重要性。
下面是一个关于被动语态的例子：主动语态：John wrote the article.翻译：约翰写了这篇文章。
被动语态：The article was written by John.翻译：这篇文章是约翰写的。
被动语态在以下情况下常常被使用：1. 当动作的执行者不明确或不重要时。
例如：The car was repaired.（这辆车已经修好了。
）2. 当我们想强调动作的承受者或结果时。
例如：The book was written by a famous author.（这本书是由一位著名作家写的。
）3. 当我们想避免重复使用主动句中的主语时。
例如：The tickets were sold out quickly.（这些票很快就卖光了。
）4. 在科学或者学术写作中，常使用被动语态来描述实验或研究结果。
例如：The data was collected and analyzed.（数据已被收集和分析。
）被动语态的构成：被动语态的构成方式为：be动词（am, is, are, was, were, been, being） + 过去分词（V-ed）。
例如：主动语态：She opens the door.被动语态：The door is opened by her.被动语态也可以用于不同时态和不同人称，只需要根据上述构成方式进行相应的变化。
例如：主动语态：They will finish the project.被动语态：The project will be finished by them.被动语态的使用需要根据上下文和语境来决定，不适合所有情况。
现在完成时被动语态例句及翻译
现在完成时被动语态例句及翻译1.Over time I have been changeda lot.随着时间的推移，我已经改变了很多。
2.Thave been usedin offices and homes since the 1970s.自20世纪70年代以来，它就被用于办公室和家庭。
3.I never forget anything I have been told.我从来不会忘记别人告诉我的任何事情。
4.Since the 1970s many new applications have been found for it.自20世纪70年代以来，人们为它找到了许多新的应用。
5.I have also been putinto robots.我也被投入到机器人中。
6.I haveevenbeen putinto space rockets and sent to explore the Moon and Mars.我甚至被送入太空火箭，被派去探索月球和火星。
7.My friend has bought a new personal computer.我的朋友买了一台新的个人电脑。
8.The shop has repaired my computer very quickly.My computer has been repaired by the shop very quickly.这家商店很快就把我的电脑修好了。
我的电脑很快就被商店修好了。
9.An unknown virus has just attacked my computer.My computer had just been attacked by an unknown virus.一种未知病毒刚刚攻击了我的电脑。
我的电脑刚刚被一种未知病毒攻击了。
10.We have not solved the problem yet.The problem has not been solved by us yet.我们还没有解决这个问题。
科技英语中被动语句的翻译
科技英语中被动语句的翻译
被动语句在科技英语中极为常见，其结构为：be + 过去分词。
在翻译科技英语中的被动语句时，需要注意以下几点：
1. 被动语态的主语通常是操作的对象或受事者，而非实施者。
因此，在翻译时需将主语置于句末，例如：
Active: The software updates the database automatically.
Passive: The database is updated automatically by the software.
主动语态：软件自动更新数据库
被动语态：数据库被软件自动更新
2. 不使用被动语态时，需要使用主动语态。
因此，在翻译被动语态时，需要明确动作的实施者，例如：
主动语态：研究人员进行了研究
被动语态：研究被研究人员进行了
3. 注意语态的一致性。
如果主语是单数，则使用单数被动语态；如果主语是复数，则使用复数被动语态。
例如：
主动语态：工程师设计产品
被动语态：产品被工程师设计
下面列出一些常见的被动语句及其翻译：
主动语态：研究小组进行实验来测试假设
被动语态：假设通过实验被研究小组测试
主动语态：公司在内部制造产品
被动语态：产品在公司内部被制造
主动语态：科学家在森林里发现了一种新的鸟类
被动语态：一种新的鸟类在森林里被科学家发现。
被动语态的翻译
eg: Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。
英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等场合，往往都用被动语态。汉语中虽然也用被动语态，但使用范围要狭窄得多。英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下都可译成主动句，但也有些可以保持被动语态。
I: 译成汉语主动句
1、原文中的主语在译文中作宾语
eg: By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the
organization.
战争结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。
2、原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
eg: On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were
dismissed briefly.
在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。
3、译成带表语的主动句
eg: The crew were trained at Eglin Field, Florida.
机组人员是在佛罗里达州埃格林空军基地训练的。
eg: People were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew.
八点钟的宵禁把人们从街道赶走。
eg: The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
被动语态的翻译技巧
被动语态的翻译技巧
被动语态是一种句子结构，在中文翻译中，可以使用以下技巧来表达被动语态：
1. 改变主谓结构：将主语变为宾语，将宾语（或部分宾语）变为主语。
例如，将英语句子"John was given a present by Mary."翻译成中文时，可以改为"玛丽给了约翰一份礼物。
"，将"John"变为宾语，将"Mary"变为主语。
3. 调整语序：在中文翻译中，可以根据需要来调整句子的语序，以表达被动意义。
例如，将英语句子"The letter was sent yesterday."翻译成中文时，可以调整语序为"昨天这封信被寄出了。
"，使得被动含义更明显。
4. 使用"被动"结构的句型：在中文中，有一些特定的句型可以表达被动意义，如"被+动词+主语+宾语"的结构。
例如，将英语句子"The window was broken by the wind."翻译成中文时，可以使用"被+动词+主语+宾语"的结构，翻译为"窗户被风给吹坏了。
"。
以上是一些常用的被动语态的中文翻译技巧，具体的翻译方法还需要根据语境和句子结构进行灵活运用。
被动语态的翻译
一.被动语态的翻译汉语和英语在语态使用上有较大的差异:英语中被动语态用的较多,在没有必要或不愿意说出或者时没办法说出动作发出者时,英语就用被动语态来表示.汉语虽然也有被动语态,但是还是比较倾向于使用主动语态,因此我们在进行翻译之时,在大多数情况下要根据汉语和英语的各自使用习惯来翻译.接下来,我将以有关于被动语态翻译技巧的讲述之下,来让大家体会中英语之间的这种差异eg: Nowadays ,her songs are so popular among the young people that they are played on the radio every Sunday .现在,她的歌曲在年轻人中十分走红,每星期天都在电台播放就这句话而言,大家可以注意到的就是,英语使用的是被动语态,而中文使用的是主动语态,因为很明显,在英语中没有必要说出"播放"这个动作的执行者,而在中文之中,把播放译成"被播放"就显得十分的别扭好,现在我将为大家讲解我刚才写在黑板上的一些句子的被动翻译技巧1)使用加词法使翻译在汉语中含有被动含义当使用英译中之时,我们可以使用一些汉语中表示被动的词,而不是简单的就只是用"被"这一个词,这样我们的译文就会变得生动很多如:由,给,受,把,使.得到,是….的,为….所请看以下几句句子:eg: Heads of federal departments are named by the President , and judges are either elected directly by the people or are appointed by elected officials .联邦政府各部部长由总统任命,法官由人民直接选举,或者由选举出来的官员任命Though some people have been laid off because of automation , most have been absorbed by new industries and by the growth of service and leisure industries.有些人由于自动化而失了业,但是多数人为新兴产业及服务休闲业的扩大而吸收If a computer can be made complex enough , it can be as creative as we.如果能把电脑造的足够复杂的话,那么电脑就能像人一样富于创造力It is frequently said that computers solve problems only because they are "programmed" to do so .人们常说,电脑之所以能解决问题,只是因为它们给输入了解决问题的"程序"The quality of the product was limited by the cost.产品的质量受到了成本的限制The effort of the government was recognized by the public. 政府的努力得到了公众的承认2)直接译成主动结构*有些句子在汉语中,使用主动结构更为合适We both believe that through vigilance and strength , in your words , a war can be postponed , and in our words , war can be avoided.我们都认为, 有了警惕和实力,用你们的话说, 就可以推迟战争;用我们的话说,就可以避免战争.When the Constitution was written in 1787, there were only 13 states.1787年草拟宪法时,美国只有13个州What we say here will not be long remembered.我们这里所讲的话, 人们不会长久地记住**常用结构的翻译It is said/reported/mentioned/pointed out that , 结构常译成主动结构It is said that the man was murdered by the black man.据说是那个黑人谋杀了那个人.It is reported that the new president is going to pay an official visit to Russia.据报道,新任总统将对俄罗斯进行一次正式访问It is know to all that China's opening to the outside world will have a positive influence on its economic development .大家都知道,中国对外开放将对其经济发展起积极的作用<补充练习>Commercial cargoes are transported by highway, water and rail . One recent innovation is "containerized" cargo. At the factory, crates of goods are placed in large metal containers on wheels , and the containers are sealed and hitched to trucks to be taken to railroad centers or ports , where large cranes lift them on to freight cars, barges or ships.商业货物由公路,水路与铁路来运输,近来发明了"集装箱"货运. 在厂家就把货物装入带轮子的大型金属集装箱内,装箱密封后,挂在卡车后拉到铁路编组站或港口,用大吊车装上货物车厢,驳船或轮船.Crime is partly a result of bad material conditions : certainly it is most prevalent among people whose lives are not satisfactory in obvious ways---people without a settled home , with parents separated or divorced , victims of various kinds of misfortune , including poverty and lack of education . But bad social conditions , in the obvious material sense , can hardly be accepted as the main explanation for a rapid increaseof crime in the 1960s and 1970s . There are after all fewer people suffering from the bad conditions than before , and it is much easier to make a very satisfactory living by honest work now than it was forty years ago , on indeed at any previous time .The problem is shared with the rest of western civilization , and beyond it .犯罪的部分原因是物质条件差;犯罪当然在生活明显不满意的人中最普遍,没有固定住处者, 父母分居或离婚者,各种灾祸的受害者,其中,包括贫困和缺乏教育者.可是社会物质条件差, 不能认为是六,七十年代犯罪剧增的主要原因.毕竟受穷者比以前少了,现在通过正当职业谋得相当满意的生计,比40年前,以至以往任何时候都容易多了. 这个问题在整个西方,以及其他地区都存在.二.人名,地名的英译英语人名,地名,可以查找工具书,比如英汉辞典等等中级口译的人名地名的翻译相对来说是比较简单的,我们翻译人名,地名必须遵循"音译"的原则.必须注意的是:1) 用音译,慎用意译如:人名Wall, Sleep,译成:"沃尔"与"斯利普",不可译成"墙"与"睡".地名China同样不可译成"陶瓷",这也是众所周知的事了2) 人名中姓和名之间,用圆点间隔,如John Thomas Smith "约翰.托马斯.史密斯".3) 要熟记一些常用的译名比如:Franklin Roosevelt 罗斯福 Winston Churchill 邱吉尔Napoleon 拿破仑 Aristotle 亚里士多德Socrates 苏格拉底 New York 纽约New Orleans 新奥尔良 Los Angeles 洛杉矶Detroit 底特律 Chicago 芝加哥平时就多看看有关资料,也不一定要全背出,只是心里要留个底儿,这样就不会闹笑话了词在不同语境的翻译技巧在我们的翻译教程之中第12页,就有关于see在不同语境情况之下的不同翻译,这说明要准确的译出文章中关键词的意思,首先要注意语境的把握和上下文的搭配关系1) company的翻译He is fond of company.他爱交朋友Two is company, but three is none.两人成伴,三人不欢Among the company was an old man.这群人中有位老人Who keeps company with the wolf , will learn to howl.跟狼在一起,就会学会狼叫("近墨者黑".)I fell into company with him .我偶然与他相识Misery loves company.同病相怜The host amused the company with singing .主人用歌唱来招待宾客He is employed in an electronic company.他在一家电器公司工作2) 红与red的译法英语中有redShe was dressed in red.她身穿红衣When he started criticizing my work , I really saw red.他竟批评起我的工作来了,我立即火冒三丈汉语中有"红"There has never been a cross word between the two of them, 他俩从未红过脸He won a prize because his lucky star shone bright.他鸿(红)运当头因而中奖3) good的译法His mother was a good Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒Franklin was renowned for his good deeds富兰克林以他的德行而名扬四海Helen is as good as gold----most of the time.海伦很乖----大部分时间如此Mike is getting on in years , but both his hearing and eyesight are good.迈克已上了年纪,但他仍然耳聪目明The boss needs another good typist.老板还需要另外一名技术熟练的打字员His son had a good beating他儿子被狠狠地揍了一顿She has good looks她长得漂亮<补充练习>THE HUMMING-BIRDOf all animated being this is the most elegant in form and the most brilliant in colors. The stones and metals polished by our arts are not comparable to this jewel of Nature. Her masterpiece is this little humming-bird , and upon it she has heaped all the gifts which the other birds may only share. Lightness, rapidity , nimbleness , grace and rich apparel all belong to this littlefavorite, The emerald , the ruby , and the topaz gleam upon it dress. It never soils them with the dust of earth , and in its aerial life scarcely touches the turf an instant . Always in the air , flying from flower to flower, it has their freshness as well as their brightness. It lives upon their nectar , and dwells only in the climates where they perennially bloom.在一切生物中,要算蜂鸟体型最优美,颜色最鲜艳.经过工艺加工得各种宝石和金属是无法跟这个大自然的珍宝媲美的.这种小蜂鸟是大自然的杰作,大自然把其他鸟类只能分享的种种天赋全部慷慨地给了它.这个小宠儿具有轻盈,敏捷,灵活,优雅以及羽毛绚丽等一切妙处.那翠绿的,艳红的,嫩黄色的羽毛闪闪发光.蜂鸟从不让它的羽毛沾染尘土,它生活在天空中,一刻也不碰到草皮.它总是在空中飞翔,从花丛飞向花丛;它像花一样新鲜,又像花一样艳丽.蜂鸟靠花蜜为生,它只生活在鲜花盛开的地带.三.代词的翻译1)人称代词的翻译汉语之中人称代词用得比较少.在英语里,凡是能用人称代词取代名词的地方,都须用代词,而不重复名次.因此,人称代词在英语文章中随处可见,翻译要服从汉语习惯,不能简单的用词对词的方法处理比如下面的例子中将所有的"they"都译成他们,就会显得不那么自然2)物主代词的翻译除了人称代词含义是采取还原其所代替的名词之外,英语里的物主代词代替句中做主语的名次是,我们也要重复其做主语的名词,是译文更具体,更明确如下面的例子中将所有的their都译成他们的就会显得不自然Credit cards enable their holders to obtain goods and services on credit . They are issued by retail stores ,banks, credit-card companies to approved clients. The bank or credit-card company settles the client's bills, invoicing him monthly and charging interest on any outstanding debts. Their profit comes from the high rate of interest charged , the card-holders' subscriptions ,and the fees paid by some organizations that accept cards. 信用卡能使持卡人通过赊账的方式购买商品,得到服务.信用卡由零售商店,银行和信用卡公司发放给经过批准的客户,银行或信用卡公司结清客户的账单,按月给客户开列其消费清单,收取欠款的利息.这些金融机构的利润来自所收取的高额利息,持卡人致富的认购费以及接受信用卡消费的单位交纳的代理费their代表credit card,因此their holders 表示"持卡人"They代表credit card,因此they在此翻成"信用卡"Him代表client,因此him在此翻成"客户"Their代表the bank or credit-card company ,因此their 在此翻成"以上这些金融机构"<补充材料>The Americans is trained from childhood toquestion ,analyze ,search .Even in the primary grades , children are taught to use libraries , and to search for new ideas . By the time they are 14,15,and 16, many young scholars are making original and valuable contributions in all fields of science from astrophysics to oceanography. Industry is so aware of this untapped resource that each year , through national competitions, it offers tremendous awards among teen-agers in order to seek out (and later employ) the brilliant , inquiring minds which they find scattered across the country.美国人从小就训练孩子去提问,分析,探索.连小学生也教会使用图书馆,教会探寻新思想.许多小学者到14,15,16岁,就上至天体物理,下到海洋学,在某个学科中做出了独到的,宝贵的贡献.实业界深深了解这个未开发的资源,每年都搞全国性竞赛,给青少年提供巨额奖金,以发现(以后雇用)散布于全国的孜孜于搞学问的人才.四.定语从句的翻译定语从句在英语中大量出现.有长有短,结构有繁有简,对先行词的限制有强有弱,有时起着补充说明的作用,或者在逻辑上表示原因,目的,条件,让步和结果等等意义.因此对定语从句的翻译显得尤其重要,以下我将介绍给大家一些定语从句翻译的技巧1) 压缩法把英语的定语从句压缩成汉语的一个句子成分,也就是译成汉语中带"的"词组,当定语从句叫简短,则把这个带"的"汉语定语词组置于被修辞的词语之前No doubt there are questions or principles involved which can not be ignored and underestimated.无疑,这里涉及人们不能忽视或低估的原则问题Law offers us our best hope of overcoming the differences that prevail the world.法律使我们对克服世界上普遍存在的分歧有了最大的希望But Miggle's laugh , which was very infectious , broke the silence.但是,密格尔的富有感染力的笑声打破了沉默The deterioration of the international situation , which I noted in the introduction to the annual report last year , has continued.我在去年的年度报告导言中提到的那种国际形势的恶化一直在继续2) 拆译法如果定语从句冗长复杂,不论是限制性的或是非限制性的,往往可以译成并列句,放在主句的前后,偶尔还可以完全脱离主句而独立成句He will show her the place where they could make her look a proper dame----for next to nothing .他可以带她到那个地方,在哪儿他们会把她打扮成一个漂亮的少女,而且花不了几个钱I told the news to Robert, who told it to his friend Larry and soon the news spread all over the campus.我把消息告诉了罗伯特,他又告诉了他的朋友莱里,消息很快在校园里传开了They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which in the past ,many Chinese have laid down their lives.他们在为实现一个理想而奋斗,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,许多中国人曾为之献出自己的生命He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副总统尼克松谈过话,副总统向他保证,凡是能够做到的,一定尽力去办.3) 转译法英语中有些定语从句在逻辑上对主句起着状语的作用,说明原因,目的,结果,条件和让步等等关系.汉译时应从原文的字里行间审定这些逻辑关系,然后译成汉语相应的偏正复句.The strike would prevent the docking of ocean steamships , which require assistance of tugboats.罢工使远洋轮不能靠岸,因为靠岸需要拖船的帮助Chinese trade delegations have been sent to African countries , who will negotiate trade agreement with the respective government.中国派出贸易代表团前往非洲各国,以便与这些国家的政府商谈贸易协定My uncle , who will be seventy tomorrow , is still a keen sportsman .尽管我大伯明天就满70岁了,但他仍然热衷于户外运动<补充材料>So, let us , in these next five days , start a long march together , not in lockstep, but on different roads leading to the same goal , the goal of building a world structure of peace and justice in which all may stand together with equal dignity and in which each nation ,large or small , has a right to determine its own form of government , free from outside interference or domination. 因此,让我们在今后的5天里一起开始一次长征吧,不是在一起迈步,而是在不同的道路上向着同一个目标前进.这个目标就是建立一个和平和正义的世界结构,使所有的人都在一起享有同等的尊严,使每一个国家,不论大小,都有权决定自己政府的形式,而不受外来的干涉和统治.THE IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTSThe rise of modern science may perhaps be considered to date as far back as the time of Roger Bacon , the wonderful monk and philosopher of Oxford , who lived between the years 1214 and 1292. He was probably the first in the middle ages to assert that we must learn science by observing and experimenting on the things around us ,and he himself made many remarkable discoveries. Galileo, however , who lived more than 300 years later(1564 to 1642), was the greatest of several great men , who in Italy, France , Germany , or England , began by degrees to show how many important truths could be discovered by well-directed observation. Before the time of Galileo, learned men believed that large bodies fall more rapidly towards the earth than small ones , because Aristotle said so . But Galileo, going to the top of the leaning Tower of Pisa, let fall two unequal stones , and proved to some friends , whom he had brought there to see his experiment, that Aristotle was in error. It is Galileo's spirit of going direct to Nature, and verifying our opinions and theories by experiment , that has led to all the great discoveries of modern science.科学实验的重要性现代科学的兴起也许要追溯到罗杰.培根的时代.罗杰,培根是牛津杰出的僧侣和哲学家,他出生于1214年,死于1292年.他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过对周围事物进行观察和实验来学习科学的人,他自己也有许多卓越的发现.然而,生活在三百多年之后的伽利略(1564-1642),却是好几个伟大人物中最伟大的一个,这些人在意大利,法国,德国和英国开始逐步使人们看到许多重要的真理是可以通过掌握得当的观察去发现的,在伽利略之前,学者们相信大的物体掉到地面比小的物体要快,因为亚里士多德是这样说的.可是,伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端,让两块体积不相等的石头同时落地,从而向一些他带去观看实验的朋友们证明亚里士多德错了.正是伽利略的这种直接到大自然中去通过实验来证明我们的判断和理论的精神,导致了现代科学的伟大发现五.词类转化技巧英语和汉语的大多数词类在互译时均可转换,其中常见的有以下几种1) 动词-----名词的相互转译They are waiting for a sight of the Vice President passing by. 他们在等候观看副总统经过那儿We can house you if the hotels are full.如果旅馆都客满了,我们可以给你提供住处Now , nobody wants to seem to claim superiority, and an agreeable effect of this is the greater informality of relationships all round.现在没有人妄自尊大,其令人愉快的效果是,四周围关系更加随便融洽2) 形容词----副词的相互转译Nowadays, children may be happy to read novels in a clean library.现在,孩子们会十分高兴地在干净的图书馆看书On this question , people of different age groups think differently.关于这个问题,不同年龄组的人有不同的想法In the ten years since normalization , we have witnessed the rapid expansion of the relations between our two countries. 自关系正常化以来的10年里,我们看到了两国关系发展迅速3) 介词---动词介词with的动词化译法She saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides . 她看到一条小溪,两岸长着红花绿草The dog slunk away with his tail between his legs.狗夹着尾巴偷偷地走开了Any man with eyes in his head can see that he is exactly like a pole.任何头上长眼睛的人都看得出,他完全像根竹竿<补充练习>The shape of the world is changing almost as dramatically as this city's skyline. Today the cold war is over . The risk ofthe global nuclear conflict has been greatly reduced and the free flow of goods and ideas is bringing to life the concept of a global village. But just as all nations can benefitfrom the promise of this new world , no nation is immune to its perils. We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity, and in confronting threat that respects no borders---terrorism and drug trafficking, disease and environmental destruction. To meet these challenges most effectively, China and the United States must act in concert. Some argue that with the Cold War's end , the strategic importance of the US-China relationship has diminished . I believe they have it exactly backwards. As a new century begins , the importance of strengthening the ties between the United States and China will grow even greater.世界的面貌正在发生引人注目的变化,其变化之快几乎就像这座城市的空中轮廓.今天,冷战已经结束.全球核冲突的危险性已大大减小,商品和思想的交流正在激发地球村的概念.难事,正如世界各国会受益于这个新世界的美好前景,没有一个国家能免遭其祸害.缔造和平与繁荣,抵御不分国界的诸多威胁---恐怖主义,贩毒,疾病和环境破坏,这些与我们大家都有着利害关系.为了最有效地迎接这些挑战,中国和美国必须协力行动.有些人说,随着冷战的结束,美中关系的战略意义已经减弱了.我认为这些人刚好说反了.随着新世纪的开始,加强美国和中国的联系,其重要性将变得更大.六.加词的技巧所谓加词就是在汉译中添加必要的词使译文的意思明白无误,有些句子在翻译时需要添词The basic problem is that big cities are no longer functional.A handful of cities ----New York, San Francisco , maybe Boston---are redefining their roles. But the rest are losing their in society . We don't need them anymore.根本问题是,大城市不再起作用.有少数几个城市----纽约,旧金山,可能还有波士顿----正在重新确定各自的作用.但是其他城市正在失去它们在社会上的地位.我们不再需要这些城市了.Reading makes a full man ; conference a ready man ; writing an exact man .读书使人充实,谈话使人敏捷,写作使人准确He is more concerned about others than about himself.他关心别人比关心自己更多Better be wise by the defeat of others than your own ,从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更深刻1) 在英语不及物动词后面添加名词Before he went to Africa , he learned how to ride and shoot. 在去非洲前,他学会了怎样骑马和射箭She had her hands full this morning - washing , cooking , and cleaning .她今天早上忙个不停-----洗衣服,烧饭,收拾房间2) 在英语数词后面增加量词She has many questions for her math teacher.她有一大堆问题要问数学老师3) 某些-ed分词前面加了the之后,代表一类人或一类事物The wounded was a policeman .受伤的人是警察4) 为了更好的理解原文,汉译时需要增词Do you agree with me in doing translation strictly according to the principles studied.你赞不赞成我的看法:在进行翻译的过程中,应该严格遵守所学的规则His mother is old and weak.他母亲年老而体弱Standing together, we can further peace and security. Great nations, if adversaries, cannot draw from each other's strengths.站在一起,我们就能推进和平与安全.如果伟大的国家互相为敌,那么,它们便无法相互汲取长处"if adversaries(n)"是个省略句,相当于"if they become adversaries"Nobody could count on his restraint or rationality.谁也不能指望他会采取克制和讲道理的态度<补充材料>Dolphins , like whales , must surface to breath air through a blowhole on top of their heads. Dolphins are social animals and love company. Many of them , in fact , even enjoy being around humans . It is not uncommon to hear of dolphins giving rides through the water to humans. In additions to being playful, dolphins are helpful to men . For example, as early as 400 B.C . the Greek poet Arion was saved from drowning by a dolphin . From then until now , dolphins have been helping swimmers who are in trouble. Swimmers, however are not the only humans they help. In some parts of the world , they can be counted on to help men catch fish. Moreover , dolphins are very intelligent. A dolphin's brain resembles a human brain , but it is large. Consequently, some people claim that dolphins are really smarter than men . Of course, there is no way of proving this point. Brain size is not an absolute measure of intelligent. Furthermore measuring dolphins' intelligence on other ways is not possible since men cannot fully communicate with them . Apparently, however, dolphins communicate with each other . At any rate , they make whistling, clicking and buzzing sounds which seem to be at least a form of language . So far , however , men have not been able to figure out the communication code the dolphin use.海豚与鲸一样,需要不时浮出水面以其头顶上的鼻孔来呼吸.海豚是群居动物,爱结伴.事实上,不少海豚还以与人相处为乐,它们在水中供人乘骑之事也是常有所闻的除了可爱逗趣之外,海豚对于人类是极有帮助的.例如,早在公元前400年希腊诗人艾里昂就因溺水而被一头海豚救起.至今为止,海豚一直在帮助遇到麻烦的游泳者.不仅如此,它们还能帮助人们捕鱼更有甚者,海豚智力发达.它的大脑与人类的相似,但容量更大.因而有人宣称,海豚真的比人聪明.当然,现在没法证明这一点.脑容量并不是一个决定聪敏程度的检测标准.还有,由于人们无法完全同海豚进行交流.不管怎样说,它们发出的哨音,卡嗒声和嗡嗡声等至少是一种语言的形式.但是,至今为止人们上不能解释海豚语言交流的密码七.省略的翻译技巧英译汉过程中,译文要符合汉语的表达习惯在汉语中代词和连接词用的不多,因此有时候我们就将这些词在翻译过程中省去,以下我将给大家分类举例说明具体的翻译省略技巧1) 连接词的省略有时,and 和 or 没有必要翻译出来Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm.大多数美国人精力充沛,热情高涨They have courage and do not give in easily.他们有勇气,不轻易屈服Foreigners sometimes complain, however , that they have little interest in or knowledge of the outside world.然而,外国人却有时抱怨说,美国人对外部世界漠不关心,一无所知Promote physical culture and build up the people's health . 发展体育运动,增强人民体质.下句中before也没有必要翻译出来Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill 车未停稳,切勿上下2) 冠词的省略英译汉过程中,不定冠词a, an除了表示"一"这个数量概念时需要译出之外,其他情况下往往省略不译They are prepared to take the initiative , even when there is a risk in doing so .他们做事会采取主动,即使这样做要冒风险,也在所不辞He is an Englishman , and not an American .他是英国人,不是美国人They have a wide knowledge of everyday things , and a keen interest in their particular city and state.他们对日常事情所知甚广,对所在的城市和州深为关切定冠词the的省略见下例Is the sole aim of most Americans to make money and possess luxuries which could be called excessive?赚钱和拥有可以称得上过多的奢侈品,是不是大多数美国人的唯一的目标The use of bacteriological weapons is a clear violation of international law.使用细菌武器显然是违反国际法的The individual American is generous, but the American nation is hard.美国人作为个人是慷慨的,但美国人作为一个民族则是吝啬的3) 代词的省略当代词做宾语时,说话人和听话人,或者读者都知道指什么,汉译时需要省略If you like the books , you can take them with you .如果你喜欢这些书,就拿去吧They pride themselves on their independence , their right to make up their own minds.他们为能独立行事,为有权做出自己的决定而感到骄傲4) 介词的省略*有些表示时间的介词可以省略When the Constitution was written in 1787, there were only 13 states.1787年起草宪法时,只有十三个州*有些表示地点的介词的省略What scenic spots are there in Shanghai ?上海有什么风景区?*有些与名词到搭配的介词可以省略Their skyscrapers , bridges and dams often have a splendor which matches in beauty and scales the country's natural wonders. 他们的摩天大楼,桥梁和水坝往往气势壮观,与美国的自然奇观之壮美和恢弘相得益彰<补充练习>ANIMAL AND MACHINEThe body of an animal may well be compared with some machine like a locomotive engine. Indeed ,the animal body is a machine . It is a machine composed of many parts , each part doing some particular kind of work for which a particular kind of structure fits it; and all the parts are dependent on each other and work together for the accomplishment of the total business of the machine. The locomotive must be provided with fuel , such as coal or wood or other combustible substance , the consumption of which。
第二十一讲 被动语态的翻译
翻译 HY
• The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end.
• －－必须立即停止这种讨厌的噪声。
翻译 HY
三、译成汉语判断句
• 有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作，而着重对事物的 状态、过程和性质等加以描述，其作用与系表结构类似。 因此，翻译这种英语被动句，经常采用“是...的”判断句 式。 • The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。 • Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。
翻译 HY
•
Actually, the passive voice is more commonly used in English than in Chinese, especially in the writing of science and technology.
• In the sentences in which the doers are not necessarily told or known, the passive voice is used. And sometimes for the sake of connection of the context, there occurs the passive voice. Since the passive structure seldom appears in Chinese, many passive sentences in English have to be turned into active sentences in Chinese. • In fact, a translator tries to render the passive sentences into Chinese active sentences as many as possible. But the version must be made idiomatic and smooth, not ambiguous or abstruse. This is a problem which is worth our attention.
《被动语态的翻译》课件
详细描述
被动语态的定义是指主语是动作的接受者，而不是动 作的执行者。在英语中，被动语态通常以“be”动词 加上过去分词的形式出现，例如“The book was written by the author”。被动语态强调动作和结果 的客观性，使得句子更加简洁明了，同时避免了主观 色彩，使得描述更加客观公正。此外，被动语态还可 以强调动作本身，突出动作的执行者和动作的结果。
被动语态的定义与分类
详细介绍了被动语态的定义、分类以 及在英语和汉语中的表现形式。
语境与文化因素
强调了翻译时需考虑的语境和文化因 素，以及如何处理文化差异。
翻译技巧
总结了被动语态翻译的常用技巧，如 直译、意译、归化与异化等。
常见问题与解决方法
语义偏差
列举了因不理解被动语态 含义而导致的语义偏差， 并给出了相应的解决方法 。
过去分词”等等。
被动语态的分类
要点一
总结词
被动语态可以分为三类，即现在简单时态被动语态、过去 简单时态被动语态和完成时态被动语态。
要点二
详细描述
被动语态可以分为三类，即现在简单时态被动语态、过去 简单时态被动语态和完成时态被动语态。现在简单时态被 动语态表示现在正在进行的动作或存在的状态，例如 “The book is being written by the author”。过去简 单时态被动语态表示过去正在进行的动作或存在的状态， 例如“The book was written by the author”。完成时 态被动语态表示已经完成的动作或存在的状态，例如 “The book has been read by many people”。
05
被动语态翻译的练习与解析
Chapter
被动语态的翻译
(四）翻译以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常 要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大 家”、“我们”等不确定主语。 · It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses. 据报道，敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。 · It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday. 有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。 · It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colors. 众所周知，自然光其实是许多种颜色构成的。
His young daughter looks as red as a rose. 他的小女儿面庞红得象朵玫瑰花。 I passed and repassed the house, and stopped and listened at the door; all was dark and silent as the grave. ( B．Shaw) 我在那房子前面走了几趟，并在门口停下来听了听；一片 漆黑，沉寂得像座坟墓。 Love goes towards love, as schoolboys from their books; but love from love, towards school with heavy looks． ( William Shakespeare) 赴情人的约会，像学童抛开书一样； 和情人分别，像学童板着脸上学堂。
A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。
被动语态的翻译
被动语态翻译英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。
英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：一、译成汉语主动句。
1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。
例如：Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。
Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。
2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。
Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district．我们区又办了一所中学。
Eg. 1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。
3．译成带表语的主动句。
Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。
4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。
以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们” 等不确定主语。
例如：Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。
Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。
被动语态的翻译方法
The science fiction has been translated into Chinese by a friend of mine. 那部科幻小说是由我得一个朋友译成中文的 The old man was knocked down by a speeding truck. 那个老人让一辆超速的卡车撞倒了。 Those books have been affected with damp. 那些书受潮了。
可加主语
It is admitted that 大家承认 It is asserted that 有人主张 It is believed that 有人认为 It is found out that 人们发现 It is known that 众所周知 It is noted that 人们注意到 It is thought that 有人认为 It is taken that 人们认为 It is generally considered that 大家普遍认 为 It is understood that 人们明白
被动语态的翻译
一般被动语态有四种情况：
第一，无从说出、无需提及主动者 When will the new bridge be built? 什么时候建新桥？ 第二，出于某种考虑，无意说出主动者 Generally it is considered not polite to do so. 一般认为，这样做是不礼貌的。
不
第三，强调动作的承受者 The room was cleaned by a little girl. 房间是一个小女孩打扫的。 第四，为了上下文的衔接和句子连贯 Students asked a lot of questions. Most of them have been settled satisfactorily. 学生们问了好多问题。大部分问题已经 被圆满解决了。
被动语态及否定句与长句难句的翻译
[例6]The direction of a force can be indicated by an arrow.
力的方向可用箭头表示。
[例7] Heavy metal pollution, including lead, zinc, copper may be caused by corrosion of the very pipes that carry water from its source to the consumer.
[例5]The raw material is introduced at the higher end and moves steadily down the kiln to the burning zone.
原料从窑的较高端进入并稳定地向下运动，到达燃 烧区。
当英语被动句强调主语时，翻译时用原文的主语 作译文的主语构成汉语被动句，以体现这种强调。
因为从壁面带走热量的对流过程与热传导和壁面 邻近区域内由流体层运动所产生的能量传递密切相 关，所以在进行热对流分析时，不能简单地假设流 体为无粘性的。 3. 分译法
英语句子中,有些句子成分与其它部分关系松弛, 具有意义上的独立性,需要分出来译成分句.
[例3]This book is a practical guide aimed at those thousands of practicing engineers who may have a general understanding of the concept of reliability, but who lack, or have forgotten, the precise understanding of the language of Reliability Engineering to be able to confidently make effective practical use of the technique involved.
英语被动语态的语用翻译
英译汉时被动语态的基本的翻译方法如下：01直接译为主动语态(1) 译为无主句或添加模糊主语It is said that…据说…Such a conclusion can be drawn…(我们)可以得出这个结论…The boy can be assumed（我们可以）假设这个男孩…有时为了译为明确行文，可以适当添加“我/我们”“人们”等模糊的主语The students were seen reciting the new words and phrases.有人看见学生们在背新单词和短语。
(2) 在主语明确的情况下，保留原句主语。
The food was exhausted only in a few days.食物在几天内就吃光了。
02译为被动语态不能译为主动语态的，可采用中文中的被动语态的句式来译，常见的被动句式有“为…所”“让…给”Unifies our country's condition as our country's historic tradition, causes these to be adopted by us.结合我国的国情以及我国的历史传统, 使这些为我所用。
Her dress was caught by a nail.她的衣服让钉子给钩住了。
03科技文献中译为“能够”“可以”Because it is very slippery,it is used for lubrication.04用“是…的”字句表示被动“是…的”是一种形式主动，实际上是不用“被”字的被动句，例如：War is invented by the human mind.战争是人的智慧发明的。
再如冰心的《梦》，“五色的丝线，是能做成好看的活计的；香的，美丽的花，是要插在头上的；镜子是妆束完时要照一照的；在众人中间坐着，是要说些很细腻很温柔的话的；眼泪是时常要落下来的。
女孩子是总有点脾气，带点娇贵的样子的。
第9单元 被动语态的翻译
5、为了突出谈话的中心。例如：
• The song was composed by a French musician. 这是一首由法国音乐家写的歌曲。 • The program was designed by ourselves. 我们自己设计项目。
6. 被动语态可在特定的语境中表达对主语的 尊敬和说话者的谦恭。例如：
3、无从说出施动者是谁。例如： • • • • • • You’re wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。 The problem is being studied. 正在研究问题。 Rice is chiefly grown in the south. 水稻主要生长在南方。
1. Attentions has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion. 已经注意要采取防腐新措施。 2. The construction of the bridge will be completed by the end of this year. 这座桥将在今年年底建成。 3. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. 必须立即终止这些噪音。
4、为了便于上下衔接。例如：
• He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在舞台上并受到了热烈的欢迎 • Jack fought John in the men’s singles last night and was beaten. Jack在脱单聚会上和John打架，还被打了。 • She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly. 口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。
被动语态的英语例句
被动语态的英语例句
以下是一些被动语态的英语例句以及它们的中文翻译：
1、The book was written by him.
这本书是他写的。
2、The room was cleaned by her.
房间是她打扫的。
3、The concert was enjoyed by thousands of people.
数千人欣赏了那场音乐会。
4、The problem was solved by the scientist.
这个问题被科学家解决了。
5、The email was sent by me last night.
这封电子邮件是我昨晚发的。
6、The decision was made by the board of directors.
这个决定是由董事会做出的。
7、The window was broken by the strong wind.
窗户被强风打破了。
请注意，被动语态的基本结构是“be动词 + 过去分词”。
根据时态和主语的不同，be动词的形式也会有所变化。
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3. 在行为主体前使用“被”、“由”、 “受”、“给”等字 在这类句子中，在“被”、“由”、 “受”、“给”等字后面，在动词前面， 有一个名词作为该动词的逻辑主语。例如： 1) All around, the hill were black with oil, and some were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray. 四周，由于蒙上了一层油，山峦是黑色的， 有的山峦则被天然气和在风中飘洒的喷油 遮挡住了。 2) The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。
当被动句中有地点状语，由介词“by”引导 的方式状语及“from”等表示的其它状语时， 有时可把这种状语译成主语，将介词省略， 而把原主语译成宾语，这样，就更符合汉 语的习惯。如： 1) The result of the invention of the stream engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 蒸汽机发明的结果是，机械力代替了人力。 2) Even when the pressure stays the same, great changes in air density are caused by changes in temperature.
即使压力不变，气温的变化也能引起空气 密度的巨大变化。 如果英语中某些要求宾语及宾语补语的 动词是被动语态，翻译时往往可在其前加 “人们”、“大家”、“我们”、“有 人”、“众人”等含有泛指性的词做主语。 例如： 1）With the development of modern electrical engineering, power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed. 随着现代化电气工程的发展，人们能把电 力输送到所需要的任何地方。
2）But Japan spent roughly $3 billion, and is considered the international leader in most optic fields. 但日本却花费了约30亿美元，人们认为它 在光学的大多数领域居国际领先地位。 凡是讲充当主语的人或物有某种能力或 获得某种荣誉时，若原文是被动语态，应 译成汉语的主动语态。因为能力是主动性 的东西而不是被动性的东西，荣誉是人们 乐于接受的东西，而不是使人不快的东西。 例如：
1）There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized. 某些金属不但能导电，而且能磁化。 2）Six medical scientists were honored in 1973 by the Gairdner Foundation of Toronto, Canada, for outstanding research. 由于杰出的研究工作，六位医学科学家荣 获了加拿大多伦多盖尔德纳基金会的奖金。
这种不使用“被”字的被动句在形式上与 主动句相似，但意义上是被动的。在现代 汉语中，不采用“被”字的被动句比用 “被”字的要多。例如： 1) Its use is therefore restricted to articles in which lightness is a prime essential. 因此，它的用途限于制造首先要求重量小 的对象。 2) Accompanying the visible light, a great deal of invisible radiation, or radiant heat, is emitted. 大量的不可见的辐射热，伴随着可见光释 放出来。
4. 被动语态可在特定的语境中表达对主语 的尊敬和说话者的谦恭。例如： 1) Where can you be reached? 在什么地方可以找到您？（请问您住在什 么地方？） 2) When will I be interviewed? 我什么时候来参加面试呢？ 5. 被动语态常用以表示说话者对所提出的 话题（或人或事或物）持有某种客观态度， 因而比较婉转。例如： 1) He is said to be the most respected teacher in our Department. 据说他是我们系上最受尊敬的老师。
2) For a long time aluminium has been thought as an effective material for preventing metal corrosion. 长期以来，铝被当作一种有效防止金属腐 蚀的材料。 3. 为更好地连接上下文。例如： Vulcanized rubber was a perfect insulating material; on the railway it was used for shock-absorbers and cushions. 硫化橡胶是一种很好的绝缘材料，在铁路 上可用来做减震器和减震垫。
如果说话者要指出施事者来，英语的表达 方式也很简单，就是在谓语结构后面加一 个由by引导的短语： Peter was robbed by him to pay Paul. 他偷了彼得的钱去还保尔的债。（“剜肉 补疮”） 汉语是一种在形式上呈弱势的语言。我们 固然有“被”字可用来表示被动语态，但 在更多的情况下，我们并不执着于主语与 谓语之间究竟有什么关系，因而一律用主 动形式。
汉英对比，英语的被动句显然多于汉
语，其原因比较简单：英语有表示主 语和谓语动词之间处于“被动关系” （即受事者 + 行为）而不是“主动关 系”（即施事者 + 行为）的形式程序， 那就是：主语+be (.各式形态变化) + 动词的过去分词式。在英语中，这种 形态表示程序非常稳定，非常明确， 可以使被动语态形成一个界定十分清 楚的语法范畴： Peter was robbed to pay Paul.
3) The R-rays are not affected by an electric field. R射线不受电场的影响。 4) Pure oxygen must be given patients in certain circumstances. 在某些情况下必须给病人吸纯氧。 4.使用“是……的”、“为……所”句型 “是……的”、“为……所”这些句子着 重说明一件事情是怎样做或什么时候、什 么地点做的等等。例如： 1) Poets are born, but orators are made. 诗人是天生的，而演说家则是后天造就的。
一. 把被动语态译成汉语被动句 原文句子的主语（行为客体）仍然译 作主语，而句子的被动意义通常可采用 以下四种方式： 1. 在谓语前面使用“被”字 当句中不出现行为主体时，有时可以在 谓语前使用“被”字来表示被动意义。 例如： 1) The company was enjoined from using false advertising. 这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。
2) The words “work” and “power” are often confused or interchanged in colloquial use. 在日常口语中，“功”和“功率”是常被混淆或 相互代用的两个词。 3) Up to now, sulphur dioxide has been regarded as one of the most serious of these pollutants. 到目前为止，二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物 中最严重的一种。 2. 在谓语前省略“被”字 在不出现行为主体的被动句中，当其被动意义很 明显时，汉语习惯上不使用“被”字。比如汉语 说“习题做完了”，而不说“习题被做完了”。
Unit 3
英语被动语态的翻译
英语和汉语都有被动语态，但 两种文字对被动语态的运用却不尽 相同。同一个意思，英语习惯用被 动语态表达，汉语却往往要用主动 语态。例如We are kept strong and well by clean air. 如译成“我 们被清洁的空气保持得健壮”显然 不符合汉语习惯，应译成“空气清 洁能促使我们身体健壮。”
2) It is suggested that each speaker is allotted five minutes. 以上两句都暗示说话者力求避免主观、武断。如 第2)句的意思是：“建议每位发言者讲话不要超 过五分钟”，言下之意是：“不是我个人的规 定”。 综上所述，英语被动语态除了表示语法关系外， 还表示一定的意义，这是我们在翻译中要注意的。 英语被动句在译成汉语时不存在现成的对应表达 方式，而是需要我们依据汉语的习惯用法，从丰 富的句式和辅助词语中选一些适当的手段来表现 出原文中的被动含意。汉语在这方面的句式主要 是被动句和主动句，现将它们的用法分述如下。
二. 把被动语态译成汉语主动句 当英语被动句中的主语是无生命的名 词，而且句中一般没有由介词by引导的 行为主体时，这种句子常常可译成汉语 的主动句，而不需加什么词。如： 1) His pride must be pinched. 他这股傲气应该打下去。 2) Increased rate of reaction, in the presence of catalyzers, is called catalysis, or catalytic action. 有催化剂时，反应速度的加快叫做催化 作用。