英语词汇学知识点整理
英语专业词汇学重点
英语专业词汇学的部分重点1）heart and soul: adv. 全心全意地2）white elephant: n. [a. + n.] something useless and unwanted but big and costly. 大而无用的东西，白象，累赘物3）high tea: n. A fairly substantial meal that includes tea and is served in the late afternoon or early evening. 下午茶下午或傍晚前进食的非常丰富的餐食包括茶水4）cold shoulder: n. Informal Deliberate coldness or disregard;a slight or a snub 怠慢故意的冷落或轻视；怠慢或轻慢5）red herring: n. Something that draws attention away from the central issue. 转移注意力者把注意力从中心论题转移开的东西6）narrow escape: n. 九死一生，幸免于难7）brain trust: n. [n. +n.] a group of people with special knowledge who answer questions or give advice. 智囊团，专家顾问团一个通常非正式地担任顾问和政策制定者的专家小组，尤指政府部门中的8）flesh and blood: n. [n. + conj. + n.] relatives or family一个人的血亲；亲属（2）Human nature or physical existence, together with its weaknesses. 人的本性包括各种弱点的人的本性或物质存在9）an apple of discord: n. [n. + prep. + n.] cause of disagreement or argument, etc. 争端，祸根10）Jack of all trades （Jack of all trades and master of none 三脚猫）：n. 万事通；博而不精的人11）fly in the ointment: n. [n. + prep. +n.] something that spoils the perfection of something. 小挫折12）brain drain: n. 智囊流失13）the ins and the outs: n. 执政党和在野党，复杂情况14）son and heir: n. 子嗣15）part and parcel: n. 重要的部分16）a friend in court: n. 有势力的朋友17）wet blanket: n. 弄湿的毯子，扫兴的事One that discourages enjoyment or enthusiasm.18）cat's paw: n. 受人利用者；傀儡19）king's weather n. 好天气20）Achilles' heel: n. A seemingly small but actually mortal weakness. 阿喀琉斯的脚踝一看来很小但致命的弱点21）cut and dried: adj. [a. + a.] already settled and unlikely to be changed. 固定的；已成定局的；已决定的；不大会改变的/?????/22）as poor as a church mouse: adj. [as + a.+ as+ n.] having, or earning, barely enough money for one's needs. 一贫如洗，赤贫的/??????/23）wide of the mark: adj. [a. + prep.+ n.] not at all suitable, correct etc. 毫不相关24）beyond the pale: adj. [prep.+ n.] beyond the limit of proper behaviour. 在…范围之外25）up in the air: adj. [adv. +prep. +n.] uncertain. 悬而未决26）high and dry: adj. （船）在岸上；孤立无援，被遗弃【a. + a.】He left me high and dry. 他使我陷于困境27）up to the hammer: adv. 第一流，极好28）null and void: adj. 无效的29）high and mighty: <口> 趾高气扬地；骄傲自大的；位高权大的30）on the go: （1）[口]在进行活动，忙碌；（2）刚要动身31）on call: adj. 随叫随到的，待命的32）wet behind the ears: adj. 少不更事的，初出茅庐的，乳臭未干的33）look into: 调查，研究34）go on: continue35）put off: 推迟，拖延，搪塞，使分心，使厌恶，扔掉，脱掉，劝阻36）turn on:37）get away with: do something wrong without being punished. （phrasal verbs）侥幸成功，逃避惩罚[责备，追究] 38）put down to: state that something is caused or explained by.（phrasal verbs）把……归结于39）follow one's nose: [v. + poss. + n. ] go straight ahead, go in the same direction. 笔直走，凭本能做事（verb phrases）40）make it: [v.+ pron.] arrive in time; succeed. 及时赶到，成功（verb phrases）41）fall flat: [v. + a.] fail completely in its intended or expected effect. 达不到预期效果，完全失败（verb phrases）42）give sb. the bag: [v. + pron. + n. ] fire or dismiss somebody. （verb phrases）43）sing a different tune: [v. + a. + n.] change one's opinion or attitude （verb phrases）44）call it a day: [v. + pron. + n.] decide or agree to stop either temporarily or for good. 暂时停止；结束一天的工作（verb phrases）45）chop and change: [v. + conj. + v.] fluctuate or vary constantly; keep changing one's opinion, etc. 持续浮动或变动；不断变换注意和观点，等等（verb phrases）46）swim against the stream: [v. + prep. phrase] do the opposite of what most people want to do; go against the way things are happening. 反潮流；逆潮流行事（verb phrases）47）come back to earth: [v. + adv. + prep. phrase] stop imagining or dreaming. （verb phrases）48）make ends meet: [v+n+v] earn what it costs to live. 收支相抵（verb phrases）49）keep the pot boiling: [v+n+v-ing] earn enough to maintain an adequate standard of living; keep a situation active, amusing, etc. 谋生，维持生活，使保持活泼（verb phrases）第一章1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. "woman" means 'Frau' in German, 'Femme' in French and 'Funv 'in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound/rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound.3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）。
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词，是能独立存在并具有词义的词类；虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词，是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。
2.词根与词缀：英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀，词根是词的核心部分，词缀是附加在词根上的，可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。
3.词义：英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。
词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。
4.词汇建构：英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。
合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词，派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词，转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词，缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。
5.词汇变化：英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。
词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。
6.外借词：英语词汇中存在大量的外借词，这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。
外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。
7.同源词：英语词汇中存在一些同源词，这些词源于同一词根或词源，并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。
了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。
8.词汇扩展：英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展，即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。
词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。
这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点，通过对这些知识点的学习和理解，可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。
英语词汇学基本概念汇总
7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.
8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.
3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.
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《英语词汇学》重要术语
One:
英语词汇学200要点-幺老师整理版
1.外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation –loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.2.Motivation 分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.3.Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.4.Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created.5.Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.6.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.8.同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.9.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions10.如何区分同义词？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application11.What are the characteristics of antonyms?12.1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.13.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denotethose more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes14.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).15.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less16.definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.17.语境的种类:非语言语境。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究的是词汇的形成、结构和意义等方面的问题。
在学习英语等外语的过程中，词汇是其中一个重要的组成部分。
下面，本文将对词汇学的一些知识点进行总结与归纳。
一、词的形态学词的形态学是词汇学中必须掌握的一个重要方面，主要包括词的构词法、屈折变化和派生变化等。
词的构词法指的是如何通过组合原有的词来创造新词，包括派生法、合成法、缩略法、转化法等。
屈折变化指根据语法要求，变化词的形态以表示不同的格、时、数、性等。
派生变化则指通过在原有词基础上添加字母或词缀等来产生新的词。
掌握词的形态学是很有必要的，因为它和词汇的理解和使用密切相关。
二、词的分类在英语中，词可以根据其不同的语法特征被归为不同的类别，常见的类别包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
不同的词在句子中扮演着不同的角色，掌握各类别之间的区别以及它们在句子中的作用，可以帮助我们更好地理解和表达语言。
三、词义词义是从语言学的角度定义词的意义，包括原义和引申义。
原义指的是一个词最基本的意思，而引申义则是在原义基础上经过延伸、扩展而得到的新意义。
同一个词的不同意义和语言环境等也会导致其含义的变化，例如“bank”既可以表示银行，也可以表示河岸等。
在学习外语的过程中，掌握词义是十分重要的。
四、词汇的学习方法词汇的学习是英语学习中最基础也最重要的部分之一，因此选择适合自己的学习方法对于提高词汇量、扩大词汇面积至关重要。
常用的学习方法包括反复背诵、积累单词簿、整理词根词缀、阅读和听力等。
在学习方法上，以选择适合自己和有用的方法为主，同时注意与语言运用的联系，不断地推广和实践。
五、词汇的应用掌握了词汇学的知识和学习方法后，其实就迈出了学习英语的第一步。
在实际运用中，如何运用得当也是至关重要的环节。
为了提高语言的流利度，需要在口语和书面语两个方面加强实践，增强实际运用能力。
另外，可以较晚多在社交网络等平台上与外国人联系，使用所学的词汇，将知识应用到实际交流之中，效果更佳。
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
英语词汇学知识点总结
Word-formationWord-formation Word-formation or or or word-building word-building word-building is is that that branch branch branch of of of lexicology lexicology lexicology which which which studies studies studies the the the patterns patterns patterns on on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words. Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major processes of word formation: Composition or CompoundingDefinition : Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or or more more more bases bases bases to to to form form form a a a new new new unit, unit, unit, a a a compound compound compound word. word. word. Compounding Compounding Compounding is is is the the the most most productive word-formation process in contemporary English . Identity crisis 个性危机stand-up collar 竖领hit-and-run tactics 打了就跑的战术spoon-feed 填鸭式灌输，娇养糊里糊涂muddle-headed/minded 笨嘴笨舌heavy-tongued 无忧无虑carefree 饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn 令人心碎heart-breaking 半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive 不合时宜ill-timed/badly-timed 批量生产mass-produce Compounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example, A schoolboy is more concise than “a boy attending school ”; “U p-to-the-minute information information” ” is more vivid than “the latest information ”; “The The old old old man man man would would would sit sit sit for for for hours, hours, hours, thinking thinking thinking sadly sadly sadly of of of all all all the the might-have-beens ” ” is is is more more compact and expressive than “…thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have happened in the past .”The relative criteria of a compound wordOrthographic criterion (书写标准) : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g. solid: airmail ;hyphenated: air-conditioning ; open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion (语音标准) : Compound accent: a single stress on the first element; or a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. 'blackboard, 'blue ‘bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body ) ) Normal phrase accent : : a a a secondary secondary secondary stress stress stress on on on the the the first first first element element element and and and a a a main main main stress stress stress on on on the the second element. E.g. ‘ blue 'bottle (a bottle which is blue) Semantic criterion (语义标准) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressing a a single single single idea. idea. idea. The The The lexical lexical lexical meaning meaning meaning of of of the the the components components components are are are closely closely closely joined joined joined together together together to to to create create create a a compound compound with with with a a a meaning meaning meaning which which which one one one can can can easily easily easily recognize, recognize, recognize, e.g. e.g. e.g. backdoor, backdoor, backdoor, sunset, sunset, sunset, workday. workday. However, the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot ( a policeman), greenhouse, greenback (美钞)，green-hand(生手), greenroom （演员休息室）, mother wit （天生的智力）, Indian paper （字典纸）. More examples:home letters(家信), home voyage （归程）, home life （家庭生活）, home affairs （家庭事务），home bird （不爱外出的人）（不爱外出的人）, home economics （家政学）, home front （大后方）, home games （在本地举行的比赛）, home help （家务女佣）（家务女佣）, homemaker （主妇）（主妇）, home plate（棒球的本垒打）, home sickness （思家病）（思家病）. Word order: A flower pot (花盆) a pot flower (盆花) tiptoe(脚尖) deaf-mute （聋哑者）（聋哑者）Some of them were influenced by French : court martial(军事法庭) ; president elect （当选总统）; ambassador designate （尚未上任的大使）（尚未上任的大使）Classification of compoundsCompounds can be classified according to parts of speech of the compounds . noun compounds : airplane , flower potadjective compounds: w eather-beaten weather-beaten , snowwhite verb compounds: p roof-read, proof-read, baby-sit proposition compounds: notwithstanding, alongside of conjunction compounds : whenever ,whereas pronoun compounds: a nother another , myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds, adjective compounds, andverb compounds.noun compounds• Noun + nounrainwater 雨水; ; springwater springwater 泉水; ; houseplants houseplants 室内植物;fireball 火球火球 ; ; firecracker firecracker 鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船；spacesuits 太空服；mousemat ； 鼠标垫鼠标垫 Dream Team ；bar code 条形码；条形码； lip service 口头上说得好听的话；口头上说得好听的话； information highway 信息高速公路； science fiction 科幻小说；科幻小说； sugar cane 甘蔗；gaslight 煤气灯；煤气灯；• Noun + verbdaybreak 拂晓； nightfall 夜幕降临；sunset/sunrise 日落， earthquake 地震；landslip/landslide (山体滑坡)； headache toothache ；stomachache ；heartbeat drumbeat ； footbeat 脚步节拍 ； wingbeat 翅翼振动 ； window-dress 布置橱窗；布置橱窗； water-supply 自来水自来水 ； snowfall 降雪量； toothpick 牙签；牙签； haircut ； pickpocket ； scarecrow 稻草人稻草人 ( scare the crow) • V erb + noun cry baby (爱哭的婴儿)； playboy (花花公子) ；glowworm (发光虫)； watch-dog (看家狗), swearword （骂人话）, breakwater （防波提）（防波提）, driveway （车道）, jump suit （伞兵跳伞服，连衣裤工作服）；rattle snake(响尾蛇响尾蛇) • V erb + adv / prep changeover (转变进程) ； setback (挫折挫折)； breakdown (崩溃)， show-off(炫耀), slip-up（疏忽，不幸事故）, put-off （推迟，搪塞）, follow-up （连续广告法）（连续广告法）sit-in, dropout, breakdown, walk-on, walkout, setback, take-off• Adjective + nounclear-way(超速道路), easy-chair, deadline, hard disk, soft disk ，red tape(官样文章官样文章) • adverb + noununder-clothes(内衣), after-effect （后效，副作用）（后效，副作用）, upgrade（升级）, overburden • V+ing + nounchewing gum(口香糖), baking powder （发酵粉）, reading lamp （台灯）, lodging house （分间出租供人休息用的房屋），leading article(社论), working party （作业队）（作业队）• Adverb + verb outlet(出口), upset （颠覆）（颠覆）, downfall （垮台，陷落）（垮台，陷落）, upstart （暴发户）（暴发户）, onflow （滚滚向前）前）adjective compounds• Pre-modifier VS. Post-modifier Post-modifier ( ( ( describe describe describe a a a noun noun noun phrase phrase phrase or or or restrict restrict restrict its its its meaning meaning meaning in in some way) • Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic writings. • noun + adjective• skin-hungry, power-hungry, news-hungry, career-hungry (急于成名的) , bloodthirsty • duty-free, tax-free, fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free, dust-free, interest-free, care-free, ice-free, danger-free, nuclear-weapon-free • water-proof, fire-proof, bullet-proof, rain-proof, bomb-proof, vibration-proof • air-sick, seasick, car-sick, home-sick, heartsick (沮丧的) • user-friendly, reader-friendly • profit-conscious,time-conscious, class-conscious, environment-conscious, security-conscious • slap-happy(被打得晕头转向的) boxer ， trigger-happy (嗜杀成性的)gangster ， travel-happy(对旅游入迷的) • accident-prone, crisis-prone (危机四伏的)，error-prone, • air-tight(不透气的)，water-tight, light-tight(不透光的), rain-tight • work-shy(不愿工作的)，camera-shy(怕上镜头的)， publicity-shy (不愿出头露面的) • color-blind, night-blind • blood-weary (厌战的)，travel-weary(旅途劳累的) •stone-deaf, skin-deep, snow-white, ice-cold, knee-deep, paper-thin, mirror-bright, feather-light, fire-hot, crystal-clear, waist-high, shoulder-high, life-long, grass-green, dog-tired, threadbare （穿旧的）（穿旧的） • college-bound/preparatory (准备考大学的)，labor-short (缺乏劳动力的)，top-heavy(头重脚轻的)，penny-wise(小事聪明的) ， oven-fresh (刚出炉的) line-dry(一晾就干的一晾就干的)，world-famous • adjective + adjectivewet-cold, wet-cold, icy-cold, icy-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, red-hot, red-hot, white-hot, white-hot, white-hot, bitter-sweet, bitter-sweet, bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, deaf-mute, deaf-mute, shabby-genteel(shabby-genteel(穷酸的)，dead-alive(半死不活的)，dark-blue, dark-blue, deep-blue, deep-blue, deep-blue, light-blue, light-blue, light-blue, pale-blue, pale-blue, pale-blue, bright-red, bright-red, bright-red, bloody-red, bloody-red, yellow-green, yellowish-green ，social-political• V+ing + adjectivesteaming-hot/smoking-hot steaming-hot/smoking-hot ((滚烫的，热气腾腾的)，soaking-wet/wringing-wet(湿淋淋的，湿得可拧出水来的)，biting-cold/freezing-cold (冷得刺骨的，冰冷的) • Adverb/Prep + adjectiveever-victorious (战无不胜的)，over-cautious, all-round (全面的全面的)， far-reaching (深远的，广泛的)，evergreen (tree), wide-awake (机警的)，over-sensitive, over-anxious, under-ripe (不成熟的)，too-rapid • noun +V+ingpeace-loving, time/space/energy/labor-saving, time-consuming, summer-flowering(夏季开花的), ocean-going (远洋的)， fault-finding, record-breaking, heart-breaking, hair-raising, side-splitting (令人捧腹的)，thirst-quenching (解渴的)，man-eating• noun + V+edheart-felt(衷心的), air-born （空降的，（空降的，空运的）, home-made, travel-worn （旅行得疲乏的）, hen-pecked, book-filled, poverty-stricken, weather-beaten, thunder-struck, suntanned • adjective/adverb + V+ingfresh-frozen(速冻的), easy-going(随和的), familiar-sounding (听起来熟悉的)，hard-working, ever-lasting (永恒的) • adjective/adverb + V+ednewly-developed, well-balanced, far-fetched (牵强附会的)，half-baked(烤得半生不熟的，肤浅的), hard-won (来之不易的)，quick-frozen (速冻的), new-laid (eggs), so-called, fresh-caught, newly-built, well-informed, well-organized • noun + Noun+edhot-tempered(急性子的)，chicken-hearted (胆怯的，软弱的)，honey-mouthed, paper-backed (平装本的)， eagle-eyed(目光尖锐地) • adjective/adv. + Noun+edshort-sighted, short-sighted, tender-hearted, tender-hearted, tender-hearted, sweet-hearted(sweet-hearted(性情温和的), ), green-fingered(green-fingered(擅长园艺的)，open-handed, single-handed, bald-headed, empty-headed, hot-headed, kind-hearted, light-hearted, whole/half-hearted, absent-minded, narrow/broad-minded, double-faced, straight-faced, blue-eyed, muddle-minded/headed muddle-minded/headed ((糊里糊涂) ) , , , commercially-minded, commercially-minded, commercially-minded, heavy-tongued heavy-tongued heavy-tongued ((笨嘴笨舌的)，middle-aged, middle-aged, cold-blooded, cold-blooded, cold-blooded, strong-bodied, strong-bodied, strong-bodied, rosy-cheeked, rosy-cheeked, rosy-cheeked, apple-cheeked, apple-cheeked, apple-cheeked, close/tight-fisted(close/tight-fisted(吝啬的)， bare-footed, white-haired, high-heeled, ill-intentioned, weak-kneed (易屈服的)，long-legged, close/tight-lipped (嘴紧的), ill-mannered, thick/thin-skinned (脸皮厚/薄)，high-spirited, iron-willed, iron-willed, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, glib-tongued glib-tongued glib-tongued ((油嘴滑舌的)，loose-tongued(嘴不严的) • adjective + Nounlong-distance, full-length （未删节的），white-collar, red-letter(喜庆的), ，full-time, first-rate, high-speed, high-level, low-frequency, left-hand, real-time(实时的)， long-range, deep-sea (fish) • Verb + Nounbreak-neck (危险的)， telltale(搬弄是非的)， cut-rate (减价的，次等的减价的，次等的)• Phrases or sentencesat-risk （处境危险的）, in-your-face （明目张胆的）, devil-may-care(不顾一切的), dog-eat-dog （狗咬狗的）, round-the-clock, on-the-spot, cards-on-the-table, matter-of-fact, never-to-be-forgotten, once-in-a-life-time, off-the-cuff (临时想起的意见)opinion, back-up (备用) a stand-up collar (竖领), a walk-in closet (走入式大壁橱)，a see-through shirt （透明的衬衫）（透明的衬衫）（透明的衬衫） take-home pay ，cross-border raid ，a keep-fit class （保健班）（保健班）（保健班） verb compoundsThe common way to form a compound verb is by means of back-formation. The back-formation back-formation is is is a a a process process process of of of word word word formation formation formation by by by which which which a a a word word word is is is created created created by by by dropping dropping dropping the the supposed or imagined affixes Housekeeping → housekeep, test-drive(试车)，machine-gun, nickname, spotlight, honeymoon, honeymoon, outline, outline, outline, speed-read, speed-read, speed-read, soft-land, soft-land, soft-land, vacuum-clean, vacuum-clean, vacuum-clean, mass-produce, mass-produce, mass-produce, sight-see, sight-see, sight-see, proof-read, proof-read, tape-record, chain-smoke, ghost-write, air-condition, baby-sit, window-shop, spoon-feed, hen-peck, snowball, middle-road(走中间道路), chain-react, face-harden(使表面硬化), wire-pull (幕后操纵)，daydream, skyrocket, sleepwalk, highlight, safeguard, whitewash, sweet-talk，job-hop A compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy1.chain-drink: from chain-smoke 2.bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed:• feed from a mother's breast A compound verb can also be formed by means of verb phrasesoverwork, withhold(扣留), cross-question(盘问)，upbuild (建立建立), uplift, uproot, fast-talk(花言巧语地企图说服)，off-load(卸货)，outeat(吃得比……多)，outgo, outgrow , ill-treat, overhear, overtake, undergo, underline, undermine, undertake, Affixation or DerivationIt is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix, or combining form, to an already existing word. A combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, such as auto-（from GK a utosautos self）. 据统计下列14个词根和20个词缀出现在词典里10，000多个英语单词中词根词前缀前缀 词根Precept pre- (before) capere (take, seize) detain de- (away, from) tenere (hold, have) intermittent inter- (between) mittre (send) offer ob- (against) ferre (bear, carry) Insist in- (into) stare (stand) monograph mono- (alone, one) graph (write) epilogue epi (upon) egein (say, study) 词根词前缀前缀 词根aspect ad- (to, toward) spicere (see) com- (together) plicare (fold) uncomplicated un- (not); c omnonextended non- (not); e x ex- (out of) tendere (stretch) reproduction re- (back, again); pro- (forward) ducere (lead) dis- (apart from) ponere (put, place) indisposed in- (not); d isoversufficient over - (above); s ub sub - (under) facere (make, do) mistranscribe mis - (wrong); t rans trans - (across) scribere (write) Number-related prefixes from Latin prefix meaning examples uni- one uniform duo- two duet (二重唱二重唱/奏）奏） tri- three trio (三人组）三人组）三人组） quad-, quart- four quadruplets (四胞胎）四胞胎）四胞胎） quint- five quintuplets sext six sexet (六人组）六人组）六人组） sept seven september (7th month, Roman calendar) oct- eight october nona nine nonagenarian (90-99岁的人）岁的人）Number-related prefixes from Latin deca- ten decade cent- hundred centigrade (一百度的）一百度的）一百度的） multi- many multiply prim-, prin- first primary secund second secondary ambi both (双）双）双） ambivalent (两种价值观的，有矛盾心理的）两种价值观的，有矛盾心理的） equi- equal equidistant (等距离的）等距离的）等距离的） omni- all omnipotence (全能）全能） semi-, sem half semester (half a year 学期）学期）demi- half demitasse (half a cup for serving coffee (一小杯清咖啡）一小杯清咖啡）Number-related prefixes from Greek prefix meaning examples Mono- one monologue duo-, di- two dialogue tri- three triangle tetra- four tetrameter (四音步诗）四音步诗） penta- five pentameter ，pentagon hexa- six hexagon hepta- seven heptagon deka-, dec- ten decathlon hemi- half hemisphere pan- all pandemic (大流行病）大流行病）I.Prefixation The definition of prefixation Prefixation Prefixation is is is the the the formation formation formation of of of new new new words words words by by by adding adding adding prefixes prefixes prefixes to to to stems. stems. stems. Prefixes Prefixes Prefixes do do do not not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes Non-class-changing prefixes: n atural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfairClass-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger , form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollegeThe classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. view. It seems It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories: The most productive prefixesPrefixes which are negative a-, dis-, in-, non-, un- Prefixes which are reversative or privative de-, dis-, un- Prefixes which are pejorative mal-, mis-, pseudo-Prefixes which are of degree or size arch-, arch-, extra-, extra-, extra-, hyper-, hyper-, hyper-, macro-, macro-, macro-, mini-, mini-, mini-, out-, out-, out-, over-, over-, sub-, super, sur-, ultra-, under- Prefixes which are of attitude anti-, co-, contra- counter-, pro- Prefixes which are locative extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-, Prefixes which are of time and order ex-, fore-, pre-, post-, re- Prefixes which are of number semi-, uni-, mono-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly- Prefixes which are of a miscellaneous category Auto-, neo- pan-, proto-, vice-1.Negative prefix a-/an- amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid, anarchy, dis- dishonest, discontent, disobey, disagree in- Incomplete, Incomplete, inconsistent, inconsistent, inconsistent, incorrect, incorrect, incorrect, invulnerable, invulnerable, invulnerable, illogical, illogical, illogical, illegal, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational, irregular non- nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable, nonalcoholic un- uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest 2.Reversative or privative prefix 含“消除”意思意思 de- defrost, deregulation, degeneration, denationalize ，dehydrate depollute, devalue, decentralize un- undo, unpack, untie, unwrap, unmask dis- disconnect, dishearten, disinterested(公正的，无私的), disambigulate 3.Pejorative prefix mis- misguide, misapplication, misbehavior, mischoice, mal- maladjustment, maldigestion, malfunction, maldevelopment,maltreat, malodorous, malnutrition pseudo- pseudonym, pseudoscience, pseudoclassic, pseudo-friend, pseudodemocratic, 4) Prefixes of degree or size hyper- hyperactive, hypercritical, hyperaggressive, hypercautious ultra- ultramodern, ultrasecret, ultraclean, ultrasonic, ultraconservative mini- minibus, minicamera, miniskirt out- outdo, outgrown, outlive over- overwork, overestimate, overemphasize, overabundance, overburden under- underdeveloped, underpopulation, undergraduate super- supermarket, superpower, superstar sub- subadult, subtitle, subbreed, subatom 5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude co- Co-author, co-star, co-prosperity, cooperation counter- Counterexample, counterclaim, counteractive, counterattack, counterculture, counterpart anti- anti-abortion, anti-art, antiwar, antibacterial, antisocial, anticancer, antibody pro- pro-American, pro-American亲美的, pro-Communist, pro-student, proslavery 6) Locative prefixes fore- forearm, forehead inter- international, intergovernmental, interdisciplinary, intercollege trans- transatlantic, transoceanic, transform, transplant tele- telephone, telegram, telecommunication U.S. intercontinental missile洲际导弹洲际导弹 是指射程在8000千米以上的导弹。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。
以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。
1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。
原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。
2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。
例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。
3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。
反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。
4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。
例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。
5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。
许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。
6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。
一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。
例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。
7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。
了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。
8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。
了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。
9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。
采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。
以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!1. 词汇分类：动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、代词、介词、数词等。
2. 词性转换：同一单词的不同词性有不同的用法和含义，如：think（动词）和thought（名词），slowly（副词）和slow（形容词）。
3. 词义辨析：同一单词有不同的含义，如：bank可以指银行，也可以指河岸。
4. 词源研究：研究单词的来源和变化过程，了解其背后的文化、历史和社会等方面的知识。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成：单词由不同的字母组合而成，可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。
2.词根和词义：词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分，在单词形态变化
时不会改变。
词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。
词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加，以及音变等形式进行变化。
3.前缀和后缀：前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母，可以改
变单词的意义或词类。
后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母，可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。
4.同义词和反义词：同义词是意义相近或相同的词，可以在表达时相
互替换。
反义词则是意义相反的词，通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。
5.词义的变化：词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化，有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。
6.词义的分类：词义可以分为字面意义（词义的最基本的意义）、引
申义（从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义）和隐喻义（使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念）。
7.词义的搭配：词义可以和其他词搭配使用，形成固定的词组或短语，这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。
8.词法关系：词汇学研究不同词之间的关系，如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。
9.词源学：词源学研究词语的起源和发展，并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。
10.词汇扩充：词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量，如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法，以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。
自考英语词汇学
自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。
1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。
2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。
例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。
）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。
例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。
二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。
- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。
它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇，我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。
第一部分：英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言，人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。
最初，人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物，逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。
1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加，语言发生了演变和变异。
英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段，包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等，每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。
第二部分：英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分，它通常具有基本含义，并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。
例如，"write"是一个词根，可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite"，通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。
2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前，用于改变词的意义或形态。
常见的前缀包括"un-"（表示否定）、"re-"（表示再次）等。
例如，"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐，"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。
2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后，用于改变词的类别或形态。
常见的后缀包括"-er"（表示职业或性别）、"-able"（表示能力或性质）等。
例如，"act"变为"actor"表示演员，"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。
第三部分：英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane ——now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words bycombining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
词汇学期末复习各章知识点
Chapter one The basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 The definition of a word（1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4）能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”1.2 vocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The general estimate of the English vocabulary is over one million words.1.3Sound and meaning词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。
每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。
这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系。
”1.4 sound and form在古英语中，口语比今天更忠实地代表书面语，但随着语言的发展，越来越多的不同出现在口语和书面语之间。
有以下几点原因：1.内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
2.另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。
在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。
Another reason for this is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3.第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同Those scribes had made some change to the word spelling4.到1500年年末，印刷已经变得非常普及。
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理Chapter 1Word and Vocabulary nsA word is defined as a minimal free form。
a sound unity。
a semantic unity。
and a form that can n alone in a sentence.Vocabulary refers to all the words in a language。
It is the sum of all the words。
and the XXX is like that een an individual and a group.Sound and MeaningXXX.Sound and FormThe written form of a natural language is the XXX een sound and form occur due to the n of the English alphabet from the Romans。
XXX。
the differences created by nal scribes。
and the continuing XXX.XXX languages。
such as Latin。
Greek。
French。
etc。
are known as borrowing or loanwords。
These words have been incorporated into the language over time and have e a part of the vocabulary.In terms of n。
words can be divided into basic words andnon-basic words。
Basic words are XXX to all speakers of the language。
英语词汇学知识点概括总结
英语词汇学知识点概括总结
一、英语词汇学概述
英语词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究的是词汇的形成、构成、分类和运用规律等。
对于学习英语的人来说，词汇是基础，因此了解英语词汇学知识点对于提高语言水平很有
帮助。
二、英语词汇的分类
英语词汇根据不同的分类标准可以分为不同的类型，按照词性分类，英语词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
此外，英语词汇还可以按照构
词法、语义分类和语法功能等不同标准进行分类。
三、英语词汇的构成
英语词汇的构成主要包括词根、前缀、后缀和词干等部分。
通过不同的组合方式，可以构
成不同的词汇，使得英语词汇系统更加丰富多样。
四、词汇记忆与运用
词汇是语言运用的基础，因此词汇的记忆和运用是英语学习中的重要内容。
学习者可以通
过生词本、词根词缀、语境记忆等方式进行词汇的记忆，同时要注重词汇的运用，积累语感，灵活运用词汇。
五、词汇拓展与应用
在学习英语词汇的过程中，不仅要记忆掌握基础词汇，还需要不断拓展词汇量，了解词汇
在不同语境下的应用，丰富自己的词汇库，使得语言表达更加流畅。
六、英语词汇学研究的意义
英语词汇学的研究对于语言学的发展具有重要的意义，可以帮助我们了解语言规律，促进
语言教学和翻译工作的发展，同时还可以为语言教学提供理论基础和实践指导。
总之，英语词汇学是语言学的重要分支之一，研究词汇的构成、分类和应用等方面，对于
提高语言水平和推动语言学科的发展都具有重要意义。
因此，我们可以在学习中加强对英
语词汇学知识的学习，从不同角度掌握词汇的规律和应用，提高语言表达能力和运用能力。
英语词汇学笔记整理
英语词汇学笔记整理Part 1 前缀(Prefixes)1.Negative prefixesa-;an-缺少、缺乏amoral(缺德) asexual(雌雄同体的) asymmetry(不均匀的)anarchy(无政府的)dis-否、不dishonestnon-非、否non-black(非黑人区的) non-science non-smoker nonresistant(非抵抗)in-；i-；im-；ir-complete——incomplete correct——incorrect小结：清辅音[k],[f],[t]前的前缀加in-;唇音之前加im-;“l”前加il-;“r”前加ir-。
所以加什么样的前缀由单词的首字母决定。
un-不unhappy unfriendly infamous2.Pejorative prefixes 表贬义mal-不好的，坏的maltreat(虐待) malformed(畸形的) malnutrition(营养不良的)malfunction(功能紊乱)mis-错误的misdial(拨错号) misleading(误导) misbehaved(行为不规范) misconception(错误的认知) pseudo-错，假的pseudoscience(伪科学) pseudo teaching(实习)3.Reversative prefixes 表逆转的前缀de-defrost(除霜) deplane(下飞机) deindustrialization(非工业化的) decode(解码)dis- 表示动作的逆转disconnect(切断) dishearten(泄气) disown(抛弃)4.Prefixes of degree or sizearch- means “most”\”supreme”常带有贬义archenemy archbishop(红衣大主教) arch monetarist(拜金主义者)co- “joint”or “equally”coexistence(共存的) combine colleague correspondence(通信联系)小结：co-这个前缀根据所跟单词的首字母而发生变化在元音前加co-；-b\-p之前用com-;-l之前用col-;-f\-c\-g前用con-;-r之前用cor- hyper-means “extreme”hyperactive(过于活跃的) hyper cautious(过分小心的)mini-means “little”minibus miniskirt ministered minimalmaxi-means “big”maxi coat maxi skirtout-means “surpassing”,程度多，超过outclass(优质的) outlive(长寿的) outgrowover-means “excessive”相当的，带贬义overeat overweight overestimate(高估) overwork overjoyed(欣喜若狂的) overflow(溢出) sub- 亚，次的subculture(亚文化) subtext(潜台词) subconscious(潜意识)subsonic(低音速)super- 超级supernatural(超自然的) supermansur- means “over and above”超surcharge(额外收费) surtax(附加税) surreal(超现实)ultra- 相当，非常ultramodern ultraconservative(非常保守的) ultrasonic(超音速)ultraviolet(紫外线)under- 低于undercharged underestimate(低估)5.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeanti- means “against”反……anticlockwise(逆时针) anti-aging(抗衰老的) antibacterial(抗菌的) antineutron(反中子) contra- means “opposite”, “contrasting”contradiction conrafactualcounter- means “against”, “in opposition to”counterattack counterexample countercurrent(逆电流)pro- 支持，站在……一方pro-European pro-student6.Locative prefixes 表示方位的前缀fore- 前部forearm foreground forehead forewordinter- means “between”, “among”在……之间international intermarry(近亲结婚) internetsub- means “under”submarine(潜水艇) subway sublet(转租)super- means “above”superstructure(上层建筑物)trans- means “across”transform(变形) transplant transcontinental(跨州的)7.Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序的前缀ex- means “former”以前的ex-husband ex-presidentfore- 表时间foresee(预见) foretell(预言)post- means “after”postmodernism(后现代的) postwar(战后) posttretment(复建)pre- 在……之前preschooler(学龄前儿童) prehistory(史前史) pre-liberation(解放前)8.Number prefixesbi-;di- means “two”双bimonthly(双月的) bicycle(自行车) bilingual(双语的) bigamy(重婚) dioxide(二氧化物) disyllable(双音节)multi-;poly- means “many”多，几个multi-national polygamy(一夫多妻制) polyandry(一妻多夫制)semi-;demi-;hemi- means “half”半semiliterate(半文盲) demigod(半人半神) hemisphere(半球) semivowel(半元音)tri- 三triangle(三角形) tricycle(三轮车) trinity(三维一体) trilingual(三语的)uni-; mono- means “one”单一的uniform monogamy(一夫一妻制) monologue(独自)9.Neo- Classical prefixes 与科技有关的auto- means “self”autobiography(自传) autosuggestion(自荐) autocrat(独裁)extra- 超的extraordinary(特殊的) extraterrestrial(外星的)neo- means “new”新的neo-Nazi(新纳粹党) neo-impressionism(新映像派)pan- means “all”, “world-wide”pan-Americanism 泛美主义proto- means “first”, ”original”原始的，最初的protohistory(史前人类学) prototype(原型，典型)tele- means “distant”远程的telescope telegram televisionPart 2 Suffixation 后缀1.Noun suffixes[1] noun + noun suffixes, abstract 由此类词缀构成的名词表示抽象的概念-age means “measure of”or “collection of”Baggage luggage percentage(集合名词，百分比，不能和数字直接连用) mileage(里程)-dom means “the state of being”kingdom officialdom(官僚) stardom(明星地位)-ery, -ryslavery nunnery(尼姑庵) nursery refinery(精炼)-ful means “the amount contained”handful mouthful spoonful-hood means “the state”or “time of being something”childhood boyhood brotherhood neighborhood widowhood-ing means “material of”or “activity connected with”carpeting matting tubing blackerring-ism means “doctrine of”Impressionism(映像派) optimism pessism idealism materialism-ocracy means “government by”democracy(民主)-shiprelationship friendship dictatorship(独裁主义)[2] noun + noun suffixes, concrete 由此类词缀构成的名词表示具体的概念-eer means “skilled in”auctioneer(拍卖师) engineer mountaineer-er means “having doininant characteristics ”teenager villager Londoner cooker roaster-ess means “a female”actress hostess lioness tigress在masculine(阳性)名词后加- essauthor : authoress 女作家heir : heiress 女性继承人host : hostess 女主人lion : lioness 雌狮例外：actor : actress 女演员hunter : huntress 女猎人tiger : tigress 母老虎negro : negress 女黑人master : mistress 女主人/情妇（concubine 二奶）prince : princess 公主murderer : murderess 女杀手masculine(阳性) 与feminine 完全不同bachelor 单身汉——maid 少女bull 公牛——cow 母牛cock 公鸡——hen 母鸡dog 狗——bitch 母狗gentleman 男士——lady 女士horse 马——mare 母马king 国王——queen 王后monk 和尚——nun 尼姑nephew 外甥——niece 外甥女在名词前后加上性别名词man-servant——maid-servantcock-sparrow——hen-sparrowhe-goat——she-goattom-cat——she-catpeacock——peahen-let means “small”小booklet piglet starlet-ling means “minor”or “off spring of”小，后代duckling princeling-ster means “involved in”gamester(means a person who plays a game for money)gangster(黑帮)[3] verb + noun suffix 加在动词后的名词后缀-ant means “a person or thing”informant consultant(顾问) inhabitant lubricant(润滑剂)-ee means “one who is object of the verb”interviewee nominee(被提名者) trainee-er, -or means “a person or thing”Driver teacher silencer(消音器) computer-al means “the action on result of”arrival refusal revival-ation means “the process or state of”classification(分类) interpretation(分析) explanation globalization(全球化) explorationPart 3 转类法——词形不变，词性改变Assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form.eg: 1. He designed to be a scientist.1.He had a desire to be a scientist.Zero derivation 零派生eg: smokeThe smoke from the chimney. (noun.) ——He smokes a pipe. (verb.)——Let’s have a smoke. (noun.)英语词类的转化一般是简单词补充：breakfast 的来历在阿拉伯，fasting为斋月，从breakfast的结构看来，意为“打破斋戒”的意思，在晚餐和早餐之间的时间较长，而吃早餐就像打破了一个小型的斋戒。
英语词汇知识点归纳
英语词汇知识点归纳英语词汇是学习英语的基础和核心部分，掌握了丰富的词汇量和相关知识点，才能更好地理解和运用英语。
本文将对英语词汇的相关知识点进行归纳，帮助读者系统地了解和学习。
一、词根与词缀词根是词汇的基本组成部分，它能够给词汇赋予一定的意义。
在英语中，许多词根来自希腊语和拉丁语。
例如，"tele-"表示远程，"bio-"表示生命，"photo-"表示光，"multi-"表示多个等。
掌握这些常见的词根，可以帮助我们理解和记忆更多的英语词汇。
另外，英语词缀是在词根基础上进行扩展和变化的部分。
常见的词缀包括前缀（如"un-"表示否定）和后缀（如"-tion"表示名词化）。
通过了解常见的词缀，我们可以推测出许多词汇的意思和用法。
二、词义辨析英语中有很多词汇在意义上非常相近，但在使用场景和语义上有一定差异。
对于这些词汇，我们需要进行准确的辨析，避免用词错误。
例如，"big"和"large"这两个词都表示"大"的意思，但"big"更常用于描述体积，而"large"则更常用于描述面积。
通过积累和比较这些词汇的用法，我们能够更准确地表达自己的意思。
三、近义词与反义词除了词义的辨析外，英语中还存在许多近义词和反义词。
近义词指的是意思相近但用法略有差异的词汇；反义词则指的是意义完全相反的词汇。
例如，"happy"和"joyful"就是近义词，"happy"强调一种普通的快乐，而"joyful"则强调更加强烈和欢乐的感觉。
"happy"的反义词是"sad"，"joyful"的反义词则是"sorrowful"。
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词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、V ocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语言的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional.二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。
⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词五、Classification of Words词的分类(1)Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary①Basic WordsThe basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点：➢ 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language).➢ 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged）➢ 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes )➢ 4. Polysemy 多义性➢ 5. Collocability 搭配性②Non-basic WordsNon-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。
(2)Content Words & Functional Words①Content Words/Full words/National words：They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义②Functional words/Empty words/Form words：They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系(3)Native Words & Borrowed Words①Native Words：Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.②Borrowed Words：loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It includes Denizens 同化词Aliens非同化词Translation loans 译借词Semantic loans 借义词Chapter 2一、The Indo-European Language Family印欧语系(1)The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, andIndia.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。
(2)The classification of Indo-European language family :①The Eastern Set②The Western Set（Germanic）二、Three phases of the V ocabulary Development词汇发展三阶段(1)Old English(450-1150)特点：➢It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 词汇量小➢It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian.拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少➢It is a highly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.)完整词尾(2)Middle English(1150-1500)特点：➢It has a comparatively large vocabulary;词汇量相对较大➢It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇➢Word endings become leveled.词尾扁平(3)Modern English(1500 up to the present)特点：➢it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多样的词汇➢It has tremendous borrowings; 许多外来词➢It has words with lost endings. 词尾消失三、General Characteristic一般特征(1)Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性(2)Simplicity of inflection简洁性、屈折性(3)Relatively fixed word-order相对固定的语序四、Foreign Elements in the English V ocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分(1)主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语(2)次要外来成分：意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语、凯尔特语五、Growth of Contemporary English V ocabulary当代英语词汇的发展Modes of Vocabulary Development发展方式：➢Creation 创词Semantic change 旧词新义Borrowing 借词Chapter 3一、Morphemes词素(1)词素的定义：It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.语素是最小的有意义的单位。
它是语言中最小的构词单位。
(2)词素的特点：①All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否则将会没有任何意义。
②Morphemes may have some variants. 词素可能会有一些变。
e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and grammatical function.二、Morphs and Allomorphs形素和词素变体(1)形素的定义：The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’.体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。
(2)形素与词素的关系：Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。
(3)词素变体：An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。
总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。
morpheme又可称为形位、语素等。
词素是抽象的，它是通过形素morph表现出来的。
词素还有变体形式，在语言学中称为词素变体allomorph。