包装设计外文资料翻译--包装对食品发展的影响
包装英语翻译——11-14
lithography 平版印刷术photogravure 凹版印刷照相凹版flexography 柔性版印刷silk screen 丝网印刷letterpress 凸版印刷hue 色调色相halftone 中间色半色调screen clash 网屏套叠amplitude modulated （AM）screening 调幅加网frequency modulated （FM）screening 调频加网raster image processor（RIP）光栅图像处理器computer to plate （CTP）计算机直接制版unitized load 组合式货物集装式货物vertical shock 纵向冲击Man-made materials人造材料container 集装箱sweep 扫频drop test 跌落试验sales package 销售包装shock pope 震动波普distribution environmental 流通环境vibration conductivity振动传导性regression analysis 回归分析法field feedback 市场反馈sampling process取样过程blister packaging泡罩包装heat insulating package隔热包装Total Quality Control全面质量控制vacuum smelting真空冶炼coating 镀膜formed-filled-sealed 成型装填密封secondary colour 二次色leakage test 泄露实验vacuum metalization techniques 真空镀膜技术Lesson11In the future, new digital printing process will be developed aimed specifically at short production runs, enabling marketers to test new product launches without incurring high origination costs, wh ile at the same time producing a quality with the possibility of introducing variable information for certain markets.在未来，新的数字印刷过程将被开发专门针对在短时间内的生产运行，使营销人员能够检测新产品的推出，而不会产生高的原始成本，而在同一时间的生产与引入某些市场的变量信息的可能性的质量。
进出口食品包装文字英文翻译存在的问题及对策
进出口食品包装文字英文翻译存在的问题及对策
孙静
【期刊名称】《饮食科学》
【年(卷),期】2018(000)01X
【摘要】在全球经济联系日益紧密,各国合作互补日益加强的今天,中国市场也越来越开放,彰显国际化,特别是食品进出口,越来越频繁。
随着食品进出口业务的增多,食品包装英文翻译不规范问题引起大家的关注。
常见的不规范问题有:机器直译、语法混乱、词不达意、术语不专业、文化习俗冲突等。
笔者建议从译者、企业、包装部门、行业、政府等多个方面,做好进出口食品包装文字英语翻译的规范工作,希望为提高进出口食品包装文字英语翻译水平提供切实有效的办法。
【总页数】1页(P208-208)
【作者】孙静
【作者单位】青岛酒店管理职业技术学院工商管理学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F426.82
【相关文献】
1.四川特色食品包装英文翻译探究及改进对策 [J], 鲜府芸;王璐;吴洁;何莲;王双丽;张萱;杨虹
2.从话语分析角度探讨茶叶商标英文翻译存在的问题及对策 [J], 娄沂
3.四川特色食品包装英文翻译探究及改进对策 [J], 鲜府芸;王璐;吴洁;何莲;王双丽;张萱;杨虹;
4.我国进出口食品包装文字英文翻译存在的问题及对策 [J], 耿娟
5.外卖食品包装文字的英语翻译及创意设计
——《食品包装学》评述 [J], 王丹
因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
包装设计对食品营销的重要性及影响分析
包装设计对食品营销的重要性及影响分析包装设计对食品营销的重要性及影响分析一、引言在当今竞争激烈的市场环境下，食品企业面临着巨大的市场压力，为了在市场中脱颖而出，提高商品销售额，包装设计成为了食品营销中至关重要的环节之一。
本文将从包装设计对食品营销的重要性和影响两个方面进行分析，并探讨在具体实践中如何优化包装设计以提升食品品牌竞争力。
二、包装设计对食品营销的重要性1. 提高商品竞争力包装设计是产品的外部形象，能够直接影响消费者的购买决策。
食品行业中，消费者对食品的购买决策往往是基于情感需求和视觉吸引力。
因此，精心设计的包装设计能够提高商品的竞争力，吸引目标消费者的注意力，并促使他们做出购买决策。
2. 传递产品信息包装设计是传递产品信息的重要媒介。
通过包装设计，食品企业可以向消费者传递产品的功能、特点、定位等信息，帮助消费者了解产品的价值和优势。
合理设计的包装可以提供必要的产品信息，使消费者更容易理解产品的特点，从而增强消费者对产品的认知和信任。
3. 塑造品牌形象包装设计是塑造品牌形象的重要手段。
在食品营销中，品牌形象是企业与消费者建立情感链接的重要桥梁，形象的好坏直接关系到市场份额和品牌价值。
通过包装设计，可以展示品牌的独特风格和价值观，树立品牌形象，提升品牌价值和忠诚度。
优秀的包装设计可以帮助企业在竞争激烈的市场中赢得消费者的好感和亲和力。
三、包装设计对食品营销的影响1. 增加产品附加值包装设计能够为产品增加附加值，提升产品形象和品质。
通过独特的包装设计，能够让消费者感受到产品的价值，愿意为其支付更高的价格。
一个精心设计的包装不仅提高了产品的利润空间，还增加了产品的溢价能力，提升了企业的盈利能力。
2. 影响消费者购买决策包装设计直接影响消费者的购买决策。
独特的包装设计能够在众多商品中脱颖而出，吸引消费者的眼球，使其对产品产生兴趣。
而且，包装设计还能在瞬间传递产品的品质和价值，引起消费者的购买欲望。
包装设计的发展与影响
包装设计的发展与影响【摘要】在日常生活中人类与食品的关系最为密切。
食品包装的“最佳生产、最佳设计、最适消费、最少废弃”原则的实现，需要政府、企业、设计师和消费者的通力合作，需要全社会的理解和支持。
“环保实际上是一个公众事业，民意期待是环保进步的动力。
”【关键词】食品；包装设计；图案；色彩人对认知事物的方式主要包括视觉、触觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉等人体感觉，这其中视觉起了举足轻重的作用，也是消费者感知事物的最直接方式。
通过消费者对颜色、图形的特殊感知特征可以看出消费者对食品包装的认知的特点。
对于食品包装的图案和色彩的认知是一般美感中较为普遍的形式。
都是依靠眼睛来观察，然后眼睛将观察到的信息通过视神经反馈到大脑，由大脑做出分析判断，并将有关信息存储起来。
人类在长期的生存与发展中代代传承下来的分析和认识食品的客观规律经验，是精神与文化的另一个层面。
正是通过物质与精神的相互作用，人类才能正确地认知食品、了解食品。
我们通过眼睛认识食物图形和它特有的色彩，并由此通过物质与精神的互动，对食品包装的图案和色彩产生丰富的联想，并形成一些带有共同规律性的认知，也包括对味觉的分辨与联想。
食品包装的设计信息的传递在很大程度上影响了消费者对于产品的购买决定，产品是否美观、便于操作、符合需求。
认知心理学认为，用户信息都源自于视觉，在见到食品时，食品包装设计中所选用的图案、色彩会令人产生各种各样的视觉感受，如愉悦感、厌恶感等等。
这些感受来自于消费者的视觉刺激和大脑中的记忆模式相结合，一些消费者固有的视觉形式和视觉经验成为的选择倾向。
早在文字发明之前，图案就承担着信息传播的功能。
后来逐渐形成文字和图案文化，它们都是人类传递信息进行交流的语言。
目前市场上常见的食品包装中较多采用的表现形式有：实物图片展示、填充物展示、抽象图案展示等，多数食品包装采用参考图片为了更好的向消费者展示其商品信息。
另外一种较为常见的图案运用是采用透明的材质进行镂空的包装袋设计，这是一种较为直接的表现手段，能更真实的把商品展示给消费者，进而刺激其购买欲。
外文翻译--包装对食品发展的影响
FOOD PACKING TECHNOLOGY Packaging is critical to a consumer’s first impression of a product, c ommuni- cating desirability, acceptability, healthy eating image etc. Food is available in a wide range of product and pack combinations that convey their own processed image perception to the consumer e.g. freshly packe d/prepared, chilled, frozen, ultra-heat treated (UHT) aseptic, in-can sterili sed and dried products. One of the most important quality attributes of fo od, affecting human sen- sory perception, is its flavour, i.e. taste and smel l. Flavour can be significantly degraded by processing and/or extended st orage. Other quality attributes that may also be affected include colour, te xture and nutritional content. The quality of a food depends not only on th e quality of raw ingredients, additives, methods of processing and packagi ng, but also on distribution and storage conditions encountered during its expected shelf life. Increasing competition amongst food producers, retail ers and packaging suppliers; and quality audits of suppliers have resulted in significant improvements in food quality as well as a dramatic increase in the choice of packaged food. These improvements have also been aide d by tighter temperature control in the cold chain and a more discerning c onsumer.One definition of shelf life is: the time during which a combination o f food processing and packaging can maintain satisfactory eating quality under the particular system by which the food is distributed in the containers and the conditions at the point of sale. Shelf life can be used as a mark eting tool for promoting the concept of freshness. Extended or long shelf l ife products also provide the consumer and/or retailer with the time conve nience of product use as well as a reduced risk of food wastage. The subje ct of Packaged product quality and shelf life is discussed in detail in Chap ter 3. Packaging provides the consumer with important information about the product and, in many cases, use of the pack and/or product. These inc lude facts such as weight, volume, ingredients, the manufacturer’s details, nutritional value, cooking and opening instructions. In addition to legal g uidelines on the minimum size of lettering and numbers, there are definiti onsfor the various types of product. Consumers are seeking more detailed nformation about products and, at the same time, many labels have beco me multilingual. Legibility of labels is an issue for the visually impaired a nd this is likely to become more important with an increasingly elderly po pulation..A major driver of food choice and packaging innovation is the consu mer demand for convenience. There are many convenience attributes offe red by modern packaging. These include ease of access and opening, disp osal and handling, product visibility, resealability, microwaveability, prol onged shelf life etc. Demographic trends in the age profile of the UK and other advanced economies reveal a declining birth rate and rapid growth of a relatively afflu- ent elderly population. They, along with a more demanding young consumer, will require and expect improved pack functiona lity, such as ease of pack opening (The Institute of Grocery Distribution, I GD). There is a high cost to supplying and servicing the retailer’s shelf. F ailure to stock a sufficient variety of product or replenish stock in time, es pecially for staple foods such as fresh milk, can lead to customer dissatisf action and defection to a competitor’s store, where product availability is assured. Mod- ern distribution and packaging systems allow consumers to buy food when and where they want them. Consumer choice has expand ed dramatically in recent years. In the UK, for example, between the 1960 s and 1990s the number of product lines in the average supermarket rose f rom around 2000 to over 18 000. . Since the 1970s, food health and safety have become increasingly major concerns and drivers of food choices. M edia attention has alerted consumers to a range of issues such as the use o f chemical additives and food contamination incidents. These incidents ha ve been both deliberate, by malicious tampering, and accidental, occurrin g during the production process. However, many consumers are not fully aware of the importance of packaging in maintaining food safety and qual ity. One effect has been the rapid introduction of tamper evident closures for many pre-packaged foods in order to not only protect the consumer bu t also the brand. Another impact has been to motivate consumers to give more attention to the criteria of freshness/shelf life, minimum processing and the products oringin..Consumers have direct environmental impact through the way they p urchase and the packaging waste they generate. Consumers purchase pack aging as part of the product and, over the years, the weight of packaging h as declined relative to that of the product contained. However, consumpti on patterns have generated larger volumes of packaging due to changing demo- graphics and lifestyles. It is the volume of packaging rather than th e weight of packaging that is attracting critical public attention. In additio n, the trend toward increased pre-packaged foods and food service packag ing has increased the amount of plastics packaging waste entering the soli d waste stream. Packaging has been a key to the evolution of modern fast-moving consu goods retailing that in turn has spurred on packaging devel opments to meet its requirements. The most significant development for t he food packaging supply industries has been the emergence of large retai l groups. These groups exert enormous influence and control over what is produced, how products are pre- sented and how they are distributed to st ores. The large retailers handle a major share of the packaged grocery mar ket and exert considerable influence on food manufacturers and associate d packaging suppliers. It is, therefore, import ant for packaging suppliers t o be fully aware of market demand and respond quickly to changes. In ad dition, the concentration of buyer power at the retail level means that man ufacturers may have to modify their distribution and packaging operation s in response to structural changes in retailing. Packaging for fast-movingconsumer goods (f.m.c.g.) has been referred to as part of the food retail marketing mix and thus closely affects all the other marketing variables i.e. product, price, promotion, and place (Nickels & Jolsen, The discussion on packaging in the multiple food retail environment may be considered i n terms of its role in brand competition and retail logistics.The role of packaging in brand competition. Packaging plays a vi tal role in food marketing representing a significant key to a brand’s succe ss or mere sur- vival in a highly competitive marketplace. Packaging inno vation and design are in the front line of competition between the brands of both major retailers and product manufacturers, having been driven in r ecent years by dramatic retail growth, intense industry competition and an increasingly demanding and sophisticated consumer. On an individual pr oduct/brand basis, success is dependent on the product ma nufacturer’s rap id innovative response to major trends. One of the most effective ways to respond is through distinctive pack- aging, and this has become one key f actor in the success of a brand. The retail- ers’ own brand products compe te intensely with m anufacturers’ brands in virtually every product categor y. Brand differentiation can be enhanced by drive the growing niche mark et for biodegradable and compostable packaging. They are using it as a p oint of communication with their customers. Packaging is closely linked t o advertising but it is far more focused than advertising because it present s the product to the consumer daily in the home and on the retail shelf. Merchandising displays that present the pack design in an attractive or inter esting way and media advertising consistent with the pack’s image also se rve to promote the brand. The brand owner is frequently responsible for t he merchandising operation. A key to promotional activities is through eff ective use of packaging and there exist many kinds of on-pack promotion s such as free extra product, money-off, special edition, new improved B ar code scanning information linked to the use of retailers’ loyalty card sc hemes has made a big impact on buying and marketing decision-making by retailers. Their task is to make better use of this information on con- su mer behaviour for promotional purposes and to build store brand loyalty. Retailers can also use this information to evaluate the effectiveness of ne w pack designs, on-pack promotions and the sales appeal of new products . The role of packaging in multiple retail logistics. There are tight constra ints on physical distribution and in-store merchandising. The retailer is re ceptive to packaging that reduces operating costs, increases inventory tur nover, trans- forms to attractive merchandising displays – such as pre-ass embled or easy- to-assemble aisle displays – and satisfies logistics service levels (reliability, responsiveness and product availability). For example, combined transit and point-of-sale packaging saves store labour through f aster shelf loading, pro- vides ease of access to product thereby obviating the need to use potentially dangerous unsafe cutting tools, and presents an opportunity for source reduce.The total distribution cost affects the total volume of demand throug h its influence on price (McKinnon, 1989). For some fast-moving commo dity type products, such as pasteurised milk, the cost of distribution and r etail mer- chandising is usually a sizeable proportion of total product cost representing up to 50 per cent or more of the sales price. The cost of pack aging materials and containers also adds slightly to the cost but design of the optimal packaging system can significantly reduce cost in the retail di stribution chain. The development of global food supply chains has meant that many points of production have located further away from the points of consump- tion, often resulting in higher distribution cost. Controlling distribution cost through improved operational efficiency in the supply ch ain is a key to competitive advantage for a retailer. The retailer must maxi mise operational efficiency in the distribution channel (West, 1989). The goal of distribution is to deliver the requisite level of service to customers at the least cost. The identification of the most cost-effective logistical pa ckaging is becoming more crucial. Cost areas in distribution include stora ge, inventory, transport, administration and packaging. Storage, inventory, transport and store labour are major cost areas for the retailer while trans port, storage and packaging are the main cost areas for the food manufact urer. The efficiency of the multiple retail food supply chain relies on close com- munication between retailers, food manufacturers and packaging su ppliers. It also relies on accurate order forecasting of likely demand. Massive investment in information technology has enabled closer integration o f the supply chain and, through electronic data interchange (EDI), has ens ured that stock moves to stores on a just-in-time (JIT) basis, and is sold w ell before the expiry date. The bar code is a code that allows the industry-wide identification of retail product units by means of a unique reference number, the major application being the electronic point of sale (EPoS) sy stem at the retail checkout. The use of the bar code for identification of pr imary, secondary and tertiary packaging has enabled efficient distribution management and stock control.。
进出口贸易中食品包装英文翻译的思考
I FOOD INDUSTRY I 101进出口贸易中食品包装英文翻译的思考文 苏伟青岛酒店管理职业技术学院的和需求，并努力平衡他们之间的关系，以顺利完成任务。
精确且有意义的英文翻译可以有效促进食物文化的广泛传播和发展。
经过精心翻译，我国食品加工企业不但能够在国际市场上展示出自身的优势，还能够吸引来自世界各地的消费者，使他们能够更全面、准确地认识中国的美味佳肴，进而提升中国食品文化的国际竞争力。
3.现阶段食品包装英文翻译工作存在的问题3.1对各类翻译软件的过度依赖随着人工智能技术的飞速发展，许多新型的网络技术和APP 已经得到了普遍的应用，尤其是在出口商品的包装翻译方面得到了广泛应用。
但是在某些情况下，由于语言的差异，人们使用翻译软件可能难以准确地传递信息。
例如，“大白兔”的翻译结果并不能很好地表达“Big white rabbit ”想要表达的情感，这让海外消费者感到困惑。
另一方面，仅仅依靠简单的翻译也很难完全表达“Big white rabbit ”想要表达的文化内涵。
食品企业在开始生产和销售商品时，必须经过严格的包装翻译审核。
只有这样才能确保翻译的内容准确、完整，并且能满足客户的需求。
同时，食品企业应不断提升食品英文翻译审核人员的专业能力和水平。
如果审核人员的技能水平较差，就可能会造成翻译质量下降，进而影响产品销量。
食品企业如果无法将英文转换为更加符合当地文化背景的内容，而只是依靠现有的翻译工具和技术开展食品包装英文翻译工作，并且没有进行必要的审查，随着世界各地的经济融合，食品产业已成为国际贸易的主导力量，为我国的经济增长做出了巨大贡献。
本文旨在探讨如何利用“包装”产品的英语翻译来促进对外贸易，并且指出未来可能的发展趋势，以满足我国对外贸易的需求。
1.引言食品包装是物流过程中不可或缺的一部分，它能够有效地保护食品，并且通过精确的文字描述，让消费者更加轻松地获取食品信息。
通过有效地将英语用于产品包装，可以在食品进出口贸易中实现跨地域的语言转换，从而为海外市场的开拓和发展提供有力的支持。
现代包装机械设备毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
1 英文文献翻译1.1 Modern PackagingAuthor：Abstract1. Changing Needs and New RolesLooking back, historical changes are understandable and obvious. That all of them have had an impact on the way products are brought, consumed and packaged is also obvious. What is not so obvious is what tomorrow will bring. Yet, it is to the needs, markets, and conditions of tomorrow that packaging professionals must always turn their attention.The forces that drove packaging during the Industry Revolution continue to operate today. The consumer society continues to grow and is possibly best described by a 1988s bumper sticker, “Born to Shop”. We consume goods today at a rate 4 to 5 times greater than we did as recently as 1935. Most of these goods are not essential to survival; they constitute what we may call “the good life”.In the second half of the 20th century， the proliferation of goods was so high that packaging was forced into an entirely new role, that of providing the motivation rather than presenting the goods itself. On a shelf of 10 competing products, all of them similar in performance and quality, the only method of differentiating became the package itself. Marketer aimed at lifestyles, emotional values, subliminal images, features, and advantages beyond the basic product rather than the competitor’s. In some in instances, the package has become the product, and occasionally packaging has become entertainment.A brand product to carry the product manufacturer or product sales of theretailer’s label, usually by the buyer as a quality assessment guidance. In some cases, competing brands of product quality is almost no difference, a difference is the sale of its packaging. An interesting visually attractive packaging can give a key marketing advantage and convince impulse spending. However, the packaging should accurately reflect the quality of products/brand value in order to avoid the disappointment of consumers, encourage repeat purchases and build brand loyalty. Ideally, the product should exceed customer expectations.2. Packaging and the Modern Industrial SocietyThe importance of packaging to a modern industrial society is most evident when we examine the food-packaging sector. Food is organic in nature, having an animal or plant source. One characteristic of such organic matter is that, by and large, it has a limited natural biological life.A cut of meat, left to itself, might be unfit for human consumption by the next day. Some animal protein products, such as seafood, can deteriorate within hours.The natural shelf life of plant-based food depends on the species and plant involved. Pulpy fruit portions tend to have a short life span, while seed parts, which in nature have to survive at least separated from the living plant are usually short-lived.In addition to having a limited natural shelf life, most food is geographically and season-ally specific. Thus, potatoes and apples are grown in a few North American geographical regions and harvest during a short maturation period. In a world without packaging，we would need to live at the point of harvest to enjoy these products, and our enjoyment of them would be restricted to the natural biological life span of each. It is by proper storage, packaging and transport techniques that we are able to deliver fresh potatoes and apples, or the products derived from them, throughout the year and throughout the country. Potato-whole,canned, powdered, flaked, chipped, frozen, and instant is available, anytime, anywhere. This ability gives a society great freedom and mobility. Unlike less-developed societies, we are no longer restricted in our choice of where to live, since we are no longer tied to the food-producing ability of an area. Food production becomes more specialized and efficient with the growth of packaging. Crops and animal husbandry are moved to where their production is most economical, without regard to the proximity of a market. Most important, we are free of the natural cycles of feast and famine that are typical of societies dependent on natural regional food-producing cycles.Central processing allows value recovery from what would normally be waste by products of the processed food industry from the basis of other sub-industries. Chicken feathers are high in protein and, properly mill and treated, can be fed back to the next generation of chickens. Vegetable waste is fed to cattle or pigs. Bagasse, the waste cane from sugar pressing, is a source of fiber for papermaking. Fish scales are refined to make additives for paints and nail polish.The economical manufacture of durable goods also depends on good packaging.A product's cost is directly related to production volume. The business drive to reduce costs in the supply chain must be carefully balanced against the fundamental technical requirements for food safety and product integrity, as well as the need to ensure an. efficient logistics service. In addition, there is a requirement to meet the aims of marketing to protect and project brand image through value-added pack design. The latter may involve design inputs that communicate distinctive, aesthetically pleasing, ergonomic, functional and/or environmentally aware attributes. But for a national or international bicycle producer to succeed, it must be a way of getting the product to a market, which may be half a world away. Again, sound packaging, in this case distributionpackaging, is a key part of the system.Some industries could not exist without an international market. For example, Canada is a manufacturer of irradiation equipment, but the Canadian market (which would account for perhaps one unit every several years) could not possibly support such a manufacturing capability. However, by selling to the world, a manufacturing facility becomes viable. In addition to needing packaging for the irradiation machinery and instrumentation, the sale of irradiation equipment requires the sale packaging and transport of radioactive isotopes, a separate challenge in itself. In response to changing consumer lifestyles, the large retail groups and the food service industry development. Their success has been involved in a competition fierce hybrid logistics, trade, marketing and customer service expertise, all of which is dependent on the quality of packaging. They have in part led to the expansion of the dramatic range of products offered, technology innovation, including those in the packaging. Supply retail, food processing and packaging industry will continue to expand its international operations. Sourcing products around the world more and more to assist in reducing trade barriers. The impact of the decline has been increased competition and price pressure. Increased competition led to the rationalization of industrial structure, often in the form of mergers and acquisitions. Packaging, it means that new materials and shapes, increased automation, packaging, size range extension of lower unit cost. Another manufacturer and mergers and acquisitions, the Group's brand of retail packaging and packaging design re-evaluation of the growing development of market segmentation and global food supply chain to promote the use of advanced logistics and packaging systems packaging logistics system is an integral part of, and played an important role in prevention in the food supply or reduce waste generation.3. World Packaging.This discussion has referred to primitive packaging and the evolution of packaging functions. However, humankind's global progress is such that virtually every stage in the development of society and packaging is present somewhere in the world today. Thus, a packager in a highly developed country will agonize over choice of package type, hire expensive marketing groups to develop images to entice the targeted buyer and spend lavishly on graphics. In less-developed countries, consumers are happy to have food, regardless of the package. At the extreme, consumers will bring their own packages or will consume food on the spot, just as they did 2000 years ago.Packagers from the more developed countries sometimes have difficulty working with less-developed nations, for the simple reason that they fail to understand that their respective packaging priorities are completely different. Similarly, developing nations trying to sell goods to North American markets cannot understand our preoccupation with package and graphics.The significant difference is that packaging plays a different role in a market where rice will sell solely because it is available. In the North American market, the consumer may be confronted by five different companies offering rice in 30 or so variations. If all the rice is good and none is inferior, how does a seller create a preference for his particular rice? How does he differentiate? The package plays a large role in this process.The package-intensive developed countries are sometimes criticized for over packaging, and certainly over-packaging does exist. However, North Americans also enjoy the world's cheapest food, requiring only about 11 to 14% of our disposable income. European food costs are about 20% of disposable income, and in the less-developed countries food can take 95%of family income.4. The status and development trend of domestic and international packaging machineryWorldwide, the history of the development of the packaging machinery industry is relatively short, science and technology developed in Europe and America in general started in the 20th century until the 1950s the pace greatly accelerated.From the early 20th century, before the end of World War II World War II，medicine，food, cigarettes，matches，household chemicals and other industrial sectors, the mechanization of the packaging operations; the 1950s, the packaging machine widely used common electric switches and tube for the main components of the control system to achieve the primary automation; 1960s, Electrical and optical liquid-gas technology is significantly increased in the packaging machine, machines to further expand on this basis a dedicated automated packaging line; the 1970s, the micro- electronic technology into the automation of packaging machines and packaging lines, computer control packing production process; from the 1980s to the early 1990s, in some field of packaging, computer, robot application for service, testing and management, in preparation for the over-flexible automatic packaging lines and "no" automatic packaging workshop.Actively promoted and strong co-ordination of all aspects of society, and gradually establish a packaging material, packaging, printing, packaging machinery and other production sectors, and corresponding to the research, design, education, academic, management and organization, and thus the formation of independent and complete. The packaging of light industrial system, and occupies an important place in the national economy as a whole.Based on recent years data that members of the World Packaging Alliance output value of the packaging industry accounts for about 2% of the total output value of the national economy; in which the proportion of packaging machinery, though not large, but the rapid development of an annual average of almost growing at a rate of about 10%. Put into use at the packaging machine is now more than thousand species of packaging joint machines and automated equipment has been stand-alone equate. According to the new technological revolution in the world development trend is expected to packaging materials and packaging process and packaging machinery will be closely related to obtain the breakthrough of a new step, and bring more sectors into the packaging industry.China Packaging Technology Association was established in 1980. Soon, the China National Packaging Corporation have been born. Since then, one after another in the country organized a national and international packaging machinery exhibition, seminars, also published I had the first ever "China Packaging Yearbook and other packaging technology books. All this indicates that China is creating a new packaging historical perio d.1.2中文翻译现代包装1、不断变化的需求和新的角色,回顾以往,包装所带来明显的历史性变化是可以理解的, 一个产品包装方式的给他们的销量带来的影响也是显而易见的。
董开桥外文翻译
HexaLite 29/25 at 1.4 g or less on new neck finish 29/25 at 2.4 g or less, replacing the 30/25 world standard for still water, generating total weight savings of 2.0 g. Such savings per bottle generate almost 2,000 tons of resin saved for every one billion bottles produced (and almost €3 million saved), and an estimated reduction of 15,000 tons of greenhouse gas emission (carbon footprint), according to Bericap. Sustainable Alternatives BIO-BASED PLASTICS ARE made of starch from plants (corn, sugarcane, potato, etc.) instead of petroleum. They can replace most petrochemical plastics used to make bottles, packaging, fabric and many other items. Rising petroleum prices coupled with an increase in market demand for green products have bolstered the demand for bio-based plastics. They are being positioned as sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics because they can be compostable and biodegradable, although not all bioplastics may comply with industry standards ASTM D6400 in the United States for compostable plastics and Europe's EN13432 for biodegradability/compostibility. The biopolymer share of the plastic market is poised to grow from 1% now to 6 -12% by 2010. The current demand for bioplastic, however, is eight times the 2008 expected capacity. Worldwide, the market for bioplastics is projected to reach between $15-30 billion by 2010 and $50 billion by 2015. PLA (polylactic acid), a versatile polymer made from cornstarch, is the most well-known of these so-called biopolymers. A polyethylene alternative from sugarcane-based ethanol has also been launched. Other producers are turning to agriculture and forestry waste as sources rather than using food crops. Among these is Innovia Films whose NatureFlex film is produced from wood pulp (for an application, see page 33 -- Editor). A matter of semantics COMPOSTABLE, degradable and biodegradable are often mistakenly interchanged… Compostable Plastic is, by ASTM standards, "capable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site as part of an available program, such that the plastic is not visually distinguishable and breaks down to carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds, and biomass, at a rate consistent with known compostable materials (e.g. cellulose) and leaves no toxic residue." In order for a plastic to be called compostable, three criteria need to be met: Biodegrade - break down into CO2, water, biomass at the same rate as cellulose Disintegrate - the material is indistinguishable in the compost Eco-toxicity - the biodegradation does not produce any toxic material and the compost can support plant growth. Biodegradable Plastic will degrade from the action of naturally occurring microorganism, such as bacteria, fungi etc., over a period of time. Note, that there is no requirement for leaving "no toxic residue", and as well as no requirement for the time it needs to take to biodegrade. Degradable Plastic will undergo a significant change in its chemical structure
包装设计外文翻译文献
Metallurgist,Vol. 47,Nos. 11–12,2003PRESS-SHEARS FOR CUTTING AND/ORBALING SCRAP METALBruno J. J. WientzekShears were the first machines used to break up scrap metal. Guillotine shears with a mechanical drive were made long before World War I and were designed to cut bars,tubes,light sections,plate crop,and other items. The small size of the opening between the blades precluded the use of these machines for cutting large pieces of scrap.A new type of machine was built in the 1930s – alligator shears. These machines still had a mechanical drive,but the opening between the blades was larger and the productivity of the machine was increased. However,there was still a risk of accidents in using these shears,since some of the scrap that had to be cut was fed manually.After World War II,the demand for shears rose due to the large stocks of accumulated scrap metal. Alligator shears were provided with an additional attachment to compress (press) the scrap metal. This device was located in front of the blade opening. However,it compressed tubes and other types of scrap so much that they were able to pass through the open-ing without being cut. At the same time,different sizes of alligator shears were being made in large quantities. Indeed,there was hardly any scrap-processing floor that was not equipped with alligator shears.Facing increasingly stringent requirements on the productivity and safety of scrap-processing equipment,machine-builders were compelled to develop a new type of shears that could process large volumes of scrap in a short time with min-imal use of manual labor. These requirements were met by hydraulic shears.In addition to conventional hydraulic shears – which are loaded by a crane or special excavators and are designed only to cut metal – press-shears are also now on the market. Press-shears can not only cut scrap metal up to 6 mm thick,but can also bale lightweight scrap. One line of press-shears is the SIERRA series,made by the company SIERRA International Machinery.We will examine the principle of operation of SIERRA model T1000 (with a cutting force of 1000 ton-f). This model includes a charging box,a charging chamber,and two movable covers. When in the closed position,the covers compact (com-press) the charged material into a bale (Fig. 1). The cross-sectional dimensions of the bale – 700 ×900 mm – correspond to the dimensions of the closed pressing chamber. The length of the bale is regulated within the range from 250 to 1000 mm by changing the stroke of the cylinder of the pusher. The pusher moves the already-formed bale to guillotine shears (Fig. 2) for subsequent cutting (Fig. 3a). The cutting force is created by a hydraulic system that acts on the vertical cylinders of the blades with a maximum pressure of 350 bars. Movable crossheads are secured to the rods of the cylinders,and the top blade – which cuts the scrap at a 12°angle – is in turn secured to the crossheads. The guides of the crossheads are composed of replaceable bronze slabs that are lubricated automatically through a central lubrication system. The horizontal bottom blade is stationary. Both blades have four cutting edges,which quadruples their service life. To facilitate the blades’replacement,the press-shears are equipped with sectional blades having three sections. The opening between the blades measures 970 ×740 mm.The 1000-ton-f cutting force makes it possible to cut scrap having different cross sections; rectangular,95 ×900 mm; square,165 ×165 mm; circular,185 mm in diameter. The press-shears can cut scrap with a strength of up to 45 kgf/mm2. The density of the bale depends on the material of the scrap and the fullness of the charging chamber and is within the range 450–1200 kg/m3.The charging chamber (Fig. 4) has a length of 9000 mm,width of 2450 mm,and height of 1400 mm with the cov-ers in the open position. When the covers are closed,the chamber’s width and height are 900 mm and 700 mm,respective-DOBRO GmbH. Translated from Metallurg,No. 11,pp. 58–60,November 2003.0026-0894/03/1112-0473$25.00 ©2003 Plenum Publishing Corporation473Fig. 1. Compression of scrap in SIERRA press-shears.Fig. 2. Guillotine shears of the SIERRA press-shears.Fig. 3. Diagram of operation of SIERRA press-shears in the compression and cuttingregime (a) and the compression regime alone (b).ly. The entire interior of the chamber is lined with replaceable slabs of the high-strength steel Hardox:the bottom is made of Hardox 500 (the units of strength are from the Brinnell scale),while the walls are made of Hardox 400. The thickness of the face slabs of the bottom,the side walls,and the flat cover is 25 mm,and the thickness of the curved cover is 20 mm.The length of the charging chamber can be increased to allow the press-shears to process tubes or beams up to 15m long.474Fig. 4. Charging chamber.Fig. 5. Horizontal pusher-cylinder – compression cylinder.The pressing operation is performed with a specially shaped curved cover and a flat straight cover brought into motion by three cylinders with a short stroke. As a result,the covers can be moved rapidly into position while exerting a uni-form pressing force. Each cover exerts a pressing force of 310 ton-f.The vertical clamp of the press-shears is made of Hardox 400 high-strength steel,while the guides are made of replaceable bronze slabs. Lubricant is delivered through a central lubrication system. The pressing force exerted by the clamp is 180 ton-f.The force created by the horizontal cylinder of the pusher – the pressing cylinder (Fig. 5) – reaches 165 ton-f. The head of the pusher is also made of Hardox 400. The piston rod is shielded from damage by a protective front plate. The pressing force and the length of the pusher’s stroke are regulated.Bales with a density of up to 1200 kg/m3can be made in the processing of scrap up to 6 mm thick. In this case,the vertical clamp is moved to its lowest point and the pusher is used to compress the scrap into a bale (Fig. 3b).With the pusher travelling a distance of 600 mm and the clamp and blades raised to their normal heights,the press-shears can make at least 4–5 cuts a minute. A short stroke (raising and lowering) can also be chosen for the clamp and the blade,which significantly increases the number of cuts per minute. These figures are accurate for materials with a strength of up to 45 kgf/mm2.The press-shears have a productivity of 15–35 tons/h when processing pieces of steel scrap of moderate size. The productivity of the equipment depends on the material,the density of the charge,and the skill of both the operator of the exca-475vator that charges the scrap and the operator of the press-shears. Many years of practical experience have shown that their average productivity is 22 tons/hr. Here,with allowance for obligatory downtime (waiting,interruptions,maintenance,and adjustments),productivity ranges from 20 to 27 tons/h and depends on the time of year. Thus,over the course of a year,the press-shears can process 137,000–152,000 tons of scrap.The standard model of the press-shears is equipped with three 90-kW electric motors made by the company ABB. The motors are directly connected to Rexroth axial-piston pumps and Denison vane pumps. Taking into account the machin-ery built into the system,the press-shears can develop a total power of 320 kW.The press-shears are equipped with a hydraulic system made by Rexroth. The optimization of the design of the com-ponents and their operating regimes ensures that the system will deliver a large amount of power while keeping energy con-sumption low. The system is provided with protection from high pressure and has 100% filtration capability,thanks to the inclusion of four magnetic filters with 10-µm cells. Standard equipment is used to heat (and cool) the hydraulic oil. If nec-essary,additional measures can be implemented in order to be able to operate the press-shears at extremely low temperatures. The hydraulic oil should have a viscosity of 22 for outside operation of the machine and 36 for inside operation.The supply voltage of the press-shears is 380 V at 50 Hz,while the input is 320 kW. The system is controlled by means of programmable controllers made by the Allen Bradley company. These controllers operate on direct current at 24 V. The above-described system operates reliably under extreme conditions in different scrap-processing facilities. The control circuits of the valves are also supplied with 24 V dc. All of the tasks involved in the operation of the press-shears are depict-ed visually on a control panel located in a control room. The tasks can be managed in both the manual and automatic regimes.The lubrication system automatically delivers the necessary amount of lubricant to the guides of the guillotine shears and the vertical clamp during each stroke. The operation of the system is monitored visually and regulated both manually and automatically. If necessary,a central lubrication system can be used to lubricate the cylinders of the covers.The total weight of the SIERRA T1000 press-shears is 155 tons. Its installation requires a 22.0 ×8.5 m foundation slab 300–400 mm thick. The slab is constructed as a steel framework (channels or I-beams) that is then filled with concrete.The optimum configuration of the components of the press-shears is determined at the proposed site of installation. The charging box can be installed to the left or the right,depending on the location of the machine proper. As a variant,two charging boxes can be used (one on each side). The locations of the control room and the hydraulic system are also deter-mined at the site. If the press-shears are located outside,a lightweight enclosure – such as one composed of panels – can be erected to house the hydraulic system.The company SIERRA International Machinery has been making scrap-processing machinery since 1962. SIERRA is also itself a large scrap processor,in addition to being involved with the disassembly of large metal structures and provid-ing environmental services. Most of the work the company does in this area involves the use of SIERRA-made equipment. The advantages of the latter have been demonstrated through practical experience. Among them are the following:• the use of a unique charging system;• the possibility of using the press-shears not only for cutting,but also (if necessary) as a highly productive baling press;• execution of the required operations at high speeds;• the use of an efficient Rexroth hydraulic system;• the use of different materials for the guides of the blades and the clamp (Hardox steels and bronzes),which pre-vents scratches and major equipment breakages during heavy-duty operation;• ease of control of the covers;• the safe operation of the press-shears,thanks to the presence of a self-diagnostic system;• low energy consumption;• low cost.The subsidiary SIERRA Europe Recyling Ltd. was created in 2001 and operates in the European market. In the Russian market,SIERRA has been exclusively represented by the company DOBRO GmbH since October 2002. The first machines have already been shipped by this firm. Among the important services the company offers clients are profession-al consulting on equipment selection and quick and professional servicing of installed machinery on site.476。
包装设计对产品销售的影响
包装设计对产品销售的影响产品的包装设计在产品销售过程中起着关键的作用。
一个吸引人、个性化、富有创意的包装设计能够为产品带来较高的销售量和更好的市场表现。
本文将探讨包装设计对产品销售的影响，并介绍包装设计对品牌形象和消费者购买决策的重要性。
包装设计作为产品的外观形象，直接影响着消费者对产品的第一印象。
首先，包装设计能够在商店的货架上吸引消费者的注意力。
一个独特、醒目的包装设计能够在竞争激烈的市场中脱颖而出，吸引消费者主动走向产品并关注它。
消费者在大量的产品中选择时，通常会选择那些在外观上与众不同、卓越的产品。
其次，包装设计能够传达产品的核心信息和卖点。
通过巧妙的设计元素、颜色和图案，包装设计可以帮助消费者更好地了解产品的特点、功效和对使用者的好处。
一个清晰而有吸引力的包装设计可以让消费者在短时间内对产品产生好感，进而激发他们的购买欲望。
包装设计还可以增强产品的品牌形象。
一个与品牌一致并能够识别的包装设计可以加强品牌的辨识度，提高品牌的价值。
当消费者看到一个熟悉的品牌包装设计时，他们往往会认为产品质量可靠，更容易做出购买决策。
因此，通过一致的品牌包装设计，企业能够建立品牌信誉，树立品牌形象，并赢得消费者忠诚度。
此外，包装设计还能够在消费者购买决策中起到重要的影响作用。
消费者通常会根据包装设计的外观和信息来判断产品的质量和价值。
一个高品质、精心设计的包装会产生消费者对产品的信任感，从而增加他们购买的可能性。
另外，透明、直观的包装设计能够让消费者更好地了解产品，并对其品质和适用性有更准确的判断，有利于促成购买。
包装设计还能够从营销和推广的角度为产品销售带来更好的效果。
通过精心设计的包装，企业可以在市场中树立产品的独特性和个性化，并与竞争者区分开来。
此外，在节假日或特别促销时，包装设计可以进行特别的设计，以吸引消费者的注意力并提高销售量。
总体而言，包装设计在产品销售过程中起到至关重要的作用。
一个吸引人、个性化、富有创意且与品牌一致的包装设计能够为产品带来更多的销售机会，并树立产品的品牌形象。
包装设计外文资料翻译--包装对食品发展的影响
附件1：外文资料翻译译文包装对食品发展的影响一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。
食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备,冷藏，冷冻,超高温无菌，消毒(灭菌）,烘干产品。
食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道,其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉.味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。
其他质量属性,也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。
食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法,而且其预期的货架寿命(保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。
越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择.这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者.保质期的一个定义是:在食品加工和包装组合下,在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。
保质期,可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。
延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间,方便以及减少浪费食物的风险,消费者和/或零售商.包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。
包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品,包括事实信息如重量，体积,配料，制造商的细节，营养价值,烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品.消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时,许多标签已经成为多语种。
标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。
食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。
这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性,这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度,再密封性能,微波加热性,延长保质期等。
在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势,伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包揭开（百货配送研究所，IGD）。
(完整)食品包装对食品安全的影响
第六章食品包装对食品安全的影响一、包装的定义一是关于包装商品的容器、材料及辅助物品；一是关于包装商品的容器、材料及辅助物品；二是关于实施包装封缄等的技术活动. 二是关于实施包装封缄等的技术活动。
食品包装（Food packaging）：采用适当的包装材食品包装采用适当的包装材料、容器和包装技术，把食品包裹起来,以使容器和包装技术，把食品包裹起来, 食品在运输和贮藏过程中保持其价值和原有的状态. 状态。
二、包装的功能保护商品方便贮运促进销售提高商品价值三、包装材料的特性机械加工性能:强度、挺度、厚度、机械加工性能：强度、挺度、厚度、加工工艺阻透性：阻透性：水、气、光、油等印刷性安全卫生性力学性质：抗拉强度、撕裂度、力学性质：抗拉强度、撕裂度、耐折度、戳穿度四、包装的分类按照包装目的分类：运输包装，按照包装目的分类：运输包装，销售包装。
销售包装。
按照包装的功能分类：按照包装的功能分类：分为防水包装、防潮包装、防震包装等形式。
包装、防潮包装、防震包装等形式。
五、包装的分类按包装材料与食品接触程度分类：按包装材料与食品接触程度分类：分为外包装、内包装、个体包装（又称小包装) 内包装、个体包装（又称小包装）按包装材料来源分类：分为塑料制品、玻璃按包装材料来源分类:分为塑料制品、制品、陶瓷搪瓷制品、金属制品、制品、陶瓷搪瓷制品、金属制品、食品包装用食品包装袋等。
纸、食品包装袋等。
按包装件抵抗变形能力分类：按包装件抵抗变形能力分类：分为软包装和硬包装。
硬包装.食品包装材料的要求：六、食品包装材料的要求：耐冷冻耐高温耐油脂防渗漏抗酸碱防潮保香保味美观等国际包装工业协会统计结果破坏环境的垃圾比例 72% 塑料皮革制品废弃金属其它绿色包装是解决塑料包装污染的方法之一！绿色包装是解决塑料包装污染的方法之一！七、绿色包装所谓“绿色包装”所谓“绿色包装"，是指对生态环境不造成污染，对人体健康不造成危害，不造成污染,对人体健康不造成危害，能循环使用和再生利用，可促进持续发能循环使用和再生利用，展的包装。
食品包装对食品品质的影响研究
食品包装对食品品质的影响研究食品包装是保护食品免受外界污染和氧化的重要手段，对储存、运输和销售食品起着至关重要的作用。
然而，食品包装不仅仅是起到保护食品的作用，它还对食品的品质产生着直接的影响。
本文将就食品包装对食品品质的影响进行研究，从材料选择、包装设计和包装与食品交互等方面展开讨论。
1. 材料选择食品包装的材料选择对食品品质有着决定性的影响。
首先，食品包装材料应该符合卫生标准，以确保食品的安全性。
然而，并非所有的包装材料都能满足此要求。
例如，一些塑料包装材料含有对人体有害的化学物质，这可能会渗入食品中，降低食品的品质。
因此，选择符合卫生标准的食品包装材料至关重要。
此外，食品包装材料还应具备良好的防潮、防氧化、防细菌和光线阻隔等特性。
这些特性能有效地防止外界因素对食品的侵害。
比如，对于易受潮的食品来说，选择具备良好防潮性能的包装材料可以保持食品的干燥和新鲜。
相反地，如果材料选择不当，容易导致食品受潮、变质或者失去原有的风味和口感。
2. 包装设计包装设计是食品包装中不可忽视的一环。
好的包装设计能够吸引消费者的眼球，增加产品的销售。
然而，包装设计也直接关系到食品品质。
首先，包装设计应该考虑到食品的特性和需要。
比如，对于易碎的食品，包装设计应该加强保护性能，防止食品在运输过程中损坏。
此外，根据食品的保存需要，可以选择不同类型的包装设计，如密封包装、真空包装等，以延长食品的保质期。
其次，包装设计还应注重用户体验。
因为好的包装设计能够提升食品的使用体验，进而影响消费者对食品的评价。
例如，在易开盖设计中，考虑到用户的使用便捷性，可以使消费者更易于打开包装，更好地享用食品。
3. 包装与食品交互食品和包装是密不可分的，因此，包装与食品之间的交互也会对食品品质产生影响。
首先，食品包装能影响食品的新鲜度和口感。
包装将食品与外界隔绝，防止氧化和细菌的侵害。
然而，过度的隔绝也可能导致食品的变质。
例如，某些食品需要保持一定的湿度和通风，如果包装设计不合理，会使食品过于潮湿或者干燥，从而影响其品质。
Package Design全文翻译
Package Design全文翻译Primo Angeli's studio in a fashionable district of San Francisco has the look of a pop art joke. A five-foot sausage gazes at you from a wall painting. A huge granite rests on a tower of stale doughnuts. I wonder how the doughnuts bear up. Angeli explains: The rock is not granite but papier-mâché.普莱默.安吉列的工作室位于圣弗朗斯斯科一个时尚的街区里, 它看起来就像一件流行艺术的作品。
墙上的一幅喷涂画面上是一个五英尺的香肠正盯着你看。
一块巨大的花岗石被安放在由陈腐的炸面圈垒起的宝塔上。
我疑惑这炸面圈怎么支撑得住花岗石。
安吉列解释说：“这块石头不是真正的花岗石而是一块制型纸板。
Like so many things in this place, doughnut tower is mostly metaphor, not so much a work of art as the idea of one'>the doughnut tower is mostly metaphor, not so much a work of art as the idea of one. On the walls behind us are samples of Angeli's creations and those of his staff m row upon row of empty boxes, bottles, cartons and tins.像在这个地方的许多东西一样，这个炸面圈的宝塔通常是个象征而已。
外文翻译--包装对食品发展的影响复习课程
FOOD PACKING TECHNOLOGYPackaging is critical to a consumer’s first impression of a product, c ommuni- cating desirability, acceptability, healthy eating image etc. Food is available in a wide range of product and pack combinations that convey their own processed image perception to the consumer e.g. freshly packe d/prepared, chilled, frozen, ultra-heat treated (UHT) aseptic, in-can sterili sed and dried products. One of the most important quality attributes of fo od, affecting human sen- sory perception, is its flavour, i.e. taste and smel l. Flavour can be significantly degraded by processing and/or extended st orage. Other quality attributes that may also be affected include colour, te xture and nutritional content. The quality of a food depends not only on th e quality of raw ingredients, additives, methods of processing and packagi ng, but also on distribution and storage conditions encountered during its expected shelf life. Increasing competition amongst food producers, retail ers and packaging suppliers; and quality audits of suppliers have resulted in significant improvements in food quality as well as a dramatic increase in the choice of packaged food. These improvements have also been aide d by tighter temperature control in the cold chain and a more discerning c onsumer.One definition of shelf life is: the time during which a combination o f food processing and packaging can maintain satisfactory eating quality under the particular system by which the food is distributed in the contain ers and the conditions at the point of sale. Shelf life can be used as a mark eting tool for promoting the concept of freshness. Extended or long shelf l ife products also provide the consumer and/or retailer with the time conve nience of product use as well as a reduced risk of food wastage. The subje ct of Packaged product quality and shelf life is discussed in detail in Chap ter 3. Packaging provides the consumer with important information about the product and, in many cases, use of the pack and/or product. These inc lude facts such as weight, volume, ingredients, the manufacturer’s details, nutritional value, cooking and opening instructions. In addition to legal g uidelines on the minimum size of lettering and numbers, there are definiti onsfor the various types of product. Consumers are seeking more detailed nformation about products and, at the same time, many labels have beco me multilingual. Legibility of labels is an issue for the visually impaired a nd this is likely to become more important with an increasingly elderly po pulation..A major driver of food choice and packaging innovation is the consu mer demand for convenience. There are many convenience attributes offered by modern packaging. These include ease of access and opening, disp osal and handling, product visibility, resealability, microwaveability, prol onged shelf life etc. Demographic trends in the age profile of the UK and other advanced economies reveal a declining birth rate and rapid growth of a relatively afflu- ent elderly population. They, along with a more dem anding young consumer, will require and expect improved pack functiona lity, such as ease of pack opening (The Institute of Grocery Distribution, I GD). There is a high cost to supplying and servicing the retailer’s shelf. F ailure to stock a sufficient variety of product or replenish stock in time, es pecially for staple foods such as fresh milk, can lead to customer dissatisf action and defection to a competitor’s store, where product availability is assured. Mod- ern distribution and packaging systems allow consumers to buy food when and where they want them. Consumer choice has expand ed dramatically in recent years. In the UK, for example, between the 1960 s and 1990s the number of product lines in the average supermarket rose f rom around 2000 to over 18 000. . Since the 1970s, food health and safety have become increasingly major concerns and drivers of food choices. M edia attention has alerted consumers to a range of issues such as the use o f chemical additives and food contamination incidents. These incidents ha ve been both deliberate, by malicious tampering, and accidental, occurrin g during the production process. However, many consumers are not fully aware of the importance of packaging in maintaining food safety and quality. One effect has been the rapid introduction of tamper evident closures for many pre-packaged foods in order to not only protect the consumer bu t also the brand. Another impact has been to motivate consumers to give more attention to the criteria of freshness/shelf life, minimum processing and the products oringin..Consumers have direct environmental impact through the way they p urchase and the packaging waste they generate. Consumers purchase pack aging as part of the product and, over the years, the weight of packaging h as declined relative to that of the product contained. However, consumpti on patterns have generated larger volumes of packaging due to changing demo- graphics and lifestyles. It is the volume of packaging rather than th e weight of packaging that is attracting critical public attention. In additio n, the trend toward increased pre-packaged foods and food service packag ing has increased the amount of plastics packaging waste entering the soli d waste stream. Packaging has been a key to the evolution of modern fast-moving consu goods retailing that in turn has spurred on packaging devel opments to meet its requirements. The most significant development for t he food packaging supply industries has been the emergence of large retai l groups. These groups exert enormous influence and control over what isproduced, how products are pre- sented and how they are distributed to st ores. The large retailers handle a major share of the packaged grocery mar ket and exert considerable influence on food manufacturers and associate d packaging suppliers. It is, therefore, import ant for packaging suppliers t o be fully aware of market demand and respond quickly to changes. In ad dition, the concentration of buyer power at the retail level means that man ufacturers may have to modify their distribution and packaging operation s in response to structural changes in retailing. Packaging for fast-moving consumer goods (f.m.c.g.) has been referred to as part of the food retail marketing mix and thus closely affects all the other marketing variables i.e. product, price, promotion, and place (Nickels & Jolsen, The discussion on packaging in the multiple food retail environment may be considered i n terms of its role in brand competition and retail logistics. The role of pa ckaging in brand competition. Packaging plays a vital role in food ma rketing representing a significant key to a brand’s success or mere sur- vi val in a highly competitive marketplace. Packaging innovation and design are in the front line of competition between the brands of both major reta ilers and product manufacturers, having been driven in recent years by dr amatic retail growth, intense industry competition and an increasingly de manding and sophisticated consumer. On an individual product/brand bas is, success is dependent on the product manufacturer’s rapid innovative re sponse to major trends. One of the most effective ways to respond is through distinctive pack- aging, and this has become one key factor in the suc cess of a brand. The retail- ers’ own brand products compete intensely wit h manufacturers’ brands in virtually every product category. Brand differe ntiation can be enhanced by drive the growing niche market for biodegrad able and compostable packaging. They are using it as a point of communi cation with their customers. Packaging is closely linked to advertising but it is far more focused than advertising because it presents the product to t he consumer daily in the home and on the retail shelf. Merchandising disp lays that present the pack design in an attractive or interesting way and m edia advertising consistent with the pack’s image also serve to promote th e brand. The brand owner is frequently responsible for the merchandising operation. A key to promotional activities is through effective use of pack aging and there exist many kinds of on-pack promotions such as free extr a product, money-off, special edition, new improved Bar code scanning i nformation linked to the use of ret ailers’ loyalty card schemes has made a big impact on buying and marketing decision-making by retailers. Their t ask is to make better use of this information on con- sumer behaviour for promotional purposes and to build store brand loyalty. Retailers can also use this information to evaluate the effectiveness of new pack designs, on -pack promotions and the sales appeal of new products. The role of packa ging in multiple retail logistics. There are tight constraints on physical di stribution and in-store merchandising. The retailer is receptive to packaging that reduces operating costs, increases inventory turnover, trans- forms to attractive merchandising displays – such as pre-assembled or easy- to-assemble aisle displays – and satisfies logistics service levels (reliability, responsiveness and product availability). For example, combined transit a nd point-of-sale packaging saves store labour through faster shelf loading, pro- vides ease of access to product thereby obviating the need to use pot entially dangerous unsafe cutting tools, and presents an opportunity for so urce reduce.The total distribution cost affects the total volume of demand throug h its influence on price (McKinnon, 1989). For some fast-moving commo dity type products, such as pasteurised milk, the cost of distribution and r etail mer- chandising is usually a sizeable proportion of total product cost representing up to 50 per cent or more of the sales price. The cost of pack aging materials and containers also adds slightly to the cost but design of the optimal packaging system can significantly reduce cost in the retail di stribution chain. The development of global food supply chains has meant that many points of production have located further away from the points of consump- tion, often resulting in higher distribution cost. Controlling distribution cost through improved operational efficiency in the supply ch ain is a key to competitive advantage for a retailer. The retailer must maxi mise operational efficiency in the distribution channel (West, 1989). The goal of distribution is to deliver the requisite level of service to customersat the least cost. The identification of the most cost-effective logistical pa ckaging is becoming more crucial. Cost areas in distribution include stora ge, inventory, transport, administration and packaging. Storage, inventory, transport and store labour are major cost areas for the retailer while trans port, storage and packaging are the main cost areas for the food manufact urer. The efficiency of the multiple retail food supply chain relies on close com- munication between retailers, food manufacturers and packaging su ppliers. It also relies on accurate order forecasting of likely demand. Mass ive investment in information technology has enabled closer integration o f the supply chain and, through electronic data interchange (EDI), has ens ured that stock moves to stores on a just-in-time (JIT) basis, and is sold w ell before the expiry date. The bar code is a code that allows the industry-wide identification of retail product units by means of a unique reference number, the major application being the electronic point of sale (EPoS) sy stem at the retail checkout. The use of the bar code for identification of pr imary, secondary and tertiary packaging has enabled efficient distribution management and stock control.。
包装设计对产品市场表现的影响
包装设计对产品市场表现的影响在当今竞争激烈的市场环境中，产品的包装设计已成为影响其市场表现的重要因素之一。
一个出色的包装设计不仅能够吸引消费者的目光，还能够传达产品的特点、价值和品牌形象，从而促进销售，提升市场份额。
相反，一个糟糕的包装设计可能会让产品在众多竞争对手中黯然失色，甚至被消费者忽视。
包装设计作为产品的“外衣”，首先在视觉上给消费者留下第一印象。
消费者在面对琳琅满目的商品时，往往会在几秒钟内做出选择。
这就意味着包装设计必须具有足够的吸引力和独特性，能够在众多竞品中脱颖而出。
比如，色彩的运用就是一个关键因素。
鲜艳、明快的色彩往往能够吸引消费者的注意力，而过于暗淡或复杂的色彩组合可能会让消费者感到厌烦。
同时，简洁明了的图案和文字能够快速传达产品的核心信息，让消费者在短时间内了解产品的用途和特点。
以饮料市场为例，可口可乐那标志性的红色包装和独特的瓶身设计，早已深入人心。
即使在众多饮料品牌中，消费者也能一眼认出可口可乐。
这种独特的视觉识别系统不仅增强了品牌的辨识度，还让消费者在购买时产生了一种熟悉和信任的感觉。
除了视觉吸引力，包装设计还能够影响消费者对产品质量的感知。
一个精美的包装往往会让消费者认为产品具有较高的品质和价值。
这是因为人们普遍存在一种心理倾向，即认为外观美好的事物内在质量也不会差。
例如，高档化妆品通常会采用精致的包装，使用高质量的材料和精美的印刷工艺，从而给消费者一种奢华和高品质的感觉。
这种对产品质量的积极感知有助于提高消费者的购买意愿和愿意支付的价格。
包装设计在功能方面也起着重要的作用。
良好的包装设计应该便于消费者使用和储存产品。
比如，易于开启、易于倾倒、易于携带等设计特点，能够为消费者带来便利，从而增加产品的吸引力。
此外，包装的尺寸和形状也需要根据产品的特点和使用场景进行合理设计。
对于需要在旅途中使用的产品，如便携式零食，小巧轻便的包装会更受欢迎；而对于家庭日常使用的产品，如大包装的洗衣液，大容量且易于存放的包装则更为合适。
包装材料创新对食品和包装机械行业的影响
包装材料创新对食品和包装机械行业的影响包装材料的创新对食品和包装机械行业产生了深远的影响。
随着科技的进步和消费者需求的变化，包装材料逐渐演变为更加创新和多功能的产品。
在本文中，我们将探讨包装材料创新对食品和包装机械行业的重要性和影响。
一、包装材料创新对食品行业的影响1. 保鲜性能提升：包装材料的创新使得食品的保鲜性能得到了显著提升。
新型的材料可以有效隔绝外界空气、水分和光线的进入，减缓食品的变质速度，延长食品的保质期。
例如，涂层包装材料可以减少氧气的渗透，防止细菌繁殖，从而保持食品的新鲜度和口感。
2. 安全性能提升：随着人们对食品安全要求的提高，包装材料的创新对食品行业产生了积极的影响。
新型材料可以提供更好的密封性能，防止食品被污染。
此外，一些材料还可以检测食品的质量和安全性，例如，利用指示剂材料可以显示食品是否过期或遭受了外部污染。
3. 方便性提升：包装材料的创新使得食品的使用更加便捷。
例如，方便食品常常采用袋装包装，可以方便地携带和食用，节省了时间和精力。
另外，新型材料还可以提供开盖便利性，使得包装容器更容易打开和关闭，降低了食品的损耗率。
4. 营销效果提升：包装材料的创新对食品企业的营销策略产生了深远的影响。
新型材料可以为食品包装提供更多的设计和定制选择，从而使得产品在市场上更具竞争力。
例如，一些包装材料可以通过独特的形状、颜色和图案来吸引消费者的眼球，提升产品的识别度和品牌价值。
二、包装材料创新对包装机械行业的影响1. 适应多样化包装需求：随着消费者需求的变化，食品包装需求也越来越多样化。
包装材料的创新使得包装机械行业能够生产更加灵活和适应多样化包装需求的机械设备。
例如，自动化包装机可以根据不同产品的形状、大小和包装要求来进行调整和设置，提高生产效率和包装的质量。
2. 提高生产效率：包装材料的创新使得包装机械行业能够开发更加高效和智能化的机械设备。
一些新型机械设备结合了传感器、计算机和自动化技术，可以实现自动上料、打包、封口和标识等操作，提高了生产效率和包装的一致性。
食品包装设计对产品销售的重要性与影响分析
食品包装设计对产品销售的重要性与影响分析食品包装设计对产品销售的重要性与影响食品包装设计是将食品放置在包装容器中，并进行一系列的设计加工，使其能够更好地保护食品、增加食品的吸引力和可销售性，并最终提高食品的销售量。
食品包装设计在食品行业中扮演着至关重要的角色，对产品销售起着重要的影响。
本文将从吸引消费者、信息传递和保护食品三个方面对食品包装设计对产品销售的重要性与影响进行详细分析。
首先，食品包装设计能够吸引消费者的注意力，促进销售。
在众多食品竞争激烈的市场中，一个精美的食品包装设计可以从众多产品中脱颖而出，吸引消费者的关注。
消费者通常会通过视觉上的吸引力来决定是否购买一个产品。
当消费者在超市或商场中走过时，他们会对那些外观漂亮、包装精致的食品产生兴趣。
因此，对于食品包装设计来说，一个有吸引力的外观设计是至关重要的。
通过良好的包装设计，产品可以在消费者心中留下良好的第一印象，提高其购买欲望。
其次，食品包装设计能够传递产品的信息，帮助消费者进行购买决策。
食品包装上的文字、图像和标识可以向消费者传达产品的信息，如品牌、成分、生产日期、保质期和营养价值等。
消费者购买食品时通常会阅读包装上的这些信息，以便更准确地了解产品，并根据自己的需求进行购买决策。
因此，食品包装设计必须清晰明了、信息准确，以便消费者能够快速获得所需的信息，并作出正确的购买决策。
一个好的食品包装设计还可以通过信息传递来建立品牌形象，增加消费者对产品的信任度和忠诚度。
最后，食品包装设计在保护食品质量方面发挥着重要作用，直接影响产品销售。
食品包装是保护食品免受外界环境影响的第一道防线。
适当的包装材料和设计可以起到隔离和防护的作用，避免食品受潮、变质和污染。
精心设计的包装还可以防止食品在运输和储存过程中发生挤压、破裂和变形等问题。
保持食品包装完整和外观吸引力可以增加消费者的信赖，并对产品销售产生积极影响。
然而，食品包装设计也面临一些挑战和限制。
食品包装设计的起源以及发展趋势
食品包装设计的起源以及发展趋势文献综述前言包装设计是一门集实用技术学、营销学、美学为一体的设计艺术科学。
它不仅使产品具有既安全又漂亮的外衣，在今天更是成为一种强有力的营销工具。
包装设计中的功能性永远是第一位的,无论设计怎样的造型都应赋予它简洁的原则,符合人体工学的结构，构成一种对产品安全，对使用者方便的包装。
有时设计者会一味追求新颖的材料和新奇的造型，从而忘记包装的基本要求，安全可靠性和方便性，这是设计中的一大忌.在化工、医疗机械、电子科技等产品包装中，这一点尤为重要.一、包装设计的概念Roberts(2011）指出从字面上讲，“包装”一词是并列结构，“包”即包裹，“装”即装饰,意思是把物品包裹、装饰起来。
从设计角度上讲,“包”是用一定的材料把东西裹起来，其根本目的是使东西不易受损，方便运输，这是实用科学的范畴，是属于物质的概念；“装”指事物的修饰点缀。
Thomas yang（2012）说明了把包裹好的东西用不同的手法进行美化装饰，使包裹在外表看上去更漂亮，这是美学范畴,是属于文化的概念.单纯的讲“包装”是将这两种概念合理有效地融为一体.二、食品包装的产生（一)近代包装阶段此阶段相当于16世纪末到19世纪。
凌青（2009）分析了西欧、北美国家先后从封建社会过渡到资本主义社会，社会生产力和商品经济都得到较快的发展。
自18世纪中期到19世纪晚期,在西万国家所经历的两次工业革命中，先后出现了蒸汽机、内燃机,以至电力的广泛使用，使人类的社会生产力成倍增长。
大量产品的生产又导致商业的迅速发展。
轮船、火车及汽车的发明使交通发展到海、陆路大规模的运输。
这样，就要求商品必须经过适宜的包装才能适应流通的需要。
大量的商品包装使一些发展较快的国家开始形成机器生产包装产品的行业.此阶段的发展主要表现在以下方面:1、近代包装材料及容器孟庆红(2010)指出了18世纪发明了马粪纸及纸板制作工艺,出现纸制容器;19世纪初发明了用玻璃瓶、金属罐保存食品的方法，从而产生了食品罐头工业等。
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文包装对食品发展的影响一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。
食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。
食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。
味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。
其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。
食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。
越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。
这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。
保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。
保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。
延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。
包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。
包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。
消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。
标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。
食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。
这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。
在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包揭开（百货配送研究所，IGD）。
对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。
没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。
现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。
近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。
例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。
自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。
媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添加剂和食品污染事故已警示消费者，这些事件都是故意的，恶意篡改的，和在生产过程意外发生的。
然而，许多消费者都没有充分认识到包装在维护食品安全和质量过程中的重要作用。
明显更改之后的包装迅速推出，不仅为了保护消费者，而且为了品牌的一个效果，一直是许多预包装食品。
另一个影响一直激励消费者注重保质保鲜、最小加工和对产品的原产地（OECD）的标准给予更多的关注。
消费者直接通过他们的购买方式和它们所产生的包装废弃物对环境的影响。
消费者购买包装作为产品的一部分，包装的重量，多年来，所包含的产品，相对下降。
然而，消费模式产生了更大容量的包装，由于人口结构的变化和生活方式的变化，这些情况使得包装体积，而不是包装的重量，正成为吸引公众关注的关键。
此外，朝预包装食品和食品包装服务的发展趋势，增加了塑料包装废弃物进入固体废物流的金额。
零售商和制造商所使用的营销策略之一，是对环境的兼容性。
然而，消费者往往混淆或发现它很难界定什么是对环境负责的或友好的包装。
正是这种缺乏明确的含义，至今无法利用，以使零售商和包装公司获得竞争优势。
消费者需要明确的信息来指导他们的行动，使大多数的人差异化。
包装链的各部门负责解释的职能和自身包装的好处，厂家销售好的包装，他们的客户，产品的厂家，但这一特定的信息到达最终顾客相对较少。
包装在现代快速消费品零售上的发展，反过来成了促使以满足其需求的演变的关键。
最重要的发展为食品包装行业已出现大型零售集团。
这些群体产生巨大的影响和控制生产什么，如何介绍产品和它们是如何分配商店的。
大型零售商处理的包装食品杂货市场的主要份额对食品生产厂家相关的包装供应商施加相当大的影响。
因此，重要的包装供应商充分了解市场需求和快速响应变化。
此外，买方力量集中在零售层面是指制造商可能需要修改它们的分布和包装业务反应的结构变化的零售。
论包装多种食品零售环境可考虑其在品牌竞争和零售物流中的作用。
在食品销售流通中一个重要的关键，一个品牌的成功，或仅仅是生存在一个高度竞争的市场，包装起着至关重要的作用。
包装设计创新存在于一线之间的竞争品牌的主要零售商和产品制造商，已在近年来推动巨大的零售增长，行业激烈的竞争和日益苛刻和复杂的消费者。
在个人品牌/产品的基础上，成功取决于产品制造商的快速创新的反应的主要趋势。
一个最有效的回应方式是通过独特的包装，这已经成为一个品牌成功关键因素。
零售商自有品牌产品与制造商的品牌在几乎每一个产品类别竞争激烈。
品牌差异化可以提高创新的包装设计，赋予审美和/或功能属性。
包装在预测零售商的形象，赢得竞争优势方面起着重要的支撑作用。
一般零售商自己的品牌形象的目的是积极的消息，如高品质的，健康的饮食，新鲜，环保意识还是物有所值的整体。
例如，零售商是热衷于环保意识，推动部分为可生物降解、可堆肥包装成长的利基市场，他们正在使用它作为与客户的沟通点。
包装与广告是密切相关的，但它远远超过了广告，重点是因为它每天在家里和在零售货架上向消费者介绍产品。
商品显示，目前用一个有吸引力的或有趣的方式和媒体广告与包装的形象一致的包装设计也有利于促进品牌。
品牌的拥有者是经常负责采购操作，促销活动的关键是通过利用有效的包装，存在多种返还优惠的方式，如免费额外的产品，退返现金，特别版，新的改进产品，铝箔新鲜包装。
零售商的忠诚卡计划使用条码扫描信息购买和销售决策，对其产生了很大的影响。
他们的任务是更好地利用这一信息消费行为为目的，并建立品牌忠诚度。
零售商还可以使用此信息来评估新的包装设计有效性，返还促销和新产品销售。
包装的作用在多个零售物流配送和店内商品有严格的限制。
零售商是接受包装，降低经营成本，增加存货周转率，转化为吸引力商品显示器 - 如预组装或易于装配显示 - 满足物流服务水平（可靠性，响应速度和产品的可用性）。
例如，联合运输销售点包装节省商店劳动力通过更快货架载荷，从而避免需要使用有潜在危险的不安全的切割工具，提供方便的机会，并减少了污染源的可能。
总经销成本影响，通过对价格的影响（麦金农，1989）的需求总量。
对于一些快速移动商品型产品，如巴氏杀菌奶，分销及零售商品成本产品总成本占高达50％或更多的销售价格通常是一个相当大的比例。
包装材料和容器还增加了成本而设计出最佳包装系统可以大大降低在零售连锁配送的成本。
发展全球食品供应链意味着，许多生产点位置远离消费点，往往导致配送成本较高。
通过改善供应链运作效率，进行分销成本控制是一个零售商竞争优势关键。
零售商必须最大限度地发挥在分销渠道（西，1989年）的运作效率。
分配目标是以最少的成本为客户提供必要的服务水平，最具成本效益后勤包装标识变得更加重要。
配送成本领域，包括仓储，库存，运输，管理包装；仓储，库存，运输和储存劳动是零售商的主要成本区而运输，仓储包装食品制造商主要成本区。
多种零售食品供应链效率依赖于零售商，食品生产商和包装供应商之间密切沟通。
它还依赖于准确的订单预测可能的市场需求。
信息技术大规模投资，使更紧密的供应链的整合，并通过电子数据交换（EDI），确保股票上刚刚在实时（JIT）的基础上移动商店，出售届满前条形码是一个代码，使全行业的零售产品单位鉴定通过一个独特的参考号码，主要应用在零售结帐电子销售系统（EPOS）。
小学，中学和大专院校包装使用鉴定的条形码，使有效的分配管理和库存控制。
附件2：外文原文FOOD PACKING TECHNOLOGYPackaging is critical to a consumer’s first impression of a product, communi- cating desirability, acceptability, healthy eating image etc. Food is available in a wide range of product and pack combinations that convey their own processed image perception to the consumer e.g. freshly packed/prepared, chilled, frozen, ultra-heat treated (UHT) aseptic, in-can sterilised and dried products.One of the most important quality attributes of food, affecting human sen- sory perception, is its flavour, i.e. taste and smell. Flavour can be significantlydegraded by processing and/or extended storage. Other quality attributes that may also be affected include colour, texture and nutritional content. The quality of a food depends not only on the quality of raw ingredients, additives, methods of processing and packaging, but also on distribution and storage conditions encountered during its expected shelf life. Increasing competition amongst food producers, retailers and packaging suppliers; and quality audits of suppliers have resulted in significant improvements in food quality as well as a dramatic increase in the choice of packaged food. These improvements have also been aided by tighter temperature control in the cold chain and a more discerning consumer.One definition of shelf life is: the time during which a combination of food processing and packaging can maintain satisfactory eating quality under the particular system by which the food is distributed in the containers and the conditions at the point of sale. Shelf life can be used as a marketing tool for promoting the concept of freshness. Extended or long shelf life products also provide the consumer and/or retailer with the time convenience of pro duct use as well as a reduced risk of food wastage. The subject of Packaged product q u a l i t y a n d s h e l f l i f e i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n C h a p t e r 3.Packaging provides the consumer with important information about the product and, in many cases, use of the pack and/or product. These include facts such as weight,volu me, ingred ients,the manufac turer’s details, nutritional value, cooking and opening instructions. In addition to legal guidelines on the minimum size of lettering and numbers, there are definitions for the various types of product. Consumers are seeking more detailed nformation about products and, at the same time, many labels have become multilingual. Legibility of labels is an issue for the visually impaired and this is likely to become more important with an increasingly elderly population..A major driver of food choice and packaging innovation is the consumer demand for convenience. There are many convenience attributes offered by modern packaging. These include ease of access and opening, dispos al and handling, product visibility, resealability, microwaveability, prolonged shelflife etc. Demographic trends in the age pro the UK and other advanced economies reveal a declining birth rate and rapid growth of a relatively afflu- ent elderly population. They, along with a more demanding young consumer, will require and expect improved pack functionality, such as ease of pack o p e n i n g(T h e I n s t i t u t e o f G r o c e r y D i s t r i b u t i o n,I G D).There is a high cost to supplying and servicing the retailer’s shelf. Fail ure to stock a sufficient variety of product or replenish stock in time, especially for staple foods such as fresh milk, can lead to customer dissatisfaction and defection to a competitor’s store, where product availability is assured. Mod- ern distribution and packaging systems allow consumers to buy food when and where they want them. Consumer choice has expanded dramatically in recent years. In the UK, for example, between the 1960s and 1990s the number of product lines in the average supermarket rose from around 2000 to over 18 000. . Since the 1970s, food health and safety have become increasingly major concerns and drivers of food choices. Media attention has alerted consumers to a range of issues such as the use of chemical additives and food contamination incidents. These incidents have been both deliberate, by malicious tampering, and accidental, occurring during the production process. However, many consumers are not fully aware of the importance of packaging in maintaining food safety and quality. One effect has been the rapid introduction of tamper evident closures for many pre-packaged foods in order to not only protect the consumer but also the brand. Another impact has been to motivate consumers to give more attention to the criteria of freshness/shelf life, minimum processing and the products oringin..Consumers ha ve dire ct environ mental imp act through the wa y the y purchase and the packaging waste they generate. Consumers purchase packaging as part of the product and, over the years, the weight of packaging has declined relative to that of the product contained. However, consumption patterns have generated larger volumes of packaging due to changing demo- graphics and lifestyles. It is the volume of packaging rather than the weightof packaging that is attracting critical public attention. In addition, the trend toward increased pre-packaged foods and food service packaging has increased the amount of plastics packaging waste entering the solid waste stream. Packaging has been a key to the evolution of modern fast-moving consu goods retailing that in turn has spurred on packaging developments to meet its requirements. The most significant development for the food packaging supply industries has been the emergence of large retail groups. These group s exert enormous influence and control over what is produced, how products are pre- sented and how they are distributed to stores. The large retailers handle a major share of the packaged grocery market and exert considerable influence on food manufacturers and associated packaging suppliers. It is, therefore, import ant for packaging suppliers to be fully aware of market demand and respond quickly to changes. In addition, the concentration of buyer power at the retail level means that manufacturers may have to modify their distribution and p a c k a g i n g o p e r a t io n s i n r e s p o n s e to s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s i n r e ta i l i n g.Packaging for fast-moving consumer goods (f.m.c.g.) has been referred to as part of the food retail marketing mix and thus closely affects all the other marketing variables i.e. product, price, promotion, and place (Nickels & Jolsen,The discussion on packaging in the multiple food retail environment may be considered in terms of its role in brand competition and retail logistics. The role of packaging in brand competition.Packaging plays a vital role infood marketing representing a significant key to a brand’s success or mere sur- vival in a highly competitive marketplace. Packaging innovation and design are in the front line of competition between the brands of both major retailers and product manufacturers, having been driven in recent years by dramatic retail growth, intense industry competition and an increasingly demanding and sophisticated consumer. On an individual product/brand basis, suc cess is dependent on the product manufacturer’s rapid innovative response to major trends. One of the most effective ways to respond is through distinctive pack-aging, and this has become one key factor in the success of a brand. The retail- ers’ own brand products compete intensely with manufacturers’ brands in virtually every product category. Brand differentiation can be enhanced by drive the growing n i c h e m a r k e t f o r b i o d e g r a d a b l e a n d c o m p o s t a b l e p a c k a g i n g. The y a re us ing it as a poin t of co mmunication with th eir cus to me rs.Packaging is closely linked to advertising but it is far more focused than advertising because it presents the product to the consumer daily in the home and on the retail shelf. Merchandising displays that present the pack design in an attractive or interesting way and media advertising consistent with the pack’s image also serve to promote the brand. The brand owner is frequently responsible for the merchandising operation. A key to promotional activities is through effective use of packaging and there exist many kinds of on-pack promotions such as free extra product, money-off, special edition, new improved Bar code scanning information linked to the use of retailers’ loyalty card schemes has made a big impact on buying and marketing decision-making by retailers. Their task is to make better use of this information on con- sumer behaviour for promotional purposes and to build store brand loyalty. Retailers can also use this information to evaluate the effectiveness of new pack designs, on-pack promotions and the sales appeal of new products. The role of packaging in multiple retail logistics.There are tight constraintson physical distribution and in-store merchandising. The retailer is receptive to packaging that reduces operating costs, increases inventory turnover, trans- forms to attractive merchandising displays –such as pre-assembled or easy- to-assemble aisle displays –and satisfies logistics service levels (reliability, responsiveness and product availability). For example, combined transit and point-of-sale packaging saves store labour through faster shelf loading, pro- vides ease of access to product thereby obviating the need to use potentially dangerous unsafe cutting tools, and presents an opportunity for source reduce.The total distribution cost affects the total volume of demand through itsinfluence on price (McKinnon, 1989). For some fast-moving commodity type products, such as pasteurised milk, the cost of distribution and retail mer- chandising is usually a sizeable proportion of total product cost representing up to 50 per cent or more of the sales price. The cost of packaging materials and containers also adds slightly to the cost but design of the optimal packaging system can significantly reduce cost in the reta il distribution chain. The development of global food supply chains has meant that many points of production have located further away from the points of consump- t i o n,o f t e n r e s u l t i n g i n h i g h e r d i s t r i b u t i o n c o s t.Controlling distribution cost through improved operational efficiency in the supply chain is a key to competitive advantage for a retailer. The retailer must maximise operational efficiency in the distribution channel (West, 1989). The goal of distribution is to deliver the requisite level of service to customers at the least cost. The identification of the most cost-effective logistical packaging is becoming more crucial. Cost areas in distribution include storage, inventory, transport, administration and packaging. Storage, inventory, transport a nd store labour are major cost areas for the retailer while transport, storage and p a c k a g i n g a r e t h e m a i n c o s t a r e a s f o r t h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r e r.The efficiency of the multiple retail food supply chain relies on close com- munication between retailers, food manufacturers and packaging suppliers. It also relies on accurate order forecasting of likely demand. Massive investment in information technology has enabled closer integration of the supply chain and, through electronic data interchange (EDI), has ensured that stock moves to stores on a just-in-time (JIT) basis, and is sold well before the expiry date. The bar code is a code that allows the industry-wide identification of retail product units by means of a unique reference number, the major application being the electronic point of sale (EPoS) system at the retail checkout. The use of the bar code for identification of primary, secondary and tertiary packaging h a s e n a b l e d e f f i c i e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n m a n a g e m e n t a n d s t o c k c o n t r o l.。