专八人文常识辅导材料(英国文学)
英国文学知识（专八人文知识必备）
英国文学知识（专八人文知识必备）英国文学知识一、中古英国文学1.Beowulf : the oldest poem in the English language and the most importantspecimen of Anglo-Saxon literature.2.Geoffrey Chaucer: he is acclaimed as the father of English Poetry and father ofEnglish fiction. His masterpiece。
The Canterbury TalesThe Romaunt of the RoseThe Legend of good WomenThe House of Fame二、文艺复兴时期时间：14世纪到17世纪中后期特点：Humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance著名作家：1.Thomas More: Utopia2.Edmund Spenser (a poet):The Faerie QueenThe Shepherd Calendar3.Christopher Marlowe( a poet and dramatist):Edward IIDr. FaustusTamburlaineThe Jew of Malta4.William Shakespeare喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you like itMerchant of VeniceThe Twelfth night悲剧：Romeo and JulietThe Tempest四大悲剧：Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet主要历史剧：Henry IV, Henry V5.Francis BaconEssaysThe advancement of learning6.John DonneThe Elegies and SatiresThe Songs and Sonnets7.John Milton (poet)晚年三首长诗Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes三：新古典主义时期时间：17世纪中后期到18世纪特点：The neoclassicists held that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic and restrained emotion and accuracy.著名作家：1.John Dryden: All for Love2.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy WarThe life and Death of Mr. Badman3.Alexander Pope An Essay on CriticismAn Essay on ManThe Rape of the LockOdyssey4.Daniel Defoe(who is called the father of English and European novels)Robison CrusoeA journal of the Plague yearCaptain Singleton5.Jonathan SwiftGulliver’s TravelA Tale of a TubA Modest proposalThe Drapier’s letters6.Henry FieldingThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling7.Samuel Johnson (著名词汇家，第一部英语字典的编者)A Dictionary of the English LanguageThe Vanity of Human WishesLondon8.Richard Brinsley SheridanThe school for the scandalThe Rivals9.Thomas GrayElegy Written in a country churchyardOde on the spring四：浪漫主义时期时间：18世纪中期到19世纪中期特点：Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty and is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom. The Romanticism period is an age of Poetry and poets.主要作家1.William BlakeSongs of ExperienceSongs of InnocencePoetical SketchesThe marriage of heaven and hell 2.William WordsworthLyrical BalladsTo the CuckooMy Heart leaps up3.Samuel Taylor Coleridge Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗三巨头1.George Gordon ByronCainDon JuanChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage2.Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde to the West WindOde to the Skylark Prometheus unboundedThe Necessity of Atheism Queen Mab3.John KeatsOde to AutumnOde to a nightingaleOde on a Grecian um 希腊古瓷颂Isabella以下各位不太重要：1.Charles LambTales from ShakespeareEssays of Elia2.Mary ShelleyFrankenstein3.Robert SoutheyJoan of Arc 圣女贞德小说家Jane AustinEmmaSense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkPersuasion五、VICTORIA PERIOD时间：维多利亚1837年继位，1901年去世。
专八人文知识(英国文学)
The old and medieval English literature(8th-14th century )The renaissance period(14th –mid17th c)The neoclassical period(mid17th -18th c)The romantic period(mid18th -mid19th c)The Victorian period(1836-1901)Modern period(20th - )注：【后面的Matp指主要作品】一．The old and medieval English literature(8th-14th century)1.The Venerable Bede(A.D673-735) “father of English history”《the essiesiastical history of the English people》《the anglo-sarxon chronic》epic——Beowulf2.mid11th-mid14th 亚瑟王和圆桌骑士《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3.Geoffy Chaucer（杰弗利·乔叟，1343-1400）“the father of English poetry” ；“the first one who used London dialect ” in《The Canterbury Tales，坎特伯雷故事集》（1387-1400,a prologue\24 tales,描写14th 英国现状）二．The renaissance period (14th –mid17th c)1.Sonnet:contains 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in various patterns 14行5音步抑扬格诗行（ababcdcdefefgg）e.g: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.2.Thomas More(托马斯·莫尔1478-1535) Matp:《Utopia,乌托邦》（in Latin）3.Francis Bacon(培根1561-1626) “杰出essayist in English history”《the essays》4.Edmund Spenser(埃德蒙·斯宾赛,1552-1599) “the poet’s poet”；Matp:《The Faerie Queen,仙后》（1579）；create “Spencerian Stanza ,斯宾塞诗体”。
英语专八人文知识复习要点：英国文学之17世纪文学
英语专八人文知识复习要点：英国文学之17世纪文学17世纪文学16、17世纪之交,英国国内政治经济的矛盾加深,人心动荡，反映于文学的，除了上述诗剧的衰败，还有在散文作品中围绕政治与宗教问题的论争文章的急剧增多，在诗歌中出现了以多恩为代表的玄学派诗和一些称为骑士派的贵族青年所写的爱情诗，前者用新奇的形象和节奏写怀疑与信念交替的复杂心情，显示出当时科学大进展冲击传统文化的影响;后者则表达了一种末世情调。
17世纪40年代，革命终于爆发。
人民经过公开审判，处决了国王查理一世，并在打了一场激烈的内战之后建立了以克伦威尔为首的资产阶级政权。
在文学上，革命主要表现于两个方面:一是有大量的传单和小册子印行，各种集团特别是属于革命阵营左翼的平均派和掘地派通过它们来发表政见，其中李尔本、温斯坦利等人写得犀利有力;二是出现了一个革命的大诗人──弥尔顿。
弥尔顿对于革命的贡献，首先在于他的政论文。
从1641年起，他搁下了早以优美著称的诗笔，而用英文和拉丁文写了许多政论小册子，为英国人民处死国王的革命行动辩护,也发表他的进步主张,如《论离婚》(1643)和《论出版自由》(1644)。
他的文章虽然句式繁复，却有雄奇之美，在英国散文中自成一格。
1660年革命遭受了重大挫折，王政复辟。
这时弥尔顿已经双目失明,受着政治迫害,但他痛定思痛，把自己的一腔孤愤写进了他一生最后的三大作品。
首先是《失乐园》(1667)。
这首以人类祖先失去乐园的圣经故事为主题的史诗表达了作者的清教主义，而在对于撒旦的描写中则又倾注着他的革命思想，正是那些歌颂叛逆者的响亮诗行构成了诗中最动人的篇章。
继之而来的《复乐园》(1671)叙述耶稣拒绝撒旦诱惑的节操,虽见平淡,仍多佳句。
同时出版的《力士参孙》是英文中最出色的希腊式古典悲剧，结构严谨而人物突出。
作者写参孙双目失明，身陷囹圄，而仍力抗强暴，终于与敌人同归于尽。
这当中有弥尔顿对自己不平凡的一生的回顾，炽热的情感溢出诗行，表示他依然壮怀激烈，不变革命初衷。
专八英国文学常识
专八英国文学常识专八英国文学常识１．the renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is not such an event?a．the rediscovery of ancient rome and greek culture．b．england's domestic rest．c．new discovery in geography and astrology．d．the religious reformation and the economic expansion．２．which of the following is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the english language．a．the pilgrim's progressb．grace abounding to the chief of sinnersc．the life and death of mr．badmand．the holy war３．it is___________alone who, for the first time in english literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the english society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life．a．geoffrey chaucerb．martin lutherc．william langlandd．john gower４．all of the following four except___________are the most eminent dramatists in the renaissance england．a．francis baconb．christopher marlowec．william shakespeared．ben jonson５．it is generally regarded that keats's most important and mature poems are in the form of___________．a．elegyb．odec．epicd．sonnet６．daniel defoe's novels mainly focus on___________．a．the struggle of the unfortunate for mere existenceb．the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for securityc．the struggle of the pirates for wealthd．the desire of the criminals for property７．in beowulf,___________fought against the monster grendel and a five breathing dragon．a．the anglo-saxonsb．beowulfc．the scandinaviand．the winter dragon８．francis bacon is best known for his___________which greatly influenced the development of this literary form．a．essaysb．poemsc．worksd．plays９．most of thomas hardy's novels are set in wesse-x___________．a．a crude region in englandb．a fictional primitive regionc．a remote rural aread．hardy's hometown１０．we can perhaps describe the west wind in shelley'spoem "ode to the west wind" with all the following terms except___________．a．swiftb．proudc．tamedd．wild１１．"blindness", "partiality", "prejudice", and "absurdity" in the novel "pride and prejudice" are most likely the characteristics of___________．a．elizabethb．darcyc．mr．bennetd．mrs．bennet１２．the modern english novel came into being in___________．a．the middle of the 17th centuryb．the 17th centuryc．the late 18th centuryd．the middle of the 18th century１３．who is not the major figure of modernist movement?a．eliotb．joycec．charles dickensd．pound１４．who is considered to be the best known english dramatist since shakespeare?a．oscar wildeb．john galsworthyc．w．b．yeatsd．george bernard shaw１５．of the following poets, which is not regarded as "lake poets"?a．samuel taylor coleridgeb．robert southyc．william words worthd．william shakespeare１６．in the first part of gulliver's travels, gulliver told his experience in___________．a．lilliputb．brobdingnagc．houyhnhnmd．england１７．which of the following cannot describe "byronic hero"?a．proudb．mysteriousc．noble origind． progressive１８．in the history of literature, romanticism is generally regarded as ．a．the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience．b．the thought that designates man as a social animalc．the orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commond．the modes of thinking１９．the term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of___________．a．john miltonb．john donnec．john keatsd．john bunyan２０．"the vanity fair" is a well-known part in___________．a．the pilgrim's progressb．grace abounding to the chief of sinnersc．the life and death of mr．badmand．the holy war２１．in oliver twist, charles criticizes___________．a．money worshipping tendencyb．dehumanizing of workhouse systemc．hypocrisy of the upper societyd．distortion of human heart２２．which of the following plays by shakespeare is history play?a．julius caesarb．the merry wives of windsorc．henry ivd．king lear２３．who is regarded as a "worshipper of nature"．a．john keatsb．william blakec．william wordsworthd．jane austen２４．which of the following writing is not the work by charles dickens?a．a tale of two citiesb．hard timesc．oliver twistd．sons and lovers２５．the 18th century england is known as the___________ in the history．a．romanticismb．classicismc．renaissanced．enlightenment专八人文知识（英国文学）(3)2016-07-17 22:59 | #2楼william wordsworth威廉华兹华斯1770-1850 an evening walk 黄昏漫步;lyrical ballads抒情歌谣集（与柯勒律治合编）;lucy poems 露西组诗(she dwett among the untrodden ways;to the cuckoo杜鹃颂;i wandered lonely as a cloud;the solitary reaper孤寂的刈麦人);ode on intimations of immorality不朽颂;ode to duty义务颂;the excursion远足;the prelude序曲samuel taylor coleridge柯勒律治1772-1834 lyrical ballads;the fall of the bastille巴士底狱的毁灭;the rime of the ancient mariner老船夫;kubla khan忽必烈汗;biographia literaria文学传记robert southey骚塞 joan of arc wat tylergeorge gordon byron乔治拜伦1788-1824 hours of idliness 懒散的时刻;english bords and scottish reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评论家;childe harold’s pilgrimage,cantos i and ii,canto iii 1818恰罗德哈罗德游记;ode to the framers of the frame-bill编织机法案编制者颂;oriental tales东方叙事诗(the bride of abydos阿比道斯的新娘;the corsa海盗;the siege of corinth柯林斯之围);manfred曼弗雷德;the age of bronze青铜世纪;don juan唐璜名诗：she walks in beauty;the isles of greecepercy bysshe shelley波西比希雪莱1792-1822 queen mab麦布女王;prometheus unbound解放了的普罗米修斯;adonais阿东尼斯;the cenci钦契;song to the men of england致英国人民;englandin 1819;the masque of anarchy专制魔王的化装游-行;ode to the west wind/a skylark西风/云雀颂;a defence of poetry诗辩john keats约翰济兹1795-1821 endymion恩底弥翁;isabella伊莎贝拉;the eve of sanit agnes圣爱尼节前夜;ode on a grecian urn 希腊古瓮颂;ode to a nightingale夜莺颂;to autumn秋颂;hyperion 赫披里昂（未完成）20、charles lamb查尔斯兰姆1775-1834 tales from shakespeare莎士比亚故事集;alburn verses诗集;essay of elia伊利亚散文集(dream children梦中儿女;a dissertation unpon roast pig 烤猪论;old china古瓷;new year’s eve除夕;the praise of chimney sweepers扫烟囱童工赞;the superannuated man领取养老金的人;a bachelor’s complaint of the behavior of married people单身汉对结过婚的人的行为的抱怨)walter scott瓦尔特司各特1771-1832 诗：the minstrlsy of the scottish border苏格兰边区歌谣集;marimion玛里恩;the lady of the lake湖上夫人小说：waverley威弗利;guy mannering盖曼纳令;rob roy罗布罗伊;the heart of midlothian米德洛西恩监狱;ivanhoe艾凡赫;kenilworth坎尼尔华斯;woodstock皇家猎馆;queentin durward 昆廷达沃part 6. english critical realismthomas hood胡德1799-1845 the song of the shirt衬衫之歌;the bridge of sighs悲叹之桥;miss kilmansegg and her precious leg基尔曼塞格小姐和她贵重的`腿ernest jones琼斯1819-1869 小说：the women’s wrongs妇女们的委屈名诗：the song of the lower class;the song of the futurecharles dickens狄更斯1812-1870 the posthumous pa-pe-rs of the pickwick club匹克威克外传;oliver twist奥利弗退斯特;american notes美国札记;martin chuzzlewit马丁朱述尔维特;theold curiosity shop老古玩店;dombey and son董贝父子;david copperfield大卫科波菲尔;hard times艰难时世;a tale of two cities 双城记;great expectation远大前程william makepeacethackery萨克雷1811-1863 the book of snobs势利者集;vanity fair名利场;history of pendennis潘丹尼斯的历史;the history of henry esmond亨利艾斯芒的历史;the newcomes纽可谟一家;the virginians弗吉尼亚人jane austin简奥斯丁1775-1817 pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见;sense and sensibility理智与情感;emma爱玛;mansfield park曼斯菲尔德公园;persuasion好事多磨;northanger abbey诺桑觉寺charlote/emily/anne bronte夏洛蒂/爱米丽/安妮勃郎特1816-1855 jane eyre简爱;shirley雪丽/wuthering height呼啸山庄/agones grey艾格尼斯格雷elizabeth cleghorn gaskell盖斯凯尔1810-1865 mary barton 玛丽巴顿;ruth露斯;cranford克兰弗德;north and south北与南;life of charlote bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特传george eliot爱略特(mary ann evans)1819-1880 adam bede 亚当贝德;the mill on the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊；silas marner织工马南;middlemarch米德尔马契;felix holt,the radical。
专八人文知识精讲1-5
专八人文知识精讲（1）英国国土概况一、Land and People一、英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛——大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
专八人文常识辅导材料(英国文学)
专八人文常识辅导材料（英国文学）British Literature: A Concise HistoryI. Review (P.162) 补充091. Ode to the West Wind was written by _____. (2009) A. William Blake.B. William Wordsworth.C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge.D. Percy B. Shelley.2. The novel Sons and Lovers was written by __. (2009) A. Thomas Hardy.B. John Galsworthy.C.D.H. Lawrence. D. James Joyce.3. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by ______. (2008)A. William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Alfred Tennyson4. All of the following are well-known female writers in 20th-century Britain EXCEPT ______. (2008) A. George Eliot B. Iris Jean Murdoch C. Dons Lessing D. Muriel Spark5. Which of the following novels was written by Emily Bronte? (2007)A. Oliver TwistB. MiddlemarchC. Jane EyreD. Wuthering Heights6. William Butler Yeats was a(n) ____ poet and1playwright. (2007)A. AmericanB. CanadianC. IrishD. Australian7. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century? (2006)A. T.S. EliotB. D. H. LawrenceC. Theodore DreiserD. James Joyce8. _____is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into 14 lines. (2006) A. Free verse B. Sonnet C. Ode D. Epigram 9. Thenovel Emma is written by____. (2005) A. Mary Shelly B. Charlotte BronteC. Elizabeth GaskellD. Jane Austen10. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet? (2005)A. William WordsworthB. George EliotC. George ByronD. Percy Shelly II. Historical Periods (P. 10)1. Old and Medieval Times: 5th-15ththth2. The Period of Renaissance: late 15-early 17th3. The Period of Revolution and Restoration: 17th4. The Neo-classical Period: 18 (Enlightenment)5. The Romantic Period: at the turn of the 18th and 19thth6. The Victorian Period: 19th7. The Modern Period: 202III. Key Figures 1. Geoffrey Chaucer2. William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe3. John Milton, John Dryden4. Richard Sheridan, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe5. William Wordsworth, George Byron, P.B Shelly, John Keats, Jane Austen6. Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Oscar Wilde7. G.B. Shaw, Thomas Hardy, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, William Yeats, T.S. EliotIV. Sample1. It is________alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Charles Dickens2. _______ is called “the poets’ poet” whose masterpiece is _________.3A. Edmund Spencer, The Faerie QueeneB. William Wordsworth, The PreludeC. George Byron, Don JuanD. John Milton, Paradise Lost3. It is generally regarded that Keats’s most important and mature poems are in the form of . A. elegy B. ode C. epic D. sonnet4. ________ embodies both Puritanism and Humanism in mid-17th century England.A. John BunyanB. John DrydenC. John MiltonD. John Donne5. Who is NOT the major figure of modernist movement?A. T.S. EliotB. James JoyceC. William YeatsD. George Eliot6. Who is considered to be the best known English dramatist since Shakespeare?A. Oscar WildeB. Richard SheridanC. Christopher MarloweD. George Bernard Shaw7. Of the following poets, which is NOT regarded as “Lake Poets”?4A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SouthyC. William WordsworthD. William Yeats8. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told his experience in .A. LilliputB. BrobdingnagC. the country of HouyhnhnmsD. Laputa9. Which of the following works is NOT written by G.B. Shaw?A. PygmalionB. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionC. Heartbreak HouseD. The Old Curiosity Shop10. “The Vanity Fair” is a well-known part in ______. A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanD. The Holy War11. Which of the following writing is NOT a work byCharles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Hard TimesC. Oliver TwistD. Sons and Lovers12. Who is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”? A. John Keats B. William Blake5。
专八考试人文知识英美文学部分
英国文学知识点总结一、中古世纪时期和文艺复兴时期1.The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on theirway to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by ______. (2006)A.William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. AlfredTennyson2.______ is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed intofourteen lines. (2006)A.Free verseB. sonnetC. odeD. epigram重要文学术语一句话定义：Ballad 民谣：Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. It was handed down from generation to generation. 代表作：Robin HoodEpic 史诗：Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 代表作：BeowulfRenaissance 文艺复兴：It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter, the last line in iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. 代表作：the Faerie QueeneSonnet 十四行诗: A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter. 代表人物：William Shakespeare重要人物和其代表作的一句话评价：Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：He is regarded as the father of modern English poetry. 英国诗歌之父代表作：Canterbury Tales: A collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims.Philip Sidney 菲利普锡尼：He stands for the spirit of the Elizabeth age. 伊莉莎白时代精神的代表代表作：Defense of Poetry, Arcadia.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞：the poet s’ poet. He created Spenser Stanza. 诗人中的诗人，斯宾塞诗节的创作者。
专八人文知识经典总结——英国文学
James Joyce 乔伊斯
Dubiners都柏林人
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 青年艺术家的画像;
Ulysess尤利西斯
Songs of Experience 经验之歌
The Tiger
William Wordsworth
An Evening Walk 黄昏漫步
LyricaΒιβλιοθήκη Ballads 抒情歌谣集Lucy Poems露西组诗
Ode on Intimations of Immorality 不朽颂
The Prelude 序曲
New Instrument 新工具
Essays 论文集（Of Studies 论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）
William Shakespeare
Henry the Sixth
The Merchant of Venice
A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Hamlet
The Tempest 暴风雨
Romeo andJulet
Part 3. The English Bourgeois revolution period
John Milton
L‘Allegro 欢乐的人
IlPenseroso沉思的人
Paradise Lost 失乐园;
Paradise Regained 复乐园;
Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见;
Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感;
Emma 爱玛;
MansfieldPark曼斯菲尔德公园
专八人文知识之英国文学
专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学专⼋⼈⽂知识之英国⽂学 引导语：下⾯是应届毕业⽣培训⽹整理⽽成的，关于专⼋考试⼈⽂知识的⽂章，谢谢您的阅读 ⼀、古英语时期的英国⽂学(499-1066) 1、贝奥武夫 Beowulf (公元⼋世纪)：是迄今为⽌发现的英国盎格鲁—撒克逊时期最古⽼、最长的⼀部较完整的⽂学作品，也是欧洲最早的⽅⾔史诗。
2、阿尔弗雷德⼤帝 Alfred the Great ：英国散⽂之⽗Father of English Prose ⼆、中古英语时期的英国⽂学 1、暗讽体allegory⾮常盛⾏：这是⼀种源于希腊⽂的修辞法,意为"换个⽅式的说法".它是⼀种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事. 2、Romance 开始上升到⼀定的⾼度 3、⾼⽂爵⼠和绿⾐骑⼠Sir Gawain and the Green Knight：反映了骑⼠制度chivalry的理想，是中世纪封建贵族⽂化的精髓。
4、威廉·兰格伦 Willian Langlaud ：著有《农夫⽪尔斯的幻象》Piers Plowman 5、乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer：坎特伯雷故事集(英雄双韵体) The Canterbury Tales 。
在英国⽂学史上，他是第⼀个使⽤⼗⾳节“双韵体”的诗⼈，这个诗体后来在他⾸创下，演化成了“英雄双韵体”，“英雄双韵体”为以后的英国诗⼈所⼴泛采⽤。
他也因此被誉为“英国诗歌之⽗”Father of English poetry。
6、托马斯.马洛礼 Sir Thomas Malory 《亚瑟王之死》The Death of King Arthur 三、⽂艺复兴时期的英国⽂学(伊丽莎⽩时代)(14-16世纪) 1、托马斯.莫尔 Sir Thomas More ：《乌托邦》Utopia 2、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯·怀特和 Henry Howard亨利·霍华德把⼗四⾏诗sonnet引⼊英国 3、菲利普·锡德尼 Philips Sidney：著有《诗辩》The defense of Poesie，这是伊丽莎⽩时代⽂学批评的最佳之作;《阿卡迪亚》Arcadia 描述⽥园⽣活，为现代长篇⼩说的先驱 4、斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser ：《仙后》The Faerie Queene。
英语专八英美文学常识(EnglishLiterature)
英国文学（English LiteratureOld and Medieval English Literatus英语文学但世纪-14 世纪）1）The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Per古英语时期（449-1066）a. pagan poetry（异教诗歌）:Beowulf《贝奥武甫》-最早的诗歌；长诗（3000 行）heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk lege nds of the primitive n orthern tribes; a heroic Scandin avia n epic lege nd; 善恶有报b. religious poetry：Caedmon凯德蒙610-680）: the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf（基涅武甫9C）: The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose Venerable Bede（673-735）； Alfred the Great（848-901）2） The Medieval Period中世纪（1066-ca.1485 / 1500）:a. Romance 中世纪传奇故事（1200-1500）： the Middle Ages;英雄诗歌无名诗人-Sir Gawain and the Gree n Kn igh 高文爵士与绿色骑士》：Celtic lege nd; verse-roma nee; 2530 lines ~ 14th C, Age of Chauce r* Geoffrey Chauce（乔叟1340-1400）:文风：vivid and exact Ian guage, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftn ess the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction 首创双韵体”；首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Talesc ilgrims stories 受Boccaccio（薄伽丘）-Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》（译作）* William Langland｛朗兰1332-1400）：The Vision of Piers Plowmans农夫皮尔斯之幻象》：普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads Thomas Malory （1395-1471）: Morte d ' Art《亚瑟王之死》-圆桌骑士、The Renaissance Perio英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1）诗歌He nry Howard（霍华德1516-1547）a. Thomas Wyatt （怀亚特1503-1542）： the first to i ntroduce the sonn et into En glish literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney雪尼爵士1554-1586）：代表了当时的理想-“he complete man” Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》：a prose romanee filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spense斯宾塞1552-1599）： the poets ' poet; non-dramatic poet of 伊丽莎白时代-Io ng allegorical roma nee文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian StanzaSpenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体）：Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic（抑扬格）pentameter（五步诗）,and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter（六步诗）line.2） Prose 散文a. Thomas More莫尔1478-1535）：欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》：More与海员的对话b. John Lyly黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家）：EupheusEuphuism（夸饰文体）:Abundant use of balaneed sentences, alliterations（头韵）and other artificial prosodic（韵律）means.The use of odd similes（明喻）and comparis onsc. Francis Bacon培根1561-1626）：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期；近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age; Essays^说文集）：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beaut t y e first true English prose classic3）戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe马洛1564-1593）：University Wits 大学才子派Edward II ；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse（无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗）the prin ciple in strume nt of En glish dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustu浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成；完善了无韵体诗。
专八人文知识英美文学复习材料
专业八级备考英美文学知识纲要注：黄色部分为往年已考过的内容。
英国文学Old and Medieval English literature (5th-15th century) 10661. Beowulf oldest English epic2. medieval romance Arthurian romances, knight3. Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales in heroic couplet4. popular ballads Robin Hood stories and the ballad meterThe English Renaissance—Humanism, drama (16th century)1. Edmund Spenser Faerie Queene in the Spenserian stanza, allegorical romance2.Christopher Marlowe The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, Tamburlaine the Great3.William Shakespearea)Major tragedies: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbethb)Major comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of V enice; As YouLike It; The Twelfth Night; Romeo and Julietc)Sonnet 184.Francis Bacon Essays“Of Studies” some quotes from the essay5.King James’s or The Authorized Bible (1604)The 17th Century—Turbulent and gloomy1.John Donne and Metaphysical Poetry “The Flea”, “Valediction: ForbiddingMourning”2.John Milton: Paradise Lost rebellious spirit, Miltonic style, blank verse3.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Progress allegory, satire, Vanity FairThe 18th Century—Age of Reason and common sense1.Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders2.Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels, “A Modest Proposal”3.Neoclassicism and Alexander Pope4.Samuel Johnson Letter to the Right Honourable The Earl of Chesterfield5.Henry Fielding The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling6.Robert Burns: “A Red, Red Rose”“Auld Lang Syne”7.William Blake: Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience, “The Tyger”The Age of Romanticism—Poetry, individualism, nature, emotion (1798-1832)1.William Wordsworth: “The Preface to Lyrical Ballads” as declaration of Romanticism,nature poet “The Solitary Reaper”, “Tintern Abbey”, “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” or“Daffodils” , “Composed upon Westerminster Bridge”2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan3.George Gorgon Byron: the Byronic hero; Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Don Juan4.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Queen Mab, Prometheus Unbound, “Ode to the West Wind”5.John Keats：“Ode to a Nightingale”, “To Autumn”, “Ode on an Grecian Urn”, truth isbeauty, beauty is truth6.Walter Scott: historical romance, Ivanhoe7.Jane Austen: realistic writing about family life, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Sense andSensibilityThe Victorian Age (1832-1901) 19th century1.general features: utilitarianism, middle class urban literature, conservative morality2.Charles Dickens: Dombey and Son, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Great Expectations,Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit3.William Thackeray: Vanity Fair4.The Bronte sisters: Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte; Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte5.George Eliot: Silas Marner, The Mill on the Floss, Middlemarch6.Thomas Hardy: the Wessex novels; Tess of the D’urbervilles, Jude the Obscure, TheReturn of the Native, The Mayor of Casterbridge, naturalist ideas7.Alfred Tennyson: poet8.Robert Browning: poet, dramatic monologue, “My Last Duchess”9.George Bernard Shaw: dramatist, 1925 Nobel Prize winnerThe Twentieth Century1.The features of modernism: alienation and loneliness2.T. S. Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock; The Waste Land 1948 Nobel Prizewinner3.James Joyce: Ulysses, The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Irish, Dublin, stream ofconsciousness4.Virginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway5. D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers(Oedipus Complex), Lady Chatterley’s Lover6.W. B. Yeats: Irish poet, modernism 1923 Nobel Prize winner7.Angry Young Men (1950s): Kingsley Amis, Lucky Jim8.The Theatre of the Absurd: Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot9.Women writers: Doris Lessing, Iris Murdoch, Muriel Spark10.Doris Lessing: The Golden Notebook, 2007 Nobel Prize winner11.contemporary writers: Martin Amis, Ian McEvan, Julia Barnes, A. S. Byatt, MargaretDrabble, Anita Brookner, V. S, Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, Kazuo Ishiguro, Philip Larkin(poet), Seamus Heaney (poet), Harold Pinter (dramatist)12.V. S. Naipaul: Indian-British novelist, 2001 Nobel Prize winner13.Seamus Heaney: Irish Poet 1995 Nobel Prize winner美国文学Colonial Period (1607-1800) –Rise of the American Dream1.Puritanism, Enlightenment, Independence War2.Jonathan Edwards3.Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard’s Almanac, AutobiographyRomanticism (1800-1865) –Prime of the American Dream1.Washington Irving: “Rip Van Winkle”, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”2.James Fenimore Cooper: Leather stocking Tales, American Westward movement3.New England Transcendentalism: Oversoul4.Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Nature”(The Bible for Transcendentalism), “The AmericanScholar” (intellectual independence), prose5.Henry David Thoreau: Walden, prose6.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: poet, “A Psalm of Life”7.Edgar Allan Poe: poet and short story writer, “The Raven”, The Fall of the House ofUsher, Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Purloined Letter8.Walt Whitman: free verse, Leaves of Grass, “Song of Myself”, “O Captain! MyCaptain!”, national poet of America, social and national topics, strongly influenced byEmerson9.Emily Dickinson: poet, regional and inner world, topics on religion, death, love, nature10.Nathaniel Hawthorn: novelist, dark side of human beings, The Scarlet Letter, “YoungGoodman Brown”, “The Minister’s Black Veil”11.Herman Melville: novelist, sea life, Moby DickRealism and Naturalism (1865-1918)—Questioning the American Dream1.William Dean Howells: middle class, The Rise of Silas Lapman2.Mark Twain: Samuel Clemens, lower class, local colorism, The Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn/Tom Sawyer, The Gilded Age3.Henry James: rich class, international theme, psychological descriptions, The Portrait ofa Lady, The Ambassadors, The American, Daisy Miller4.Stephen Crane: pioneer writing in the naturalistic tradition, Maggie: A Girl of theStreets, The Red Badge of Courage5.Frank Norris: McTeague, the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel, a case studyof the inevitable effect of environment and heredity on human lives6.Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, The Financier, An American Tragedy7.Jack London: The Call of the Wild, Martin Eden8.O Henry: short story writer, the American Maupassant, surprise endings, “The Gift ofthe Magi”, “The Cop and the An them”Modernism (1918-1945)—Disillusionment of the American Dream1.Imagist poetry: imagism, direct treatment of the thing, use as few words as possible2.Ezra Pound: “In a Station of the Metro”, The Cantos3.T. S. Eliot: referring to the British part4.Wallace Stevens: “Anecdote of the Jar”, “The Idea of Order at Key West”5.William Carlos Williams: “The Red Wheelbarrow”6.Robert Frost: New England poet, “The Road Not Taken”, “Mending Wall”, “AfterApple-picking”7.Modernist Novels: the Lost Generation8. F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby, the Jazz age9.Ernest Hemingway: the Lost Generation, Hemingway hero, iceberg theory, The Sun AlsoRises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea, 1954Nobel Prize winner10.William Faulkner: the Southern Renaissance/myth, Yoknapatawpha, The Sound and theFury, As I Lay Dying, Light in August, Absalom, Absalom!, stream of consciousness1949 Nobel Prize winner11.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio; describing the grotesque12.Sinclair Lewis: Main Street, sociological writer, first American Nobel Prize winner,(1930)13.Willa Cather: female writer, writing about the Old West in traditional way, My Antonio14.John Dos Passos: 1930s, Depression, U.S.A.15.John Steinbeck: 1930s, Depression, The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, The Pearl1962 Nobel Prize winner16.Drama: A renaissance of drama in 1920s—Eugene O’Neill, The theatre of theDepression in 1930s17.Eugene O’Neill: American dram began in 1916 when O’Neil’s first play Bound East forCardiff was produced, The Hairy Ape, The Iceman Cometh, Long Day’s Journey intoNightPost-War American Literature—Multi-faceted1.The Beat Generation in 1950s: Howl by Allen Ginsberg (poet), On the Road by JackKerouac (novelist)2.Black Humor: Catch-22 by Joseph Heller3.Post-war Realism: Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger4.Jewish literature: Herzog by Saul Bellow5.African-American literature: Richard Wright, Native Son; Ralph Ellison, The InvisibleMan; Toni Morrison, Beloved6.Post-war drama: Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire;Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman7.Theatre of the Absurd: George Albee, Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf?Literary Terms:1. Alliteration: repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more wordsthat are next to or close to each other.2. Iambic pentameter: poetic meters of five iambs or feet. Iambic means the stress is on thesecond syllable.3. Heroic couplet: a pair of rhyming iambic pentameter lines.4. Blank verse: unrhymed poetic lines in iambic pentameters.5. Sonnet: a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines linkedby an intricate rhyme scheme. Italian or Petrarchan sonnet is composed of an octave and a sestet (rhyming abbaabba cdecde). Shakespearean sonnet consists of three quatrains and a couplet (rhyming abab cdcd efef gg).6. Assonance: repetition of related vowel sounds7. Ode: a long lyric poem that is serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style and elaboratein its stanzaic structure.8. Spenserian stanza: a nine-line stanza of eight lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambichexameter. The rhyme scheme is abab bcbc c.9. Romance: a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights.10. Ballad: a narrative poem that tells a story.11. Ballad meter: a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second andfourth lines rhyme.12. Allegory: a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeperunderlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.13. American Puritanism: Puritanism is a Protestant movement which spread its influence intothe New England colonies in 17th century. The American Puritans believed that the Church should be restored to the “purity” of the Church as established by Christ himself. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement. 14. American Romanticism: American Romanticism is the literary movement stretching from theend of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It was in essence the expression of “a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality”. There was American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. The features can be found in the major works by Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman.15. Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism is a literary and philosophical movement, associatedwith Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcended the empirical and scientific and was knowable through intuition.16. American Realism: First, American realist authors described life truthfully. Second, they putthe typical characters under typical circumstances. Third, they were objective rather than idealized, in a close observation and investigation life. Finally, realistic works were concerned with social and psychological problems. The famous realistic works include Henry James’s The Ambassadors and Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.17. Local Colorism: As a literary trend, local colorism made its presence felt in the late 1860s toearly 70s. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local characters of their regions. The representative works of local colorism include Bret Hart’s “The Luck of Roaring Camp” and H. B. Stowe’s Oldtown Folks.18. American Naturalism: American naturalism is a literary tendency that prevailed in 1890s.Under the influence of social Darwinism and inspired by French naturalism, American naturalists wrote about the helplessness of man in a cold, amoral world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity. The features of naturalism can be found in the major works by Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.19. Lost Generation: The Lost Generation refers to the group of American writers who came ofage during World War I and established their reputations in the 1920s. The writers considered themselves “lost” because their inherited values could not operate in the postwar world. The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and others.20.Image(in Pound’s poetry): An image is defined by Pound as that which presents anintellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time, “a vortex or cluster of fused ideas”“endowed with energy”.21. Stanza: Stanza is a recurrent grouping of two or more lines or more lines of a poem in termsof length, metrical form, and rhyme-scheme.22. Code Hero: Code hero is the Hemingwayan hero, an average man of decidedly masculinetastes, sensitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few words.23. Southern Literature: Southern Literature is defined as American literature about the SouthernUnited States or by writers from this region. The Southern literature meets its renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s, and the famous Southern writers include Ellen Glasgow and William Faulkner.24. “Anti-hero”(as in William Faulkner’s works): A central character in a work of literature wholacks traditional heroic qualities such as courage, physical prowess, and fortitude. Anti-heroestypically distrust conventional values and are unable to commit themselves to any ideals.Anti-heroes usually accept, and often celebrate, their positions as social outcasts.25. Allusion: Allusion is a figure of speech that makes brief, often casual reference to a historicalor literary, event, or object.26. Beat Generation: Beat generation is a term applied to a group of American poets andnovelists of the 1950s and 1960s who were in romantic rebellion against the culture and value systems of America. They expressed their revolt through the literary works of loose structure and slang diction. Among the leading members of the loose group were the poet Allen Ginsberg and the novelist Jack Kerouac.27. Black Humor: Black humor is a term applied to a large group of American novels beginningin the 1950s, represented by Joseph Heller’s Catch 22. In the novelists’ opinion, their society is full of institutionalized absurdity. Therefore, all of them hold a cynical attitude toward society and the conventional moral values. This despondency is reflected in their novels by the use of exaggeration as a vehicle for satire.28. Satire: Satire is a literary manner which blends a critical attitude with humor and with wit forthe purpose of improving human institutions or humanity. Catch-22, satirizes bureaucracy and the military, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century.29. Motif:Motif is a theme, character type, image, metaphor, or any other verbal element thatrecurs throughout a single work of literature or occurs in a number of different works over a period of time. For example, the disillusionment of “American Drama” is one of the important motifs in Death of a Salesman.30. Theatre of the Absurd: The Theatre of the Absurd is an avant-garde kind of drama in the1950s and 1960s that represents the absurdity of the human condition by abandoning rational devices and realistic form. Some playwrights in the school are Samuel Beckett and Edward Albee.。
英国文学知识(专八人文知识必备)
英国文学知识一、中古英国文学1.Beowulf : the oldest poem in the English language and the most importantspecimen of Anglo-Saxon literature.2.Geoffrey Chaucer: he is acclaimed as the father of English Poetry and father ofEnglish fiction. His masterpiece。
The Canterbury TalesThe Romaunt of the RoseThe Legend of good WomenThe House of Fame二、文艺复兴时期时间：14世纪到17世纪中后期特点：Humanism became the keynote of English Renaissance著名作家：1.Thomas More: Utopia2.Edmund Spenser (a poet):The Faerie QueenThe Shepherd Calendar3.Christopher Marlowe( a poet and dramatist):Edward IIDr. FaustusTamburlaineThe Jew of Malta4.William Shakespeare喜剧：A Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you like itMerchant of VeniceThe Twelfth night悲剧：Romeo and JulietThe Tempest四大悲剧：Othello, Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet主要历史剧：Henry IV, Henry V5.Francis BaconEssaysThe advancement of learning6.John DonneThe Elegies and SatiresThe Songs and Sonnets7.John Milton (poet)晚年三首长诗Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes三：新古典主义时期时间：17世纪中后期到18世纪特点：The neoclassicists held that all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic and restrained emotion and accuracy.著名作家：1.John Dryden: All for Love2.John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy WarThe life and Death of Mr. Badman3.Alexander Pope An Essay on CriticismAn Essay on ManThe Rape of the LockOdyssey4.Daniel Defoe(who is called the father of English and European novels)Robison CrusoeA journal of the Plague yearCaptain Singleton5.Jonathan SwiftGulliver’s TravelA Tale of a TubA Modest proposalThe Drapier’s letters6.Henry FieldingThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling7.Samuel Johnson (著名词汇家，第一部英语字典的编者)A Dictionary of the English LanguageThe Vanity of Human WishesLondon8.Richard Brinsley SheridanThe school for the scandalThe Rivals9.Thomas GrayElegy Written in a country churchyardOde on the spring四：浪漫主义时期时间：18世纪中期到19世纪中期特点：Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty and is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom. The Romanticism period is an age of Poetry and poets.主要作家1.William BlakeSongs of ExperienceSongs of InnocencePoetical SketchesThe marriage of heaven and hell2.William WordsworthLyrical BalladsTo the CuckooMy Heart leaps up3.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeKubla Khan 忽必烈汗三巨头1.George Gordon ByronCainDon JuanChilde Harold’s Pilgrimage2.Percy Bysshe ShelleyOde to the West WindOde to the SkylarkPrometheus unboundedThe Necessity of AtheismQueen Mab3.John KeatsOde to AutumnOde to a nightingaleOde on a Grecian um 希腊古瓷颂Isabella以下各位不太重要：1.Charles LambTales from ShakespeareEssays of Elia2.Mary ShelleyFrankenstein3.Robert SoutheyJoan of Arc 圣女贞德小说家Jane AustinEmmaSense and SensibilityPride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkPersuasion五、VICTORIA PERIOD时间：维多利亚1837年继位，1901年去世。
英专八级人文重要考点总结——英美文学
. 英语专业八级人文知识——英国文学Part one Old and Medieval English Literature1. Old English P oetry and “Beowulf ”(贝奥武浦)• “Beowulf ” → the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and English people →Alliteration( 头韵）national epic: 国家史诗（赞颂一个国家的丰功伟绩 ）2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury T ales①The R omance ( describing the life and adventures of a noble hero) 浪漫传奇• King Arthur and His Knights o f the R ound T able 《亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士》②Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟→ the “_ father of English poetry__________________”,→“The Canterbury T ales ” is Chaucer’s masterpiece (stories narrated by Pilgrims 朝圣者)→ he introduced rhymed couplet to English poetry , instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.• (Couplet: A stanza of two lines, usually rhyming. ) couplet: 对句，对联 stanza:诗的一节Renaissance (1485—1660) 文艺复兴→ The Background: the society was in its transition from the feudalism to capitalism.→ Revival or rebirth of classical arts, culture and philosophy after the dark ag e s of medieval → The key word for it is _ humanism _, emphasized secular concerns , express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.→ Shakespeare, Spenser , and Marlowe are all famous literary figures in this periodThomas More (1478-1535)Utopia (socialism ) The definition of Utopia is "no place." Edmund Spenser(1552-1599) “A poet’s poet” The Faerie Queen 《仙后》Francis Bacon 培根 (1561-1626)1 “Adv an cemen t o f Learning ” 学术的推进:2 “New Instrument ” :新工具 the inductive method of reasoning3. “New Atlantics ” : an ideal society 新大西岛4. “Essays ” / 58 essays 论说文集A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, beauty, studies, riches…His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression☆ his essays is an important landmark in the development of English pr oseChristopher Marlowe (1564-1593)1.University wits, the greatest pioneer of English d rama2. blank verse V erse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually of iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格). 无韵诗，素体诗3. Doctor Faustus 《浮士德》William Shakespeare：the greatest English poet and dramatist①154sonnets（十四行诗）（商籁体）,②37plays,including14comedies,12tragedies,and11historical plays,③2long poems.☆But for such a great writer,we have very little definite knowledge about his life. Shakespeare’s T ragedies(1)Hamlet(2)Othello(3)King Lear(4)Macbeth Shakespeare’s Comedies(1)The Merchant o f V enice(2)A Mi d summer Night's Dream(3)As Y ou Like It《皆大欢喜》(4)T welfth nightThe Merchant of Venice to praise the friendship be tw e en Antonio and Bassanio,to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty,wit and loyalty,to expose the insatiable greed and brutality (Shylock)Hamlet hesitate betw een fact and fiction,language and action→T o be,or not to be-to live on in this world or to die;to suffer or to tak e action Soliloquy or monologue-fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters（独白）Poetry1.Narrative poetry①the epic②the r omance③popular ballads2.Lyric poetry①the elegy:a lyric poem lamenting the death of an individual.挽歌②the ode:a lyric poem of considerable length to sing in honor a person or a thing.It is seriousin subject and formal in style.颂歌3.Dramatic poetry:dialogue in the d ramaSonnetA14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.Rhyme:abab cdcd efef gg☆3quatrains(3four-line stanza)+1couplet(2lines)quatrains:四行诗The period of the English Bourgeois Revolution→Historical background:two revolutions:puritan revolution and glorious revolutionthe transition from the absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy→1.two literary schools of poets①the school of Metaphysical玄学②the school of Cavaliers.骑士2.the most important poet:John Milton Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派诗歌)It is the poetry of John Donne and other seventeenth-century poe ts who wrote in a similar style.dislike traditional poem Scholar,Highly abstract or theoretical;John Milton约翰·弥尔顿the last great poemsParadise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙.→The two most essential things:Puritanism and his republicanism.Paradise Lost→the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.→the main idea of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority→Satan is the real her o of the poem.Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.John Bunyan(1628-1688)班扬Puritan author His best known work,The Pilgrim‘s Progress天路历程a religious allegory（宗教预言）18世纪英国文学Cultural Background1.Enlightenment Movemen t启蒙运动⑴A progressive intellectual movement⑵E nlighteners considered“Enlightenment”or“education”of the people to be their chief objective.⑶They believed in the power of reason(the age of reason)⑷two groups:①the moderate(Pope,Defoe,Addison)（温和派）→support the principles of the existing social order②the radical(Swift,Fielding,Sheridan)（激进派）→crisis→Sentimentalism（感伤主义）18世纪英国文学Complex:An age of pr ose(Addison’s essay\Swift’s satire\Fielding’s novel)1.Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(P ope\Addison\S teel:model themselves after Greek and Latin authors)2.Sentimentalism(Gray\Goldsmith\Richardson\Sterne:discontent with the social reality “Heart”)3.The beginning of modern novel→Major novelists:Defoe\Swift\Fielding\Richardson,4.Pre-romanticism in English poetry5.English Drama(Sheridan:the school for Scandal) Neo-classicism新古典A revival interest in old classic works,order,logic→(model themselves after Greek andLatin authors)1.Alexander P ope蒲伯:Heroic couplet英雄双韵体2.Joseph Addison艾迪生Sir Richard Steele斯梯尔:The Spectator旁观者3.Samuel Johnson:DictionaryAlexander P ope蒲柏Neo-classicism新古典Heroic couplet英雄双韵体Lines of ia mbic pentameter rhyme in pairs；P ope carried this to its last stage of perfection；An Essay on CriticismSentimentalism格列 n i discontent with the social realityThomas Gray 格雷 (poem) Laurence Sterne (novel)Thomas Gray (1716 -1771)Sentimentalism The graveyard school 墓园派Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》The beginning of modern novelSmollett: First important sea novelist Laurence Sterne 斯泰恩 : SentimentalismSamuel Richardson 理查生: Pamela, or Virtue R ewarded 《帕美拉》Clarissa Harlowe, or Virtue T riumphant 《克拉丽莎》1.Daniel Defoe 迪福 : R obinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记R obinson is the very prototype of the empire builder , the pioneer colonist.2.Jonathan Swift 斯威夫特 ： a master satirist Gulliver‘s Travels 佛游记3.Henry Fielding ：Father of English novel 、The founder of English realistic novel T om Jones 汤姆· 琼斯Romanticism in Britain The New Literary T rend (1798---1832)1.Dissatisfaction with the society (1) A revolt against it (2) An escape from it2. An introspection into one ’s inner world ( attention on spiritual and emotional life)3. The passions of man and the beauties of nature4. A period of poetical revival(1) The Romantic period is an age of poetry . (Blake , Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley , Keats)(2) The Romantic period is a great age of prose. Coleridge , Hazlitt, Lamb (3) This period is also a great age of novels.Walter ScottScott ’s historical novels combine a romantic atmospher e with a realistic depiction of historical b ack ground and common people ’s life. Scott mark ed the transition from romanticism to the period realism.William Blake 布莱克 Symbolism: 象征主义1.The earliest poems: Poetical sk etches 素描诗集2.Songs o f Innocence 天真之歌3.Songs o f experience 经验之歌_4.famous poem: The tiger\London\The Chimney SweeperRobert Burns (1759-1796)1.Written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjectsP oems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 苏格兰方言诗集2. Songs of love and friendship —a new spirit of romanticism“A Red, Red Rose ”一朵红红的玫瑰3 The rural theme / Beauties of nature“My Heart’s the Highlands ”我的心呀在高原1.Samuel T aylor Coleridge(1772-1834)柯勒律治P oetic and critic “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” 1798 《古舟子咏》“Kubla Khan” 1816 《忽必烈汗》•W ordsworth and Coleridge 's Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》William Wordsworth 威廉· 华兹华斯“Lucy ”---《露西组诗》(She Dwelt Among the Untr odden Ways ） ☆harmony be tw ee n humanity and nature2. “The Solitary Reaper ”---《孤寂的刈麦人》 ☆pathetic pictures of the labouring people3. “I wondered lonely as a cloud ”—《我孤独如云》☆ deep love for natureGeorge Gordon“Childe Harold ’s Pilgrimage ” 1812《恰罗德· 哈罗德游记》“Don Juan ” 1812-1823 masterpiece 《唐· 璜》 a great comic epic of the early 19th century . The “ Byronic hero ” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin• 名诗：She W alks in Beauty The Isles o f GreecePercy Bysshe Shelly 雪莱 (1792-1822)1. “Queen Mab ”:麦布女王 His first long poem expresses almost all his major political ideas.2. “Prometheus Unbound ”:《解放了的普罗米修斯 》His masterpiece; a lyrical drama.3. Lyrics on nature and love: e.g. “Ode to the West Wind”; “To a Skylark”《西风/云雀颂 》 ☆“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”John Keats(1795-1821) Not noble Died of TB Died at 25Ode on MelancholyOde on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂It reveals the contrast between the permanence o f art and the transience o f human passion. Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂It reveals the contrast between the happy world o f natural loveliness and human world o f agonyOde to Psyche Ode to Autumn 秋颂The Development of Victorian Literature→ Victorian Literature, as a pr oduct of its age, naturally had its quality of magnitude and diversity .It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people ’s life and thought.→the great period of the novel in Britain Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common peopleThe Genres of Victorian Literature1)The novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.Charles Dickens,William Makepeace Thackeray,Charlotte Bronte,Emily Bronte,Elizabeth Gaskell,George EliotRobert Browning勃朗宁(1812-1889)the most original poet,who improve and matur e the dramatic monologue戏剧独白Wrote an admiring letter to Elizabeth Barret(an invalid,a poet,six years elder)→famous r omance→secretely wedded,eloped to Italy in1846→Sonnets From the P ortuguese(love poems to her husband)葡萄牙十四行诗The ring and book(poetic drama)My last Duchess(dramatic monologue)→A poem in which a single character,addressing a silent listener,explains his actions at an important moment or crisis in his lifeHome Thoughts From AbroadAlfred T ennyson(1809-1892)P oet Laureate A real artistinvents dramatic monologueJane Austen简·奥斯丁1775-18171.Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺2.Sense and Sensibility理智与情感3.Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见4.Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园5.Emma爱玛6.P ersuasion劝导Austen’s writing style1.The founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle-class people.2.Vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country society,the small world she lived in3.Delicate description of the daily talks and doings of y oung people4.Quiet irony and analysis of characterCharles Dickens(1812-1870)→one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age→famous for his forceful social criticism→urb an poor(Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people)→Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works→A mingling of humor and p ath os悲伤The P osth umou s Papers o f the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传Oliver T wist奥利弗·退斯特/雾都孤儿American Notes美国札记The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Dombey and Son董贝父子David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔Hard Times艰难时世A T ale o f T wo Cities双城记Great Expectation远大前程”·Thackeray (1811-63)萨克雷 Representative of critical realism→different from Dickens, Less interested in direct social criticism→ Showing people ’s vanity and their deluded efforts to achieve wealth and social statusThe book o f Snobs (1846-47)势利者集 V anity Fair (1847-48)名利场P endennis (1848)潘登尼斯 Henry Esmond (1852)亨利爱德芒德The Newcomes (1853)纽卡姆一家 The Virginians (1857)弗吉尼亚人V anity Fair 名利场★V anity Fair is Thackeray ’s masterpiece.★ The term "vanity fair" originates from the allegorical story The Pilgrim's Progress, by John Bunyan.★ The sub-title of the book, “A Novel Without a Hero (the characters are all flawed to a greater or lesser degree )★ The novel satirizes society in early 19th-century England (characterised by hypocrisy and opportunism).George Eliot (1819-1880)insightful psychological novels （心理小说 ）Writing about life in small rural towns,《亚当· 比德》 Adam Bede (1859) 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 The Mill on the Floss (1860)《织工马南》 Silas Marner (1861) 《米德尔玛契》Middlemarch (1871-1872) ----a portrait of life in a provincial town, is considered her masterpiece.As a woman of exceptional (特有的)intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of womenThe Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte (1816-1855) Jane Eyre Shirley ProfessorEmily Bronte 爱米丽 · 勃郎特 1818-1848 Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄 （Heathcliff ） Anne Bronte 安妮· 勃郎特 Agnes Grey 艾格尼斯格雷简· 爱 Jane Eyre (1847) Jane Eyre Mr. Rochester★ The center theme : women should have equal rights with man. （The position of woman in society ）★ The problem of the bourgeois system of education;★ The problem of orphan;Thomas HardyUnder the Greenwood T ree(1872) 绿茵下 Far fr om the Madding Crowd(1874) 远离尘嚣 The Return o f the Native(1878) 还乡 The Mayor o f Casterbridge(1886) 卡斯特桥市长 T ess of the D ’Urbervilles(1891) 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure(1896) 无名的裘德His principal works are the Wessex novelsi.e.novels describing the characters and environment of his native countryside.He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers威塞克斯小说His pessimistic philosophy seems to show that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate,which brings misfortune to human life.English literature at the turn of the century→The turn of the century→Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),John Galsworthy George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)Oscar Wilde(1854-1900),→Irish poet and dramatist→The literary school of decadence→apostle of Aestheticism “art for art’s sake”.→The Picture o f Dorian Gray(1891)道林·格雷的画像剧作→his comic masterpieces The Importance o f Being Earnest(1895)埃耐斯特的重要性. Lady Windermere's Fan(1892)温德米尔夫人的扇子An ideal Husband理想丈夫童话→"The Happy Prince."(his fairy tales especially)快乐王子John Galsworthy(1867-1933高尔斯华绥①The first trilogy“The Forsyte Saga”福尔塞世家:The Man o f Property(1906)有产业的人（It was a landmark in the development of Galsworthy’s art.It established his place in literature as a representative of bourgeois realism in the20th century English novel.）In Chancery(1920)骑虎难下T o let(1921)出租;②The second trilogy,“A Modern Comedy”:现代喜剧The White Monkey(1924)白猿The Silver Spoon(1926)银匙Swan Song(1928)天鹅曲Bernard ShawShaw was an essay-writer，language scholar and critic，but is best-remembered as a playwright.pr oblem plays.Widowers’Houses鳏夫的房产Mrs.W arren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Devil’s Disciple魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman人与超人Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbroken House伤心之家The Apple Cart苹果车H.G.Wells（1866-1946）威尔斯•Wells is celebrated as a popularizer of science，but his best novels explore serious social and cultural themes，•科幻小说：The Time Machine时间机器E.M.Forster福斯特（1879-1970）A P assage to India印度之行Howards End霍华德庄园The Longest Journey最漫长的旅程The Room With A View可以远眺的房间Wher e Angels Fear to T read天使们忘而却步的地方,William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965)毛姆1915—Of Hu man Bandage 人性 枷锁 1919 — The Moon and Sixpence 月亮 与六 便士 1930—Cakes and Ale 寻欢作乐 1944—The Razor ’s Edge 刀锋 1951—short storiesArnold Bennett ， 1867-1931Naturalism Old Wives' T ale 《老妇谭》Joseph Conrad 康拉德 (1857-1924)☆by birth a P ole ☆ His experience as a sailor made the sea his favorite theme.☆ Conrad's narratives may resemble adventure stories in incident and setting ， but his real concern is with issues of character and morality .Heart o f Darkness 黑暗的心灵 Lord Jim 吉姆老爷An Outcast o f progress 文明的前哨 The Chance 机缘The Nostromo 诺斯特罗莫 The secret Age n t 间谍“The Nigger o f the Narcissus ”(1899) is a magnificent and symbolic story of a ship in a storm. 水 仙号上的黑鬼Modernism(1)A reaction against realism(2)Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.(3)The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships b e tw e en man and nature,man and society, man and man, and man and himself .(4) The modernist writers concentrate more on the private than on the public, more on the subjective th an on the objective.They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual. In their writings, th e past, the present and the future are mingled toge ther and exist at the same time in the consciousness of an individual.James Joyce (1882-1941)乔伊斯 Irish novelistSecond only to Shak espeare in his mastery of the English language• definitely established “ stream of consciousness ” as a valid way of writing fiction.• 1914—Dubliners 短篇小说集（都柏林人）short stories about the hard life of poor peoplein Dublin• 1916– A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man 青年艺术家的画像, a novel which islargely autobiographical, about a boy growing up in Dublin.• 1922– Ulysses 尤利西斯, a novel about three main characters in Dublin, told entirelythr oug h “stream of consciousness ”• 1939— Finnegan ’s Wake 芬尼根的觉醒, a long , extremely difficult book, written inmany languages, with many layers of symbolism, full of puns, linguistic gymnastics anddeep complicated philosophy• ☆stream-of -consciousness, or interior -monologue: a literary device that renders all theth ough ts ， feelings and sensations of a character with scrupulous psychological realism.• ☆ epiphany Joyce employ ed symbols to create what he called an “epiphany ，” the; revelation of an emotional or personal truthVirginia Woolf (1882-1941) Novelist and critic Leader of the “Bloomsbury Group ” 1922 — J acob ’ s R oom 1925 Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人 1927 – T o the Lighthouse 到灯塔去1929—A R oom of O ne ’s Own 1931—The W aves 浪 1937—The Y ears 1939—Between the Acts 幕间散文集D wrence(1885-1930) 劳伦斯 O ne of the most original and controversial writers of the early 20th century• 1910---- The white P eacock 白孔雀 1913—Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人 • 1915—The Rainbow 虹 1921—Women In Love 恋爱中的妇女 •1923—Kangaroo 1926—The Plumed Serpent •1928—Lady Chatterly ’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人P oem of 20th centuryWilliam Butler Y eats 叶芝Irish writer who is considered among the greatest poe ts of the 20th century .• The Winding Stair 盘旋的楼梯T.S.Eliot 艾略特 诗集：Prufrock and Other Observation 普鲁夫洛克及其他The W aste Land 荒原•William Golding (1911-1993)戈尔丁Winner of the 1983 Nobel Prize Novelist, essayist, poetThe Lord of the Flies （1954） The Inheritors 继承人T ed Hughs 特德· 休斯 1930-The Hawk in the Rain 雨中鹰 （poem ）Richard Lessing 多丽丝· 莱辛 1919-The Four -gated City 四门城 The Golden Notebook 金色笔记蒸英语专业八级人文知识——美国文学Introduction to American literature1.The Colonial P eriod2.The Romantic P eriod (the first half of 19th century)3.The Age of Realism and Naturalism4.The P eriod ar ound WWIChapter One The Colonial PeriodI. The Colonial P eriod (the early 17th and 18th century)1. Puritanism: idealism and opportunism2. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明· 富兰克林 :→ “The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin”自传→ Poor Richard ’ s Almanac 穷查理历书 (containing witty maxims for achieving wealth as a result of hard work and thrift)3.Philip Freneau (poem)菲利普· 弗伦诺 The Rising Glory of America 蒸日上的美洲American PuritanismPuritans → The early settlers☆ founding fathers of the America nation☆T o purify the rituals and lessen the authority of bishops → escaped to the new world, create a new paradise→ advocate highly religious and moral principles.→ American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.Chapter Two American Romanticism and New England LiteratureRepresentative figures of the time:Pre-romanticism: W ashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper 库珀Post-romanticism:Novelists: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman MelvilleP oets: Henry W adesworth Longfellow, Edgar Allan P oe, Walt Whitman Emily DickinsonEssayists: Ralph W aldo Emerson, Henry David ThoreauAmerican RomanticismThe romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century thr oug h the outbreak of the Civil W ar (1790-1865).1. Background(1) Political b ack ground and economic developmentT erritorial Expansion Industrial Growth The Civil WarThe “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism. →optimism and hope among the people There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider.(2)foreign influence–Romantic movement in European countriesAmerican Romanticism☆Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.☆For romantics,the feelings,intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.☆They stressed th e close relationship be tw ee n man and nature;☆They emphasized individualism and affirmed the inner life of the self.Washington Irving(1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文早期浪漫主义小说家A History of New Y ork纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记→①The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家→②Rip V an WinkleJames Fenimore Cooper1789-1851詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀早期浪漫主义小说家“Leatherstocking T ales”皮裹腿故事集→a series of five novels,that is☆the Pioneers拓荒者(I823)☆the Last o f the Mohicans(1826)最后的莫希干人☆The Prairie(1827)大草原☆The Pathfinder(1840)探路者☆The Deerslayer(1841)杀鹿者→adventure into the wilderness of the West2.The summit of Romanticism---New England T ranscendentalism超验主义1.Emerson/“Nature”2.Henry David Thoreau/“Walden”3.Whitman/“Leaves of Grass”4.Hawthorn/“The Scarlet Letter”5.Herman Meville\“Moby Dick”Post-romanticism(New England T ranscendentalism)• 1.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)爱默生•→The leading New England T ranscendentalist•→“Nature”论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者• 2.Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)•→T ranscendentalist\Emerson’s friend→W alden《瓦尔登湖》The major features of T ranscendentalism1.The T ranscendentalists placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul,as the most importantthing in the universe.2.The T ranscendentalists stressed the importance of the individual.T o them the individualwas the most important element of society.3.The T ranscendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit orGod.Nature was,to them,not purely matter.It was alive,filled with God’s overwhelming presence.·The Development of T ranscendentalism• ☆ Nature (in 1836) by Ralph W aldo Emerson• Nature ’s voice pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of NewEngland T ranscendentalism, the summit of American Romanticism.• T ranscendentalist Club• ☆ T ranscendentalism was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism, thereligious idealism of their Puritan past.T ranscendentalists ’ emphasis on the individualwas directly traceable to the Puritan principle of self -culture and self -improvement. Thusthere is good reason to state that New England T ranscendentalism was Romanticism onthe Puritan soil.• ☆ New England T ranscendentalism was important to American literature. It inspired awhole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson.Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)☆ Novels:Scarlet Letter 《红字》 Hester Prynne; The House of Seven Gables 《七个尖角 阁的房子》;• The Blithedale R omance 《福谷传奇》; The Marble Faun 《大理石神像》☆Short story collections:• T wice-T old T ales 《故事新编》Moses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》Herman Melville 赫尔曼· 梅尔维尔 1819-1891• Moby Dick/The White Whale 莫比· 迪克/白鲸Edgar Allan P oe 埃德加· 爱伦· 坡 1809-1849→The first professional writer in AmericaThe first writer of detective story in the world• -----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头• The Fall o f the House o f Usher 厄舍古屋的倒塌(novel);• → The Raven 乌鸦(poem) T amerlane and Other P oems 帖木儿和其他诗;• T o Hellen 致海伦（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Walt Whitman(1819-1892)沃尔特· 惠特曼 •••••O ne of the great innovators in American P oetry Free verse Growing up in a working-class back ground, having little education Leaves o f Grass 草叶集 → Song o f Myself ”自 我 之 歌 reveals a world of equality , without rank and hierarchy .poets •①Emily Dickinson(1830-1886) • The P oems o f Emily Dickinson 埃米莉 迪金森诗集(love, death,nature,friendship, andimmortality)·”• ② Henry W adsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思朗费罗 1807-1882 →A Psalm of Life 生命礼赞（short poem ）→ The Song of Hiawatha 海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗•③; William Cullen Bryant 1794-1878 柯伦· 布莱恩特 •→ T o a Waterfowl 致水鸟-----英语中最完美的短诗Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽特· 比彻· 斯托 1811-1896• Uncle T om ’s Cabin 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》 ☆“一个女人和一本书引发的战争 ”—南北战争Chapter 3 The Age of Realism and Naturalism• The three strong advocates of 19th century American realismWilliam Dean Howells (critic)豪威尔斯 Henry James 威廉· 詹姆斯 Mark Twain 马克· 吐温Henry James 1842-1910→ James ’novel ’s “international situation” are set against a b ack gr ound be tw een America and Europe→James contribution to literary criticism is immense.• T o him, “art without life is a poor affair ”. “the aim of the novel is to represent life ”.→ His realism was called as Psychological realism .• He was esp. an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of the times.• The American Daisy Miller The Portrait o f a Lady 贵妇人画像• The Wings o f the Dove 鸽翼 The Ambassadors 大使Mark Twain 马克· 吐温1. “The Adventures o f Tom Sawyer 汤姆· 索耶历险记2. “The Adventures o f Huckleberry Finn ”----his masterpiece/ 哈克贝利· 费恩历险记“The Gilded Age ” 镀金时代3. F amous for his localism, colloquial style, humor and bitter attacksAmerican Naturalism : pessimistic realism1. Naturalism cam e from France.2. Reasons: civil war , social upheavals ☆Darwin ’s theory of evolution : the survival of the fittest→ Men were conditioned\ d omi nat ed by social and economic forces, by heredity and environment.3. Features of naturalist writing:A. naturalist writers turned literary creation into a mechanical record of society, in a way of attempting to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. They never made comments on the characters and their behaviors.B. The characters were o ften figures of low social and economic classesC.They stressed men had no free will,their lives were controlled by heredity and environment.4.American Naturalist writers:S tephen Crane,Frank Norris,Jack London,Henry Adams,Theodore Dreiser.Stephen Crane(1871-1900)斯蒂芬·克莱恩•Maggie:A Girl o f the S treets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）•The R ed Badge o f Courage红色英勇勋章•The Black Riders(his first book of poems)Theodore Dreiser(1871-1945)德莱塞•Sister Carrie1900☆A feather in wind,she is totally at the mercy of forces she cannot comprehend and control.She does not seem to possess what may be called a moral fibre in her.•Jennie Gerhardt1911T rilogy of Desire欲望三部曲Financer金融家1912,The Titan巨人1914,The Stoic斯多葛1915•An American T ragedy美国的悲剧1925（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Frank Norris(1870-1902)弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus1901章鱼Jack London(1876-1916)杰克·伦敦Martin Eden马丁·伊登（masterwork）The Call o f the Wild野性的呼唤The Sea-W olf海狼White Fang白獠牙O Henry(1862---1910)欧·享利☆famous for short stories1“The Gift o f Magi”2“The Cop and the Anthem”3.F amous for his fascinating plot,h umor ous touch,interesting puns,localism,and unexpected endings.Chapter Four The Period around WWIAmerican literature in the1920s and1930s1.P oets:T.S.Eliot:“the W aste Land”R obert Frost2.Novelists:Fitzgerald/“the Great Gatsby”Hemingway/“A Farewell to Arms”Faulkner/ wrote about the SouthThe Lost Generation迷惘的一代→a disillusionment about the value of war→disgusted by th e new frivolous,greedy way of life in AmericaWhen the First World W ar brok e out,many idealistic y oung Americans volunteered to tak e part in the war and test their own bravery.They discovered that modern warfare was not。
专八人文的知识(英国文学)
专八人文知识（英国文学）Part 1. Old and medievalBeowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.William Langland 威廉。
兰格伦Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟1340-1400 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribution to English poetry: introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English renaissanceThomas More托马斯。
莫尔Utopia乌托帮Philip Sidney菲力普。
锡德尼Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。
斯宾塞The Faerie Queene 仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）The founder of English materialist philosophyChristopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。
专八人文知识讲义
Unit One English Literature and American LiteratureSection One English Literature1. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greek culture, new discovery in geography and astrology and the religious reformation and the economic expansion.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress（天路历程）is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.3. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, Alexander Pope （蒲柏）was the first to introduce rationalism to England.4. Generally speaking, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is humanism.5. In “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and thi s gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets 18), “this” refers to poetry.6. About Renaissance, a) humanism is the essence; b) Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation; c) The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real stream of the English Renaissance.7. It is Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里﹒乔叟）alone who, for the first time in English Literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and createda whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.8. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s sonnets.9. The reasons for that Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞）is f amous for “the poets’poet” are Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty and his exquisite melody.10. Marlowe （马洛）gave new vigor to blank verse with his “mighty lines”.11. In Shelly’s “To a Skylark”, （雪莱，《云雀颂》）the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture and human limitation.12. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?…and if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it As hard for you to leave, as it is now for me to leave you.”The above quoted passage is most probably taken from Jane Eyre.13. The sentences “and now he stared at her so earnestly that I thought the very intensity of his ga ze would bring tears into his eyes; but they burned with anguish, they did not melt” are found in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte.14. The most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson（琼森）.15. Descriptions about the Neoclassical Period: a) The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period; b) Henry Fielding （菲尔丁）is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical period;c) The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclassical period.16. “O prince, O chief of my throned powers, / That led th’embattled separation to war / Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds / Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king’. In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Lost, the phrase “thy conduct’refers to Satan’s conduct.17. Comments on William Blake（布莱克）: a) Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience; b) Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entryinto maturity; c) Symbolism in wide range is a distinctive feature of his poetry.18. It is generally regarded that Keat’s （济慈）most important and mature poems are in the form of ode.19. Daniel Defoe’s （笛福《鲁宾逊漂流记》）novels mainly focus on the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for security.20. In the Shepherds Calendar, Edmund Spenser tried to express his laments over the loss of Rosalind.21. In Beowulf, （《贝尔武甫》）Beowulf fought against the monster Grendel and a five breathing dragon.22. In Spenser’s masterpiece The Faerie Queen, （《仙后》）he speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman.23. Francis Bacon is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.24. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is allegorical poem.25. The characteristics of Spenser’s poetry are a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty anda splendid imagination.26. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）, a fictional primitive region.27. We can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelly’s poem Ode to the West Wind as swift, proud and wild.28. “Blindness”, “Partiality”, “Prejudice” and “Absurdity” in the novel Pride and Prejudice are most likely the characteristics of Elizabeth.29. The modern English novel came into being in the middle of the 18th century.30. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, a) it is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novel; b) it is originally drafted as “First Impressions’; c) In it, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.31. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1836-1901.32. Dickens’ first child hero is Oliver Twist.33. R. B. Sheridanh （谢里丹）was the only important English dramatist of the 18th century. His plays especially The Rivals（《情敌》）and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernald Shaw.34. Middlemarch（《弥德玛契》）is considered to the George Eliot’s （艾略特）greatest novel, owing to a) it vividly depicts English country life; b) it provides a panoramic view of life;c) it reveals women’s true feelings.35. As the most gifted of the “University Wits”, Marlowe composed six plays within his short life, and among which there are Tamburlaine（《帖木儿大帝》）, Dr. Faustus（《浮士德》）and The Jew of Malta.36. The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.37. The author of the writing The Return of the Native（《还乡》）is Thomas Hardy.38. The Major figures of modernist movement are Eliot, Joyce and Dickens.39. “At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused thatI did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar, she said; she would love to go.” The passage is taken from James Joyce’s Dubliners.40. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, one of Thomas Hardy’s best known novels, portrays man as havingno control over his own fate.41. The author of the writing Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage（《恰尔德﹒哈罗德游记》）is Byron.42. Pilgrimage（《游记》）, Ulysses and Mrs. Dalloway are stream-of-consciousness novels.43. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling brings Henry Feilding the name of the “Prose Homer”. Of all the 18th century novelists, he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.44. In the Robert Browning’s works, The Ring and the Book established his position as one of the greatest English poets.45. The major concern of D. H. Law rence’s fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.46. George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.47. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southy (骚塞)and William Wordsworth are r egarded as “Lake Poets’.48. Generally, English Romanticism refers to the period of 1836-1901.49. The protagonist of Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge（《卡斯特桥市长》）is a man of self-sufficience.50. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritual salvation.51. The lines “Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;” are found in John Donne’s （多恩、邓恩）writings.52. Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.53. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard（《墓园挽歌》）, Thomas Gray reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despite them and bring havoc on them.54. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people.55. Thomas Hardy not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.56. The protagonist of the poem Love Song of T. Alfred Prufrock（《J﹒阿尔弗雷德﹒普鲁弗洛克的情歌》艾略特） is a kind of figure caught in a sense of deafened idealism and tortured by satisfied desires. He is neurotic, self-important and illogical.57. The sentence “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but t o weigh and consider” is from the essay Of Study by Francis Bacon.58. Women in Love is considered to be a better-structured novel of D. H. Lawrence’s.It is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other writing by him.59. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told his experience in Lilliput.60. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.61. Francis Bacon lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.62. Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasized that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.63. Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.64. James Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novel, and his novelA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man（《一个青年艺术家的肖像》）is a naturalistic account of the hero’s bitter experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literature and it could hardly be termed as a traditional novel, because there is no story, no plot and no action inside65. Don Juan’s （《唐璜》拜伦）writings can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of Romantic literary.66. Byronic hero can be described as proud, mysterious and progressive.67. In Daniel Defoe’s novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor is shown. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel and is universally considered his masterpiece.68. In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designatesa literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.69. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of simple character and poor understanding.70. According to D. H. Lawrence, George Eliot was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”.71. The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is dramatic monologue.72. The term “metaphysical poetry”is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.73. “The Vanity Fair”（名利场） is a well-known part in The Pilgrim’s Progress.74. In The Songs and Sonnets（《歌与十四行诗》）, for which Donne is probably best known, love is the basic theme.75. Bitter Satire is a typical feature of Swift’s （斯威夫特）writings.76. The period of Old English literature refers to about the year 450-the year of 1066.77. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly literary form, that is the modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.78. The protagonist of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine is a man of cruelty and ambition.79. In Oliver Twist（《雾都孤儿》）, Charles criticizes dehumanizing of workhouse system.80. Henry IV by Shakespeare is history play.81. William Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.82. Charles’ works include A Tale of Two Cities, Hard Times and Oliver Twist.83. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. The School for Scandal is his masterpiece.84. The sentences, “This fair is no new-erected business, but a thing of ancient standing; I will show you the original of it”, are taken from The Vanity Fair.85. Charles Dickens’ serious intention is to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. The later works such as A Tale of Two Cities, show his development towards a highly conscious artist of the modern type.86. In his novel Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the hard-working people.87. The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in the history.88. George Bernard Shaw’s career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play Widowers’Houses（《鳏夫的房产》）was put on by the Independent Theater Society. He began his literary career by writing novels soon after his settling down in London. His plays can be termed as problem plays.89. In Hardy’s “Wessex” novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.90. In Leda and the Swan by William Butler Yeats we can find the allusion to Helen and the Trojan Way.91. The Waste Land（《荒原》）by T. S. Eliot （艾略特）is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry.Section Two American Literature1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. Rationalism was the dominant spirit.2. “God help them that help themselves” is found in Franklin’s work.3. Franklin was a scientist and a master of diplomacy. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.4. Declaration of Independence stirred the world and helped form the American republic.5. Common Sense, The American Crisis and The Rights of Man are connected with Thomas Paine.6. “These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Their author is Thomas Paine.7. Philip Freneau （弗雷诺）was a satirist, a pamphleteer and a poet. He wrote The Wild Honey Suckle（《野金银花》）. He was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”.8. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the Enlightenment Movement.9. Hawthorne （霍桑）is a great allegorist and a master of symbolism. One source of evil that he is concerned most is over-reaching intellect.10. In Walt Whitman’s There was a Child Went Forth（《有一个孩子向前走去》）, the child refers to the young America.11. In Moby-Dick（《白鲸》、《莫比敌》）, the voyage symbolizes a search for truth. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize mystery of the universe, power of the Great Nature and evil of the world. It is regarded as the first American prose epic. For Melville, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the Universe.12. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with nature.13. The Transcendentalist （先验论、超验主义）group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.14. The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. In this writing, “A” may stand for “Adultery”, “Angel” and “Amiable”.15. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving （欧文）’s The Sketch Book（《见闻札记》）and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）. And The Sketch Book signs the beginning of the American literature.16. Washington Irving’s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent, in his famous story Rip Van Winkle（《瑞普﹒凡﹒温克尔》）. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature is particularly evident in this writing. His fame mainly rested on his Tales about America.17. Poe’s （艾伦﹒坡）first collection of short stories is Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque （《怪诞奇异故事集》）.18. Characters which appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter include Hester Prynne, Atthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl.19.Typee（《泰比》）was a romanticized account of Melville’s （麦尔维尔）stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville become known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.20. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as the Romantic Period.21. Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne include The House of the Seven Gables（《有七个尖角阁的房子》）, The Marble Faun （《玉石雕像》）and The Blithedale Romance（《福谷传奇》）.22. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is religion, love and marriage, and life and death. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for brevity, directness and plainest.thought “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity” is reflected in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown（《小伙子布朗》、《好人布朗》、《古德曼》）. He is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.24. Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle is famous for Rip’s 20-year sleep.25. The publication of Nature established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.26. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.27. Typee, Omoo（《奥穆》） and Mardi（《玛地》）drew from Melville’s adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.28. In the poem Song of Myself, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of the theory of university and singularity and equality of all beings in value.29. Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the self as well.30. Emily Dickinson’s poems (441) “This is my letter to the World” expresses the poet’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.31. Poems by Walt Whitman are characterized by free-flowing, simple and rather crude, conversational and casual.32. Writings finished by Ralph Waldo Emerson include Nature（《论自然》）, Essays（《散文集》）and The Over-Soul（《论超灵》）.33. In I heard a Fly buzz-when I died（《我在死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声》）, Emily Dickinson describes the moment of death peacefully.34. Books written by Emerson include Representative Men（《代表人物》）, English Traits（《英国人的特征》）and Nature.35. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers to the period from 1865 to 1914.36. Henry James, William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are the representativ e writers in the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.37. Innocents Abroad（《傻子出国记》）explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post Civil War era.38. An American Tragedy is considered to be Theodore Dreiser’s greatest work.39. Daisy Miller is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first.40. Stylistically. Henry James’ fiction is characterized by highly refined language.41. Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝里芬历险记》）is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a soundheart and a deformed conscience.”42.The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors and The Golden Bowl are novels by Henry James dealing with the international theme.43. Darwin exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers.44. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his local color.45. In Henry James’Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of the free spirit of the New World.46. The literary characters of the American type in the early 19th century are generally characterized by the features that they speak local dialects, that they are simple and crude farmers, and that they are noble savages (red and white) untainted by society.47. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, realism became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of 19th century.48. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be pessimists.49. Henry James experimented with many different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being international theme.50. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of America’s naturalists.51. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire（《欲望三部曲》）includes three novels. They are T he Financier （《金融家》）, The Titan（《巨人》）and The Stoic（《斯多葛》）.52. The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to The Adventures of huckleberry Finn.53. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American naturalism.54. Mark Twain had led an active life in the very center of the American experience. He had beena printer, pilot, soldier, silver-minor, gold-washer, lecturer, traveler, businessman, novelist and autobiographer.55. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel Martin Eden.56. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named The Son of the Wolf （《狼孩》）.57. Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat（《小划子》）, An Experiment and The Blue Hotel, all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredity overwhelming man.58. Dreiser was left-oriented in his views. He visited Russia and wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia and Tragic America to express his new faith, and shortly before his death, he joined the Communist Party.59. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy.60. F. Scott Fitzgerald （费兹杰拉特）is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. His fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Period.61. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true love novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation”.62. Ezra Pound（庞德）, William Carlos Williams and Robert Frost belong to “The Lost Generation”.63. In a tragic sense, The Old Man and the Sea is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible.64. Faulkner once said that The Sound and the Fury（《喧哗与骚动》）is a story of “lost innocence”, which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.65. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms—the sonnets, rhyming couplets, blank verse—with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.66. Ezra Pound, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the“Imagist Movement”.67. Sinclair Lewis’Babbitt（《巴比特》）presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind.68. Yank’s sense of belonging nowhere, hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape（《毛猿》）is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity.69. American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different from its predecessors. It is always referred to as “new fiction”.70. As an autobiographical play, O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night（《长夜漫漫路迢迢》）(1951) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.71. Tender Is the Night is a novel by Fitzgerald.72. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature, if not the most successful in all his experiments, is Eugene O’Neill.73. From Eugene O’Neill’s works, we can see he is a man of pessimism.74. Eugene O’Neill a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama of the modernistic period.75. Absalom, Absalom is said to be a “historical novel” by Faulkner.76. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening（《雪夜林边小驻》）stems from the ambiguity of the speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown.77. Hemingway’s writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanetly influenced by his experiences in the war.78. William Faulkner, John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway were awarded Nobel Prize for literature.79. The Great God Brown（《大神布朗》）fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.80. Most of Eugene O’Neill’s plays are tragedies, dealing with human existence and predicament.81. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction in the modernistic period.82. “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to one’s course of life.83. The American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash, thro ugh the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak of the Second World War 1939. This was a period of poverty, bleakness, important social movements and a new social consciousness.84. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas.85. Ezra Pound’s long poem The Cantos（《诗章》）contained more than one hundred poems looselyconnected.86. Wallace Stevens’ poetry is primarily motivated by the belief that true ideas correspond with an innate order in nature. Many of his good poems derive their emotional power from reasoned revelation. This philosophical intention is supported by the titles Stevens gave to his volumes such as Harmonium（《风琴》）, Ideas of Order（《关于秩序的思想》）and Parts of a World.87. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and travelling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties, The Jazz Age and The Dollar Decade.88. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.89. Faulkner wrote about the society in the south by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.90. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called stream of consciousness in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.91. Most of the writers in the modern period were able to probe into the inner world of human reality on the base of William James’“stream of consciousness”, Carl J ung’s “collective unconscious” and “archetypal symbol” and Sigmund Freud’s “interpretation of dreams”. 92. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a Lost Generation.93. John Steinbeck is the author of the work The Grapes of Wrath.94. In 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in Main Stree（《大街》）t.Unit Two LinguisticsSection One The Nature of Language1. Language is a system. It is symbolic. It is arbitrary（任意性）.2. The design features of language （语言的普遍特征）are dual（双层性）, productive （多产性）and arbitrary.3. The dual structures （双层结构）of language are sounds and meaning.4. Displacement（移位性）, one of the unique properties of language, means that we can use language to refer to something not present.5. The most important function of language is informative.6. One of the core branches of linguistics is phonology（音位学）.7. Morphology（形态学）, one of the branches of linguistics, takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study.8. The prescriptive（规定性） mode of study emphasizes on the “standards” of language.9. Saussure put forward the distinction between Lange and Parole（《语言与言语》）.10. The distinction between competence （语言能力）and performance （语言运用）is proposed by Chomsky.11. According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.12. Displacement is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.13. The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn’t it?” is phatic（寒暄）.14. General linguistics is the scientific study of human languages in general.。
专八英国人文知识讲解
专八英国人文知识讲解专八英国人文知识讲解2017年的专八已经落下帷幕，但是新一轮的专八备考当然也要开始了。
下面是关于专八英国站人文知识的`讲解，供大家阅读学习。
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The English Channel: The Channel is a narrow seapassage which separates England and France andconnects the Atlantic Ocean and North Sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。
The Dee estuary:A small sea ( in Irish Sea) where the Dee Riverenters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。
"The Act of Union of 1801": In 1801 the English Parliament passed an act by which Scotland,Wales and the Kingdom of England were constitutionally joined as the Kingdom of Great Britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。
Gaelic:It is one of the Celtic Language, and is spoken in parts of the Highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。
The "backbone of England": It refers to the Pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。
英语专业八级人文知识(题集) — 英国文学部分
英语专业八级人文知识（题集）—英国文学部分一古英语及中世纪文学（8—14 世纪）1. Who is the "father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets of England?a. William Shakespeareb. Alfred the Greatc. Geoffrey Chaucerd. Christopher Marlow2. When he died, Chaucer was buried in ________ the Poet' s Corner.a. Southwarkb. Westminster Abbeyc. Normandyd. Canterbury3. ________is not only a prose writer but also a king of Wessex.a. Adam Bedeb. Alfred the Greatc. V enerable Beded. King Arthur4. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named “________” based on Boccaccio' s poem"Filostrato".a. The Legend of Good Womenb. Sir Gawain and the Green Knightc. Beowulfd. Troilus and Gressie5. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures, which one is not true?a. English literatureb. German literaturec. Italian literatured. French literature6. The epic, The Song of Beowulf, represents the spirit of________.a. romanticistsb. monksc. pagand. sentimentalists7. Who is the first important religious poet in English literature?a. Caedmonb. Adam Bedec. Cynewulfd. Shakespeare8. Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?a. Heorotb. Beowulfc. Grendeld. Hrothgar9. King Alfred' s Anglo Saxon Chronicle was written in________form.a. poeticb. dramaticc. prosed. none of the above10. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight focuses on________.a. the imagination of the future worldb. immediate social issuesc. the real life as well as people' s feelings and desiresd. a remote world belongs to the Celtic Legend of King Arthur and his knights11. Geoffi'ey Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presentingcharacters with both typical qualities and________dispositions.a. individualb. collectivec. sociald. natural12. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his productionof________.a. Piers Plowmanb. Sir Gawain and the Green knighte. Confession Amantis d. The Canterbury Tales13. The period of________literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Normanconquest of England.a. the Old Englishb. the Middle Englishc. the Modern Englishd. Queen Victoria14. Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to sing________adventures or other heroicdeeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.a. knightlyb. christian e. Greek d. primitive15. Geoffrey Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various type to Englishpoetry to replace the old English________verse.a. rhymedb. alliterativec. romanticd. visionary16. The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realisticpicture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely________.a. Geoffrey Chaucer' s The Canterbury Tablesb. William Langland' s Piers Plowmanc. John Gower' s Confession Amantisd. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight17. In the early part of the medieval period in English literature, i. e. from 1006 up to the mid-14thcentury, there was not much to say about literature in English, for it was almost a ________period in literay creation.a. flourishingb. barrenc. historicald. romantic18. Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups:the religious group and the________one.a. secularb. lyricalc. politicald. romantic19. Thematically the poem Beowulf presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wageheroic struggles against the hostile forces of the________world under a wise and mighty_______.a. spiritual / herob. natural / leaderc. spiritual / goldd. natural / monster20. Beowulf, a typical example of Old English poetry, is regarded today as the national________of the Anglo-Saxons.a. epic h. novel c. play d. song21. In the stories told in Beowulf, Beowulf (the hero) is shown not only as a glorious hero but alsoas a ________of the people.a. protectorb. sonc. fatherd. servant22. The hero and setting of Beowulf have nothing to do with________, for the story took place inScandinavia.a. Englandb. Denmarkc. Norwayd. Sweden23. With the Norman conquest starts the medieval period in English literature, which coversabout________centuries.a. fourb. threec. fived. two24. It can be said that though essentially still a medieval writer, Geoffrey Chaucer bore marks ofhumanism and anticipated a new________to come.a. manb. theoryc. doctrined. era二文艺复兴时期（14—17世纪）1. The English Renaissance period was an age of________.a. novel and poetryb. poetry and dramac. drama and noveld. romance and poetry2. Which of the following is not among Shakespeare' s four great tragedies?a. King Learb. Macbethc. Hamletd. Romeo and Juliet3. What flourished in Elizabethan age more than any other form of literature?a. Dramab. Novelc. Poetrvd. Essay4. Paradise Lost is written by________.a. William Blakeb. William Shakespearec. Robert Burnsd. John Milton5. During the twenty-two years of his literary work, Shakespeare produced many works, which of the following is not true?a. 37 playsb. 2 narrative poemsc. 154 sonnetsd. 1 novel6. In the________Period, William Shakespeare is the ueatest writer of England.a. Elizabethanb. Medievalc. V ictoriand. Dark7. " Shall I compare thee to a summer' s day" is one of________' s best known sonnets.a. John Miltonb. John Donnec. Edmund Spenserd. William Shakespeare8. The poem Paradise Lost consists of ________books.a. 12b. 14c. 13d. 159. Milton wrote his masterpiece________during his blindness.a. Lycidasb. Paradise Lostc. Samson Agonistesd. Paradise Regained10. Which of the following plays written by Shakespeare is history play?a. King Learb. Henry IVc The Merry Wives of Windsor d. Juliet Caesar11. Which of the following does not belong to Shakespeare' s great comedies?a. The Tempestb. As You Like Itc. The Merchant of Veniced. Twelfth Night12. The Flea was written by________.a. Philip Sidneyb. William Shakespearec. Thomas Mored. John Donne13. ________is the first important English essayist and the founder of modem science in England.a. Francis Baconb. Philip Sidneyc. Edmund Spenserd. William Carxton14. In the 16th century, Thomas More's work________became immediately popular after itspublication.a. The Faerie Queenb. A Pleasant Satire of the Throe Estatesc. Utopiad. Paradise Lost15. Which is Christopher Marlowe's first famous play?a. EdwardⅡb. The Jew of Maltac. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustusd. Tamburlaine16. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is________.a. narrative poemb. ironic poemc. allegorical poemd. lyric poem17. the first official version of Bible known as the Great Bible, was revised in________.a. 16th centuryb. 17th centuryc. 18th centuryd. 19th century18. Most of the ballads of the 15th century focused on the legend about________as a heroicfigure.a. Hamletb. Robin Hoodc. Gawaind. Green Nights19. The nine-line verse stanza was originated from________.a. William Shakespeareb. Thomas Morec. Philip Sidneyd. Edmund Spenser20. Which of the following is NOT the work of Sir Philip Sidney?a. Defense of Poetryb. Astrophet and Stellac. Samson Agonistesd. Arcadia21. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as therediscovery of ancient________and________culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.a. Chinese / Indianb. Hebrew / Egyptian c Roman / Greek d. Britain / American22. William Shakespeare' s history plays are mainly written under the________that national unityunder a ighty and just sovereign is a________.a. fact / possibilityb. story / probabilityc. principle / necessityd. reality / truth23. ________is the essence of the Renaissance.a. Poetryb. Dramac. Humanismd. Reason24. Generally the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. Itfirst started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From________ the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe.a. Germanyb. Greekc. Britaind. Italy25. Milton' s Paradise Lost took its material from________.a. the Bibleb. Greek mythc. Roman mythd. French romance26. The Renaissance was________in reaching England not only because of England' s separationfrom the Continent but also because of its domestic unrest.a. quickb. slow c speedy d. deep27. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare' s "Sonnet 18"?a. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.b. The speaker satirizes human vanity.c. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.d. The speaker meditates on man' s salvation.28. " To be, or not to be-that is the question" is a line taken from________.a. Hamletb. Othelloc. King Leard. The Merchant of Venice29. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are________, William Shakespeareand Ben Johnson.a. Christopher Marloweb. John Marlowec. John Miltond. Edmund Spenser30. ________'s Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has beenrecognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.a. John Donneb. John Miltonc. Francis Bacond. Edmund Spenser31. According to Edmund Spenser' s own explanation, his The Faerie Queen is a “________”,but it is also an allegory.a. imaginary poemb. historical poemc. romantic poemd. poetic drama32. In his The Advancement of Learning, ________divided knowledge into two kinds: the oneobtained from Divine Revelation, and the other from the workings of human mind.a. Chaucerb. Francis Baconc. Edmund Spenserd. John Milton33. ________'s literary achievements can be divided into three groups, the early poetic works, themiddle prose pamphlets and the last great poems.a. William Shakespeareb. Christopher Marlowec. John Donned. John Milton34. The English Renaissance was perhaps England' s ________Age, especially in literature.a. Goldenb. Fruitfulc. V olcanicd. Dark35. In the early stage of the English Renaissance, poetry and________were the most outstandingliterary forms and they were carried on especially by William Shakespeare and Ben Johnson.a. fictionb. dramatic fictionc. poetic dramad. novel36. In Canto I, Book I of The Faerie Queen the Redcross knight symbolizes the church of England,and he is the protector of the Virgin Una who stands for________or the true religion.a. loveb. friendshipc. truthd. honest37. Paradise Regained shows how mankind, in the person of ________, withstands the tempterand is established once more in the divine favor.a. Godb. Zeusc. Christd. Santa Claus38. Francis Bacon's essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and________.a. complicityb. complexityc. powerfulnessd. mildness39. In Samson Agonistes, Milton again borrows his story from the________. But this time he turnsto a more vital and personal theme.a. historyb. religionc. legendd. Bible40. ________was known as "the poets' s poet".a. William Shakespeareb. Edmund Spenserc. John Donned. John Milton三新古典主义时期（17—18世纪）1. The neoclassical period in English literature refers to the one between the return of the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of ________which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.a. realismb. humanism c romanticism d. neoclassicism2. As a representative of the Enlightenment, ________was one of the first to introduce rationalismto England.a. Swiftb. Defoe c Milton d. Pope3. Christian, Faithful and Pliable are the literary figures in________.a. Daniel Defoe' s Moll Flandersb. John Bunyan' s The Pilgrim' s Progressc. Richard Brinsley Sheridan' s The School for Scandald. Jonathan Swift' s Gulliver' s Travels4. Pope' s "An Essay on Criticism" is a didactic poem written in________.a. blank verseb. heroic couplets c free verse d. dramatic monologue5. Sheridan' s plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded asimportant links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of________, and as true classics in English comedy.a. Christopher Marlowb. John Galsoworthc Bernard Shaw d. James Joyce6. ________, written by Alexander Pope, satirized the foolish, meaningless life of the lords andladies in the aristocratic bourgeois society of the eighteenth century England.a. The Rape of the Lockb. The Rape of Lucrecec The School for Scandal d. Every Man in His Humor7. The Pilgrim's Progress by________is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritualsalvation.a. John Miltonb. John Bunyan c Daniel d. Thomas Gray8. John Bunyan' s style was modeled after that of the English________.a. historyb. religion c society d. Bible9. Backbite, Sneerwell, and Lady Teazle are characters in the play The School for Scandalby________.a. Christopher Marloweb. Ben Johnsonc. Richard Brinsley Sheridand. George Bernard Shaw10. The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the searchfor________.a. material wealthb. spiritual salvationc. universal truthd. self-fulfillment11. Robinson Crusoe, ________story, is universally considered as Daniel Defoe' s masterpiece.a. a historicalb. a fictionalc. an imaginaryd. an adventure12. Alexander Pope strongly advocated________, emphasizing that literary works should bejudged by rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.a. Sentimentalismb. Romanticismc. Idealismd. Neoclassicism13. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of________from a naive and artless youth into ashrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.a. Robinsonb. Gulliverc. Tom Sawyerd. Huckleberry Finn14. Gulliver' s Travels contains________parts, each part dealing with one particular voyage duringhis extraordinary adventures on some remote island.a. twob. threec. fourd. five15. Henry Fielding has been regarded ad "Father of the English________, " for his contributionto the establishment of the form of the modern novel.a. Novel h. Poetry c. Play d. Essay16. As a lexicographer, Samuel Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English________by an Englishman.a. novelb. drama e. poetry d. dictionary17. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only important English________of the eighteenth century.a. poetb. novelist c essayist d. dramatist18. "An Essays on Criticism" was written by________, which first established his reputation asa________a. Francis Bacon, criticb. Francis Bacon, essayistc. Alexander Pope, playwrightd. Alexander Pope, essayist19. "Y ahoos" from the novel________written by Jonathan Swift are described to be very muchsimilar to human beings in outward appearance and their unworthy actions as well.a. Gulliver' s Travelsb. The Adventures of Robison Crusoec. The Wuthering Heightsd. Sons and Lovers20. ________' s masterpiece Tom Jones provides a vivid and truthful panoramic view of the life ofthe English society in the 18th century.a. Daniel Defoeb. Jonathan Swift e. Henry Fielding d. Jane Austin21. The ________was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18thcentury.a. Renaissanceb. Enlightenmentc. Religious Reformationd. Chartist Movement22. The 18th century England is known as the Age of________in the history.a. Romanticismb. Classicismc. Renaissanced. Enlightenment23. The________movemertt in the eighteenth century Europe was a furtherance of theRenaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.a. Enlightenmentb. Renaissancec. Sentimentald. Transcendental24. The Enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works inthe field of literature. This tendency is known as________.a. humanismb. realismc. symbolismd. neoclassicism25. (The) ________was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the18th century.a. Romanticismb. Humanismc. Enlightenmentd. Sentimentalism26. The School for Scandal has been regarded as the best ________since Shakespeare.a. comedyb. tragedyc. playd. novel27. Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory andpractice, to write specifically a "________in prose", the first to give the modem novel its structure and style.a. tragic epicb. comic epicc. romanced. lyric epic四浪漫主义时期（18世纪中期—19世纪中期）1. The two collections of poems written by William Blake, ________and________, hold thesimilar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.a. Songs of Innocence / Songs of Experienceb. Poetical Sketches / Songs of Innocencec. Poetical Sketches / Marriage of Heaven and Helld. Songs of Innocence / Songs of Experienced2. John Keats' Ode to a Nightingale expresses the contrast between the happy world of________loveliness and human world of agony.a. fairyb. naturalc. pastorald. optimistic3. As a leading Romanticist, George Gordon Byron ' s chief contribution is his creation of the"________hero", a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.a. Byronicb. Romanticc. Orientedd. Optimistic4. The ________are generally regarded as John Keats' most important and mature works.a. epicsb. lyricsc. odesd. poetry5. On the whole, ________' s poetry is one of experiences. His heroes are more or less surrogatesof himself. Childe Harold' s Pilgrimage is such an example.a. William Blakeb. William Wordsworthc. George Gordon Byrond. Samuel Taylor Coleridge6. ________is Byron's masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.a. Childe Harold's Pilgrimageb. Cainc. Don Juand. Song for the Luddites7. Romanticism is a period of British literature roughly dated from________.a. 1660 - 1798b. 1798 - 1832c. 1483 - 1546d. 1836 - 19018. A number of poems from Songs of Innocence find a counterpart in Songs of Experience. Infant Joy is matched with Infant Sorrow, and the pure Lamb is paired with the flaming________.a. The Chimney Sweeperb. Londonc. Sheepd. Tyger9. The unifying principle in________written by George Gordon Bryon is the basic ironic theme ofappearance and reality.a. Child Harold' s Pilgrimageb. Cainc. Don Juand. Hours of Idleness10. Jane Austen' s main literary concern is about human beings in their________relationships.Because of this, her novels have a universal significance.a. personalb. naturalc. satisfiedd. hostile11. Returning to England from Germany in 1799, William Wordsworth and his sister settled atDove Cottage in Grasmere, Westmoreland. The poet________as well as________lived nearby, and the three became known as the "lake poets".a. Samuel Taylor Coleridge / George Gordon Byronb. Robert Southey / Samuel Taylor Coleridgec. John Keats / Robert Southeyd. George Gordon Byron / Percy Bysshe Shelley12. Percy Bysshe Shelley is one of the leading________poets, an intense and original 1yrical poetin the English language.a. realisticb. symbolic e. romantic d. imagist13. In his________ , Shelley eulogized the powerful west wind and expressed his eagerness toenjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.a. Promethus Unboundb. Ode to the West Windc. Adonaisd. In Defence of Poetry14. The novel Pride and Prejudice mainly deals with the five Bennet sisters and their search forsuitable husbands, centering on the love story between________and________.a. Jane / Bingleyb. Lydia / Wickhamc. Elizabethd. Jane / Rochester15. Ode on a Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the ________of art and the________ ofhuman passion.a. glory / uglinessb. permanence / transiencec. transience / sordidnessd. glory / permanence16. The English Romantic period produced two major novelists. They are________.a. Lamb and Hazlitt .b. Byron and Shelleyc. Scott and Austend. Keats and Coleridge17. As a novelist Jane Austen writes within a very narrow sphere. The subject matter, thecharacter range, the social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial life of thelate________a. 18thb. 19th e. 17th d. 20th18. Among the________group of Samuel Taylor Coleridge' s Poems, Frost at Midnight is themost important.a. demonicb. conversationalc. pastorald. optimistic19. It is said that the poem________written by S. T. Coleridge was composed in a dream afterthe poet took the opium. But when he was writing the lines down, a stranger interrupted him and only 54 lines survived.a. The Rime of the Ancient Marinerb. Frost at Midnightc. Kubla Khand. Don Juan20. ________puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of the world and the wisdom gained fromexperience. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred and fear.a. Percy Bysshe Shelleyb. William Wordsworthc. george Gordon Byrond. John Keats21. "Poetry is Spontaneous" was put forward by________.a. Percy Bysshe Shelleyb. William Blakec. William Wordsworthd. Charles Lamb22. In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called________came to Europe and then toEngland.a. romanticismb. classicismc. realismd. restoration23. The famous poem "'A Red Red Rose" was written by________.a. William Wordsworthb. George Gordon Byronc. Robert Burnsd. John Keats24. Whose infomal essays observed life with humor, and often in a gloomy tone?a. Joseph Addisonb. Charles Lambc. Lord Chesterfieldd. Thomas Hardy25. The English poets________, William Wordsworth, and Robert Southey, were known as"Lake Poets'" because they lived in the Lake District Northwestern England at the beginning of the 19th century.a. George Gordon Byronb. John Keatse. Percy Bysshe Shelley d. Samuel Taylor Coleridge五维多利亚时期（19世纪中期—20世纪早期）1. The novel Jane Eyre mainly tells a story about the love affair Jane Eyre and Mr. ________。
专八人文知识总结说课材料
专八人文知识总结英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Thomas Wyatt 和Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。
英语专业八级
英语专业八级（TEM）英国文学复习资料Chapter One （一般掌握）Chapter Two English Literature of the Late Medieval AgesI．可出选择题有：（） 1. Apart from original poems, Chaucer translated various works of French authors, among them is the famous __________________A. The Canterbury TalesB. The Romance of the RoseC. The Parliament of FowlsD. The House of Fame（） 2. Generally speaking, Chaucer's works fall into three main groups corresponding roughly to the three periods of his adult life, which period is wrong?A. The period of French influenceB. The period of Italian influenceC. The period of his maturityD. The period of American influence（） 3. Which of the following information about Chaucer is wrong?A. He died on the 25th of October 1400, he was the first to be buried in the writer's corner of Westminster AbbyB. He was considered as “father of English Poetry”C. He was one of the narrative poets of EnglandD. His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales（） 4. Of the following, the one which employs the form of romance is____.A. AmorettiB. Venus and AdonisC. The TempestD. Sir Gawain and Green Knight（） 5. The characters in the Canterbury Tales can be divided into the following groups except_____.A. rural dwellersB. church membersC. tradesmanD. nobles（） 6. Piers the Plowman is similar in form to the work written byA. ChaucerB. ShakespeareC. MarloweD. BunyanChapter Three English Literature in the RenaissanceI．可出选择题有：（） 1. English Renaissance Period was an age of ______________A. prose and novelB. poetry and dramaC. essays and journalsD. ballads and songs（） 2. “Romeo, Romeo, Wherefore art thou Romeo?” is one of the most famous lines from Romeo and Juliet. Which of the following comments on the line is NOT true?A. Juliet speaks the line in the balcony scene.B. She is unaware of Romeo's presence.C. She asks him to deny his family for her love.D. A major theme in Romeo and Juliet is the tension between social and family identity and one's inner identity （represented by one's name）.（） 3. The Elizabethan literature____________A. had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism and devotion to the queen.B. witnessed a decline of degenerationC. expressed age and sadness, even the brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.D. was not romantic.（） 4. One of the following plays takes its subject matter from Chinese historyA. Henry IVB. MacbethC. TamburlaineD. Alchemist（） 5. Dr Faustus sells his soul to the devil because he_________.A. is faced by MephistophelesB. wants to gain more moneyC. wants to live an extravagant lifeD. wants to know more about the world（） 6. Shakespeare is a poet , playwright and ______.A. criticB. novelistC. an actorD. both b and c（） 7. Of the following, the one which employs the form of romance is____.A. AmorettiB. Venus and AdonisC. The TempestD. Sir Gawain and Green Knight（） 8. The difference of Surrey's contribution to English poetry from that of Wyatt lies in that Surrey________.A. wrote the first English sonnetB. introduce the couplet into EnglandC. wrote the first English blank verseD. made the sonnet popular（） 9. The one who first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama isA. SurreyB. MarloweC. ShakespeareD. Jonson（） 10. The recurrent theme of Marlowe' s play is the praise of ____.A. capitalismB. feudalismC. individualismD. nationalismII．可出填空题有：1. Rough winds do shake the _______________of May,And _____________has all too short a date.2. Sometimes too hot the ______________shines, and often is his__________dimmed.3. Shakespeare produced __________plays and ____________sonnet.4. ___________is praised by Marx as “the progenitor of English Materialism”.III．可出简答题有：Analyze Shakespeare's four periods of career concisely.Chapter Four English Literature of the Seventeenth CenturyI．可出选择题有：（） 1. __________was a progressive intellectual movement which began in France and had a wide impact throughout Europe in 18th century.A. The RenaissanceB. The EnlightenmentC. The Religious ReformationD. The Chartist Movement（） 2.Which of the following comment on the image of Satan in Paradise Lost is NOT correct?A. The finest thing in Paradise Lost is the description of Hell and Satan was the real hero.B. He is firmer than the rest of the fallen angelsC. He remains obeyed and admired by all the angelsD. It is he who makes man revolt against God.（） 3. Which of the following information about John Donne is NOT true?A. He was born in a Roman Catholic family.B. He received his education at Oxford and Cambridge.C. Later he gave up his Catholic faith and took orders in the Anglican Church.D. He wrote only religious poems.（） 4. Dryden's contribution to English literature lies in the following except_____.A. he established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse formB. he clarified the English proseC. he raised the English literature criticism to a new levelD. he raised English comedy to a higher level（） 5. Apology for Poetry is ______.A. a poemB. a romanceC. a criticismD. a sonnetII．可出判断题有：（） 1. John Donne is famous for his metaphysical conceit, that is, a comparison between the two strikingly resemblant objects.（） 2. Newspaper was born in 17th century.（） 3. One of the characteristics of the English bourgeois revolution was that it was carried out under the cloak of religion.III．可出填空题有：1． ________________is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry.IV．可出术语有：metaphysical poetsChapter Five English Literature in the Eighteenth CenturyI．可出选择题有：（） 1. In the 18th century, satire was much used in writing, English literature of this age produced some excellent satirists, such as____________A. SwiftB. DefoeC. BlakeD. Burns（） 2. In the 18th century English literature, the representative poets of Pre-romanticism were_____________A. Blake and WordsworthB. Burns and ColeridgeC. Blake and BurnsD. Wordsworth and Coleridge（） 3. Which of the following information about William Blake is NOT true?A. He was born in London, the son of Irish hosier.B. He was a poet as well as an engraver.C. His first book of poem was Songs of Innocence.D. His later poems are mysterious and hard to understand.（） 4. The main literary stream of the 18th century was___________.A. RomanticismB. RealismC. Pre-romanticismD. Critical realism（） 5. __________was considered as “father of English Novel”.A. SwiftB. FieldingC. ChaucerD. Jane Austin（） 6. In 1704, ___________founded the periodicals “the Review”.A. SwiftB. BlakeC. MiltonD. DefoeII．可出判断题有：（） 1. Pope established the heroic couplet as one of the principal English verse forms.（） 2. Burn's poems are largely based on imitation and revision of folk ballads of his motherland.（） 3. Neo-classicism means restraint, thus it is unfit for the requirement of French Revolution, which aroused the age of Romantic Revival to unfetter spirit of humankind.（） 4. Swift is known as a pioneer novelist of English and also a prolific writer of books and pamphlets on variety of subjects.（） 5. The Houyhnhnms represent an ideal rational existence, a life governed by sense.III．可出填空题有：1. ________________is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry.2. People in 18th century believed in ___________and their watchword was “common sense”.V．可出术语有：EnlightenmentChapter Six English Literature of the Romantic AgeI．可出选择题有：（）1. The Romantic Age began with the publication of “The Lyrical Ballads” which was written by_________A. William WordsworthB. Samuel JohnsonC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. Wordsworth and Coleridge（） 2. Which poet does not belong to the Active Romantic Poet?A. ByronB. ShelleyC. KeatsD. Blake（）3. The first poem in “The Lyrical Ballads” is Coleridge's masterpiece______A. Kubla KhanB. The PreludeC. The Rime of Ancient MarinerD. Tintern Abbey（） 4. In 1805, Wordsworth completed a long auto-biographical poem entitled ___________.A. Biographia LiterariaB. The PreludeC. Lucy PoemsD. The Lyrical Ballads（） 5. The following stanza is from a poem written by___.When we two partedIn silence and in tears,Half broken-hearted,To sever for years.Pale grew thy cheek and coldColder than thy kiss;Truly that hour foretoldSorrow to this!A. Percy Bysshe ShellyB. William BlakeC. George Gordon ByronD. Robert Browning（） 6. The Lake Poets include all the following members except the author of the following work.A. The PreludeB. Don JuanC. The Ancient MarinerD. Joan of Arc（） 7. Scott's chief contribution to English literature lies in his novels of______.A. warB. historyC. cityD. romanceII．可出判断题有：（） 1. With the establishment of the Jacobin dictatorship in France, Wordsworth's attitude toward revolution changed into active.（） 2. In the revised version of Lyrical Ballads, Coleridge held that poetry is the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”.（） 3. Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevailed in England in the period （1798——1832）（） 4. The most important impetus of the Romantic movement was the French Revolution（） 5. The ideals of French Revolution are liberty, democracy, and equality.（）6. The brilliant literary criticism “Biographia Literaria” is written by Wordsworth.III．可出填空题有：1. _________ marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.2．In 1843 Wordsworth was made ___________.IV可出术语有：lake poetsV．可出简答题有：What are the qualities of Romanticism?Chapter Seven English Literature of the Victorian AgeI．可出选择题有：（） 1. The following statements are features of Dickens's novels except____.A. The power of exposureB. Complicated and fascinating plotC. Broad humor and penetrating satireD. Tragic mood and feeling of depressionII．可出判断题有：（） 1. A Tale of Two Cities belongs to the first writing phase of Dickens's career, and the two cities are London and Paris.（） 2. Though the Victorian poets are called The Third Generation of Romanticism, they showed no vigor and power in production of poetry as their previous poets.III．可出填空题有：1．In the 19th century English literature, a new literary trend________________ appeared after the romantic poetry.2．The title of the novel Vanity Fair is suggestive of that Vanity Fair in Bunyan's masterpiece ____________, where all sorts of vanities are on sale.3．The central characters of The Mill on Floss are Tom and his sister __________.4．_______________ is the representative of New Romanticism in the novel writing at the end of the 19th century.IV．可出术语有：Dramatic monologueV．可出简答题有：The contribution of the setting to the expression of the speaker's situation in “Crossing the Bar”.Chapter Eight English Literature of the First Half of the Twentieth CenturyI．可出判断题有：（ T ） 1. Symbolism, Surrealism, Imagism, Expressionism, etc, all belong to School of Modernism.（ T ） 2. The Rainbow is D. H. Lawrence's autobiographical work.II．可出简答题有：The significance of the theme of Araby.March the works in column A and authors in column B and write the letter of your choice in the bracketsA BAB。
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British Literature: A Concise HistoryI. Review (P.162) 补充091. Ode to the West Wind was written by _____. (2009)A. William Blake.B. William Wordsworth.C. Samuel Taylor Coleridge.D. Percy B. Shelley.2. The novel Sons and Lovers was written by __. (2009)A. Thomas Hardy.B. John Galsworthy.C. D.H. Lawrence.D. James Joyce.3. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories told by a group of pilgrims on their way to Canterbury, is an important poetic work by ______. (2008)A. William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Alfred Tennyson4. All of the following are well-known female writers in 20th-century Britain EXCEPT ______. (2008)A. George EliotB. Iris Jean MurdochC. Dons LessingD. Muriel Spark5. Which of the following novels was written by Emily Bronte? (2007)A. Oliver TwistB. MiddlemarchC. Jane EyreD. Wuthering Heights6. William Butler Yeats was a(n) ____ poet andplaywright. (2007)A. AmericanB. CanadianC. IrishD. Australian7. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century? (2006)A. T.S. EliotB. D. H. LawrenceC. Theodore DreiserD. James Joyce8. _____is defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into 14 lines. (2006)A. Free verseB. SonnetC. OdeD. Epigram9. The novel Emma is written by____. (2005)A. Mary ShellyB. Charlotte BronteC. Elizabeth GaskellD. Jane Austen10. Which of the following is NOT a romantic poet? (2005)A. William WordsworthB. George EliotC. George ByronD. Percy ShellyII. Historical Periods (P. 10)1. Old and Medieval Times: 5th-15th2. The Period of Renaissance: late 15th-early 17th3. The Period of Revolution and Restoration: 17th4. The Neo-classical Period: 18th (Enlightenment)5. The Romantic Period: at the turn of the 18th and 19th6. The Victorian Period: 19th7. The Modern Period: 20thIII. Key Figures1. Geoffrey Chaucer2. William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlowe3. John Milton, John Dryden4. Richard Sheridan, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe5. William Wordsworth, George Byron, P.B Shelly, John Keats, Jane Austen6. Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning, Oscar Wilde7. G.B. Shaw, Thomas Hardy, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, William Yeats, T.S. EliotIV. Sample1. It is________alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. William LanglandB. Geoffrey ChaucerC. William ShakespeareD. Charles Dickens2. _______ is called “the poets’ poet” whose masterpiece is _________.A. Edmund Spencer, The Faerie QueeneB.William Wordsworth, The PreludeC. George Byron, Don JuanD.John Milton, Paradise Lost3. It is generally regarded that Keats’s most important and mature poems are in the form of.A. elegyB. odeC. epicD. sonnet4. ________ embodies both Puritanism and Humanism in mid-17th century England.A. John BunyanB. John DrydenC. John MiltonD. John Donne5. Who is NOT the major figure of modernist movement?A. T.S. EliotB. James JoyceC. William YeatsD. George Eliot6. Who is considered to be the best known English dramatist since Shakespeare?A. Oscar WildeB. Richard SheridanC. Christopher MarloweD. George Bernard Shaw7. Of the following poets, which is NOT regarded as “Lake Poets”?A. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeB. Robert SouthyC. William WordsworthD. William Yeats8. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told his experience in.A. LilliputB. BrobdingnagC. the country of HouyhnhnmsD. Laputa9. Which of the following works is NOT written by G.B. Shaw?A. PygmalionB. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionC. Heartbreak HouseD. The Old Curiosity Shop10. “The Vanity Fair” is a well-known part in______.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanD. The Holy War11. Which of the following writing is NOT a work byCharles Dickens?A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Hard TimesC. Oliver TwistD. Sons and Lovers12. Who is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”?A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Jane Austen13. Which of the following plays is NOT written byWilliam Shakespeare?A. Henry VIIIB. Edward IIC. Richard IIID. King Lear14. Which of the following writers was NOT fromIreland?A. W.B.Yeats B. Robert BurnsC. James JoyceD. Jonathan Swift15. ______is the father of materialism in philosophyand science in England.A. Francis BaconB. Thomas HuxleyC. Matthew ArnoldD. Karl Marx16. Oscar Wilde was the representative among thewriters of________ .A. aestheticismB. critical realismC. pre-romanticismD. sentimentalism17. ______was a critical realist, whose novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society .A. George EliotB. Elizabeth GaskellC. W.M. ThackerayD. Charles Dickens18. In_____ , the chaos of the contemporary world andthe despair of westerners after the first world war are expressed.A. Ode to the West WindB. The Waste LandC. I Wandered Lonely as a CloudD. Tess of the D’Urbervilles19. _____wrote under the influence of Scottish folktradition and old Scottish poetry.A. Jonathan SwiftB. Robert BurnsC. William BlakeD. Geoffrey Chaucer20. The greatest English critical realist novelist was ,who criticized the bourgeois civilization and showed the misery of the common people.A. Emily BronteB. Charles DickensC. W.M. ThackerayD. Charlotte Bronte21. The principal elements of novel are mystery,horror and suspense.A. GothicB. RomanticC. SentimentalD. Realistic22. Friday is a character in the novel .A. Tom Jones, a FoundlingB. Robinson CrusoeC. Gulliver’s TravelsD. Rob Roy23. ____by Alexander Pope is taken as a manifesto of the English Neo-classicism as Pope put forward his aesthetic theories in it.A. Essay on CriticismB. The Rape of the LockC. DunciadD. An Essay on Man24. Christopher Marlowe first made theprincipal instrument of English drama.A. blank verseB. heroic coupletC. free verseD. monologueOld and Medieval TimesPoetry: The national epic: Beowulf (alliteration)The most outstanding single romance: Sir Gawain and the Green KnightWilliam Langland: Piers the Plowman(vision & allegory) (7 Deadly Sins)Robin Hood Ballads (simplicity & dramatic intensity)Geoffrey Chaucer—the Father of English PoetryThe Canterbury Tales (humor & satire)1) He introduced the heroic couplet.2) He is the first great poet who wrote in Middle English.3) Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for modern English language.Prose: Alfred the Great: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; Sir Thomas Malory: Le Morte d’ Arthur (the swan-song of the feudal knighthood)Drama: miracle plays, morality plays & interludeThe Period of Renaissance3 stages:1) late 15th-the first half of the 16th2) “Elizabethan Age”: 1558-16033) “Dark Age”: Jacobean period (James I’s reign 1603-1625)2 trends:court literature; bourgeois literatureThe Period of RenaissanceThe first stage:Poetry: Wyatt, HowardProse: Thomas MoreThe second stage:Poetry: Sydney, Spencer, ShakespeareProse Fiction: John Lily, Lodge, NasheDrama: Marlowe, Shakespeare’s comedies & early tragediesThe third stage:Poetry: Ben Jonson, John DonneDrama: Shakespeare’s tragedies & tragi-comedies; Ben Jonson’s comedies of humors; Beaumont & Fletcher’s tragi-comediesProse: Francis Bacon; the King James Bible of 1611 The Period of Renaissance1) Sir Thomas Wyatt: introducing the sonnet form from the ItalianHenry Howard: introducing the English form of sonnet and the blank verseThomas More: Utopia: written in Latin2) Sir Philip SidneyArcadia: pastoral romance; Astrophel and Stella(108 sonnets) (the first to write a sonnet sequence in England)Edmund Spenser—“the poets’ poet”The Shepherds Calendar: his first important poem marking the budding of English poetry in Renaissance Amoretti (88 sonnets) Epithalamion: a wedding song The Faerie Queene: his masterpiece; Spenserian Stanza (a 9-line stanzaic form with the rhyme scheme of ababbcbcc and with the first 8 lines in iambicpentameter, and the last in Alexandrine)The Period of RenaissanceShakespeare’s poems: 2 narrative poems & 154 sonnet sequence“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” from the 18th sonnet“University Wits”: John Lily: euphuistic style; the influence of Lodge & Greene’s romances on Shakespeare’s plays; Thomas Nashe’s picaresque story, The Unfortunate TravellerThe Period of RenaissanceThe first regular English comedy: Ralph Roister Doister ……tragedy: GorboducChristopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the “University Wits”(John Lily, Peele, Lodge, Nashe, Greene, Kyd & Marlowe). (Peele: The Old Wives’Tale, Kyd: The Spanish Tragedy)Major works: Tamburlaine; The Jew of Malta; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus; Edward II(one man tragedy; Marlowe’s mighty line: forceful and beautiful blank verse)The Period of RenaissanceWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)Early period: 9 history plays (Richard III, Henry IV, Henry V, etc. ); 3 early tragedies (Titus Andronicus, Romeo & Juliet, Julius Caesar); comedies (The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night)Mature period: tragedies (Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus, Timon of Athens), tragi-comedies (Measure for Measure, All’s Well that Ends Well, Troilus and Cressida)Last period: Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, The Tempest, Pericles, ★Henry VIIIThe Period of RenaissanceBen Jonson: comedy of humors: Volpone, or the Fox; the first poet laureate (The Epigrams, The Forest, The Underwood), but first of all, dramatistJohn Donne: leader of the metaphysical schoolHe employed intricate reasoning through the use of “conceits” or far-fetched comparisons. The Flea Beaumont & Fletcher: The Maid’s TragedyFrancis Bacon: the progenitor of English materialism Instauratio Magna; The Advancement of Learning; The Essays, or Counsels, Civil & Moral; The New AtlantisThe Period of Revolution and RestorationJohn Milton: the greatest poet and pamphleteer during the bourgeois revolution in mid-17th century England Poems:Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonistes; sonnets“Miltonic” lines in blank verseProse, or rather pamphlets:★Areopagitica: his defence of the freedom of the press; Of Education; Of the Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (his first important pamphlet); The Defence of the English PeopleThe two most essential things to be remembered about him: his Puritanism and his republicanismThe Period of Revolution and RestorationJohn Dryden: the most prominent Restoration playwright; the earliest literary critic of real importance He introduced the “heroic play”.All for Love (The World Well Lost)An Essay of Dramatic Poesy: his best known piece of criticismJohn Bunyan: His works are of a religious character. The Pilgrim’s Progress (allegory and dream)The Neo-classical PeriodNeo-classicism: Alexander Pope, Addison and Steele, Samuel JohnsonLiterature of Satire: Jonathan SwiftEnglish Novels of Realistic Tradition: Daniel Defoe, Henry FieldingWriters of Sentimentalism: Samuel Richardson, Oliver GoldsmithEnglish Drama of the 18th century: Richard Sheridan The Neo-classical PeriodAlexander Popethree groups of poems: An Essay on Criticism; The Rape of Lock; Translation of two epicsJoseph Addison and Richard SteeleIn their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre.The Tatler & The SpectatorSamuel Johnson: lexicographerThe Neo-classical PeriodJonathan Swift: born in Ireland; Gulliver’s TravelsPart I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war. Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankindDaniel Defoe: the first great realistic novelist in English literature, Robinson Crusoe, A Journal of the Plague Year, Moll FlandersHenry Fielding: ★The History of Tom Jones, aFoundling & The History of AmeliaThe Neo-classical PeriodSamuel Richardson: Pamela, the first English psycho-analytical novelOliver Goldsmith: The Vicar of WakefieldDramaRichard Sheridan: Rivals, The School for ScandalsThe two works are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy. Morality is the constant theme in his plays.The Romantic PeriodRomantic poetsBlake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats Romantic prose writersLamb, Hazlitt, De QuinceyRomantic novelist: Walter Scott, Jane Austen Romantic dramatist: ShellyThe Romantic PeriodWilliam Blake: The Song of Innocence, The Songs of Experience, Marriage of Heaven and Hell advantage: the strong visual mind“Lake Poets”: Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey William Wordsworth: poems about nature and abouthuman lifeWordsworth & Coleridge: The Lyrical Ballads marking the beginning of Romantic AgeThe Prelude: Wordsworth’s masterpieceSamuel Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla KhanThe Romantic PeriodGeorge Byron: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Don Juan, his masterpieceP. B. Shelly: Prometheus Unbound (his masterpiece, a lyrical drama),A Defence of Poetry (an essay), To a Skylark, Ode to the West Wind (lyrics)John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, IsabellaThe Romantic PeriodJane Austen: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, Mansfield Park, Northanger Abbey, Persuasion She has brought the English novel to its maturity. Walter Scott’s historical novels combine a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period realism. IvanhoeThe Victorian PeriodMajor Writers of Critical RealismNovelists: Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, the Bronte sisters, George EliotPoets:Alfred Tennyson: The Memoriam, Idylls of the King (his most ambitious work)Robert Browning: “dramatic monologue”reaches its maturity and perfection.Dramatic lyrics, Dramatic Personae, The Ring and the Book, Men and WomenDramatist: Oscar WildeThe Victorian PeriodCharles DickensPeriod of youthful optimist: Oliver Twist, The Old Curiosity Shop, Pickwick ClubPeriod of excitement and irritation: A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Dombey & SonPeriod of intensifying pessimism: Bleak House, Hard Times, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations Penetrating satireThe Victorian PeriodWilliam Thackeray: Vanity FairThe Bronte SistersCharlotte Bronte: The Professor, Jane EyreEmily Bronte: Wuthering HeightsAnne Bronte: Agnes Grey, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall George Eliot: Middlemarch(masterpiece), The Mill onthe Floss, Adam BedeThe Victorian PeriodOscar WildeThe school of aestheticismHe first advocated the theory of “art for art’s sake”The only novel: The Picture of Dorian Gray Comedies:Lady Windermere’s Fan, A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal Husband, The Importance of Being EarnestOne tragedy: SalomeThe Modern PeriodThomas Hardy: Determinism + critical realism Fiction: Tess of the D’Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure, Far from the Madding CrowdPoetry:a.Wessex Poems and Other Versesb.Poems of the Past and the Presentc.Time’s Laughing Stocksd.Moments of Visionte Lyrics and Earlierf.The famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwellg.Winter WordsThe Modern PeriodWilliam Butler Yeats: the greatest modern poet in British literature, symbolismhis poetrya.The Responsibilitiesb.The Wild Swans at Coolec.The Towerd.The Winding Stair(2)his dramasa.The Hour Glassb.The Land of Heart’s Desirec.On Baile’s StrandThe Modern PeriodT.S. Eliot 唯一一个在英美文学中都提到的诗人poemsThe Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockThe Waste Land (epic)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour QuartersPlaysMurder in the CathedralSweeney AgonistesThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential ClerkThe Modern PeriodJohn Galsworthy: Forsyte SagaJames Joyce: Stream of Consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literaturemajor worksA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man; Dubliners; Ulysses; Finnegans WakeVirginia Woolf: Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, The Waves, Orlando, Modern Fiction(Stream of Consciousness also applied)David Herbert Lawrence: Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley's LoverThe Modern PeriodGeorge Bernard Shaw: the greatest English dramatist after ShakespeareShaw was very much impressed by the Norwegian dramatist Ibsen.Critical realismMajor worksWidower’s HousesMan and SupermanMajor BarbaraPygmalionHeartbreak HouseMrs. Warren’s ProfessionThe Apple CartSaint Joan21。