四级基础语法讲义

合集下载

四级语法讲义(俞廷俊)

⏹语法学习综述⏹什么是语法？⏹语言的法则；也就是遣词造句的规律。

⏹为什么学习语法？？⏹ 1.语法教会我们如何理解句子——阅读⏹ 2.语法教会我们如何写出句子——写作语法不是“死”的造句规则，而是“活”的语言思维！语法应用举例1. 阅读⏹2007年6月CET-4⏹Section B . Passage One 第三段第一句⏹The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write iswhat Elbow calls “free writing.”(24w)⏹The practice‖that can help you past your learned bad habits ‖of trying to edit as youwrite （主语）‖is（系动词）‖what Elbow calls “free writing.”（表语）⏹骨架：The practice is what Elbow calls “free writing.”2.写作2006年6月24日大学英语新四级(CET-4)真题Part I Writing (30 minute)⏹ 1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师⏹ 2. 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素⏹ 3. 学生自选任课教师的益处和可能产生的问题⏹范文: 中段扩展句：⏹There are several factors that students consider when they choose a lecturer, including theteaching style of the lecturer, the lecturer‟s academic background, and the lecturer‟s reputation among students.3.翻译⏹2007年6月23日CET-4 Part VI Translation⏹88. The prevent and treatment of AIDS is __________ (我们可以合作的领域).⏹翻译汉语长定语时用定语从句！⏹the field where/in which we can cooperate⏹⏹语法学习的一个基础、两条主线⏹①基础：简单句⏹②主线——词法、句法⏹词法：动词的变化⏹句法：从句⏹语法课程教学计划⏹时态、语态，非谓语动词⏹倒装，虚拟语气⏹定语从句⏹状语从句⏹名词性从句⏹【综合练习】长难句分析⏹词法：动词的变化一. 时态和语态⏹时态⏹时间状态⏹“时”分为四种：过去时、现在时、将来时和过去将来时。

英语四级词汇语法讲义

【英语四级(CET4)词汇语法】讲义定语从句五大类型测试重点定语从句是大学英语四级考试中测试的重点项目之一，笔者近来对大学英语考试样题、曝光试题及其它相关试题进行了研究。

本文主要以四级考试样题和真题为例，将英语定语从句归纳为五大类型，这五大类型既是《大学英语教学大纲》中规定的学习重点，也是四级考试的重点，学生应熟练掌握。

1．由单个关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句定语从句可由单个的关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose和单个的关系副词when，where，why来引导。

在四级考试中，往往测试考生正确选用这类定语从句的关系词的能力，有时也测试考生对整个定语从句结构的认识或运用能力。

例如：1）all _____ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life．（cet-4，90．1）a）what is neededb）for our needsc）the thing neededd）that is needed【简析】修饰all或其它指物的不定代词（如：anything，something，nothing等）的定语从句宜用that引导。

2）jack is the most intelligent man _____ i’ve ever met．a）that b）what c）whom d）who【简析】当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时，定语从句用that引导。

3）alva found a place in the cellar _____ he usedas his first laboratory．a）which b）where c）such d）the same【简析】which引导定语从句，修饰place，为从句的宾语，故不选用where。

4）edward is the boy _____ i think scored the winning points for the basketball team．a）whom b）which c）that d）who【简析】who引导一个嵌入式定语从句：who scored ．．．for the basketball team．该从句既修饰先行词（the boy），同时又嵌入在另一主谓结构（i think）之中作宾语。

大学英语四级(cet4)语法讲义

四级语法讲义一：时态：所谓的"时态"，就是时间+状态。

谓语动词的时态见下表：1．主动形式2．被动形式CET-4 常考的三种时态：过去完成时；将来完成时；（现在/过去）完成进行时。

时间状语从句当中的时态：一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成一．非谓语动词一．不定式：一）不定式的常考形式：1)一般形式：He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.被动形式: He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.语法功能：表示与谓语动词同步发生2)完成形式：He pretended not to have seen me.被动形式：The book is said to have been translated into many languages.语法功能：表示发生在谓语动词之前二）不定式常考的考点：1）不定式做定语----将要发生2）不定式做状语----目的3）不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.三)不定式的省略1)感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，真实性；+ doing表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。

(强调"我看见了"这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.昨天我见他正在花园里干活。

（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作）感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词：The cake tastes good; It feels comfortable.2) 使役动词 have bid make let 等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原toI ‘d like to have John do it.I have my package weighed.Paul doesn’t have to be mad e to learn.3) help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do四)有些动词后只跟不定式如：want，wish，hope，manage，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect allow sb to do, cause sb to do , permit sb to do, enable sb to doforce sb to do. be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to dobe ambitious to do. begin to do . start to do五) 有的时候to后面要接-ing形式accustom (oneself) to; be accustomed to; face up to; in addition to; look forward to; object to; be reduced to; resign oneself to; be resigned to; resort to; sink to; be used to; be alternative to; be close/closeness to; be dedication/dedicated to; be opposition/opposed to; besimilarity/similar to.三、need/want 后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。

大学英语四级考试辅导语法课件-PPT精选文档308页

--How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer！如果你能久留些日子，那多好啊！
--If I knew his address ,I would be able to write to him . 如果我知道他的地址，我就能给他写信了。
1.2.虚拟语气用于宾语从句
1.2.1.句型“…wish that…”
在wish后的that宾语从句中： 1.如果表示对现在的愿望，从句谓语要使用过去
时: （1）从句谓语动词如果是be，则用were形式。（2）从句谓语动词如果是行为动词，则用过去
时形式。 --I wish I were a bird. 但愿我是只鸟儿。 --I wish you didn’t talk like that.
1.2.2. 句型“主语+引起虚拟的动词+含虚拟语气的宾语从句”
1.英语中有很多表示愿望、请求、命令、建议等意义的动词，当它们作为谓语引导宾语从句时,从句谓语必须用 “(should)+动词原形”的形式.常用的这类动词有：
demand,insist,suggest,command, request,order,propose,desire,require, urge,maintain,deserve,recommend, intend,move,ask,prefer,advise,decide等等。
3.如果表示对过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去完成时形式 “had+done/been ”形式。
--I wish you hadn’t made so many spelling mistakes in the last exam. 但愿上次考试你没出那么多拼写错误。

(完整版)大学英语四级语法[1].ppt

害，看病要数“必重紧” 这人高明。后句中“必重紧”与
历史上的“张仲景”医生几乎同音。“看病要数”无意义，
只是为了帮助记忆而有意识加上去而已。但其它10个字却有实实在在的含义，它们是从众多英语单词中浓缩出来的，其目的是为了方ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ读者记忆。
大学英语四级语法
量词；物主代词（指形容词性），疑问代词，关系代词，不定代词，名词属格。 5. 英语的十种状语：时地方频目，原结条让伴。说明：时间状语，地点状语，方式状语，频度状语，目的状语，原因状语，结果状语，条件状语，让步状语和伴随状语。 6. 英语的九种状语从句：时地方频目，原结条让比。说明：时间状语从句，地点状语从句，方式状语从句，目的状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句和比较状语。
大学英语四级语法
3. 英语的九种词组或短语：名动形，副过介，现不动。说明：名词词组，动词词组，形容词词组，副词词组，过去分词词组，介词词组，现在分词词组，不定式词组和动名词词组。
4. 英语的十种限定词：“倍指”定数量；物疑“关不名”。说明：倍数词（含分数词），指示代词，定冠词（含不定冠词），基数词（含序数词），
看起来：look ；
仍然：remain
似乎：seem, appear ；感觉：feel, taste
大学英语四级语法
例如：She went mad last night. This dish tastes wonderful. Leaves turn yellow in autumn.
说明：这两句话几乎攮括了所有常用的连系动词，句中的“容易和艰辛”无意义。
大学英语四级语法
那么but和except后的不定式符号“to”就必须省去，比如第二个例子就是如此。

大学英语四级语法知识讲解

大学英语(CET--4) 语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。

如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。

如：good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。

如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。

如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。

如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。

如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。

如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。

如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。

如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。

通常用名词或代词担任。

如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。

主要由动词担任。

如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。

英语四级语法讲义

英语四级语法讲义第40讲:被动结构与系表结构的区别“be＋过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。

被动语态与系表结构主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态，试比较下面的句子：被动结构The enemy was soon surrounded by us.系表结构The house is surrounded by trees.被动结构She was bitten by the dog in the darkness.系表结构I was excited by the news that my husband got promoted.英语四级语法讲义第41讲:短语动词的被动语态有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。

其中的介词或副词也不能省略。

【例如】The meeting is to be put off till Friday. Women were looked down upon in the past in China. The out of date teaching method must be done away with. Don't worry, everything will be attended to in good time. The poor child was laughed at by his classmates because he failed his exams. The children are taken good care of by the teacher.这类可用被动语态的“动词＋介词/副词”词组还有：depend on, make use of, bring about, put forward, send for, talk about, bring up, put on, think over, call off等英语四级语法讲义第42讲:非谓语动词的被动语态非谓语动词的各种形式也有被动语态，一般常用的是一般体和完成体的被动语态，如下表：非谓语动词被动语态形式一般不定式to be done动名词being done现在分词being done完成不定式to have been done动名词having been done现在分词having been done例如:It is a great honor for him to have been elected a model worker. (不定式完成体的被动语态)This new teaching method has the advantage ofshavingsbeen tried a number of times by experienced teachers. (动名词完成体的被动语态英语四级语法讲义第43讲:被动语态的构成被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。

大学英语四级语法讲义

大学英语四级主要语法句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。

英语句子成分有主语，谓语，表语，宾语，宾语补足语，定语，状语等。

顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。

2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。

一般可分为两类：1)，简单谓语由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。

2)，复合谓语：情态动词+不定式Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。

3、表语表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。

一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。

4、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾语。

Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。

如：Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。

5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。

形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。

但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，则放在被修饰的词之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。

大学英语四六级基础班讲义(语法)

2012年CET-4基础班讲义目录1.基础知识梳理2.从句（形容词性从句，名词性从句）3.倒装4.非谓语动词结构5.语态和时态6.虚拟— 1 —第一部分基础知识梳理在讲之前，我们先来梳理一下高中的基础知识，这些知识是我们攻克CET-4的根本。

这个根本就是词。

其实，词这个概念和我们每个人一样具有双重属性：1. 是什么？也就是词性的问题，（就像一个人是谁一样）；2. 能做什么？也就是功能的问题，能够充当那些成分，（即一个人在这个社会中所能够充当的角色），而且这个词所在的位置不同，充当的成分也不同，正如一个人在不同的群体中，所能充当的成分不同一样。

下面，我们通过下面的表格来看一下英语中的几大词汇：从这个表中，各位能够发现那些问题或者说现象呢？1.为什么动词要放在第一的位置？2.名词可以做定语，状语和补语？（是否可以举例说明）3.分词和名词的在句子中所作地成分为什么是相同的？为什么？（英语中那一部分可以说明这一点）4.介词和连词是干什么的？从表格看来，它们似乎并不起到任何作用。

— 2 —从上面的表格中，我们来看一下，有哪些词可以充当定语。

1.名词： a pencil case2.形容词：an interesting book, something wrong3.代词：his mother, this way, which room, what color, whose bag（有哪些代词呢？）4.分词： a swimming pool, a broken bus5.I have something to do. 这句话中的不定式是什么？从以上这些例子里面，大家可以发现哪些问题？1.定语的充当词性不再是只有形容词2.定语的位置？（一定在所修饰的词的前面吗？）下面我们来看一个句子，这是一个定语从句：Eg.:I enjoy the book that / which /--- you gave to me the other day.从这个句子我们可以发现什么问题？（定语从句的本质是什么？为什么会有三个不同的引导词？）— 3 —第二部分从句（形容词性从句，名词性从句）一．形容词性从句（定语从句）1.定义：在复合句中用作定语的句子叫做定语从句，因为定语一般由形容词来充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词性从句。

大学英语四级词汇语法考点讲义

大学英语四级词汇语法考点讲义第一部分(一)第一节、解决四级英语长难句的意义1、阅读，抓不住句子重点，在一个句子上浪费太多时间。

最后根据不完整的理解，碰运气乱猜答案。

2、翻译，提笔不知从哪里下手；胡乱写几行，卷面乱，不知所云，影响印象分。

（一）长难句到底难在哪里？--几句废话般的常识。

1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多;2）单词意思常需根据上下文判断;3）代词的指代关系复杂;4）并列成分多;5）修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长;6）习惯搭配。

注：以上情况有可能单独出现，更多是“团伙作案”。

（二）长难句的破解的几个基本要点·把握规律（按照所讲的基本方法）·充分利用现有语法、词汇知识，提高知识的产出效率。

·破解核心是化繁为简，化难为易。

（三）长难句解决的具体步骤1、抓主干2、理顺主从句子关系。

（四）分析句子成分的详细过程1）找出全句主谓宾或主系表，即句子的主干;2）找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;3）分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词，短语和从句之间的关系;4）分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。

第二节、长句速读同位语和较长的后置定语（如人物身份，句子中间的非限制性定语从句），很长的专有名词（如机构名称）等。

这些信息需要用跳读（skip）的方法，略去不读。

在文章里，经常会出现此类文字信息，目的是为了干扰视线。

实际，没有必要去弄明白某人是什么大学的什么教授，也不必急着去了解美国一个部门全称或缩写是什么具体意思，因为题目中极少直接考这样的细节信息。

做题时即使需要此类信息，利用人名或其它专有名词都是开头字母大写的特征很容易找到。

例如：People assume that office politics involves some manipulative （工于心计的）behavior,”says Deborah Comer, an assistant professor of management at Hofstra University. (2004年6月)A recent study, published in last week‟s Journal of the American Medical Association, offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. (2003年9月)划线部分的信息可以一扫而过，目光不需要在上面停留细读。

四级英语语法讲义

四级英语语法备忘专题一：常见语法错误（一）句子结构错误1．主从句叠置1) T here a re m ore a nd m ore s tudents l ike t o u se t he c omputer.2) T here a re s till m any p roblems s hould b e n oted a nd r esolved.2．简单句叠置I l ike c hatting o n l ine v ery m uch, I g o t o t he n et b ar a lmost e very w eekend.3．从句叠置As i s k nown t o a ll t hat c omputers p lay a n i mportant r ole i n m any f ields o f o ur l ife.4．句子成分缺失If w ork h ard, w e w ill s urely b e s uccessful.5．语序错误1) W hy c ollege s tudents s pend m ore a nd m ore t ime o n t he c omputer?2) I o ften w onder w here h ave t hey g ot t heir m oney.（二）动词错误1．时态错误Many p eople t hought t hat t he I nternet w ill b e m ore u seful i n t he f uture.2．语态错误1) I h ave e xcited s everal d ays a t t he n ews t hat y ou w ill c ome h ere.2) M ost o f t he s tudents s atisfy w ith t he s ervice i n t he d ining h all.3．单复数错误1) W ise m an s eek o pportunities r ather t han w ait f or t hem.2) S omeone a re a fraid t hat c omputer m ay c ontrol m en i n t he f uture.4．非谓语动词错误1) L et m e t o r epresent e veryone t o s ay “hello” t o y ou.2) D o e xercise i n t he m orning i s g ood f or o ne’s h ealth.3) H aving s tudied i n o ur s chool f or 3 y ears, t he c anteen s ervice h as c hanged a l ot.（三）代词错误1) W e c an u se c omputers i n d oing e verything y ou l ike.2) A c ollege s tudent s hould b e a ble t o d o t heir w ashing o n t heir o wn.（四）冠词错误1) H orse i s a n u seful a nimal.2) T he e xam w ill b e h eld i n t he D ecember, 2004.（五）词性错误1) I w ish y ou c an c onsider m y s uggests.2) I f a p erson w ants t o s uccess, h e m ust l earn t o e ndure s ufferings a nd s etbacks.二、用词错误1) S tudents m ust k now h ow t o a pply a c omputer.2) P eople c an t ouch m any n ew t hings o n t he I nternet.3) T he p urpose o f t his l etter i s t o r eact s ome o pinions o n t he s ervice i n t he d ining h all.三、表达习惯错误1) W hy g enerated s o l arge a c hange?2) N ow 6000 y uan c an b uy a P4 c omputer.3) A r oom o ften l ives 6-‐8 s tudents.4) I t hink t his g reat c hange h as t hree r easons.5) T he p rices o f t he f ood a re t oo e xpensive.6) The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working h ard.四、标点符号及大小写错误1) However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are the best among a ll u niversities.2) T he m an w as r acing d own t he s treet. B ecause h e w as l ate f or t he c lass.3) A t l ast I w ant t o l et y ou k now, I l ove o ur u niversity v ery m uch.4) M y f avorite s ports a re s wimming、jogging、mountaineering a nd p laying t able t ennis.The b est E nglish f ilm i n m y e yes i s《Forrest G ump》.专题二：认识英语句子一、简单句和并列句再简单/再复杂的句子都是由以下几种单词组成：●名词－－主语，宾语．主语放在谓语动词前，宾语放在谓语动词之后．●动词－－谓语，一般都是放在主语后．●形容词－定语，修饰名词，放在名词前．●副词－－状语，修饰形容词，动词或是副词●介词—放在名词前,表示方位时间等●动名词—主语,宾语,表语,定语●现在分词/过去分词—单个放名词前做定语,或放后面做后置定语，短语一般都放后面.●动词不定式(to d o )-‐-‐常表目的.1. 简单句的五种形式：（1）主语+谓语(不及物动词）；① The n ew t erm b egins 新学期开始了。

大学英语四级核心语法讲义

第一部分如何表达一件事？ (1)一、简单句的核心构成 (1)二、简单句的核心变化——谓语动词的时态/情态/语态 (3)三、简单句的扩展——形容词/副词/介词短语 (9)四、简单句的提升——非谓语动词 (10)五、简单句的综合运用 (12)第二部分如何表达多件事？ (13)六、并列句 (13)七、复合句——名词性从句 (15)八、复合句——定语从句 (17)九、复合句——状语从句 (20)十、并列句和复合句的综合运用 (22)一、简单句的核心构成主语+谓语V.+____?____●I swim.We walked on the street yesterday.●I like English.The bride kissed the groom.●They offered me a vacant post.=They offered a vacant post to me.I bought you a present.=I bought a present for you.●I find Hong Kong very beautiful.●I am very happy.补充：常用的系动词1.be动词(单独)2.“变得”get become turn go grow3.感官动词look sound smell taste feel“看／听／闻／尝／感觉起来......”【课后练习】请判断简单句的种类。

1)The project has two sides…(CET-6,2018.06,Reading Comprehension Section C,Passage One)2)Readers proceed at their own pace.(CET-4,2019.12,Reading ComprehensionSection C,Passage One)3)But the snail has given the project greater urgency.(CET-6,2018.06,ReadingComprehension Section C,Passage One)4)One example of AI is driverless cars.(CET-4,2018.12,Reading ComprehensionSection C,Passage Two)5)…it can even make meals more enjoyable.(CET-6,2018.06,ReadingComprehension Section C,Passage Two)6)…the gig economy will become an engine of economic and social transformation.(CET-4,2021.06,Reading Comprehension Section C,Passage Two)二、简单句的核心变化——谓语动词的时态/情态/语态（一）谓语动词的时态一般过去时形式：V.过去式（did）用法：__________________________________●The researchers conducted five separate surveys of more than l,700people.(CET-4,2019.06,Reading Comprehension,Section C,Passage Two)●…until recently,good databases did not exist…(CET-6,2017.06,ReadingComprehension,Section C,Passage One)一般现在时形式：V.原形/V.第三人称单数（do/does）用法：__________________________________●He often gets up late.●American parents want similar things for their children…(CET-6,2017.06,Reading●We are friends.●The earth moves around the sun.一般将来时形式：will+V原形am/is/are going to+V原形用法：__________________________________●At some point,almost all of us will experience a period of radical professionalchange.(CET-4,2017.06,Reading Comprehension,Section B)●…the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the decades to come…(CET-6,2014.12,Reading Comprehension,Section C,Passage One)过去将来时形式：would+V原形was/were going to+V原形用法：__________________________________●Tony finished his work,and then he would leave for London.过去/现在/将来进行时形式：be+doing用法：__________________________________●In2014,28%of young men were living with a spouse or partner in their ownhome...(CET-4,2019.06,Reading Comprehension,Section B)(CET-6,2019.06,Reading Comprehension,Section B)●A great many candidates will be meeting here at this time tomorrow.现在完成时形式：have/has+done用法：__________________________________●A couple of recent papers have finally opened a window on these people’sextraordinary minds.(CET-4,2017.06,Reading Comprehension,Section B)●Oil prices have dropped by over60%since June2014.(CET-6,2017.06,ReadingComprehension,Section B)过去完成时形式：had+done用法：__________________________________●When he got there,she had left.She was not there.课堂练习：请填入合适的时态。

复习资料四级语法电子讲义

四级语法第一课——简单句+并列句基本知识一．课前思考：●英语句型主要分为哪几种？分别是什么？它们之间有什么区别？●什么是简单句？有哪几种常见形式？二．句子结构分类：1.2.3.三．简单句句型分类：●Black livesmatter.●Peer pressure has a positive side.(2018-06)●Avisit to elderlypeoplebrings themgreat laughter andjoy. (2019-06 作文)●The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment seriouslypolluted.●Mutualtrust is notaluxury, butitis anecessity. (2018-06作文)四．简单句句型理解重点：1.及物动词与不及物动词区分：2.双宾结构与宾宾补结构区分：3.谓语动词与系动词区别：4.表语的理解：五．简单句练习部分：●Everybody loves a payrise.●The down to earth working style won him respect andhonor.●She will make him a good husband. // She will make him a goodwife.●I will make your Englishbetter.●Money can buy you love. // Money can buy yourlove.●She is smelling the flowers. // The flowers smell good. // Your feetsmell.●青海湖最深处 25.5 米。

●人们兴高采烈，庆祝丰收。

●泰山方圆约400平方公里。

六：并列句理解：两个或以上独立分句，通过并列连词连接，各分句主谓完整各分句意思同等重要，互相独立，主要连词：and，or，but，yet Yetoccurrencesofshortagesanddroughtsarecausingfamineanddistressinsome areas, and industrial and agricultural by-products are polluting water supplies 年6月阅读）（.（01四级语法第二课——主谓一致+时态语态一．课前思考：●主谓一致指的是什么？●时态和语态分别指什么？常见的时态有哪些，分别是什么形式？二．主谓一致：1.主谓一致指谓语动词必须在人称和数与句子的主语保持一致。

大学英语四级讲座语法篇

与将来时间相反
条件从句
If I (we, you, he等) + 动词过去时（be用were）
If I (we, you, he等) +had+ 过去分词
1.一般过去时 2.Were＋不定式 3.Should＋动词原形
结果主句
I (we, you, he等 )+
would+动词原形
I (we, you, he等 )+
例如
❖ 1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
❖ 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.
❖ 3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
例句3 与将来时间相反
❖ If he should go to Qing Hua University, he would make full use of his time.
❖ If he were to come here, he would tell us about it.
❖ If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
第一部分
虚拟语气
语气(mood)
❖ 语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
语气的种类
❖ ⑴、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如： ①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。 ②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ ③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊！ ⑵、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如： ①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。 ②Don’t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。 ⑶、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： ①If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 ②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。 ③May you succeed!祝您成功！

英语四级语法讲解

C that
D in which
2 只用which引导定语从句的情况: ①引导非限定性定语从句; ②在介词后面; ③句中已有连词that为避免重复； He told me that the radio which he
had bought was defective.
妩媚人生
3 只用that引导定语从句的情况: ①先行词既包括人又包括物;
The reason is (that) he is ill. That’s what they did. / why I
didn’t come.
☆同位语从句引导词：
从属连词: that, whether 连接副词:
when, where, why, how that: 无意义,不做成分,但不能
省略.
关系代词: who, whom, whose that, which, as ☆
关系副词: when, where, why = 介词+关系代词 ☆
1 定语从句引导词在句中起三个作用: ①引导和连接主、从句 ②在从句中作某种成分 ③替代先行词
（因此从句中不能再有先行词或其代词）
that, which: 先行词为事、物, 在句中可作主语、宾语；
③ The hours __C__ the children
spend in their one-way relationship with TV people undoubtedly affect their relationships with real-life people.
A when B on which
从句 + that +主句 ③ not提到句首,句子倒装→
Not until +时间状语（从句）+ 部分倒装的主句

大学法语四级课程讲义（语法部分）

⼤学法语四级课程讲义（语法部分）第01讲⼤学法语公共四级考试与课程简介⼀、什么是⼤学法浯四级考试？⼤学法语公共四级考试是针对所有以法语作为第⼆外语的在校⼤学⽣⽽开设的⼀个全国性的等级考试。

⼆、为什么要参加⼤学法语四级考试？①增强竞争⼒②考研⼆外演练三、考试题型简介听⼒理解（听⼒部分分值：9分+6分+5分=20分）Section A：对话选择题，9题，每题1分。

Section B：短⽂选择题，6题，每题1分。

Section C：短⽂填空题，10空，每空0.5分。

阅读理解（共30分）三篇⽂章，每篇⽂章5题，15道题，每题2分。

语法结构与词汇：（共30分）Section A: 20道选择题（基本10道语法题，10道左右的词汇题，每题1分）Section B: 10道时态填空（每题1分）辨认与改正错误（共5分）写作（80⾄100词左右的短⽂，共15分）四、⼤学法语公共四级考试备考强化课程简介内容，涵盖《⼤学法语课程教学要求》当中所有语法点“重点”语法点：例如：tout做副词的情况例句：Les filles sont toutes contentes. ⼥孩们都很⾼兴。

Les gar?ons sont tout contents. 男孩们都很⾼兴。

tout做副词时，在后⾯的形容词是以辅⾳或者嘘⾳h开头的阴性形容词时，它需要性、数配合，⽽其他情况则不需要。

关系代词：qui, que, où, dont复合代词：lequel关系代词：quoi, de quoi等时态题所占⽐重最⼤的这是虚拟式、未完成过去时和复合过去时的配合、以及其他的⼀些常⽤的时态配合。

①前15课时：语法梳理读者⾃⾝需要有⼀定基础，随时复习巩固，查漏补缺语法梳理针对“语法结构词汇”和“辨认与改正错误”等题型。

②后25课时：考试指导“强化训练”第02讲名词、冠词、形容词与副词名词本部分为补充内容，以后讲义中出现的关于课程的补充内容均由【课程补充】标明。

英语专四语法讲义

名词性从句、定语从句名词性从句三大从句定语从句状语从句主语从句宾语从句名词性从句表语从句同位语从句两步解题法 1.抓连词2.抓连词在名词性从句中的成分连接词 -- that whether if （宾从）连词连接代词 -- what(ever) which(ever) who(ever) whom(ever) whose 连接副词 -- how(ever) when(ever) where(ver) why英语专业四级语法讲义代词that名从中连接词--考与what的区别连词限定性定从中关代--考与which的区别强调句式--注意与主从的区别状从中连接词--常考固搭状从中的连接词--常考固搭so…that in order that such…that with the result thatso thatthat引导名词性从句--that + 完整句子(1)主语从句It is/was + adj.-ed+that +完整句子某些名词e.g. It is true that he passed the exam.It is said that he passed the exam.It is a pity that he didn’t pass the exam.*强调句式It is/was +被强调部分+ that +不完整句子主、宾、表、状e.g.I met him in the street.It was him that I met in the street.It was in the street that I met him.It was I that met him in the street.(2)宾语从句主+ 谓语vt + (that) + 完整句子e.g.I know (that) he passed the exam.(3)表语从句主+ 系动词+ that + 完整句子e.g. My suggestion is that he go with us tomorrow.(4)同位语从句抽象名词+ that + 完整句子e.g. My suggestion that he go with us tomorrow is right.There is /are + 抽象名词+ that + 完整句子*抽象名词answer, belief, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, sign, fact, hope, idea, information, knowledge, statement, suggestion, thought, probability…on the condition that…despite the fact that…on the understanding that…代词that名从中连接词--考与what的区别连词限定性定从中关代--考与which的区别强调句式--注意与主从的区别状从中连接词--常考固搭that 引导限定性定从all some any one(s) every each …the first the last the only the veryN + that + 不完整句子作从句的主、宾、表语e.g. The book that was written by him is pop.that引导同位语从句抽象名词+ that + 完整句子that引导限定性定从N + that + 不完整句子作从句的主、宾、表语The fact that he passed the exam was true.The fact that he found was true.what = all that; the thing that; the person thatwhat + 不完整句子What he said made me happy.e.g. ____it turned out, it was Italian movie.A What____ it turned out was Italian movie.A WhatI know what he said.I listen to what he said.This is what he said.词___ + 不完整句子n A what Xvt /介词/系动词 A what 可以考虑词，___ + 不完整句子A whatB whichC thatwhat与how的区别I don’t know what to do .I don’t know how to do it.I’m thinking of __A__ to do about it.A.whatB.how介词短语在句中的位置1）作状语句子+介短/介短+句子2)作定语n + 介短3）作表语系+介短4）与vi连用形成固搭wh-ever 与no matter wh- 区别让步、名从让步I don’t believe whatever he said.Whatever happens, don’t panic.转折连词---找逗号“但是”however让步连词---找公式“无论如何”However, ,however,公式however + adj/adv + 主语+ 谓语e.g. It caused them to think about B___ they might control the experiences of children to produce responsible and productive adults.A.whatB.howC.whateverD.howeverif与whether的区别if 条件状从“如果”/宾从“是否”whether 让步状从“无论是否”名词性从句（主从、宾从、表从、同位从）“无论是否”whether…or not/…or...We know, however, __D__ no two places are exactly the same.A)although B)whetherC)since D)that定语从句：限定性定语从句/非限定性定语从句两步解题法1.抓先行项（指人、物、整句话内容）2.抓关系词在定语从句中的成分关系词：关系代词--作主、宾、表、定语关系副词--作状语e.g. This is the house ____①I once lived.②I once visited.①where / in which②that / which / XThis is the very house _that/x___ I once visited.e.g. I’ll never forget the day ___①I met him.②I spent with him.①when / on which②that / which / XI’ll never forget the very day _that/x__ I spent with him.地点N where 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表时间N when 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表the reason why 主+谓vt+宾/宾/宾补主+谓vi主+系+表词___ + 句子A whatB whichC that词，___ + 句子A whatB whichC thatN 介词+ which+主+谓+宾介词+ whom+主+谓+宾The food __on _ which he depends is expensive.We need a chairman ___in__ whom we have confidence.have confidence inbe confident ofWe were struck by the extend _to__ which the teacher’s decision served the interests of the school rather than those of the students.I listen to what he said.…set at ___C__ they would be if ….A whichB thatC whatD whoAs ①固定搭配②介词与like区别③原因状从④比较状从⑤方式状从⑥让步倒装⑦时间状从⑧定语从句as引导的限定性定语从句such…as (不完整句子)the same…as(不完整句子)注意与such …that区别such …that(完整句子)e.g. It wasn’t such a good dinner _B__ she had promised us.A.thatB.asC.whichD.whatpromise to do/promise sb sthe.g. There was such a long line at the exhibition _A___ we had to wait for about an hour.A.thatB.asC.soD.hencewait for me for a long timee.g. It is language _B___ distinguishes man from the rest of the animal world.A.whatB.thatC.aswhose 表所属关系“…的”n + （,）whose + n.I know a girl whose name is Mary.I like the room whose window faces the south.The book, the cover _B__ is broken, isn’t mine.A whose B. of whichThe book , __A__ cover is broken, isn’t mine.A.whoseB.of which名从、定从真题练习04年43.The government has promised to do ________ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.[A]however[B]whichever[C]whatever[D]wherever03年43.Above the trees are the hills, ____ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.[A]where [B] of whose[C]whose[D]which51.They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, ____ is something we had not expected.[A]which[B]it[C]that[D]what52.He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man ____ he was twenty years ago.[A]which[B]that[C]who[D]whom02年44.Have you ever been in a situation ___ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?[A]by which [B] that [C] in where [D] where45.We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ___should make great differences in our life next summer.[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]they01年42.Even as a girl, ______ to be her life, and theater audiences were to be her best teacher.[A]performing by Melissa were[B]it was known that Melissa’s performances were[C]knowing that Melissa’s performances were[D]Melissa knew that performing was44.There is no doubt ______the company has made the right decision on the sales project.[A]why [B] that[C]whether [D] when45.Intellect is to the mind ______sight is to the body.[A]what [B] as[C]that [D]like08年53.Nine is to three _____ three is to one.A.whenB.thatC.whichD.what62.Quality is ____ counts most.A.whichB.thatC. whatD.where09年56.I was very interested in _____ she told me.A.all thatB.all whichC.all whatD.that10年54.After ______ seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnel manager's office.A.thatB.itC.whatD.there11年63.There is no doubt ________ the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.A.whetherB.thatC.whyD.when参考答案：C.C. A. B. D A.D. B. A. D. C.A. C. B.状语从句状语从句让步状从although though even if / thougheven adv.Even 句子，句子XEven they get the answers right, some are just guessing. Xas引导的让步倒装adj.adv.n (无冠词) as + 主+谓分词短语表让步Although/Though 句首While 表转折but 句中当……时候46.____C__ I sympathize, I can’t really do very much to help them out of the difficulties.[A]As long as[B]As[C]While[D]Evenwh-ever 与no matter wh- 区别让步、名从让步whether…or not/or省略whether倒装Whether he is busy or free, he still keeps on studying English.Be he busy or free, he still keeps on studying English.42.____D____, I’ll marry him all the same.[A]Was he rich or poor [B] Whether rich or poor[C]Were he rich or poor [D] Be he rich or poordespite = in spite of介词介短条件状从if与whether的区别unless = if…notas long as=so long ason condition thatin the event that42.This is an illness that can result in total blindness ___B___ left untreated.[A]after[B]if[C]since[D]unlessprovided (that)= providing (that)= suppose (that)= supposing (that)__B_ I have enough money, I’ll visit Europe next year.A.ImagineB.SupposeC.ProvideD.Givein case：主+ do/does主+ should doin case of时间状从when while as 区别（2）Hardly haveScarcely+has+主+ done + whenhadhave（3）No sooner+has+主+ done + thanhad60.The couple had no sooner got to the station __D___ the coach left.A.whenB. asC.untilD.thanThis means that no sooner has he got used to one routine (33)______D__ he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.33.[A] as[B]when[C]then[D]thanas soon as=the instant=the minute=the momentby the timeevery time each timesince (自从)过去时间点主+ have/has –ed + since过去时句子till/until not …untilonce ①adv “曾经”②连词“一旦”before after then结果状从目的状从so…that with the result thatsuch…that so thatso that in order thattherefore consequently thus so原因状从because = in thatsince = now thatas forbecause of due toowing to thanks to54.Men differ from animals _C___ they can think and speak.A.for whichB. for thatC.in thatD.in which地点状从where wherever anywhere somewhereStay where you are.注意与定语从句的区别This is the house where I once lived.注意when引导的时间状从与定从的区别I’ll never forget the day when I met him.08年56.I enjoyed myself so much _B.____ I visited my friend in Pairs last year.A thatB whenC whereD which比较状从as…as, thanas … as possible = as … as one canthan：比较状从定语从句比较级+ than + 完整句子He ran faster than I did.比较级+ （n）+ than + 不完整句子方式状从as just asI have changed it as you suggested.注意与非限定性定语从句的区别I have changed it, as you suggested.41.She did her work ___A____ her manager had instructed.[A]as[B]until[C]when[D]though状从真题练习07年51.There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it.[A]than[B]like[C]as[D]so61.The research requires more money than _____.[A]have been put in[B]has been put in[C]being put in[D]to be put in04年49.The experiment requires more money than____.[A]have been put in[B]being put in[C]has been put in[D]to be put in06年51.__________ dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.［A］Although ［B］Whatever［C］As ［D］However03年45.—Does Alan like hamburgers?—Yes. So much ____ that he eats them almost every day.[A]for[B]as[C]to[D]so49.____ I like economics, I like sociology much better.[A]As mush as[B]So much[C]How much[D]Much as08年55.____ he wanted to go out with his friends at the weekend, he had to stay behind to finish his assignment.A.Much thoughB.Much asC.As muchD.Though much60.They stood chatting together as easily and naturally as ____.A.it could beB.could beC.it wasD.was09年54._____ the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A.WhateverB.WheneverC.WhicheverD.However08年56.I enjoyed myself so much ____ I visited my friends in Paris last year.A.whenB.whichC.thatD.where01年49.Barry had an advantage over his mother ______ he could speak French.[A]since that [B] in that[C]at that[D]so that参考答案：C.B. C.D. D. D.B. A. A. A. B.虚拟虚拟语气与情态动词1.if引导的虚拟语气（1）省略if 的虚拟倒装※had + 主语（not ）done ※should + 主语 + do ※were +主语+ to do （2）含蓄虚拟without = but forwith（3）错综（混合）虚拟2.其他形式虚拟（1）wish / wished①过去式主 ②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done （2）as if / as though①过去式主 ②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done （3）if only①过去式主②would/could + do③had done / would/could + have done（4）would rather = ’d rather 主①过去式②had done /would/could + have donewould rather do / not do(5)用表示建议、命令、要求等词引导的名词性从句中that + 主语+（should）do+（should）be done两步解题方法：①圈出标志词（表建议、命令、要求的词）②选出动词原形suggest/-ed/-ion propose/-d/-sal order/-ed ask/-ed require/-d/-ment request/-eddesire/-d/-rable demand/-ed command/-edinsist/-ed/-ent/-ence recommend/-ed/-ation move/motion urge/-ent direct/-edadvise/-ce/-able important vitalessential necessary imperative（6）It's/was + timehigh time+that +主+ didabout time（7）lest (that)for fear that+主语+ should + do(in case)in case 主+ do/dose主+ should do（8）跳层虚拟真实，otherwise / or + 虚拟虚拟，but + 真实真实—过去时/ must have done虚拟—would / could + have done3.情态动词+ have donemust + have donecan / could + have donemay / might + have doneshould / ought to + have doneshouldn't / oughtn't to + have doneneedn't + have donemust: 表命令“必须”表推测“一定”need: 情态动词“必要”+ do实义动词“需要”+ to doneed doing = need to be done虚拟语气真题14年51.It is essential that he ________ all the facts first.A.is examiningB.will examineC.examinesD.examine55.Which of the following sentences indicatesPOSSIBILITY?A.The moon cannot always be at the full.B.You cannot smoke inside the building.C.He cannot come today.D.She cannot play the piano.13年54.Which of the following sentences contains subjunctive mood?A.Lucy insisted that her son get home before 5 o’clock?B.She used to drive to work, but now she takes the city metro.C.Walk straight ahead, and don't turn till the second traffic lights.D.Paul will cancel his flight if he cannot get his visa by Friday.63.If it ____ tomorrow, the match would be put off.A.were to rainB.was to rainC.was rainingD.had rained12年54.My boss ordered that the legal documents ____ to him before lunch.A.be sentB.were sentC.were to be sentD.must be sent11年61.It's getting late. I'd rather you _______ now.A.will leaveB. are leavingC.leaveD.left10年52.Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She __________ by bus.A.must have goneB.should have goneC.ought to have goneD.could have gone60.It is necessary that he ___ the assignment without delay.A.hand inB.hands inC.must hand inD.has to hand in09年52.If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.A.could have beenB.would beC.will beD.would have been53.She ____ fifty or so when I first met her at a conference.A.had beenB.must beC.has beenD.must have been61.Aren’t you tired? I ___ you had done enough for today.A.should have thoughtB. must have thoughtC.might have thoughtD. could have thought08年52.Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better results now.A.would be gettingB.could have gotC.must getD.would get65.Which of the following sentences expresses "probability"?A.You must leave immediately.B.You must be feeling rather tired.C.You must be here by eight o'clock.D.You must complete the reading assignment on time.07年54.If only the patient ______a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics, he might still be alive now.[A]had received[B]received[C]should receive[D]were receiving60.He would have finished his college education, but he _______to quit and find a job to support his family.[A]had had [B] has [C] had [D] would have65.It is absolutely essential that William ________his study in spite of some learning difficulties.[A]will continue[B]continued[C]continue[D]continues06年52.If only I ____._____ play the guitar as well as you!［A］would ［B］could［C］should ［D］might54.It’s high time we __________ cutting down the rainforests.［A］stopped ［B］had to stop［C］shall stop ［D］stop59.It is imperative that the government _______ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.［A］attracts ［B］shall attract［C］attract ［D］has to attract05年51.If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.[A]would be[B]will have been[C]was[D]were60.That was not the first time he ________ us. I think it’s high time we ________ strong actions against him.[A]betrayed…take[B]had betrayed…took[C]has betrayed…took[D]has betrayed…take63.__ you ____ further problems with your printer,contact your dealer for advice.[A]If, had[B]Have, had[C]Should, have[D]In case, had04年46.It is imperative that students ______ their term papers on time.[A]hand in[B]would hand in[C]have to hand in[D]handed in02年50._______ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.[A]Had it not been[B]Hadn’t it been[C]Was it not[D]Were it not51.“What courses are you going to do next semester?”“I don’t know. But it’s about time ___on something.”[A]I’d decide[B]I decided[C]I decide[D]I’m deciding00年48.You _______ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business.[A]needn’t have told[B]needn’t tell[C]mustn’t have told[D]mustn’t tell49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there ______ quite such a crowd of people there.[A]weren’t[B]hasn’t been[C]hadn’t been[D]wouldn’t be参考答案：D A A A A D A A B D A D B A C C B A C A B C A A B A C时态、语态时态、语态常考时态、语态1.现在完成进行时have/has been doing（1）表示一个动作发生在过去，一直延续下去（2）现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别①现在完成时表动作已经完成；现在完成进行时表动作还在继续②现在完成时表动作已经一次性完成；现在完成进行时表动作反复发生③如果动作表示状态，应用现在完成时2.进行时be + doing①表示正在进行的动作②即将发生的动作③与always, for ever, constantly，continually等adv连用,表示说话人的某种情绪How can I ever concentrate if you _C__ continually ___ me with silly questions?A.have, interruptedB.had, interruptedC.are, interruptingD.were, interrupting3.表示将来的一般现在时①在时间状从和条件状从中②表计划好、安排好的事情be to do时态、语态真题练习13年58.All the following sentences definitely indicate future time EXCEPTA.Mother is to have tea with Aunt Betty at four.B.The President is coming to the UN next week,C.The school pupils will be home by now.D.He is going to email me the necessary information.07年55.Linda was _____the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.[A]to start[B]to have started[C]to be starting[D]to have been starting58.The committee has anticipated the problems that ________in the road construction project.[A]arise[B]will arise[C]arose[D]have arisen59.The student said there were a few points in the essay he _______impossible to comprehend.[A]had found [B] finds[C]has found [D] would find05年54.J ames has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.[A]will come[B]was coming[C]had been coming[D]came55._________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.[A]I was and always will be[B]I have to be and always will be[C]I had been and always will be[D]I have been and always will be02年43.For some time now, world leaders _______ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.[A]had been pointing [B] have been pointing[C]were pointing[D]pointed08年63.In his plays Shakespeare _____ his characters live through their language.A.would makeB.had madeC.madeD.makes参考答案：C B B A B D B D反意问句反意问句前肯，后否前否，后肯否定形式：no not never little few seldom scarcely hardly rarely祈使句祈使句否定，will you?祈使句肯定, won’t you?句子的主语是this, that, these, those时，反意问句的主语为it, theyThis is a book, ______?复合句中的反意问句，有两种情况：①反意问句的主语应与主句主语一致Mary said her son would come, ___________?②主句的主语是I/We，谓语是think/believe/suppose时，反意问句主语应与从句主语一致I don’t think he’ll come, ________?there be结构的反意问句，反意问句主语用thereThere used to be…, didn’t there?There used to be…, usedn’t there?反意问句真题练习10年57.She seldom goes to the theatre, __________?A.doesn't sheB.does sheC.would sheD.wouldn't she08年58.When you have finished with that book, don't forget to put it back on my desk, ____?A.do youB.don't youC.will youD.won't young与11年54题考一样06年65.There used to be petrol station near the park,______ ?［A］didn’t it ［B］doesn’t there［C］usedn’t it ［D］didn’t there03年53.She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit, ____?[A]hadn’t she[B]hasn’t she[C]woul dn’t she[D] didn’t she00年44.Do help yourself to some fruit, ______ you?[A]can’t[B]don’t[C]wouldn’t[D]won’t参考答案：B C D C D形容词、副词adj / adv比较结构倍数表达法：基数词+timesonce twice three times分数表达法：分子用基数，分母用序数；分子大于1，分母+S2/3 two-thirds倍数在句中的应用※主+谓+倍数/分数+as + adj + as※主+谓+倍数/分数+the size (amount /length /price…) of※主+谓+倍数/分数+adj/adv比较级+than※increase/decrease by+倍数/分数具有比较意义的adj两个特点：（1）不能与more，-er连用（2）不能与than连用, 只能与to连用superior to inferior tosenior to junior toprior to = before sensitive tosecond to preferable to含有最高意义的adjabsolute unique round right wrong correct perfect outstanding结构：be + of + a + nbe + much + of + a + nbe + more + of + a + n + thanbe + as + much + of + a + n + asadj / adv 比较级、最高级用法一些特殊的比较结构①the more…, the more…“越…越”e.g. The harder you study, the more progress you’llmake.②(not) so/as…as“如同…一样，不如…”e.g. It is not so/as good as it looks.③the same…as / the same as “和…一样”e.g. She looks just the same as before.I got the same feeling as you did.④no more A than BA not…any more than B“正如A不能…B也不能”；“和…一样不”A fool can no more see his own folly than he can see his ears.no less…than “不比…差”⑤not A so much as Bnot so much A as Bnot more …A than B“与其说A不如说B”；“是B，而不是A”He is not so much a writer as a reporter.形容词、副词真题练习14年62.Which of the following italicized parts modifies anadverb?A.I rather like my teacher.B.That was a very funny film.C.Do it right now.D.We walked about 6 miles.11年56.Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT?A.The city is now ten times its original size.B.I wish I had two times his strength.C.The seller asked for double the usual price.D.They come here four times every year.09年55.A new laptop costs about _____ of a second-hand one.A.the price of three timesB.three times the priceC.as much as the three times priceD.three times more than the price08年64.The square itself is five hundred yards wide, five times ____ the size of St. Peter's in Rome.A./B.that ofC.which isD.of07年51.There are as good fish in the sea _____ever came out of it.[A]than [B] like [C] as[D]so57.It is not ______much the language as the background that makes the book difficult to understand.[A]that [B] as [C] so [D]very11年57题、99年45题考的一样62.Overpopulation poses a terrible threat to the human race. Yet it is probably ________a threat to the human race than environmental destruction.[A]no more[B]not more[C]even more[D]much more06年64.It was __________ we had hoped.［A］more a success than［B］a success more than［C］as much of a success as［D］ a success as much as05年59.Do you know Tim’s brother? He is ____ than Tim.[A]much more sportsman[B]more of a sportsman[C]more of sportsman[D]more a sportsman04年41.That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn’t bothered by his l oudness ________ by his lack of talent.[A]so much as[B]rather than[C]as[D]than01年48.He was ______to tell the truth even to his closest friend.[A]too much of a coward[B]too much the coward[C]a coward enough[D]enough of a coward参考答案：C B B A C C B C B A A非谓语to do / not to do 非谓语 doing / not doingdone形式（时态、语态）注意：①to do 一般式表示动作与主句的谓语动作同时发生。

大学英语四级-语法ppt课件

not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义: He’s only too pleased to help her.
so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语: Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
完整最新ppt
16
f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to. Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.
出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带 to, 有时不带to. He decided to write rather than telephone. The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式. She was made to tell him everything.
完整最新ppt
13
b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to. I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast. They cannot but accept his term.