英语习语特点及翻译论文：简析英语习语特点及翻译
英语习语的特点及其翻译
英语习语的特点及其翻译［Abstract］Language is a main carrier of culture. It comes from culture and at the same time it is one of the effective ways to spread and inherit the culture. In this paper, the attention is focused on the characteristic features of English idioms, such as their origins, forms, styles, characteristics or features. As the language changes, so do the English idioms. All the things above cause a lot of troubles for people to understand idioms in a correct way. The style of English idioms is simple and vivid, and also the origins of English idioms are wide-ranging. Furthermore the form of English idioms and figures of speech are various. All of these cause the difficulty for people to understand. This paper mainly discuss the correct ways for people to understand and translate English idioms, and the purpose of this paper is to help the reader have an exact understanding and translation English idioms and to use them correctly.［Key words］English idioms,features,understanding,translationI. IntroductionLanguage, first, is a tool for people to communicating with each other; second, it is a window for people from different countries to know each other better. Language can reflect the national characteristics of anation, while idioms are crystals of language. They contain abundant information of culture, and they can largely reflect culture. Besides, idioms contain extremely profound and rich meanings and carry a vivid image.It is very hard for us to have a better understanding of English idioms, because English idioms have some specific features, mainly in terms of forms and figures of speech. Unlike most common vocabularies, they have implied meanings. So to understand them thoroughly and use them correctly, we should trace back to their origins of culture. There are many sources for them and this paper mainly discusses the following: from common people, legends, myths, tales and other classic works. Clearly knowing the background information of idioms will ensure a better appreciation and effective translation of English idioms. In other words, idioms carry rich cultural connotations. So culturally translating English idioms becomes a good way to realize cultural interaction.Ⅱ. Idioms, Language and CultureMany people try to give English idiom a clear definition. However, it is very hard for them to do so. Idioms, which constitute a large part of our knowledge of language, are one of the most important components of language. In order to make a comprehensive study on idioms in English, we will begin the research with the definitions of idiom in English.2.1 Various definitions of English idiomsAs it is hard to define culture, it is also hard to name idiom. The definitions of English idiom are different in different dictionaries. However, all of the definitions below have shared some similarities of English idioms in spite of some differences.The Webster’s New World Dictionary defines “idiom” as “an accepted phrase, construction or expression contrary to the usual patterns of the language or having a meaning different from the literal.” From this definition, it is clear that English idioms can be a phrase, a clause or even a sentence.The definition of “idiom” in Oxford English Dictionary is “a group of words whose meaning cannot be deduced from those of the individual words.”For this definition, it indicates that unlike any linguistic pattern, the meaning of an idiom cannot be predicted from the meanings of its individual or constituent words.These definitions show that idioms are a number of words whose meanings are different from the individual words of the idioms when they are alone. The words in idiomatic expressions cannot be deleted, added to, replaced by synonymous words, or put in different order.2.2 Relationship among idioms, language and cultureWhat is language? Different people have different ideas. In fact, the definition of language is not only affected by time, but also affected by the development of the study on the nature of language. It indicates that due to the persistent efforts of scholars and researchers, people are getting to know the nature of language. In the past, language was mainly viewed from a static angel. People paid more attention to its internal structure than to its social usage.What is culture? It is also hard to give a clear definition. According to Nida’s illustration, “it is a mixture of almost every aspect of a society, such as religion, politics, history, arts and so on. It is different among different counties in the world” (Nida 102).The relationship between language and culture is illustrated by Eugene A. Nida as follows: “Culture is the totality of beliefs and practices of a society; nothing is of greater strategic importance than the language through which its beliefs are expressed and transmitted and by which most interaction of its members takes place” (Nida 126). Language does not only come from culture, but also it is the main carrier of culture, while idioms can be called the crystals of language. English idioms occupy an essential part in its vocabulary, and they are the most colorful and fascinating aspects of English vocabulary.In a word, language is a component of culture and plays a veryimportant role in culture. Language and culture rely on each other. Language is the base of entire culture, and it is only in language that culture can be well presented and handed down from generation to generation. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. Language reflects characteristics of culture and predicts the developing orientation of culture. The development of language often embodies the change of culture. It comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living and thinking. To understand a language, one must know well about its culture. So it is quite reasonable to say that learning a language is learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken.Ⅲ. Origins of English IdiomsWithout knowing the origins, it is hard for us to understand the meaning of certain English idiom, because the meaning of English idioms cannot be guessed word by word, or from their literal meanings. Knowing the origins of the English idioms can help us to have a better understanding of the implied meaning of English idioms.When tracing back to the origins of English idioms, we can find there are many sources, but the main sources are just as following: from the speech of the common people, the legends and tales, religions and classical works. From the above, we can know that English Idioms comefrom all aspects of our life, and it is beneficial for us to know the origins of English Idioms, if we want to have a good and correct understanding of English Idioms.3.1 From common peopleA great number of idioms come from the daily life of common people. They reflect every aspects of life from all walks of life. We can find a lot of idioms somewhat connected with sailors, farmers, fisherman, teachers and even beggars. These idioms are concise, colloquial, and vivid and charged with life, and consequently acquire a wide application to analogous situation in our daily life. By and by, after a long-time test of usage, most of them, especially the most expressive and vivid ones, make their way from the popular speech into the standard language and finally come to be generally accepted, even by governmental officials. On the one hand, they can reflect the social background of society, the economy and culture at that time. On the other hand, some of them are even the reflection of people’s simple life and thought patterns. Here are some examples of English that from people’s daily life:To get the root of something: To find out the real cause of something.To be in the some boat: In exactly the same situation.Make hay while the sun shines: Profit from or take the advantage of something while one has the chance.The top dog: A person, group, country enjoying superiority and advantages over others, or the person who has control power.A stitch in time saves nine: Damage will quickly worsen if it is not repaired immediately; immediate action taken as soon as something goes wrong saves a lot of wok later.3.2 From myths, legends and talesEnglish idioms may also come from the second source ancient myths, legends or fables. Greek and Roman civilization contributes much to the formation of English idioms. It can never be overestimated that knowledge of western culture plays a very important role in our understanding of English idioms. These three sources have made a great contribution and play an important role to enrich culture and vocabularies of English in simultaneity, such as the following examples:Trojans horse: Which is design to undermine or destroy from within.Pandora’s Box: A source of extensive but unforeseen troubles or problems.A Pyrrhic victory: A victory at to a great cost; an unprofitable victoryor success over another force, person where loses are greater than is justified by gained.Round-table conference: The table around which king Arthur and his knights sat political or other conference attended by representatives of various interests to have matters discussed. (Note: Around the table it is hard to know who the charger of the meeting is, and its implied meaning is that they are equally important.)Kill the goose to get the eggs: Destroy the chief cause of one’s profit or success. This is a Greece fable that there is a countryman who has a goose that can lay golden eggs. He is very happy and finally he kills the goose and in order to get more golden eggs quickly, consequently, his destroyed the rules of nature and he get nothing from the goose. This idiom has its implied meaning that people should not only be shortsighted, this is an advice for later generations.Rain cats and dogs: This idiom is commonly used nowadays, while few people know its source. Here are some explanations of it. First, it comes from North European, which cats have a great influence on weather, and the image of the witch looks like a cat, while dog is the signal of wind. So if they say rain cats and dogs, it really means that it rain heavily outside, or there is a storm.Lion’s share: The biggest part.3.3 From Literary WorksLiterary works are unexhausted language storehouses from which numerous idioms are created. Shakespeare is one of the most famous English writers. Some of his popular expressions have been widely accepted as established idioms. And there are many other famous writers who have made a great contribution in making idioms. Another important source is Bible, which also plays a very important role in the formation of English idioms. A great number of English Idioms have come from it. Look at the following:Wash one’s hands of a thing: To refuse to have anything more to do with or to accept any responsibility for something or somebody. The phrase is about the description in the Bible of Pontius Pilate’s washing his hands at the trial of Jesus.As poor as a church mouse: Extremely poor. From the phrase we may have some knowledge about poor priests in a church in which even a mouse can not find anything to eat.All that glisters is not gold: A person or thing may not be as good, valuable as he or it first appears.There are many other writers who have made a great contribution of creation English Idioms. For example:There is always room at the top: There are always too few people who are really outstanding in a profession art.A little learning is a dangerous thing: A small amount of knowledgpEvery cloud has a silver lining: every trouble has something hopeful that you can see in it.Language is created by human beings during their working and living. English idioms, as a most significant component of English language, have much to do with common people. Among them are many famous writers, who also make a great contribution in forming of English idioms, Such as Shakespeare and other writers. Bible is one of the sources, thus some idioms have religion color. In addition, we should not neglect the tales, Greece myth and legends, which started the new time of civilization of human beings.Ⅳ. Features of English IdiomsAs a particular part of language, idioms enjoy their own specific characteristics. Idioms are abundant in rhetorical devices. The meanings of idioms are often established by usage and implied in the images and figures they contain. Normally no component word in an idiom can bechanged. But on the other hand, idioms also possess common characteristics, namely the similar qualities shared by the vocabulary of a language. By common characteristics we mean idioms have emotional coloring. For example, they may be commendatory or derogatory. What is more, synonyms and antonyms also exist in idioms. The following paragraphs will be devoted to these features contained in English idioms.4.1 Features of English idioms in general1. Commonly used for a long historyEnglish idioms have been used for a long period and they have long-lasting and vigorous life. According to the estimation of some linguists, there are approximately 50,000 entries exiting in English language, while 20 percent of them are commonly in use now (Wang 372). English idioms, as a part of language, are widely used in many fields, both in oral English and in writing English. Although some English idioms are hackneyed and stereotyped expressions and they have lost the cultural environment, they have formed their special connotations and they are commonly used nowadays. Here are some English idioms that have a long history but are still used frequently nowadays:The apple of one’s eye: A person, usually a child, who somebody loves very much.Rack one’s brain: Think hard about something, especially try and work out the answer to a difficult problem.Lion’s share: The biggest or best part.Heart and soul: eager love, strong feeling, great enthusiasm.Tighten one’s belt: live on a less money than usual, use less food and other things.On thin ice: in a dangerous or difficulty position.Out of tune: not having the exact position or correct shape or balance.A dark horse: a race horse, competitor about whom little is known or who unexpectedly win.Just like the other components of language, there are a lot of new idioms coming, and at the same time, some of them have been getting of out. This shows that language, like other things in the world, is changeable, and they are continually renovating. This is one feature of English idiom. However, there are still some other features that cause the difficulty in understanding of English idioms.2. Semantic integrationSemantic integration can be also called “Meaning Unity” or “Semantic Unity”, which means that we should regard idiom as integrity. In other words, it means that we cannot understand the meaning simply from words of the idiom. So this is one of the difficulties that make people from different culture to have a better and thorough understanding of the idioms. Look at these examples:It is raining cats and dogs: The implied meaning of this is that it’s rain heavily. But if we just understand it facial meaning, there would be a great confusion.I’m under the weather: The corre ct understanding may be “I’m unhappy” or “I’m in bad mood or healthy.”Send in one’s jacket: It means you quit your job, which has nothing to do with the real object “jacket”.Bite one’s nail: Put or press your fingers to your mouth because you feel very excited, nervous or afraid. The real meaning of it is that you have difficulties in doing something. This is far away from your nails in reality.3. Structural StabilityIn the text book A Survey of English lexicology, Structural Stabilityis also named as “syntactic frozenness” (Wang Jiangrong 374). We can analysis this from two aspects, on the one hand, it is clear that we cannot change the words of an idiom, even if they are absolute synonymy; On the other hand, the word order of an idiom cannot be changed. If we do obey the rules above, we certainly make the idiom meaningless. For instance:As happy as king:It means extremely happy. However we cannot expressed as “as happy as queen”.At sixes and sevens: The meaning of it is something is in mess. But we s hould not use it like “at seven or sixes”.4.2 Features of English Idioms in figures of speechFigurativeness makes language beautiful. However it adds the difficulties for people from different culture to understand the true meaning of English Idioms. There are many kinds of figurative speech used in English, such as simile, metaphor, Metonymy, hyperbole, irony, alliteration and etc. Most of English idioms are figurative, because they may read smoothly and sound more pleasing and easy to understand and remember. For example, as busy as a bee, as still as a stone, hot and heavy, part and parcel, money makes the mare go, high and dry, wear and fear. Besides, repetition is a figure of speech in which the same wordappears repeatedly so as to give a strong statement. For instance, step by step, measure for measure, neck and neck. Still antithesis is another important figurative speech, which is using a conjunction to put two parts with different meanings together such as brawn and brain, fair and foul, weal or woe, now or never, through thick and thin, like father, like son, out of sight, out of mind, Penny wise, pound foolish, where there’s a will, there is a way.Although some of figurativeness in English idioms is universal, it is in some degree, unique and different from other counties. This is another factor that may cause misunderstanding of English Idioms for people from different cultures.Ⅴ. Difficulties and Their Solutions in Understanding ofEnglish Idioms5.1 Difficulties in understanding English idiomsBriefly speaking, difficulties in understanding lie in the cultural gap caused by the differences between two cultures in geography and natural environment, history, customs, and religious beliefs. As some famous linguistics have mentioned that two basic difficulties of translation are firstly to know the meaning of the source language and secondly to translate the style just as the source language does (Deng 1).1. Figurative and violation of grammarMost of English idioms are figurative and they do not only have the facial meaning, but also the intended meaning. For example, in English “from hand to mouth” does not really refer to the distance from hand to mouth. The actual meaning is barely able to feed oneself. Another example is “a stone’s throw”, which does not necessarily mean “the throw of a stone”, but rather a short distance (Pan 16).Furthermore some of the English idioms are formed against the grammatical rules, and this will make people confused. When encountering such difficulties, they may be trapped or may doubt whether they are right or wrong. For example:Diamond cut diamond: dispute or struggle between two well-matched opponents. Here it should be “cuts”, however, it is accepted.2. Lack of the background informationAlmost every idiom has its facial meaning and its associative meaning at the same time. Thus people may take the idiom too literally, whereas in most conditions, their implied meaning is very different from their facial meaning. Let try to understand these idioms thoroughly:Break a leg: the literal meaning is “the leg is broken”, however the real meaning of it is good luck to someone.Face the music: the associative meaning of it is to be blamed because of the mistake. If we translated it into “listen to music” it is far from the original meaning and it is meaningless.Have a long nose: the real meaning of it is the people who tell lies that his or her nose will become longer than ever, but not the one who really have a long nose.3. Culture differences and translation difficultiesCulture differences are one of the most important factors and also it is the greatest difficulty for translator to overstep. Nida has stated that if the translators want to translate perfectly, it is far from enough for them to have only a bilingual dictionary or an encyclopedia and the ability to speak or write two languages (Nida 10). Since translation is an inter-cultured activity, translators should have the ability to sense the connotative meaning from the direct or indirect expression. As some famous translators have summed up, translating can be an easier job, when really understanding the cultural background information. For example:The heel of Achilles: it comes from Greece myth, who is a so strongdeity that no one can defeat him. However, when his enemies find his fatal weakness is his heel, and then he is killed by arrow on his heel.Trojans horse: some people hidden in a wooden house, and defeat their enemies.In language learning, we may not avoid such idioms, which are unique to their culture. Without knowing the culture, we can hardly understand them correctly.5.2 Correct ways to understanding confusing English idiomsEnglish idioms are the essence of English language and they are elite of English language. However they are also the most difficult part for people from different culture to have a better understanding. On the one hand, since English idioms are firm in their form and their meanings are not the simply combination of their individual, they are expressions that can not be understood from their literal meanings of the individual element. On the other hand, most of English idioms are figurative, so if we want to understand them correctly, we need avoid taking their literal meanings. As has been mentioned above, language is closely related to culture, which often finds expression in idioms and contributes much towards the enrichment of language expressiveness. Rich and colorful as it may be, culture can also result in puzzle and confusion, especially inthe understanding of some idioms. Penetration into the custom and culture is required when such problems arise as have been mentioned above.Ⅵ. Correct Ways of Translating English IdiomsDryden has put forward three types of translation: metaphases, paraphrase and imitation. Metaphase means translating literally, but imitation is that the translator is apart from the text when doing translation and translator can interpret in a more easy way (Yan 369). Comparing the two methods, we can find that paraphrase is in the middle of them. Pope supports Dryden on these three theories. However Matthew Arnold is against freedom and insisting on preserving the fumet of the original text even the spirit of them happen to the same (Yan 369). While for this paper, it emphasizes on translating in a logical way. To this point, it is extremely hard to decide which methodology is right or wrong. The best way is to combine these ways together. How to achieve the desired effect in doing such translation depends on a large amount of knowledge that translators have. However, different scholars have different ideas about what is the best strategy for the success of translation.As translation is inevitably influenced by the source language culture and the target language culture, the competence of a translator, Nida assumes that the most important ability for a competent translator isnot only bilingual, but also bicultural in order to read between lines. He or she can sense the implied meaning and express them thoroughly (Yan 338).6.1 Literal translationLiteral translation means translating word by word in order to preserve the style of the original text. Generally speaking, literal translating sometimes can fully express the meaning and composing technique of the text. People can achieve this because the communication between countries became more and more frequent, and language is on the way of interaction and adsorption. On the other hand, all the human beings live on the same planet and during the practice to create the world people have a lot of common cognition. So although the background information may different, we can translate literally, which can still understand by most of Chinese people. Such as the following: Add fuel to the fire: make an already difficulty situation worse by one’s actions or words.Strike while the iron is hot: make immediate use of an opportunity; do something when condition is favorable.Fish in trouble water: take advantage of trouble or uncertain for personal profit.As firm as a rock: firm, reliable or loyal.As light as a feather: very light in weight and gentle in movement.Smooth tongue: flattering or insincere encouragement.Generally speaking, there are some similarities between two languages and cultures. Because all the people possess the same globe and resources and have the same experience in developing procedures, translating literally is understandable and reasonable because they have certain similarities. By literal translation, many English and Chinese idioms are translated directly without adding explanation or notes. They are easy to be understood and become popular.6.2 Free translationGenerally speaking, English and Chinese have a lot in common. However, there are still some diversities existing. “Traditionally, the adequacy of translations has been judged on the correspondence in lexicon and grammar between the source and target language. So “functional equivalence” (Nida 314) is not always applicable, or will arouse confusion and misunderstanding to readers. Free translation does not mean translators can translate according to their will. Rather, it means when doing translating, translators try to get rid of the abstract metaphysic usage in English, and find a good expression that isintuitionistic for people to understand.What is sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander: what is thought suitable for a woman should be suitable for a man.Eat one’s word: fail to keep one’s word. Probably it means that someone didn’t keep his or her promise.When literal translation method can not be employed and no Chinese substitute is suitable, we have to use free translation. Consequently, translation may be only concern about the meaning and the style of the text without the sentence patterns or figures of speech. Free translation does not mean we can delete or add content to the original text.6.3 Literal translation with notesSome idioms have their national characteristics. Since different countries have their own unique cultural and linguistic features, which are in fact not familiar to the readers in other countries. To avoid this disadvantage of literal translation, many scholars assume that the method of literal translation with notes can help people have a better understanding.An Englishman’s house is his castle: an English man’s home cannot be entered by anyone else without his permission and nobody can tell him to behave there.Meet one’s Waterloo: suffer defeat or failure; be faced with, especially after precious success, a final defeat.)In the arms of Morphesus: have a living sleep. (Note: Morphesus is the god of sleeping.)Literal translation can reserve national characteristics of original idioms, but it may also cause confusion in understanding since every idiom has its own particular culture and features. This method requires the translator to render source texts literally as well as add some explanation or notes to explain unfamiliar allusions or connotations of source idioms.6.4 Loan translationLoan translation is a method in which the translator borrows a target idiom of similar meaning to replace the idiom of English. People can achieve this mainly because languages have their characteristics of universal. There are several advantages of loan translation: on the one hand, it keeps the original context and forms of English idioms. On the other hand, it can help us to have a more intuitionistic understanding and a feeling of affability.。
英语习语特征和翻译技巧分析
英语习语特征和翻译技巧分析摘要：众所周知，习语是语言的精华，它其有与别的词语不一样的特点；英汉两种语言在历史、文化、宗教背景、传统习俗千方面存在很大的差异，给我们理解和使用丰富多彩的英语习语带来了较大的困难。
本文主要介绍了英语习语的特点和几种英语习语汉译的翻译方法。
关键词：英语习语特点翻译方法习语具有整体性，不可替代性，且简洁明了，生动形象，富含哲理。
它来源广，覆盖面大，再加上英汉两种语言在历史、文化、宗教背景、传统习俗等方面存在很大的差异，给我们理解和使用丰富多彩的英语习语带来了较大的困难。
为了能够忠实地表达原文习语的意思.避免失去习语原有的风格而使语言变得枯操无味.我们首先应该了解英语习语的特点，这样，才能在翻译时根据其特点正确应用翻译方法。
一、英语习语的特点英语习语主要有两个特点：一是语义的统一性，二是结构的固定性。
1.语义的统一性习语的意义是一个整体，是习语的最重要特征，即它的意义并不是组成它的单个词意义的简单相加；例如to burn one’s boats 不是“to put one’s boats in fire and bum them”的意思，与“燃烧”也无关系，实际意思是（破釜沉舟）。
许多习语在意义上具有两重性，既具有字面意义又有习语惫义，例如：”miss the boat’’的习语义是（坐失良机）。
比喻是习语的重要修辞手段，比喻习语具有表达生动、形象的特点，例如：”fall off one’s chair”的字面意义是“从椅子上跌下来”，用来暗喻某人吃惊的程度。
2.结构的固定性英语习语里的构成词及其词序具有固定性，不能随意变化、替换或移动；如：”live from hand to mouth”，意思是勉强糊口）.另外，习语的构成词稍有变化就可能变成另一习语，意义也大不一样，”on the board”的意思是“to discuss at meetings”（在会上讨论），如果使用board的复数形式boards将习语变成“on the boards”其意义也相应变为“to be an. actor or actress on stage”（登台做演员）。
英语习语特点及翻译论文：简析英语习语特点及翻译
英语习语特点及翻译论文：简析英语习语特点及翻译[摘要] 英语习语是英语语言的重要组成部分，是各民族语言中经过长期使用而提炼出来的固定词组、短语或短句，具有丰富的内涵和独特的文化背景。
英语习语有两个显著特点：语义的整体性和结构的固定性。
要正确理解习语的意思，必须了解习语的这两大特点，同时，也要弄清习语翻译的几种常用方法。
[关键词] 英语习语特点翻译一、习语的概念英语拥有丰富的习语,它们构成了英语的核心和精华。
英语习语不仅反映英语的特点,而且彰显各民族及各国文化的方方面面。
习语作为语言精华和民族文化瑰宝, 是一种形象化的语言，是语言的历史遗留, 也是语言特征的集中反映，更是历史文化积淀的结果。
习语是人在长期的语言实践中约定俗成的，它的起源是在口头交际中使用最频繁的俚语和俗语，是英语经长时间使用后提炼出来的短语和短句。
那么，何谓习语? 习语即习惯用语，是由固定的词组和句子所构成的“语言模块”( linguistic chunks) , 这样的“语言模块”通常具有文字精练、音节优美、韵律协调的特点,往往言简意赅,含义深邃,形象生动,意境鲜明,富有哲理,令人启迪。
它适宜用来比喻其他的事物。
使事物更具有鲜活的特征，具有短小精悍、干净利落、易懂易记、说起来顺口、听起来入耳等特征。
在广义上讲，习语包括成语（idioms）、谚语(proverbs)、典故(allusions)、俗语(colloquialisms)等。
二、英语习语的特点英语习语有两个显著特点:语义的整体性和结构的固定性。
即习语语义必须通过词的固定组合来体现，然而这种体现并不是组合中各词字面意义的简单总和,其语义有时要通过形象比喻,有时又背离逻辑而无理可喻。
因此,要理解英语习语,切忌从表层的词义获得其语义。
1、习语语义的整体性习语语义的整体性是指习语的语义是一个完整的不可分割的统一体，因此不能根据组成这个习语的各个单词的意思或分拆开来理解，因为很多习语的意义往往借助本民族的历史文化典故而形成，约定成俗的构成整体意义，应作为一个完整的意义单位来运用。
小议英语习语的翻译(全文)
小议英语习语的翻译一、英语习语的基本特征（一）形成的民族性习语具有鲜亮的民族特色，它们的形成受到各自民族的自然环境、历史背景、风俗习惯、经济文化、价值观念、宗教信仰、文学作品等方面的影响。
英语中较老的习语多源于伊索寓言、希腊神话或圣经故事，其他习语多出自莎士比亚、狄更斯等及当代作家的文学作品，或者十九至二十世纪中期发生的某些历史事件。
例如，《圣经》中的短语devout s brhm(像亚伯拉罕一样虔诚) 形容某人“非常虔诚”；the pple of one’s eye(眼睛中的瞳孔) 意指“珍爱的人，掌上明珠”；《伊索寓言》中的sour grpes(酸葡萄) 喻指“把得不到的东西有意说得一钱不值”。
英国是个航海强国，航海业在英国一直占有特别的重要地位，对“船”的依赖与进展决定了这个航海民族必定使用大量与“船”有关的习语，例如：in the sme bot(在同一条船上)，意指“同舟共济,处境相同”；when the ships come bck(当船回来的时候)，喻指“愿望实现的时候，发财的时候”,诸如此类，不一而足。
（二）语义的统一性习语的语义统一是指其在语义上是个不可分割的整体。
一个习语的意义不是组成该习语各个单词的意义的简单相加,而是具有作为一个整体的新的含义。
英语习语的字面意义和内涵与汉语正好能呼应的数量是很有限的，因此我们往往不能望文生义，否则就会导致理解上的偏差，甚至还会制造笑话。
例如，；大家熟知的to rin cts nd dogs 不是“下猫和狗”，而是“倾盆大雨”；et crow 不是“吃乌鸦”，而是“被迫做丢脸的事情”。
（三）结构的固定性一般而言，短语的构成是相对灵活的，同意形式上有不同的变体。
例如:deliver letter, delivery of letter,以及hving delivered letter 都是可接受的搭配。
而习语是语言中固定的形式，一般是不能改变的，即人们不能改变习语中单词的位置，不能随意增减成分以及不能任意用同义或近义成分替换。
英语习语的特征及翻译技巧
英语习语的特征及翻译技巧英00l1l√ll';0语蠢赣羞_糕张伟伟孙永摘要:习语是经过长时间的使用提炼的固定短语和语句.本文较为详细的介绍了英语习语的特征及翻译方法等.指出要翻译好英语习语,必须先理解其文化背景,两国文化差异,而且要运用得当的翻译方法,翻译中切忌望文生义,逐字硬译.关键词:习语翻译团译是两种语言之间的文化桥梁和纽带.初始语言和西方语言中词汇和句法存在这很大的不同,因此翻译并不是件容易的事情,特别是英语习语的翻译.因为词汇组成习语的方式往往奇特,不符合逻辑甚至有时在语法上也存在错误.为了保持原作的风味和迎合中国读者的口味.翻译技巧就变得尤为重要.1.1英语习语的定义英语习语有着不同的定义.根据牛津高阶英汉词典,习语是意思不同于其组成单个单词的词组或句子,其意思要作为一个整体来理解.胡壮麟这样解释到:"习语是语义上还有句法上都受到严格限制的一组词."1.2英语习语的特征1.2.1语义集成(完整):其意思为习语是一个整体我们不应该把它分开来理解.比如: featherinsomebodyScap意为ANDMANAGEMENT"荣誉",他和"羽毛"和"帽子"没有任何的关系.Itwasa featherinhiscapforthenew teacherwhenhewasmadehead oftheHistoryDepartment.新老师得意的事是他当选了历史系主任.如果我们把"featherinhis CaP"分开来看,人们很难理解其意思.1.2.2.结构的固定性固定性意为我们不能随意添加或者减少成语中的一个词汇, 也不能用近义词随意替代其中的词汇,否则其意义就会有所改变. 比如:Shesangafewlinesoff thecuff.她即兴唱了几句.我们不能讲成"0ffthecuffs". "Haveotherfishtofry"意为"另有要事".如果改为"have somefishtofry",它的意思就彻底改变了.2.英语习语翻译的步骤英语翻译可以分成两个部分来进行:充分理解和充分表达.前者是后者的前提条件,后者是前者的最终结果.我们在翻译的过程中,不应该忽略任何一个部分, 英语习语的翻译也不例外.2.1.充分理解2.1.1a.翻译不仅仅是两种语言之间的互换,而且是两种文化的一种交流.因此我们首先应该多了解一些文化知识并能深刻的理解它,这样我们就能翻译的准确透彻.sourgrapes酸葡萄此习语出自伊索寓言,讲的是狐狸吃不到葡萄就说葡萄酸的故事.后来人们就用它指做那些因得不到想要的东西便故意说它不好的人.b.我们同样要注意保持英语习语的民族特色.比如:"thelongestdaymust haveanend"与中文习语"天下没有不散的宴席"意思相近,但是我们通常把它翻译为"苦难终2007年?第5期有尽头",因为它保留了英语习语的原义并且避免了混淆.C.我们还需要弄清习语是褒义还是贬义.比如:tobehandandglovewith密切合作,互相勾结,此习语既有褒义又有贬义.2.1.2.英语习语和中文习语的相似点英语和中文习语具有对应性,即有些习语在字面意义和比喻意义上是一样的.这一类的习语要相对比较容易翻译.比如:gothroughfireandwater赴汤蹈火infromoneearandouttheother一一只耳进,另一只耳出b.英语习语和中文习语的不同点(知道这些不同点会帮助我们更好的翻译英语习语)不同的习俗很多英国人都非常喜欢狗他们经常用"狗"指代"人".比如:Luckydog幸运儿adeverdog伶俐的小子loveme, lovemydog爱屋及乌.但是中文习语中,狗通常代表不好的事物,比如:"狗腿子""狗仗人势" "狗血喷头"等等.不同的修辞:比喻和比较通常大量的应用在习语中,不同是事物有时候被借用来表示相同的意思.比如:"大海捞针"表示"没有希望地寻找",在对应的英语习语中"haystack"替代了"sea": "tolookforaneedleina haystack".类似的如:Likearatinahole瓮中之鳖spendmoneylikewater挥金如土不同的宗教信仰西方国家,特别是英国和美国,人们通常信仰基督教,这一点和中国人不同. 比如:Godhelpthosewho helpthemselves(上帝帮助自助的人),Godblessyou(在胸前十字架时说),actofGod(表示不可抗拒的力量时用),2.2充分表达2.2.1英语习语的翻译方法直译直译,是照表面意思翻译,保留了英语习语中的原有形式比如:tofighttothelastman(战斗到最后一个人),to breaktherecord(打破记录), armedtotheteeth(武装到牙齿),sourgrapes(酸葡萄),the coldwar(冷战),意译简单地说,即保持原文的内容,但同时不能兼顾其修辞特点, 不得不改变说法的译文为意译. 比如说:"henearlyfelloffhis chairwhentheytoldhimthe news",这是表达"他感到很惊讶"的一种隐喻的说法.因此翻译成"他从椅子上掉了下来"是完全错误的.意译加注释意译有时候也不能充分表达蕴含的文化信息,有时候也采用注释的形式来诠释习语.比如: "JustinthemiddleofchesS.he hadtothrowupthesponge"被翻译成"棋下到中盘他就只好投子认输"[注:"Sponge"是拳击中用以擦身的海绵.它还有个用途,那就是:在比赛中,当一方遭到对手的沉重打击,眼看就要被对手击到的时候,他的教练或副手就把擦身用的海绵往空中一扔,或是投入拳击场,做为裁判员承认失败的一种形式.从这个注释中读者不难明白为什么把"throwupthesponge"翻译成"认输".意译一译为意思相同的中文习语我们也会经常发现中文习语有些和英语习语有相同的内容, 形式,形象的比喻以及其他的修辞.如下例子可以做出很好的解释:strikewhiletheiron1shot趁热打铁amongtheblindthe one—eyedmanisking山中无老虎,猴子称霸王Likefather,like son有其父,必有其子修辞手法采用修辞手法主要是为了使得翻译看起来更形象生动,也就是做到了严复提出的翻译三标准中的"雅".这样看起来译文更有可读性.比如:Rollingstonegathers nomoss(流水不腐,户枢不蠹),这句英语习语句子很简单没有任何的修辞,但是却翻译成中国的一句大家都知道而且具有修辞手法的对句.3.小结在翻译英语习语时我们可以采用以上几种有效的方法,但是想成为一名好的译者,必须要苦心学习研究语言与其相关的文化知识,还要有足够的联系,只有这样才能真正的做出忠实于原文,表达充分的译文,从而真正能做到"信,达,雅".四参考文献(作者单位:山东行政学院)SCIENCEANDMANAGEMENT_嘲眦m呕-E:删.砉=&-E.㈣,№l亏一一～一一～帆喊一～～,跳-=椰一一～一一～～一一一一一～一一～,4,,m叭噌一～～。
浅谈英汉习语的翻译
浅谈英汉习语的翻译摘要：英汉习语的翻译一直是翻译工作者们所面临的难题之一。
因为习语的特殊性，其字面意义往往与其实际意义有很大的差异，如果直译，就容易产生歧义，甚至造成误解。
因此，翻译习语时需要把握其上下文环境、语境含义及文化背景，进行灵活转换和恰当的翻译。
本文将从英汉习语的定义、特点以及翻译策略等方面展开论述，以期提高翻译工作者的翻译水平和习语翻译的准确性。
关键词：英汉习语；翻译；字面意义；上下文；语境；文化背景一、英汉习语的定义及特点英汉习语是指在英汉语言中有特殊意义的固定词组或短语，其意义往往不可从其组成词语的字面意义推知，是特定文化和语言环境中的产物。
它们可以用来表达具体的概念，也可以用来形象地表达某种情感或体验。
英汉习语在两种语言中往往有相似或类似的表达方式，但其意义和文化背景可能有所不同，需要进行适当的翻译。
英汉习语有其特殊性，其特点主要表现在以下几个方面：字面意义与实际意义的差异。
英汉习语的实际意义往往与其字面意义相差甚远，这种差异是由于历史、文化、语言等多种因素的综合作用而形成的。
例如，“打破沙锅问到底”在中文中的意思是尽力追问某件事情的真相，而其字面意义是砸烂了锅子才能得到底部的答案。
可能产生歧义。
由于习语的特殊性，直接翻译可能会产生歧义，甚至是误解。
例如，“一石二鸟”在中文中是指一举两得，而在英文中则是“一箭双雕”的意思。
形式多样。
英汉习语的形式有很多种，有些是由几个单词组成的短语，有些是由一个单词组成的短语，有些是成语，还有些是俚语等，这些不同形式的习语在翻译时需要采用不同的策略和方法。
二、英汉习语的翻译策略意译法意译法是指在翻译过程中，根据英汉文化差异和语言环境的不同，对习语的实际意义进行合理的转换和翻译。
这种方法在翻译习语时常常使用，因为直译容易造成误解和歧义。
例如，“一见钟情”在英文中常常翻译为“love at first sight”，而不是直接翻译为“one look and love forever”。
浅谈英汉习语的翻译 毕业论文
目录摘要 (1)关键词 (1)引言 (2)一、英语习语的内涵及其作用 (2)二、跨文化交际语境下的英汉习语差异 (2)三、英语习语在翻译中文化差异的因素 (3)3.1. 历史发展的差异 (3)3.2.地理环境的差异 (3)3.3.宗教信仰的差异 (3)3.4. 历史典故的差异 (4)四、英语习语翻译的原则 (4)4.1. 直译法 (4)4.2. 意译法 (5)4.3. 直译加注法 (5)五、结语 (6)参考文献 (7)摘要：英语习语是英语语言的精华，是英语词汇中一个不可缺少的组成部分。
人们高频率地使用英语习语，既满足了语用学中对信息简洁的要求，也达到了有效的交际目的。
习语的翻译要掌握习语的文化内涵，同时也要兼顾文化差异和翻译原则，生动、准确地表达复杂的思维和社会的发展。
关键词:英语习语翻译英汉习语差异浅谈英汉习语的翻译引言语言是文化的载体，是文化的一个重要组成部分，文化要通过语言来交流和传承，语言只能依附于某种特定的文化而存在。
人们在对语言与文化二者的关系研究的过程中，逐渐产生了一门新的学科——跨文化交际学。
而在语言这个大家庭中，习语是其中的核心和精华。
如果没有习语，语言将会变得枯燥乏味，毫无生气。
反之，如果运用得当，习语可增强语言的表达能力。
英语是世界上词汇最丰富的语言之一，英语习语更显得纷繁浩瀚，渗透着浓郁的西方文化气息。
如何准确传达习语所包含的独特文化内涵，并再现原作的表现力，往往是翻译的难点。
一、英语习语的内涵及其作用英语习语是英语民族在长期的社会实践中积累下来的一种约定俗成的特殊语言形式。
它包括比喻性词组、俚语、俗语、谚语等，是语言词汇的重要组成部分，是语言的民族形式和各种修辞手段的集中表现，是语言中的某一些部分经过长期反复使用后自然沉积形成的形式固定、简洁明快、喻意深刻的短语或短句。
其源流涉及物质生活和精神生活的各个方面：从日常的衣食住行、地理环境到风俗习惯、社会制度、文学艺术以及宗教信仰、人生哲学、价值观念和思维模式等。
英语习语特征及翻译策略
家长应注意儿童心理的变化，有意识地为儿童积累心理健康资料，帮助儿童树立自信心、学会承受挫折、正确地疏泄心理，让他们知道问题的原因并能自己解决产生的心理问题和问题行为。
（四）引导儿童正确面对现代媒介阻止孩子靠近现代媒介和放任不理的做法都是不对的，以网络为例，网络带给了我们最新的咨询和更为便捷生活、交往方式的同时也毒害着儿童身心的发展，家长应该正确的引导儿童认识网络，告诉孩子利弊，引导孩子从小对高科技的探索。
六、结语无论是城镇儿童、农村儿童都是祖国的未来，家庭有责任营造更好的环境、运用更多的方法，与幼儿园、社会一道控制儿童的外部问题行为，让儿童健康快乐成长。
（作者单位：1.哈尔滨师范大学教育系；2.哈尔滨市呼兰区晨光幼儿园；3.哈尔滨幼儿师范高等专科学校）英语习语特征及翻译策略戴 炯习语是在语言长期使用中形成的固定词组或句子，其精炼性、生动性和概括性使语言的表达更加传神，给人印象深刻。
同时，它承载着丰富的文化信息，与一个民族的历史背景、地理环境和生活习惯，价值观念等方面有紧密联系。
因此，进行翻译时译者应该考虑这些文化上的差异根据读者的接受能力不同对所译习语进行有策略的处理。
习语中的文化因素往往是翻译当中的难点，下面就此对英语习语特征以及相应的翻译策略进行探讨。
一、英语习语特征（一）民族性特征。
习语是语言的提炼与升华，一般情况下，它都可以运用恰当比喻来对普通形象进行联想，而这种联想由于受民族现实环境与生活经验影响从而表现出典型的民族性特征，表现在两方面，一是联想意义类似，表现出民族共性。
如spend money like water（挥金如土）；二是比喻物体不同，表现出民族特性。
如汉语中用“雨后春笋”来表示事物生机勃勃、蓬勃发展，而在英语习语中有“to boom like mushrooms”来表示汉语中的“雨后春笋”概念，这是习语的民族特性的表现。
（二）约定俗成特征。
习语在人们长期语言实践中形成，具有约定俗成性。
浅谈英语习语的特点及翻译
习语（Idiom ）是语言在长期的使用过程中自然沉积形成的固定短语和短句，具有形式固定、简洁明快、寓意深刻的特点。
习语是语言的精华，它们承载着一个民族的文化特色和文化信息。
习语是一个社会的语言和文化的重要组成部分，它包括成语、谚语、俚语、俗语、典故、惯用语、歇后语等。
英语习语是人们经过长时间的使用提炼出来并含有特殊意义的固定词语组合。
英语习语主要来自日常生活语言，反映了英国的社会历史背景、生存环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯及思维方式，承载着丰富的文化内涵，并受文化的制约。
由于中西方人们的生存环境、生活习俗、宗教信仰、历史文化等方面的差异，英汉习语所承载的民族文化特色和文化信息也就各不相同。
所以，在翻译英语习语时，必须根据不同习语的不同特点，采取不同的翻译方法。
在忠实地表达原文习语的含义的基础上，尽量保持原文习语的生动形象、修辞效果和民族特色。
一、英语习语的特点1.习语具有固定的结构，不能任意拆开、替换。
例如：在英语中我们不能把“leave no stone unturned ”改为“leave no brick unturned ”，“live from hand to mouth （勉强糊口）”，不能写成“live from the hand to the mouth ”，也不能写作“live from a hand to a mouth ”。
2.由于语言、心理、社会和历史的原因，成语的真实含义同字面意义之间往往有不同的差异。
例如：英语习语“tobring the house down ”不能按字面理解为“把房子拉倒”，而是“博得全场喝彩”；pull one “s socks up （振作起来，鼓起勇气，加紧努力），切不可根据组成这一习语的4个部分，把这个习语理解为“提起自己袜子”。
3.习语具有深厚的历史文化渊源，有的反映本民族的风俗习惯，有的包含有趣的历史故事。
例如，习语face the music 与古代的演员有关。
英语习语特点及翻译论文：简析英语习语特点及翻译
英语习语特点及翻译论文：简析英语习语特点及翻译[摘要] 英语习语是英语语言的重要组成部分，是各民族语言中经过长期使用而提炼出来的固定词组、短语或短句，具有丰富的内涵和独特的文化背景。
英语习语有两个显著特点：语义的整体性和结构的固定性。
要正确理解习语的意思，必须了解习语的这两大特点，同时，也要弄清习语翻译的几种常用方法。
[关键词] 英语习语特点翻译一、习语的概念英语拥有丰富的习语,它们构成了英语的核心和精华。
英语习语不仅反映英语的特点,而且彰显各民族及各国文化的方方面面。
习语作为语言精华和民族文化瑰宝, 是一种形象化的语言，是语言的历史遗留, 也是语言特征的集中反映，更是历史文化积淀的结果。
习语是人在长期的语言实践中约定俗成的，它的起源是在口头交际中使用最频繁的俚语和俗语，是英语经长时间使用后提炼出来的短语和短句。
那么，何谓习语? 习语即习惯用语，是由固定的词组和句子所构成的“语言模块”( linguistic chunks) , 这样的“语言模块”通常具有文字精练、音节优美、韵律协调的特点,往往言简意赅,含义深邃,形象生动,意境鲜明,富有哲理,令人启迪。
它适宜用来比喻其他的事物。
使事物更具有鲜活的特征，具有短小精悍、干净利落、易懂易记、说起来顺口、听起来入耳等特征。
在广义上讲，习语包括成语（idioms）、谚语(proverbs)、典故(allusions)、俗语(colloquialisms)等。
二、英语习语的特点英语习语有两个显著特点:语义的整体性和结构的固定性。
即习语语义必须通过词的固定组合来体现，然而这种体现并不是组合中各词字面意义的简单总和,其语义有时要通过形象比喻,有时又背离逻辑而无理可喻。
因此,要理解英语习语,切忌从表层的词义获得其语义。
1、习语语义的整体性习语语义的整体性是指习语的语义是一个完整的不可分割的统一体，因此不能根据组成这个习语的各个单词的意思或分拆开来理解，因为很多习语的意义往往借助本民族的历史文化典故而形成，约定成俗的构成整体意义，应作为一个完整的意义单位来运用。
浅论英语习语及其翻译
浅论英语习语及其翻译英语习语是英语的一个重要组成部分, 具有浓厚的文化色彩和形象性, 在表达上有其特有的作用。
其翻译的优劣直接影响译文的效果。
由于英、汉是在文化背景、思维方式等方面截然不同的两种语言，所以在对习语的理解和翻译时会存在许多问题，只有充分了解了说英语国家的文化背景和民族特点才能尽可能忠实地表达出原文的思想内容。
一、英语习语的来由在英语习语的翻译过程中，一定要通过英美国家思想观念，风俗人情，文化背景，生活方式及宗教信仰来把握英语习语的出处和渊源。
众所周知，英美国家的文化背景足以基督教文化为主要背景。
因此英语习语在很大程度上也带有浓厚的宗教色彩。
概括来说，英语习语的来源主要有一下几个方面。
(一)历史故事，神话故事这些故事是人们在不发达的原始社会中对大自然的恐惧，敬仰以及对美好生活的向往，期望。
因此这些故事情节基本都是虚构的，带有强烈的主观色彩。
英国作为老牌资本主义国家，以其悠久的历史，深厚的人文底蕴，丰富的民问传说而闻名于世英文习语中很大一部分也来源于此。
其巾最著名的莫过于“斯芬克斯之谜”了。
斯芬克斯最早来源于古埃及神话，是一个有翅膀的怪物，代表着“高贵”和“仁慈”。
传说巾斯芬克斯会坐在忒拜城附近的悬崖上，用缪斯所传授的谜语来询问询问过往的路人，猜不中就会被它吃掉。
这个谜语就是“什么动物早上用四条腿走路，中午用两条腿走路，晚上用三条腿走路。
”只有俄狄浦斯猜中了正确答案，谜底为“人”。
斯芬克斯羞愧万分，并最终被俄狄浦斯杀死。
后来，“斯芬克斯之谜”就常用来形容神秘，难以理解的难题。
(二)宗教信仰英美等国家人民主要信奉基督教，相信上帝。
作为他们信奉的宗教经典，《圣经》在其宗教生活巾扮演着非常重要的角色。
《圣经》中有很多关于耶稣，撒旦以及一些发人深省的故事，因受到英美国家人民的喜爱而广为流传，成为大量英语习语的来源。
如：the apple of one’s eye掌上明珠，此典故出现在《申命记》第32章“He kept him as the apple of his eye．”(保护他如同保护眼中的瞳孔)。
浅探英汉习语的异同与翻译-模板
浅探英汉习语的异同与翻译摘要：英汉两种语言都有着大量习语。
习语是一个民族语言的重要组成部分,蕴涵着丰富的文化内涵。
本文首先对英汉习语的异同进行了比较与分析,进而论述了几种英汉习语的翻译方法,以期能够对英汉习语的互译有所帮助。
习语除了固定的短语或表达法外,还包括口语体、谚语、格言乃至一些俚语。
英汉两种语言同属较为发达的语言,故都拥有大量习语。
英汉习语源远流长,都有着极其丰富的文化底蕴。
英汉习语反映了两个不同民族的不同的历史、经济生活和思维方式。
英汉习语有极强的概括和表现能力,形象生动,寓意深刻,韵味隽永,为人们所喜闻乐见。
1 英汉习语比较英汉习语的基本共性结构的固定性习语从其结构来看,有其自身的完整性,其中各个组成部分是固定的,不可任意拆开或替换,如“pull somebody’s leg”(愚弄某人)不可变单数为复数;“by twos and threes”(三三两两)不可按汉语习语改为“by threes and twos”.又如汉语的“去伪存真”不能说成“去假存真”,“三言两语”不能说成“两语三言”,虽然前者和后者意思没有很大不同,但是相沿成习,习惯上人们说的是前者,不是后者。
语义的统一性习语是语言中约定俗成,相沿习用的定型化词组,在语义上是个不可分割的统一体,不能按字面意义来理解,如“胸有成竹”并非字面之义,而是比喻做事之前已有通盘考虑或周密计划。
又如“沉鱼落雁”并非描述沉下去的鱼和落下去的雁,而是用来描述女性无与伦比的美貌。
英语的习语也是如此,不能逐字理解,而应从整体去认识其特殊性和习惯性,如:do somebody brown(使某人上当),show the white feather(显示胆怯)等。
习语的习用性习语的习用性指习语应用的广泛性,社会成员在各种交际场合和各种文体中经常使用习语,从而不断丰富习语。
习语以其简短的形式、生动的形象和恰当的比喻而深受人们的喜爱,作为全民族的智慧结晶和全社会的语言财富,在广泛的范围里为人民大众所确认和应用,因此,很多习语具有极强的生命力。
英汉习语文化翻译论文
英汉习语文化翻译论文一、背景介绍随着全球化的深入发展，跨文化交流的需求日益增长，文化翻译已成为一种不可或缺的翻译形式。
其中，英汉习语的文化翻译更是具有重要意义。
英汉两种语言各自拥有丰富多彩的习语，这些习语涉及到很多文化符号、历史典故和地域特色，因此其翻译常常需要特殊的技巧和思维方式。
本文将从英汉两种语言的习语特点、文化差异以及翻译方法等方面探讨英汉习语的文化翻译问题。
二、英汉习语特点1. 英语习语特点•凝练性：英语习语通常由几个单词组成，语言形式简洁，但往往包含着丰富的含义。
•生动性：英语习语具有形象、生动的特点，通常采用比喻或象征的方式。
•情感性：英语习语常常通过情感表达来传递信息，包括喜怒哀乐、悲欢离合等多种情感。
2. 汉语习语特点•厚重性：汉语习语通常由多个汉字组成，语言形式相对复杂，但信息量较大。
•富于哲理：汉语习语往往寓意深远，经常包含着诸如哲学思想、人生道理等方面的含义。
•体现文化传统：汉语习语通常带有浓厚的历史文化气息，体现出中国悠久的文化传统和价值观念。
三、英汉习语文化差异英汉两种语言的习语差异主要来源于其不同的历史、文化和社会背景。
由于篇幅原因，本文只选取了部分习语进行比较。
英语习语汉语习语差异原因kill two birds withone stone一箭双雕形象化不同the straw that breaks the camel’s back 坚持不懈，久久为功喻意不同，英文习语比喻突出，中文习语则反映出中国文化中价值观的延续。
bite the bullet 吞声忍这两个习语表达体验感的重点略有不同。
英文习气，咬牙坚持语更偏向于自我反省和思考，中文习语则更强调外界经验和历练。
四、英汉习语文化翻译方法英汉习语文化翻译需要综合考虑习语的特点、文化差异和语境等因素。
以下是一些常用的英汉习语文化翻译方法：1. 相似情境转化法这种方法的核心是在不同的语言环境下寻找相似的表达法。
例如英语“打两个鸟用一颗石头”，翻译成中文时可以变成“一石双鸟”，这样可以保持习语的简练性和形象性。
从习语的特征谈习语的翻译
1002011年三月刊本文通过分析习语的结构特征及语义特征，阐述习语的可分析性和可译性。
习语的结构具有整体性，凝固性，和不可替代性特征；用明喻修辞手法的习语和保留了核心词的习语语义易推理。
很多习语语义是不易推理的：有些习语具有语义的双重性；有些习语不符合生活思维和逻辑思维；更多的习语是孕育着丰富的文化内涵。
所以习语是否可分析和翻译是本文探讨的核心问题。
作者针对习语的这些特性，提出了切实可行的翻译方法，即，首先识别确定习语。
然后，从根据习语的可分析难易程度选择四个方案。
1)从字面意思分析；2)从隐喻概念入手；3）从语境情景中分析；4）从文化背景中分析。
最后，作者针对人类思维和客观世界的统一性，提出了直译手法的运用；针对习语的文化特性及人类主观能动改造世界的多样性，强调了意译或直译加注的手法的运用。
Author analyzes the structure and feature of idioms, illustrating the possibility of analysis and translation of idioms. The idioms are featured with integrity, coagulability, and irreplaceability of which even some disobey the grammatical rules, Idioms employing simile, or keeping key words can be understood through analyzing process, however, except its idiomatic meaning, some idioms have its superficial meaning, the interpreter should judge its meaning from the context; and some idioms do not coincide your substantial world and our logic reducing process, since they are cultural-loaded. In order to solve these problems, the author proposes a practical way, i.e. First, interpreter should identify and confirm the idioms; then according to the difficulty level, interpreter can get the meaning from the words, metaphorical concept, context, and cultural background. Finally, the author proposes the literal translation, which is based on the similarity of objective world and human thought, and free translation or literal translation plus explanatory note, which is based on the differently conscious activity and cultural background.idiom 在汉语中的译法很多，有翻译成“成语”的，有译成“习语”的，还有将其理解成“熟语”或者“惯用语”的。
浅析英语习语的特点及翻译策略
浅析英语习语的特点及翻译策略作者：李彩云孟皎来源：《新时代教师》2013年第02期【摘要】习语是语言中的精华，不仅言简意赅，而且形象生动，妙趣横生，给人一种美的享受。
本文从习语的特点入手，从直译、意译和对联增字法等角度浅谈了英语习语常见的几种翻译方法。
【关键词】英语习语，翻译策略，直译法，意译法习语是语言在使用过程中约定俗成、逐渐形成的独特的固定的表达方式。
从广义上讲，习语包括成语（idioms）、俗语（colloquialisms）、谚语（proverbs）、俚语（slang）、典故（allusions）等，是每个社会的语言和文化的重要组成部分。
习语作为语言所特有的习惯表达方式，具有以下特点：习语集中反映一个民族的文化特色；习语是各种修辞手段的集中表现；习语是语言中独立的、不规则的固定成分。
由于各国人民的思维方式、文化氛围、生活习惯、地理环境和历史变迁的不同，习语的互译成为翻译中比较困难的一方面，也是值得研究的一个课题。
下面针对习语的特点介绍并分析几种有用的英语习语的翻译策略。
1.直译法直译法就是按照文字的字面意思直接翻译过来。
直译是英语习语翻译的一个重要方法，既能保持原话的句法结构和语体风格，又能保持源语的思想内容、民族特色和原作者的思维方式。
直译更可以保持源语的文化内涵，对促进不同民族间的文化交流具有重要意义。
下面都是英语习语直译成汉语的典型例子。
A cat has nine lives. 猫有九命。
Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
Shed crocodile tears. 掉鳄鱼的眼泪。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Money is the root of all evil. 金钱是万恶之源。
2.同义习语套用法英汉民族具有不同的文化，作为文化载体的语言也自然受制于这两种不同的东西方文化。
但由于人们对于客观事物的感受、生活经验以及社会经历等方面有相似之处，英汉习语中也有一些相同、相似或相近的地方。
英语习语的特点及对学习英语的启示
浅谈英语习语特征及对学习英语的启示摘要：英语习语既是一种特殊的语言现象又是英语的精华所在。
习语是某种语言经过长期使用而提炼出来的固定词组、短语或语句，英语中许多脍炙人口的习语与其文化紧密相连，反映着本民族的文化特色和文化信息。
本文主要分析英语习语的特点，并探讨英语习语对学习英语的启示，以帮助英语学习者更好地学习英语习语。
关键词：英语习语特征启示习语是一个社会文化和语言的重要产物，具有丰富的文化内涵。
英语习语（idioms）范围广泛，内容多样。
就其广义而言, 包括俗语(colloquialisms)、谚语(proverbs)、俚语(slang expressions)等。
由于地理、历史、宗教信仰和生活习俗等多方面的因素决定，习语承载着英语语言民族的文化信息和文化特色，并与它们的文化传统紧密相连，不可分割。
而对英语习语的学习有助于我们掌握英语本族语者的真实语言，了解语言背后所隐藏着的丰富而有趣的文化信息。
英语词汇中习语非常丰富，习语不是英语中可以使用也可以不使用的游离部分，而是英语词汇中一个不可缺少的组成部分，不了解习语就会影响到用英语进行交际。
因此笔者认为, 在教学实践中恰当地使用英语习语, 可以有效的促进外语教学。
一、英语习语的特点（一）习语结构具有固定性特点习语的各个组成部分是固定的，它不像一般短语和词组那样任意拆分、组合、替换。
习语的结构特征表现在结构的固定性(fixity)。
具体来说习语的构成词、搭配、次序、词意、语态、表达方式等方面都有一定的固定性，只是习语固定性的强弱程度不同。
例如：A friend in needis a friend indeed.(患难见真交),就不能改变顺序说成 A friend indeed a friend in need.又如：A good beginning is half done.（良好的开端是成功的一半），A good beginning makes a good ending.（善始者必善其终）。
试析英汉习语的异同与翻译
试析英汉习语的异同与翻译【论文关键词】习语比较翻译【论文摘要】英汉两种语言都有着大量习语。
习语是一个民族语言的重要组成部分,蕴涵着丰富的文化内涵。
本文首先对英汉习语的异同进行了比较与分析,进而论述了几种英汉习语的翻译方法,以期能够对英汉习语的互译有所帮助。
Abstract: English and Chinese are both rich in idioms. Idioms are an important part of language and have rich cultural connotations. This paper analyzes and compares English idioms with Chinese ones and then introduces some translation methods of idioms.Key words: idioms; comparison; translation习语除了固定的短语或表达法外,还包括口语体、谚语、格言乃至一些俚语。
英汉两种语言同属较为发达的语言,故都拥有大量习语。
英汉习语源远流长,都有着极其丰富的文化底蕴。
英汉习语反映了两个不同民族的不同的历史、经济生活和思维方式。
英汉习语有极强的概括和表现能力,形象生动,寓意深刻,韵味隽永,为人们所喜闻乐见。
1 英汉习语比较1.1 英汉习语的基本共性1.1.1 结构的固定性习语从其结构来看,有其自身的完整性,其中各个组成部分是固定的,不可任意拆开或替换,如“pull somebody’s leg”(愚弄某人)不可变单数为复数;“by twos and threes”(三三两两)不可按汉语习语改为“by threes and twos”.又如汉语的“去伪存真”不能说成“去假存真”,“三言两语”不能说成“两语三言”,虽然前者和后者意思没有很大不同,但是相沿成习,习惯上人们说的是前者,不是后者。
英语专业毕业论文英语习语
Idioms are the essence of culture in every country, which mirrors many national unique fashions. It usually includes proverb, saying ,slang ,jargon and so on .Its forms of expression are beautiful in syllable ,and harmonious in rhythm .Some are implicit or humorous ; some are serious and elegant ; some are concise ,vivid and interesting ,which are gratifying man’s aesthetic sense .Idioms are also the essence of a language, which have strong national colors and distinctive cultural connotations. So it is difficult for both English and Chinese readers to understand the idiom translation thoroughl类，习语英汉的特点方面分析了英汉习语的相似点与不同点，然后从最能体现中西文化差异的习语着手，论述习语在文化的各个层次上所反映的中西文化差异，并采纳大量生动有趣的例子作为论据进行适当的分析。整篇论文最大限度地传递习语中的文化信息，体现中西文化的不同的价值观念。
关键词:习语;特点；文化差异同；起源；相同；不同
2.
It is difficult to give a clear definition to idioms. First, people are often confused with their scope, content and form. Second, experts have different opinions about how to divide idioms from narrow sense and general sense. What kind of language expression really belongs toidioms?Different experts have different opinions and definitions to idioms. Some people consider idioms as quintessence of a language. Others regard them as treasury of a language. These statements in certain degree reflect the idioms' characteristics, but can't be regarded as idioms' definition. All of these causes bring difficulty to define a idiom .Maybeowing to those causes, the word “ idiom” even hasn't been collected in suchauthoritiesreference books as Modern Chinese Dictionary andChain(辞海).
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英语习语特点及翻译论文：简析英语习语特点及翻译[摘要] 英语习语是英语语言的重要组成部分，是各民族语言中经过长期使用而提炼出来的固定词组、短语或短句，具有丰富的内涵和独特的文化背景。
英语习语有两个显著特点：语义的整体性和结构的固定性。
要正确理解习语的意思，必须了解习语的这两大特点，同时，也要弄清习语翻译的几种常用方法。
[关键词] 英语习语特点翻译一、习语的概念英语拥有丰富的习语,它们构成了英语的核心和精华。
英语习语不仅反映英语的特点,而且彰显各民族及各国文化的方方面面。
习语作为语言精华和民族文化瑰宝, 是一种形象化的语言，是语言的历史遗留, 也是语言特征的集中反映，更是历史文化积淀的结果。
习语是人在长期的语言实践中约定俗成的，它的起源是在口头交际中使用最频繁的俚语和俗语，是英语经长时间使用后提炼出来的短语和短句。
那么，何谓习语? 习语即习惯用语，是由固定的词组和句子所构成的“语言模块”( linguistic chunks) , 这样的“语言模块”通常具有文字精练、音节优美、韵律协调的特点,往往言简意赅,含义深邃,形象生动,意境鲜明,富有哲理,令人启迪。
它适宜用来比喻其他的事物。
使事物更具有鲜活的特征，具有短小精悍、干净利落、易懂易记、说起来顺口、听起来入耳等特征。
在广义上讲，习语包括成语（idioms）、谚语(proverbs)、典故(allusions)、俗语(colloquialisms)等。
二、英语习语的特点英语习语有两个显著特点:语义的整体性和结构的固定性。
即习语语义必须通过词的固定组合来体现，然而这种体现并不是组合中各词字面意义的简单总和,其语义有时要通过形象比喻,有时又背离逻辑而无理可喻。
因此,要理解英语习语,切忌从表层的词义获得其语义。
1、习语语义的整体性习语语义的整体性是指习语的语义是一个完整的不可分割的统一体，因此不能根据组成这个习语的各个单词的意思或分拆开来理解，因为很多习语的意义往往借助本民族的历史文化典故而形成，约定成俗的构成整体意义，应作为一个完整的意义单位来运用。
如：to put heads together这个短语，按照词语的字面含义，则译为“把几个头放在一起”，逐字逐词地累积理解使这种“忠实原意”的翻译，然而却与本意大相径庭，令人费解，脱离了习语语义的完整性原则使这一习语失去了应有的含义，而它实际的含义却是“共同商量”。
再如： chicken and egg situation从字面上看只能译作“鸡和蛋的情况”,而实际上它是一个口语化的习语。
它来自于鸡和蛋的概念,是鸡出自于蛋呢?还是蛋来自于鸡?这两者的先后是很难说清楚的，所以这习语应译为“难分先后的”或“难分因果关系的”。
又如：pull one's socks up (振作起来，鼓起勇气，加紧努力)，切不可根据组成这一习语的四个部分，把这个习语理解为“提起某人的袜子”。
如：if you want to be considered for promotion next year, you'd better pull your socks up.如果你想明年被提升，你最好还是加把劲。
这正如我们汉语中有大量的习语也不能按照字面意思去理解，如“捅马蜂窝”的意思是“闯祸”；“穿小鞋”的意思是“(受)打击，(受)排斥”等。
2、习语结构的固定性习语结构的固定性指习语不像一般短语和词组那样可以任意拆开，不能以同义成分替换(如汉语的“他不是盏省油的灯”不能改成“他是盏费油的灯”),也不能改变顺序,任何一点变动都会使它不再具有原来的意义。
即使是同义词，或者说替换后从其他角度讲是合法的也不行。
不能把raincats and dogs（倾盆大雨）改成raindogs and cats或rain a cat and a dog等形式。
his old man has kicked the bucke. 老爷子死了，如果把kick the bucket中的bucket(水桶)用同义词pail替换,my old man kicked the pail,那么这句话只能是字面意思:老爷子踢了一只桶。
也就是说成语中的任何一个组成部分都是固定的，是不容更改或替换的，否则会出现词不达意或与原意相去甚远、大相径庭、甚至啼笑皆非的结果。
有时一字之差就会引起意义的很大变化。
如on board是“在船上”的意思, on the board就是“登台做演员”的意思。
再如out of question是“毫无疑问”的意思，out of the question就是“不可能”的意思了。
三、习语的翻译英语习语以其精辟、形象、生动等特点，牢固地确立了它在英语中的重要地位。
无论在书面语言中，还是口头语言里，英语习语都发挥着越来越显著的作用，其数量正在日益扩大、其质量也在不断升华。
要将英语习语中的每一个信息点都精准的翻译成汉语，不是一件容易的事情。
因为习语的翻译过程不仅是语言的转换过程，也是文化移植的过程。
在翻译过程中，译者必须忠实的表达原文习语的意思，除此之外，还应尽可能的保持英语习语的形象比喻，修辞效果以及民族，地方特色等等。
只有精准把握了这些方面，译者才能在文化背景，文化内涵的方面下将英语习语的所有信息点准确的移人到汉语中，从而实现“信”，“达”，“雅”的翻译准则。
英语习语的翻译方法很多,但常用的主要有三种:直译法、同义习语借用法和意译法。
下面结合举例加以介绍。
1、直译法所谓直译法就是指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下,在译文中保留英语谚语的比喻形象和民族、地方色彩的方法。
如：practice makes perfect（熟能生巧）；new-born calves make little of tigers（初生牛犊不怕虎）；a fire on city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat（城门失火，殃及池鱼）。
hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the second world war, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的,可是不过几年,就被彻底打败了。
这里的习语“armed to the teeth”形象生动,一直都译为“武装到牙齿”,已用得很习惯了;如意译为“全副武装”,语气反而变弱。
say one word more and i’ll bury a white blade in you and pull it red1再说别的,我让你白刀子进去,红刀子出来。
原文中“bury a white blade in you and pull it red”(把白刀子捅进你身体,拔出来是红色的)与汉语习语“白刀子进去,红刀子出来”意思基本吻合,也保留了原来习语中的比喻、形象等特色。
2、同义习语借用法同义习语借用法也称套用法，是指有的英语习语与汉语习语有着相同的意义、相同的感情色彩、相同或相似的形象，各自的民族色彩又不十分浓厚，在这种情况下，可以直截了当地用同义的汉语习语来翻译英语习语。
比方说汉语中有一句习语叫隔墙有耳，英语中却有“walls have ears ”，两句话字、义两合，无懈可击。
又如：i think, and i certainly hope, those stories are terribly exaggerated. our intelligence says they are. still where there’s smoke.我觉得,我当然也希望,这些报道是夸大了, 我们的情报人员说是这样, 不过, 无风不起浪。
这里原文“where there’s smoke”是习语“where there’s smoke, there’s fire.”(有烟必有火;无火不起烟)的简化。
如果拘泥于原文的简化形式而译成“只要有烟”或“有烟的地方”,读者将不知所云。
比较可取的方法是摆脱原文的简化形式而直接借用汉语同义习语“无风不起浪”来表达,既准确,又传神。
3、意译法意译法是指翻译时仅保留原文的意思而不保留原文表达形式的方法。
当由于文化差异而无法直译，又无同义习语可以借用，加上解释性文字后又会失去习语精粹的特点，最好避开其文化背景，译出其意义即可。
如 a skeleton in the cupboard (家丑)、frankly speaking（打开天窗说亮话）、to volunteer one’s se rvice（毛遂自荐）等。
当原文的思想内容与译文的表达方式有矛盾而不宜采用直译法处理时,就应根据上下文采用意译法处理较为恰当,但可以不拘泥于原文的形式。
意译也要求译文能比较准确地表达原文的内容。
如：after i finished my work, he said that he wanted to give me a hand1 i thought that his idea was just to carry coals to newcastle. 我完成任务后,他说他想帮我。
我认为他的想法是多此一举。
原文中“to carry coals to newcastle”表面意义是“把煤运到纽卡索”,这是英语中的一个典故,纽卡索是英国一盛产煤炭的中心地,把煤炭运到纽卡索是一件多余的事，所以这个典故只能采用意译,汉语“多此一举”正合原意。
有些英语习语在翻译时无法保留原文的字面意义和形象意义,而只能译出它的隐含意义,这种情况在源于典故的英语习语中较为常见。
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