英国文学史William Butler Yeats
叶芝（WilliamButlerYeats）诗选
叶芝（WilliamButlerYeats）诗选威廉·巴特勒·叶芝（William Butler Yeats,1865年6月13日~1939年1月28日），亦译“叶慈”、“耶茨”，爱尔兰诗人、剧作家和散文家，著名的神秘主义者，是“爱尔兰文艺复兴运动”的领袖，也是艾比剧院（Abbey Theatre）的创建者之一。
叶芝的诗受浪漫主义、唯美主义、神秘主义、象征主义和玄学诗的影响，演变出其独特的风格。
叶芝的艺术代表着英语诗从传统到现代过渡的缩影。
叶芝早年的创作具有浪漫主义的华丽风格，善于营造梦幻般的氛围，在1893年出版的散文集《凯尔特的薄暮》，便属于此风格。
然而进入不惑之年后，在现代主义诗人艾兹拉·庞德等人的影响下，尤其是在其本人参与爱尔兰民族主义政治运动的切身经验的影响下，叶芝的创作风格发生了比较激烈的变化，更加趋近现代主义了。
湖心岛茵尼斯弗利岛我就要起身走了，到茵尼斯弗利岛，造座小茅屋在那里，枝条编墙糊上泥；我要养上一箱蜜蜂，种上九行豆角，独住在蜂声嗡嗡的林间草地。
那儿安宁会降临我，安宁慢慢儿滴下来，从晨的面纱滴落到蛐蛐歇唱的地方；那儿半夜闪着微光，中午染着紫红光彩，而黄昏织满了红雀的翅膀。
我就要起身走了，因为从早到晚从夜到朝我听得湖水在不断地轻轻拍岸；不论我站在马路上还是在灰色人行道，总听得它在我心灵深处呼唤。
（飞白译）当你老了当你老了，白发苍苍，睡意朦胧，在炉前打盹，请取下这本诗篇，慢慢吟诵，梦见你当年的双眼那柔美的光芒与青幽的晕影；多少人真情假意，爱过你的美丽，爱过你欢乐而迷人的青春，唯独一人爱你朝圣者的心，爱你日益凋谢的脸上的哀戚；当你佝偻着，在灼热的炉栅边，你将轻轻诉说，带着一丝伤感：逝去的爱，如今已步上高山，在密密星群里埋藏它的赧颜。
（飞白译）柯尔庄园的天鹅树木披上了美丽的秋装，林中的小径一片干燥，在十月的暮色中，流水把静谧的天空映照，一块块石头中漾着水波，游着五十九只天鹅。
英国文学史及作品选读自测题1
Test Paper OneⅠ. Identification.1. Identify each on the left column with its related information on the right column.(1) Ernest Jones A. euphuism(2) Oscar Wilde B. Lake poet(3) John Lyly C. Chartist poetry(4) Robert Louis Stevenson D. tragedy(5) Robert Southey E. sentimentalism(6) George Eliot F. critical realism(7) Laurence Sterne G. art for art’s sake(8) Pamela H. Kunstlerroman(9) A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man I. epistolary novel(10) Macbeth J. neo-romanticism2. Identify the author with his or her work.(1) Charles Dickens A. A Passage to India(2) E. M. Foster B. Paradise Regained(3) Virginia Woolf C. The Garden Party(4) John Milton D. Of Studies(5) Shelley E. Jonathan Wild the Great(6) Francis Bacon F. Jude the Obscure(7) Katherine Mansfield G. The Waste Land(8) Henry Fielding H. Hard Times(9) T. S. Eliot I. To the Lighthouse(10) Thomas Hardy J. Prometheus UnboundⅡ. Fill in the blanks.1. was one of the most prominent of the 20th century English realistic writers. The Man of Property is one of his works.2. As a literary figure, Stephen Dedalus appears in two novels written by .3. Of Human Bondage is a naturalistic novel by , dealing with the story ofa deformed orphan trying vainly to be an artist.4. , T. S. Eliot’s most important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry, comparable to Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads.5. Henry James’ most famous short story is , a ghost story in which the question of childhood corruption obsesses governess.6. The pessimistic view of life that p redominates most of Hardy’s later works earns him a reputation as a writer.7. is regarded as the oldest poem in English literature.8. The most famous English ballads of the 15th century is the Ballads of ,a legendary outlaw.9. The greatest and most distinctive achievement of Elizabethan literature is ________.10. and were two schools of poetry prevailing in the 17th century.11. wrote his famous prose composite on “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” i n1668, which established his position as the leading critic of the day. 12. , one of Graham Green’s best novels, tells a story of the wandering of a whisky priest, an outlaw in Mexico, who is seedy and alcoholic as an ordinary man, but fulfills his function as priest.13. is Byron’s masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative power. He called it an “epic satire”, “a satire on abuses of the present state of society.”14. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English against the neoclassical , which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.15. All such works of Coleridge as “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Christable” and “Kubla Khan” revealed his keen interest in.16. The Chartist writers introduced a new theme into English literature: the struggle of the for its rights.17. The Rape of the Lock takes the form of a , which describes the triviality of high society in a grand style.18. In , Jonathan Swift suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles. It shows his indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class.19. Horace Walpole’s novel began the tradition of Gothic romance in English literature.20. The typical feature of Robert Browning’s poetry is the .Ⅲ. Choose the best answer.1. Life of Charlotte Bronte is written by .A. Emily BronteB. Anne BronteC. Mrs. GaskellD. George Eliot2. was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth in1850.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. Mrs. BrowningD. Dante Rossetti3. Most of Hardy’s novels are set in , the fictional primitive andcrude region which is really the home place he both loves and hates.A. LondonB. YoknapatawphaC. WessexD. Paris4. Which of the following novels doe s NOT belong to the “stream-of- consciousness” school of novel writing?A. UlyssesB. Finnegan’s WakeC. The RainbowD. The Waves5. is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm.A. Sons and LoversB. Women in LoveC. The RainbowD. Man and Superman6. William Butler Yeats was .A. an Irish poetB. a dramatistC. a criticD. all of the above7. The hero in the romance is usually the .A. kingB. knightC. ChristD. churchman8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the Elizabethan age?A. It is the age of intellectual liberty.B. It is the age of protestant reformation.C. It is the age of social contentment.D. It is the age of bourgeois revolution.9. The Pilgrim’s Progress is .A. a religious allegoryB. a dramatic sonnetC. a historical novelD. a long epic10. In his early volumes of poetry, mainly writes about animals which are emblems and analogues intended as comments on human life.A. Philip LarkinB. W. H. AudenC. Dylan ThomasD. Ted Hughes11. In The French Lieutenant’s Woman, is an existentially independent woman, as she said in the novel, “No limit, no blame, can touch me.”A. SarahB. ErnestinaC. MirandaD. Mantissa12. is distinctive in English literature because he makes thriller a serious form, and thus he bridges the gap between popular and serious writers.A. Graham GreeneB. George OrwellC. Evelyn WaughD. William Golding13. In , William Wordsworth set forth his prin ciples of poetry, “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling”.A. The Preface to Lyrical BalladsB. The Rime of the Ancient MarinerC. A Defence of PoetryD. Lectures on the English Poets14. The following statements are about “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”. Which statement is NOT true?A. It is about a young aristocrat whose “world-weariness” bespeaks his loathing forEnglish high society.B. Besides Harold’s impressions of the countries he visits, the poem is interspersedwith lyrical outbursts which give utterance to the poet’s own philosophical and political views.C. The first canto deals with Albania and Greece.D. The last canto sings of Italy and the Italian people who have given the worldgreat writers and thinkers like Dante.15. ’s poetry is always sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of his senses. In his poetry, sight, sound, scent taste andfeeling are all taken into give an entire understanding of an experience.A. KeatsB. ShelleyC. WordsworthD. Byron16. Modern English novel, as a product of the 18th century Enlightenment and industrialization, really came with the rising of the class.A. workingB. aristocraticC. bourgeoisD. capitalist17. T. B. Smollett used the form of the novel in his books. This was later followed by Charles Dickens in The Pick wick Papers.A. epistolaryB. picaresqueC. GothicD. psychological18. wrote under the influence of Scottish folk tradition and old Scottish poetry.A. Jonathan SwiftB. Robert BurnsC. William BlakeD. Thomas Gray19. Which of the following is NOT from Ireland?A. Jonathan SwiftB. Alexander PopeC. Oliver GoldsmithD. Richard Brinsley Sheridan20. Which one is correct according to the time when they appeared?A. romanticism, neoclassicism, humanism, critical realismB. humanism, neoclassicism, romanticism, critical realismC. romanticism, humanism, realism, naturalismD. realism, critical realism, romanticism, humanismⅣ. Define the following terms.1. Parody2. Anti-novel3. Heroic couplet4. Blank verse5. Point of view6. Byronic hero7. Epistolarynovel edyofmannersⅤ. Short-answer questions.1. Please analyze Adam Bede to illustrate George Eliot’s moral view.2. What are the main features of the romance in the Middle Ages?3. Analyze the image of God in Paradise Lost.4. State briefly the artistic features of Jane Austen.5. What are the characteristics of William Blake’s poetry? Take “The Sick Rose” as an example.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following passages.Passage 1I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made:Nine bean-rows will I have there, a hive for the honey-bee,And live alone in the bee-loud glade.And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,Dropping from the veils of the mourning to where the cricket sings;There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,And evening full of the linnet’s wings.I will arise and go now, for always night and dayI hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray,I hear it in the deep heart’s core.Questions:1.Identify the author and the title of the poem.2.Why does the poet want to “arise and go”?3. Analyze the structure of this poem briefly.4. What is the theme of this poem?5. What are stylistic features of this poem?Passage2The spectral, half-compounded, aqueous light which pervaded the open mead impressed them with the feeling of isolation, as if they were Adam and Eve... It was then, as has been said, that she impressed him most deeply. She was no longer the milk maid, but a visionary essence of woman-a whole sex condensed into one typical form....Then it would grow lighter, and her features would becomes imply feminine; they had changed from those of a divinity who could confer bliss to those of a being who craved it.Questions:6. This is from Tess of the D’ Urbervilles, the section titled “The Rally” and Chapter XX. Who is “she” in this passage?7. What does this phrase “as if they were Adam and Eve” symbolize?8. How does the paragraph summarize the way that the man feels about the woman and how does this view of her influence the plot?Ⅶ. Essay question.Comment on D. H. Lawrence with reference to Sons and Lovers.KeysⅠ. Identification.1. Identify each on the left column with the related information on the right column. (1) C (2) G (3) A (4) J (5) B(6) F (7) E (8) I (9) H (10) D2. Identify the author with his or her work.(1) H (2) A (3) I (4) B (5) J(6) D (7) C (8) E (9) G (10) FⅡ. Fill in the blanks.1. John Galswathy2. James Joyce3. William Somerset Maugham4. The Waste Land5. The Turn of the Screw6. naturalistic7. Beowulf 8. Robin Hood9. drama 10. Metaphysical Poetry; Cavalier Poetry 11. John Dryden 12. The Power and the Glory13. Don Juan14. Imagination; reason15. mysticism 16. proletariat17. mock epic 18. A Modest Proposal19. The Castle of Otranto20. dramatic monologueⅢ. Choose the best answer.1. C2. A3. C4. C5. C6. D7. B8. D9. A 10. D11. A 12. A 13. A 14. C 15. A16. C 17. B 18. B 19. B 20. BⅣ. Define the following terms.1. Parody: A parody is a high burlesque. It imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject. Henry Fielding in Joseph Andrews parodied Samuel Richardson’s Pamela by putting a hearty male heroin place of Richardson’s heroine.2. Anti-novel: A form of experimental fiction that dispenses with certain traditional elements of novel-writing like the analysis of characters’ states of mind or the unfolding of a sequential plot. Antecedents of the anti-novel can be found in the blank pages and comically self-defeating digressions of Sterne’s Tristram Shandy (1759~1767) and in some of the innovations of modernism, like the absence of narration in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves (1931).3. Heroic couplet: Iambic pentameter lines rhyming in pairs are called decasyllabic (ten-syllable) couplets or heroic couplets.4. Blank verse:Blank verse was first introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translations of Books 2 and 4of Virgil’s The Aeneid. It consists of lines of iambic pentameter (five-stress iambic verse) which are unrhymed—hence the term “blank”. Of all English metrical forms it is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech, and at the same time flexible and adaptive to diverse levels of discourse; as a result it has been more frequently and variously used than any other type of versification. It became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama; a free form of blank verse is still the medium in twentieth-century verse plays.5. Point of view: The vantage point from which a narrative is told. There are two basic points of view: first-person and third-person.(1) In the first-person point of view, the story is told by one of the characters in hisor her own word. The first-person point of view is limited, since the reader is told only what this character knows and observes.(2) In the third person point of view, the narrator is not a character in the story .Thenarrator may be an “omniscient” or “all-knowing” observer who can describe and comment on all the characters and actions in the story. On the other hand, the third-person narrator might tell a story from the point of view of only one character in the story.6. Byronic hero:A stereotyped character created by Byron. This kind of hero is usually a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of right in gall the wrongs in a corrupt society. He would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions.7. Epistolary novel: A type of novel in which the narrative is carried on by means of series of letters. The genre was extremely popular during the 18th century. Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is among the best-known epistolary novels.8. Comedy of manners: A kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde.Ⅴ. Short-answer questions.1. As a philosopher turned novelist, Eliot wrote her novels with the aim o f propagating her moral views. Adam Bede is a novel of moral conflicts, showing the contest of personal desires, passion, temperament, human weaknesses and the claims of moral duty. The theme of social in equality is blended in the book with a moralization typical of the author. In the novel, the two pairs, Arthur and Hetty on the one hand, and Adam and Dinah on the other, are described in contrast to each other. The former couple are shown to be always thinking of their own interests without any consideration of others, while the latter pair are endowed with high moral principles which guide their conduct for the good of others and of themselves. The novelist takes her side with the latter party. According to Eliot, the moral principles of man are closely c onnected with the “religion of heart”. This shows theinfluence of the bourgeois positivist philosophy which seeks to reconcile science with religion and to prove the possibility of social harmony and concord in a capitalist society.2. The romance was the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages. Its essential features are:(1) It lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.(2) It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.(3) It contains perilous adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.(4) It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.(5) The central character of the romance is the knight, a man of noble birth skilledin the use of weapons. He is commonly described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle. He is devoted to the church and the king.3. In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. His long speeches are never pleasing. He is cruel and unjust in his struggle against Satan.4. (1) Jane Austen’s main concern is about human beings in their personal relations,human beings with their families and neighbors. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women in love.(2) She writes with in a narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, themoral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial or village life of the 19th-century England, all concerning three or four landed gentry families with the trivial incidents of their everyday life. (3) Her novels are surprisingly realistic, with keen observation and penetratinganalysis. She keeps the balance between fact and form as no other English novelist has ever done.(4) Austen uses dialogues to reveal the personalities of her characters. The plots ofher novels appear natural and unforced. Her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.(5) Her language, which is of typical neoclassicism, is simple, easy, naturally lucidand very economical.5. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. He distrusts the abstractness and tends to present his view with visual images instead of abstract terms. Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.In “The Sick Rose”, the poet is looking at a blighted rose. He is moved to reflect on some kind of curious relationship between love and death. The poem is brief and on the surface the language is simple and lucid. Beneath the poem is a profound vision of good and evil, of life-bringing and death-bringing love, of brightness and darkness, of forces we can know little about, of motives that are hard to fathom.Ⅵ. Answer the questions according to the following passages.Passage 11. William Butler Yeats’ “The Lake Isle Of Innisfree”.2. “While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray”, which is a typical image of city dwe lling, the poet finds that he doesn’t feel good in urban surroundings and is tired of the life of his day, and he hears in his heart “lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore”, so he wants to “arise and go” to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoy the beauty of the nature.3. The poem consists of three quatrains of iambic pentameter, with each stanza rhymed abab.4. The poem is one of the poet’s best-known lyrics and a popular representative of the poems which get meaning by contrasting ideas or images like human and fairy, natural and artificial, domestic and wild, and ephemeral and permanent. Tired of the life of his day, the poets ought to escape into an ideal “fairyland” where he could live calmly as a hermit and enjoy the beauty of the nature. From his viewpoint, the best remedy for the blankness of his life seems to be a return to simple and serene life of the past.5. The poem is closely woven, easy, subtle and musical. The clarity and control of the imagery give the poem a hunting quality.Passage 26. Tess of the D’s Urbervilles, or “Tess” is an acceptable answer.7. It symbolizes their innocence or perhaps the idea that they see each other, especially Angel sees Tess, as perfect.8. Angel basically sees Tess as a pure, innocent representative of the whole race, not as a real person. He idealizes her too much and does not allow for her to be an actual human with weaknesses. Later, he deserts her when he realizes that she has been with another man already—she is not the perfect person he had imagined so he leaves her. Grading notes: to get all the points the student must mention the fact that Angel sees Tess as more perfect than she is, that he is disappointed in some way by this, and that he leaves h er later when he realizes that she isn’t perfect/innocent.Ⅶ. Essay question.D. H. Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century. He makes a strong protest against the mechanical civilization. It is this agonized concern about the dehumanizing effect of mechanical civilization on the sensual tenderness of human nature that haunts Lawrence’s writing. He holds that the only remedy to the decaying civilization is through are arrangement of personal relationships and are turn to nature .In his writings, he is chiefly concerned with human relationships, especially with the relation of self to other selves. From his viewpoint, the most important relationship is the one between man and woman, which should develop freely and healthily. Lawrence is one of the first novelists to introduce themes of ps ychology into his works. Lawrence’s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary. Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to depict the subtle ebb and flow of his characters’ subconscious life.All these features of D. H. Lawrence are reflected in his autobiographical novel Sons and Lovers thematically, sociologically and psychologically. Lawrence was from a working-class family. His father was a miner with little education, thus his mother, a school teacher, thought she had married beneath her and was eager to raise the level of her sons. His mother’s claims on him kept frustrating his relationships with girls, and personal problems and conflicts that resulted are vividly presented in this novel.Sons and Lovers displays Lawrence’s characteristic themes: the dehumanizing effect of the bourgeois industrialization; the complexity of human relationship; the emotional possession; and the spiritual liberation of the protagonist in search for identity and fulfillment as an artist. The psychic conflict in human relationships is the central theme. Sociologically, Sons and Lovers is a novel about the “sickness of a whole ci vilization” that causes the destruction of human nature. Psychologically, the novel depicts a triangle of father, mother and son, which embodies Freud’s remarkable psychosexual theory.。
18 Leda and the Swan
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939),”Leda and the Swan”A sudden blow: the great wings beating stillAbove the staggering girl, her thighs caressedBy the dark webs, her nape caught in his bill，He holds her helpless breast upon his breast.How can those terrified vague fingers pushThe feathered glory from her loosening thighs？And how can body, laid in that white rush，But feel the strange heart beating where it lies？A shudder in the loins engenders thereThe broken wall, the burning roof and towerAnd Agamemnon dead.Being so caught up, So mastered by the brute blood of the air，Did she put on his knowledge with his powerBefore the indifferent beak could let her drop？Ⅰ1. William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet, dramatist, proser and famous mystics. Yeats was the leader of Irish Literary Revival and one of the founders of Abbey Theatre. Yeats’s poems were affected by romanticism, aestheticism, mysticism, symbolism and metaphysical poetry. During his later stage, his poetic style became plain and accurate, and most of his poems were based on his daily life. Leda and the Swan was produced under this period.2. ParseA swan suddenly blew to the staggering girl with his black wings. He stroked her thighs and caught in her nape, then he holds her in his breast. Leda felt terrified, but she could not push the swan away because of his feathered glory when she laid in the white rush under strange heart beating. A shudder in the loins led to the broken wall, the burning roof and tower as well as the dead of Agamemnon. Being so caught up by the brute blood of the air, did she gain his knowledge from his power before the indifferent beak released her?ⅡForm:1. This poem contains fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rimed abab, cdcd,efgefg. Leda and the Swan was close to Petrarchan sonnet. Petrarchan sonnet was with a clear separation between the first eight lines (the "octave") and the final six (the "sestet"). While the first eight lines were describing the specific scene between Leda and the Swan, the final six referred to other things such as the situation after the war and raisedquestions.2. There is one obvious unusual feature in this poem: the personification ofswan that occurred through the whole poem.ⅢContent:1. ThemeThe theme of the poem is “historical cycle”. Yeats retold a story from Greek mythology about the rape of the girl Leda by the god Zeus, who had assumed the form of a swan. He adopted mystics to tell people that human’s destiny was controlled by external force, history kept on changing and the accidence which already happened must be reappear.2. EvaluationThis poem is excellent in describing scene. Yeats organized words indicating powerful actions(sudden blow, beating, staggering, beating, shudder, broken, burning, mastered) and he also used a large number of adjective and descriptive words to indicate Leda’s weakness and helplessness(caressed, dark, helpless, terrified, vague, loosening, strange), therefore it could attract readers and catch their minds making them immersive. Though this poem is a mystical and simplistic work, its plain words make readers understand basically.。
When You Are Old
• Use of symbols
• “fire” symbolized “warm”. • “mountain” symbolized tough, sublimation • “stars” symbolized forever
The poet had declared love for Maud Gonne many times, but he had never get her response. So Yeats could just imagine many years later, when the woman read this poem by chance, she could realize that he is the one who would love her forever. The love in this poem is so hopeless that, to some extent, it could be full of hope. I appreciate this kind of love because it doesn’t bother the one who is loved.
When you are old and grey and full of sleep , And nodding by the fire, take down this book. And slowly read, and dream of the soft look , Your eyes had once, and of their shadow deep. How many loved your moments of glad grace, And love your beauty with love false or true. But one man love the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrow of your changing pression and emotion
英国文学选读整理资料
英国文学选读整理资料T. S. Eliot1888-1965英国现代主义诗歌代名词◎《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》<The Love Song of J.Alfred>◎《荒原》<The Waste Land> 现代派诗歌经典之作，代表了现代诗歌创作的突出成就William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)去世后被艾略特称为我们时代最伟大的诗人。
文学体裁：诗歌poem，小说novel，戏剧dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教→ bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏剧 drama 诗章 canto The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
William Butler Yeats 威廉
William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝（1865—1939）William Butler Yeats (1865—1939) is regarded as Ireland’s foremost poet. During his early part of 20th century he was a major literary figure in the Western world, widely known not only as a poet but also as a dramatist and a collector of Irish folklore. He was one of the founders of the Irish National Theatre, later known as the Abbey Theatre, and for many years an ardent patriot in Ireland’s struggle for independence. In 1924 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in literature.When he was a boy of nine his artist-father took him to England to be educated, and often during his youth he was homesick for his beloved Ireland. In his poem “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,”it was the “pavements grey”of London that he longed to escape and it was native land to which he longed to return.Much of what he did up to middle life was coloured by his love for Maud Gonne, a public figure who was devoted to the cause of the Irish Revolution. Yeats wrote three love poems to Gonne: “Never Give All the Heart,”“The Sorrow of Love,”and “When You Are Old.” He never forgot her, and in later years he tried again unsuccessfully to marry her when she was once more free. Through her he met, when he was fifty-two, the young woman whom he was soon to marry. His unrequited love for Maud Gonne was the one that dominated his mind and many of his poetry.The poem “The Wild Swans of Coole”recalls another woman in his life, Lady Gregory, a long-time friend and disciple who shared in his dream of an Irish theatre and participated in its founding. Her estate at Coole, where he saw the wild swans, was often a refuge when he was ill and depressed, and for her he wrote the poem “To a Friend Whose Work Has Come to Nothing.”It was part of Yeats’s poetic theory that the writing of verse should be firmly rooted in experience. He also attached great importance to form and style and perfected his own manner slowly over the years. His early poems made use of conventional images, such as flowers and stars, and were written in conventional poetic meters. In general, the rhythm of his later poems were more experimental and, though subtly lyrical, were often closer to patterns of daily speech. Many of Yeats’s later poems are more difficult than those included here. The poems that follow will amply illustrate his graceful lyricism.When You Are OldWhen you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadowsdeep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim soul (1) in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And b ending down b eside the glowing b ars, (2)Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face (3) amid a crowd of stars.891Notes:1.pilgrim soul: “Pilgrim” has serious religious associations and added to the word “soul,”suggests those finer qualities which matched the outer beauty of woman being praised.2.glowing bars: refers to the hearth, orfireplace.3.his face: Love’s face.Speaker:“I”，the poet himself.Tone: sincere, melancholic, sober Structure: This poem consists of three quatrains.Theme:the poet expresses his powerful and sincere love in a contained feeling. Image: nodding, shadows, glowing bars, mountain…Rhythm and Rhyme: The rhythmic pattern is iambic pentameter rhymed abba ineach stanza.Figure of speech: personification,Other poetic devices: alliteration, polysyndeton (连词叠用: the effect is cumulative, as attention is drawn to each detail and here also to achieve the rhythmic cadence like a drum beating).Different from most lyric poems aboutlove, this poem is not about someone who begins to fall in love or about someone who is deep in love. On the contrary, the poet imagines a future situation when his lover Maud Gonne is old and grey and “nodding by the fire”, but the poet still loves her though time has erased her beauty and her eyes have lost the original shadow.The poet in the second stanza compares his love with other men’s shallow love. Many people love Gonne because she is beautiful and graceful when she is in good mood, while the poet loves her when she is either happy or sad. Even when she is old and no longer beautiful in appearance, he still loves her, because his love is not based upon physical attraction. He loves her so deep that he understands her mind completely and he is ready to share her sorrows and sadness. Other people love her just because of her engaging appearance, but the speaker loves her bothphysically and spiritually, and to him, the essence of love is based upon soul rather than appearance. He quite appreciates her soul, which is so sacred to him, and he treasures her pilgrim soul. Her pilgrim soul here maybe refers to the revolutionary course Maud Gonne was at that time taking part in. Under the calm and sober murmuring there is a heart filled with powerful love.This lyric poem is very beautiful and melodious. Iambic verse lines and simple diction make the rhythm of this poem flow smoothly from the beginning to the end. It seems that the speaker is whispering gently and caressively into his lover’s ear. And traces of melancholy lend extra force to the depth of the speaker’s love. The speaker feels somewhat sad that his lover can’t appreciate how much he loves her, and when she finally realizes the depth of his love, maybe they are both in their old ages.* **obscurity (Pre-Raphaelites), mysticQuestions:1.W hat does the speaker tell the woman to dream of when she is old?2.M any men loved her for her beauty, but one man---the speaker---loved her for another reason. What is it?3.D id love go away?4.D escribe the two kinds of love that are contrasted in this poem. What kind do you think the poet feels is more important?当你老了当你老了，头发白了，睡思昏沉，炉火旁打盹，请你取下这部诗歌，慢慢读，回想你过去眼神的柔和，回想它们昔日浓重的阴影；多少人爱你青春欢畅的时辰，爱慕你的美丽，假意或真心，只有一个人爱你那朝圣者的灵魂，爱你衰老的脸上痛苦的皱纹；垂下头来，在红光闪耀的炉旁，凄然地轻轻诉说那爱情的消逝，在头顶的山上它缓缓踱着步子，在一群星星中间隐藏着脸庞。
19-20世纪英国文学史简介
Works:
Adam Bede Middlemarch Silas Marner The Mill on the Floss Felix Holt, the Radical
托马斯· 哈代 Thomas Hardy （1840～1928）
哈代小说风格多变，题材广泛，内容丰 富。他因在小说创作上所取得的突出成 就而成为英国19世纪后期的代表作家。 以悲剧故事《德伯家的苔丝》和《无名 的裘德》最为杰出。哈代作为诗人，也 颇有声誉。
• The idea of being mighty is amplified by the very size of the Sphinx. This suggests the power of the process which integrates the human intellect with the animal power of the bodily intelligence of the animal beast. However this idea rather conflicts with the conventional Christian idea that Christ overcomes the Beast of Revelation. So Yeats is challenging certain images in conventional Christianity.
名斯 美 门城 国 的， 密 后是 苏 艾 裔新 里 略 。英 州 特 格的 出 兰圣 生 一路 于 个易
托 获 和人 世 （ 马 得 剧， 纪 斯 诺 作杰 西 斯 贝 家出 方 托 尔 。的 最 姆 文 文负 艾 学 学盛 奖 年批 名 ） 略 特 。 度评 的 家诗 · · Thomas Stearns Eliot,1888-1965 ,20
William Butler Yeats 英语诗歌理解-叶芝
Style
He was a Symbolist poet, in that he used allusive imagery and symbolic structures throughout his career. His use of symbols is usually something physical that is both itself and a suggestion of other, perhaps immaterial, timeless qualities. Yeats was a master of the traditional forms. The impact of modernism on his work can be seen in the increasing abandonment of the more conventionally poetic diction of his early work in favor of the more austere language and more direct approach to his themes that increasingly characterizes the poetry and plays of his middle period His later poetry and plays are written in a more personal vein, and the works written in the last twenty years of his life include mention of his son and daughter, as well as meditations on the experience of growing old. While Yeats' early poetry drew heavily on Irish myth and folklore, his later work was engaged with more contemporary issues, and his style underwent a dramatic transformation.
英国文学史William Butler Yeats
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In 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
for what the Nobel Committee described as
"inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation." (用鼓舞人心的诗篇，以高度的艺术形式表达了整个
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Education
At first the Yeats children were educated at home.
Their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an erratic education in geography and chemistr On 26 January 1877（when he was 13）, the young poet entered the Godolphin primary school,
Yeats' first significant poem was "The Isle of Statues" 《雕塑的岛屿 》
His first solo publication was the pamphlet Mosada: A Dramatic Poem (1886), which comprised a print run of 100 copies paid for by his father.
William bulter Yeats
● He was nationalistic and made contributions to freedom and unity.
● His poetry was a history of English poetry.
When you are old
When you are old and grey and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrim Soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled, And paced upon the mountains overhead, And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.
● His belief that human history was a cycle:
Life
Literary achievements
William Butler Yeats
Than was an Irish poet and playwright . He was the greatest lyric poet Ireland has produced and one of the major figures of 20th-century literature, the acknowledged leader of the Irish literary renaissance — continue at Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
• After high school , in 1881, Yeats entered the School of Art in Dublin where he met many artists and writers who encouraged him to be a poet. • Yeats’ early poetry was under the influence of the romantic poets, but his Irish theme and his special use of language soon showed him to be a poet of distinction.
Dramatic Career
Yeats is also a dramatist , writing verse plays in most of the cases. He wrote about 20 plays altogether from 1892 to 1939. The play was a great inspiration to the Irish nationalists who were fighting against the English government for their own freedom and independence .
英国文学史资料
英国文学史资料I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰?德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.①<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③<The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
(完整版)英国文学简史期末测验考试复习要点刘炳善版(英语专业大必备)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works一、中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）•《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf）•《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer)“英国诗歌之父”。
（Father of English Poetry）《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）•托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More ）《乌托邦》（Utopia）•埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）《仙后》（The Faerie Queene)•弗兰西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）《论说文集》（Essays)克里斯托弗·马洛Christopher Marlowe•《帖木儿大帝》（Tamburlaine）•《浮士德博士的悲剧》（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus）•《马耳他岛的犹太人》（The Jew of Malta）威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》（A Midsummer Night’s Dream）、《威尼斯商人》（The Merchant of Venice）悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）、《哈姆莱特》（Hamlet）、《奥赛罗》（Othello）、《李尔王》（King Lear）、《麦克白》（Macbeth）历史剧《亨利四世》（Henry IV）传奇剧《暴风雨》（The Tempest）本·琼生Ben Johnson•《人人高兴》（Every Man in His Humor）•《狐狸》（V olpone）•《练金术士》（The Alchemist）三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿John Milton《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）《复乐园》（Paradise Regained）诗剧《力士参孙》（Samson Agonistes）•约翰·班扬（John Bunyan）《天路历程》（The Pilgrim’s Progress）•威廉·康格里夫（William Congreve）《以爱还爱》（Love for Love）《如此世道》（The Way of the World）四、启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
英国文学史分时期总结作家作品
英国文学史分时期总结作家作品The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.Romanticism: It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace. Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850（William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey ：The Lake Poets）① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recalled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, thereader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovelydaffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女② <The Prelude>序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834The Lake Poets① <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子颂② <Christabel>柯里斯塔贝尔③ <Kubla Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strongimagination, a strange territory④ <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜⑤ <Dejection, an Ode>忧郁颂⑥ <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)Southey3. George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。
William Butler Yeats叶芝简介
William Butler Yeats叶芝简介1865-1939 诗：Respondibilities责任;The Tower塔;The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯名诗：A Deap Sworn Vow;Easter 1916剧本：The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土;The Hour Glass时漏;Dedidre黛德尔Autobiographies自传三部曲;Essays and Introductionborn June 13, 1865, Sandymount, Dublin, Ire.died Jan. 28, 1939, Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Fr.•William Butler Yeats, c. 1915.Irish poet, dramatist, and prose writer, one of the greatestEnglish-language poets of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923.Yeats's father, John Butler Yeats, was a barrister who eventually became a portrait painter. His mother, formerly Susan Pollexfen, was the daughter of a prosperous merchant in Sligo, in western Ireland. Through both parents Yeats claimed kinship with various Anglo-Irish Protestant families who are mentioned in his work. Normally, Yeats would have been expected to identify with his Protestant tradition—which represented a powerful minority among Ireland's predominantly Roman Catholic population—but he did not. Indeed, he was separated from both historical traditions available to him in Ireland—from the Roman Catholics, because he could not share their faith, and from the Protestants, because he felt repelled by their concern for material success. Yeats's best hope, he felt, was to cultivate a tradition more profound than either the Catholic or the Protestant—the tradition of a hidden Ireland that existed largelyin the anthropological evidence of its surviving customs, beliefs, and holy places, more pagan than Christian.In 1867, when Yeats was only two, his family moved to London, but he spent much of his boyhood and school holidays in Sligo with his grandparents. This country—its scenery, folklore, and supernatural legend—would colour Yeats's work and form the setting of many of his poems. In 1880 his family moved back to Dublin, where he attended the high school. In 1883 he attended the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin, where the most important part of his education was in meeting other poets and artists.Meanwhile, Yeats was beginning to write: his first publication, two brief lyrics, appeared in the Dublin University Review in 1885. When the family moved back to London in 1887, Yeats took up the life of a professional writer. He joined the Theosophical Society, whose mysticism appealed to him because it was a form of imaginative life far removed from the workaday world. The age of science was repellent to Yeats; he was a visionary, and he insisted upon surrounding himself with poetic images. He began a study of the prophetic books of William Blake, and this enterprise brought him into contact with other visionary traditions, such as the Platonic, the Neoplatonic, the Swedenborgian, and the alchemical.Yeats was already a proud young man, and his pride required him to rely on his own taste and his sense of artistic style. He was not boastful, but spiritual arrogance came easily to him. His early poems, collected in The Wanderings of Oisin, and Other Poems (1889), are the work of an aesthete, often beautiful but always rarefied, a soul's cry for release from circumstance.Yeats quickly became involved in the literary life of London. He became friends with William Morris and W.E. Henley, and he was a cofounder of the Rhymers' Club, whose members included his friends Lionel Johnson and Arthur Symons. In 1889 Yeats met Maud Gonne, an Irish beauty, ardent and brilliant. From that moment, as he wrote, “the troubling of my life began.” He fell in love with her, but his love was hopeless. Maud Gonne liked and admired him, but she was not in love with him. Her passion was lavished upon Ireland; she was an Irish patriot, a rebel, and a rhetorician, commanding in voice and in person. When Yeats joined in the Irish nationalist cause, he did so partly from conviction, but mostly for love of Maud. When Yeats's play Cathleen ni Houlihan was first performed in Dublin in 1902, she played the title role. It was during this period that Yeats came under the influence of John O'Leary, a charismatic leader of the Fenians, a secret society of Irish nationalists.After the rapid decline and death of the controversial Irish leader Charles Stewart Parnell in 1891, Yeats felt that Irish political life lost its significance. The vacuum left by politics might be filled, he felt, by literature, art, poetry, drama, and legend. The Celtic Twilight(1893), a volume of essays, was Yeats's first effort toward this end, but progress was slow until 1898, when he met Augusta Lady Gregory, an aristocrat who was to become a playwright and his close friend. She was already collecting old stories, the lore of the west of Ireland. Yeats found that this lore chimed with his feeling for ancient ritual, for pagan beliefs never entirely destroyed by Christianity. He felt that if he could treat it in a strict and high style, he would create a genuine poetry while, in personal terms, moving toward his own identity. From 1898, Yeats spent his summers at Lady Gregory's home, Coole Park, County Galway, and he eventually purchased a ruined Norman castle called Thoor Ballylee in the neighbourhood. Under the name of the Tower, this structure would become a dominant symbol in many of his latest and best poems.In 1899 Yeats asked Maud Gonne to marry him, but she declined. Four years later she married Major John MacBride, an Irish soldier who shared her feeling for Ireland and her hatred of English oppression: he was one of the rebels later executed by the British government for their part in the Easter Rising of 1916. Meanwhile, Yeats devoted himself to literature and drama, believing that poems and plays would engender a national unity capable of transfiguring the Irish nation. He (along with Lady Gregory and others) was one of the originators of the Irish Literary Theatre, which gave its first performance in Dublin in 1899 with Yeats's play The Countess Cathleen. To the end of his life Yeats remained a director of this theatre, which became the Abbey Theatre in 1904. In the crucial period from 1899 to 1907, he managed the theatre's affairs, encouraged its playwrights (notably John Millington Synge), and contributed many of his own plays. Among the latter that became part of the Abbey Theatre's repertoire are The Land of Heart's Desire(1894), Cathleen ni Houlihan(1902), The Hour Glass(1903), The King's Threshold(1904), On Baile's Strand(1905), and Deirdre (1907).Yeats published several volumes of poetry during this period, notably Poems (1895) and The Wind Among the Reeds (1899), which are typical of his early verse in their dreamlike atmosphere and their use of Irish folklore and legend. But in the collections In the Seven Woods(1903) and The Green Helmet (1910), Yeats slowly discarded the Pre-Raphaelite colours and rhythms of his early verse and purged it of certain Celtic and esoteric influences. The years from 1909 to 1914 mark a decisive change in his poetry. The otherworldly, ecstatic atmosphere of the early lyrics has cleared, and the poems in Responsibilities: Poems and a Play (1914)show a tightening and hardening of his verse line, a more sparse and resonant imagery, and a new directness with which Yeats confronts reality and its imperfections.In 1917 Yeats published The Wild Swans at Coole. From then onward he reached and maintained the height of his achievement—a renewal of inspiration and a perfecting of technique that are almost without parallel in the history of English poetry. The Tower(1928), named after the castle he owned and had restored, is the work of a fully accomplished artist; in it, the experience of a lifetime is brought to perfection of form. Still, some of Yeats's greatest verse was written subsequently, appearing in The Winding Stair (1929). The poems in both of these works use, as their dominant subjects and symbols, the Easter Rising and the Irish civil war; Yeats's own tower; the Byzantine Empire and its mosaics; Plato, Plotinus, and Porphyry; and the author's interest in contemporary psychical research. Yeats explained his own philosophy in the prose work A Vision (1925, revised version 1937); this meditation upon the relation between imagination, history, and the occult remains indispensable to serious students of Yeats despite its obscurities.In 1913 Yeats spent some months at Stone Cottage, Sussex, with the American poet Ezra Pound acting as his secretary. Pound was then editingtran slations of the nō plays of Japan, and Yeats was greatly excited by them. The nō drama provided a framework of drama designed for a small audience of initiates, a stylized, intimate drama capable of fully using the resources offered by masks, mime, dance, and song and conveying—in contrast to the public theatre—Yeats's own recondite symbolism. Yeats devised what he considered an equivalent of the nō drama in such plays as Four Plays for Dancers(1921), At the Hawk's Well(first performed 1916), and several others.In 1917 Yeats asked Iseult Gonne, Maud Gonne's daughter, to marry him. She refused. Some weeks later he proposed to Miss George Hyde-Lees and was accepted; they were married in 1917. A daughter, Anne Butler Yeats, was born in 1919, and a son, William Michael Yeats, in 1921.In 1922, on the foundation of the Irish Free State, Yeats accepted an invitation to become a member of the new Irish Senate: he served for six years. In 1923 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Now a celebrated figure, he was indisputably one of the most significant modern poets. In 1936 his Oxford Book of Modern Verse, 1892–1935, a gathering of the poems he loved, was published. Still working on his last plays, he completed The Herne's Egg,his most raucous work, in 1938. Yeats's last two verse collections, New Poems and Last Poems and Two Plays, appeared in 1938 and 1939 respectively. In these books many of his previous themesare gathered up and rehandled, with an immense technical range; the aged poet was using ballad rhythms and dialogue structure with undiminished energy as he approached his 75th year.Yeats died in January 1939 while abroad. Final arrangements for his burial in Ireland could not be made, so he was buried at Roquebrune, France. The intention of having his body buried in Sligo was thwarted when World War II began in the autumn of 1939. In 1948 his body was finally taken back to Sligo and buried in a little Protestant churchyard at Drumcliffe, as he specified in “Under Ben Bulben,” in his Last Poems, under his own epitaph: “Cast a cold eye/On life, on death./Horseman, pass by!”Had Yeats ceased to write at age 40, he would probably now be valued as a minor poet writing in a dying Pre-Raphaelite tradition that had drawn renewed beauty and poignancy for a time from the Celtic revival. There is no precedent in literary history for a poet who produces his greatest work between the ages of 50 and 75. Yeats's work of this period takes its strength from his long and dedicated apprenticeship to poetry; from his experiments in a wide range of forms of poetry, drama, and prose; and from his spiritual growth and his gradual acquisition of personal wisdom, which he incorporated into the framework of his own mythology.Yeats's mythology, from which arises the distilled symbolism of his great period, is not always easy to understand, nor did Yeats intend its full meaning to be immediately apparent to those unfamiliar with his thought and the tradition in which he worked. His own cyclic view of history suggested to him a recurrence and convergence of images, so that they become multiplied and enriched; and this progressive enrichment may be traced throughout his work. Among Yeats's dominant images are Leda and the Swan; Helen and the burning of Troy; the Tower in its many forms; the sun and moon; the burning house; cave, thorn tree, and well; eagle, heron, sea gull, and hawk; blind man, lame man, and beggar; unicorn and phoenix; and horse, hound, and boar. Yet these traditional images are continually validated by their alignment with Yeats's own personal experience, and it is this that gives them their peculiarly vital quality. In Yeats's verse they are often shaped into a strong and proud rhetoric and into the many poetic tones of which he was the master. All are informed by the two qualities which Yeats valued and which he retained into old age—passion and joy.Additional ReadingThe standard biography is R.F. Foster, W.B. Yeats: A Life, 2 vol. (1997–2003). Other works of mainly biographical interest include Richard Ellmann, Yeats: The Man and the Masks(1948, reissued 1987); Frank Tuohy, Yeats (1976); A. Norman Jeffares, W.B. Yeats: A New Biography (1988); Terence Brown, The Life of W.B. Yeats(1999); and Brenda Maddox, George's Ghosts: A New Life of W.B. Yeats(1999). Works primarily of critique and interpretation include Thomas Parkinson, W.B. Yeats, Self-Critic: A Study of His Early Verse(1951), and W.B. Yeats: The Later Poetry(1964); Frank Kermode, Romantic Image(1957, reissued 1986); F.A.C. Wilson, W.B. Yeats and Tradition (1958), and Yeats's Iconography (1960); Richard Ellmann, The Identity of Yeats, 2nd ed. (1964); Denis Donoghue, Yeats (1971); A. Norman Jeffares and A.S. Knowland, A Commentary on the Collected Plays of W.B. Yeats(1975); A. Norman Jeffares (ed.), W.B. Yeats: The Critical Heritage (1977); Richard F. Peterson, William Butler Yeats (1982); A. Norman Jeffares, A New Commentary on the Poems of W.B. Yeats(1983); Jahan Ramazini, Yeats & the Poetry of Death (1990); Leonard Orr (ed.), Yeats and Postmodernism (1991); and Marjorie Howes, Yeats's Nations: Gender, Class, and Irishness (1996). Bibliographies include Allan Wade, A Bibliography of the Writings of W.B. Yeats,3rd ed. rev. and ed. by Russell K. Alspach (1968); and K.P.S. Jochum, W.B. Yeats: A Classified Bibliography of Criticism,2nd ed., rev. and enlarged (1990). The poet's correspondence is available in John Kelly (ed.), The Collected Letters of W.B. Yeats (1986– ).。
最全面英国文学史知识点总结（1）
最全面英国文学史知识点总结（1）英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Artistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.①坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事) Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance –rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英美文学William Butler Yeats (1865-1939)
Features of his poetry
• His early poetry was marked by dreamy romanticism with clarity, imagery and musicality. In his later years he found a metaphysical and French symbolistic approach to poetry and wrote on the great, eternal subject of time and change, love and age, life and art.
William Butler Yeats
(1865-1939)
Introduction
• Yeats and Eliot had great influence upon modern English literature. Their principles and wiring practice were a revolt against the imprecise language and sentimental emotions of the Victorian poets.
Introduction
• Yeats’s work covered 50 years. He was deep-rooted in Irish culture with its folklore, legends, music and magic, from which he drew wisdom and inspiration and he wrote about the traditions and history of the Irish nation.
2.3 W.B.Yeats
Yeats was an acclaimed Modernist poet, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923. His “mystic melancholy” form of writing was a direct result of his fruitless yearnings for Maud Gonne. He proposed to her three times but each time she bluntly refused, claiming that his unrequited love was the source of his brilliant poems.
Poetry: Second Period, and Later Life Yeats’s poetry deepened as he grew older. In the verse of his middle and late years he renounced his early transcendentalism; his poetry became stronger, more physical and realistic. A recurring theme is the polarity between extremes such as the physical and the spiritual, the real and the imagined. Memorable poems from this period include ―The Second Coming,‖ ―The Tower,‖ and ―Sailing to Byzantium.‖
W.B. Yeats
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威廉· 巴特勒· 叶芝
(1865--1939)
英国文学史学生上课ppt
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William Butler Yeats
An Irish poet, dramatist, and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, in his later years Yeats served as an Irish Senator for two terms. He was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival, and along with Lady Gregory and Edward Martyn founded the Abbey Theatre, serving as its chief during its early years.
other early poems :Poems (1895), The Secret Rose (1897), and The Wind Among the Reeds (苇间风)(1899).(love or mystical and esoteric subjects )
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Maud Gonne
In 1889, Yeats met Maud Gonne（茅德· ）, then a 冈 23-year-old heiress and ardent Nationalist. She had a significant and lasting effect on his poetry and his life thereafter .
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"The Wanderings of Oisin"(乌辛之浪迹) the appeal of
the life of contemplation over the appeal of the life of action(追求冥思的生活抑 或追求行动的生活). Following the work, Yeats never again attempted another long poem.
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Abbey Theatre
In 1899, Yeats, Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn, and George Moore established the Irish Literary Theatre for the purpose of performing Celtic and Irish plays. This group of founders was able, to acquire property in Dublin and open the Abbey Theatre on 27 December, 1904. Yeats' play Cathleen NíHoulihan and Lady Gregory's Spreading the News were featured on the opening night. Yeats continued to be involved with the Abbey until his death, both as a member of the board and a prolific playwright.
followed by the collection The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889), which arranged a series of verse that dated as far back as the mid-1880s.
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Yeats even created a script " Countess Kathleen" (凯丝琳女伯爵)putting her as the prototype , and
wrote the famous song " when you are old"for her. In 1891, he visited Gonne in Ireland and proposed marriage, but was rejected. Yeats proposed to Gonne three more times: in 1899, 1900 and 1901.
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His epitaph is taken from the last lines of "Under Ben Bulben"(本布尔本山 下)one of his final poems: Cast a cold Eye On Life, on Death. Horseman, pass by. (掷冷冷的一眼, 看生 看 死,骑士啊越过生死向 前 ！)-----传递出叶芝对 生与死的超越。
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Education
At first the Yeats children were educated at home. Their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an erratic education in geography and chemistr On 26 January 1877（when he was 13）, the young poet entered the Godolphin primary school, In October 1881(when he was 17), Yeats resumed his education at Dublin's Erasmus Smith High School (started writing poetry ) Between 1884 & 1886, William attended the Metropolitan School of Art—now the National College of Art and Design—in Thomas Street. (first known works were written when he was seventeen, and include a poem heavily influenced by Percy Bysshe Shelley )
Yeats' first significant poem was "The Isle of Statues" 《雕塑的岛屿 》 His first solo publication was the pamphlet Mosada: A Dramatic Poem (1886), which comprised a print run of 100 copies paid for by his father.
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In 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for what the Nobel Committee described as "inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation." (用鼓舞人心的诗篇，以高度的艺术形式表达了整个
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Young poet
Yeats's early poems are usually based on Irish mythology and folklore(爱尔兰神话和民间传说), his language style is influenced by the PreRaphaelite prose(拉斐尔前派散文) effect.
民族的精神风貌)
He was the first Irishman so honored.
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Life time
A verse in the textbook Other works
A famous verse
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In 1890, Yeats co-founded the Rhymers' Club with Ernest Rhys,[18] a group of London based poets who met regularly in a Fleet Street tavern to recite their verse.
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