南方医科大学2019年解剖考博真题
南方医科大学考博真题回忆
2013年南方医科大学外科学专业人体解剖学真题回忆一、简答题（每题8分，共40分）1、胃的动脉分布和静脉回流2、肝下面（脏面）的形态及毗邻3、踝关节易发生内翻扭伤的解剖学因素4、腕管的组成及其中走行的结构5、腹前外侧壁的层次（锁骨中线处）二、问答题（每题20分，共60分）1、桡神经易损伤的部位及可能出现的临床表现，为什么2、膀胱的形态及毗邻3、椎体之间的连接及其功能2013年南方医科大学外科学专业泌尿外科学真题回忆第一部分外科学总论（共28分）一、名词解释（每题2分，共8分）1、痈2、SIRS 3、三期愈合4、急性肾衰竭二、简答题（每题5分，共20分） 1、无菌术是什么，有何内容，灭菌和消毒的区别 2、代谢性酸中毒的治疗原则 3、肠外营养的指征 4、肿瘤共同的临床表现第二部分泌尿外科学（共72分）三、简答题（每题8分，5题任选4题，共32分） 1、尿三杯试验的方法及其意义 2、前尿道损伤的治疗原则，及其并发症的治疗 3、肾盂输尿管交界处梗阻的常见原因4、膀胱肿瘤的TNM分期5、肾移植术前必须做哪些检查，意义如何四、问答题（每题20分，3题任选2题，共40分） 1、肾脏损伤的诊断和治疗2、泌尿系梗阻的好发部位……（记不清了）3、如果让您自己设计博士课题，您的博士课题准备研究的内容，立题依据及技术路线2013年南方医科大学人体解剖学专业基础题一. 简答 1 .女性乳房的特点，结合乳腺感染切口选择？ 2. 鼻窦有几对？位置和开口？ 3 .颈、胸、腰椎的形态特点？ 4.下颌骨最薄弱的部位？ 5 .上颌窦的位置？与上颌牙齿的关系？ 6 .房水的产生循环途径生理病理意义 7 .输尿管三个狭窄？二:问答 1. 手背静脉注射药物治疗面部感染途经的解剖学部位2 .腓骨颈骨折、肱骨髁上骨折、骨盆骨折损伤的神经？ 3 .门静脉属支？高压如何回流？ 4 .下颌管收集的部位，范围？ 5 .下颌神经分支？2013年301医院肝胆外科专业题（肝胆外科学）一、名词解释：8×5=40分small-for-size syndrome ICG R15 Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation Hepatorenal syndrome Bismuth typing of traumatic biliary stiture Hemobilia Sphinctor of Oddi dysfunction Hepatopulmonary syndrome 二、问答题：1、肝细胞肝癌milan标准、UCSF标准都包括哪些？8分2、腹腔镜下胆囊切除时预防胆管损伤的要点？ 10分3、先天性胆管扩张的临床分型？ 8分4、重症急性胰腺炎急性期非手术的措施是什么？若怀疑胰腺、胰周坏死组织感染应如何处理？14分5、简述精准肝切除的概念和治疗策略？ 15分三、病例题：15分患者男性，59岁，既往慢性乙肝病史30年，一般状况好。
南方医科大学人体解剖学2000年考博真题试卷
6、髋关节的血供来源脊神经支配
7、踝管的组成及其内容物
8、解剖学科研近期有那些重大发展
南方医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2000年攻读博士学位研究生入Hale Waihona Puke 考试试题考试科目：人体解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
简答题：
1、简述臂丛的组成分部及毗邻关系
2、简述上肢的轴线及提携角
3、写出拇指肌的名称作用及神经支配
4、椎管壁的构成
南方医科大学外科学(骨外)2006,2008,2011--2019年考博真题
南方医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第一部分 外科学总论（共28分） 一、名词解释（每题2分，共8分） 1、痈 2、SIRS 3、三期愈合 4、急性肾衰竭 二、简答题（每题5分，共20分） 1、无菌术是什么，有何内容，灭菌和消毒的区别 2、代谢性酸中毒的治疗原则 3、肠外营养的指征 4、肿瘤共同的临床表现 第二部分 骨外科学（共72分） 一、简答题(6选4，每题8分，共32分) 1.周围神经感觉障碍的分级。 2.全膝关节置换术的适应症和并发症。 3.迟发型尺神经炎的病因及临床表现。 4. 骨巨细胞瘤的病理学分期及X线表现。 5. 胸腰椎骨折的分类及治疗原则。 6.骨盆骨折的常见并发症。 二、问答题 （3选2 每题20分，共40分） 1.股骨颈骨折的分型及治疗原则 2.颈椎病的分型及治疗原则 3.开放性骨折的治疗原则
第1页 共1页
南方医科大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸别代表什么，写出中英文 2肠外营养适应证
一、名词解释 1、等渗性缺水 2、交界性肿瘤 3、休克 4、自身输血 二、简答题（5选4） 1、骨组织工程的几个要素，你对该研究的前景如何看待？ 2、髌骨软骨软化症的表现和治疗 3、膝关节半月板损伤的诊断要点和治疗原则 4、急性化脓性骨髓炎的临床表现和治疗原则 5、骨巨细胞瘤的病理分型、X线表现和治疗原则 三、论述题（3选2） 1、开放性骨折的分类和清创原则 2、腰椎间盘突出的诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗原则 3、骨折的并发症
考试科目：外科学（骨外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subjectto abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acidrain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it willhappen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous diseasein the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains firstseek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD.accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take placeright under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock comemostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD.contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggsin a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looksmagnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings. A. ancient B. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite ofa full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sym ptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person isfeeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals,plant and marine life and econom ic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University inChina, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seena sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams82. Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A. Emotion.B. Lust.C. Seeking.D. Urge.83. Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive________.A. originates in the limbic systemB. involves parts of the forebrainC. controls how we respond to stimulusD. exists in many, other animals84. According to Mark Solms, dreaming_________.A. takes place during the whole sleeping periodB. involves a primitive part of the brain known as the ponsC. originates in the forebrainD. just takes place in a certain period。
南方医科大学往年三套毕业考试试题
A卷第一部分一、A1型题 (答题说明：单句型最佳选择题。
每一道考题下面均有五个备选答案。
在答题时，只需从中选择一个最合适的答案，并在显示器选择相应的答案或在答题卡上相应位置涂黑，以示正确回答。
共有77题，合计46.2分。
)1.关于急性脑血管病的病因，下列何者是不正确的A．脑出血最常见的病因是高血压B．脑栓塞最常见的病因是房颤C．脑血栓形成最常见病因是动脉炎D．蛛网膜下腔出血最常见病因是先天性颅内动脉瘤E．短暂性脑缺血发作最常见病因是动脉粥样硬化参考答案： C2.右侧内囊后肢受损，可能出现的病症是A．嗅觉丧失B．同侧肢体麻痹和半身躯体感觉丧失C．双眼左侧视野偏盲D．对侧半身痛温觉丧失而触觉存在E．右耳听觉丧失参考答案： C3.意识障碍状态下的幻觉常见于A．精神分裂症B．抑郁症C．脑器质性精神病D．更年期精神病E．偏执性精神参考答案： C4.躁狂发作病人活动增多表现，除了哪项A．整日忙碌B．好管闲事C．引人注意D．生活节俭E．行为轻浮参考答案： D5.脑梗死临床表现中，不应有的症状或体征A．意识不清B．肢体瘫痪C．头痛D．抽搐E．脑膜刺激征参考答案： E6.特发性全面强直-阵挛发作，首选药物为A．丙戊酸钠B．卡马西平C．苯妥英钠D．乙琥胺E．苯巴比妥参考答案： A7.三环类抗抑郁药的副作用最重要的是A．锥体外系症状B．过敏反应C．心律失常及心电图变化D．粒细胞减少E．视物模糊参考答案： C8.下列哪一改变不属于病理性萎缩：A．老年性萎缩B．恶病质所致的全身性萎缩 C．小儿麻痹症所致的下肢萎缩D．垂体功能低下引起的性腺萎缩E．动脉粥样硬化所致的脑萎缩参考答案： A9.肿瘤性增生区别于炎症性增生的特点是：A.增生组织分化不成熟B.血管增生C.纤维组织增生D.器官的实质细胞增生E.炎症细胞浸润参考答案： A10.最常见的栓子是：A. 血栓栓子B. 空气栓子C. 细菌栓子D. 肿瘤栓子E. 羊水栓子参考答案： A11.动脉粥样硬化早期病变特点是：A.血栓形成B.纤维帽形成C.泡沫细胞形成D.坏死灶形成E.溃疡形成参考答案： C12.动脉粥样硬化的危险因素不包括：A.血浆低密度脂蛋白（LDL）水平持续升高B.血浆极低密度脂蛋白（VLDL）水平持续升高C.甲状腺素D.家族性高胆固醇血症E.家族性高甘油三酯血症参考答案： C13.肺炎是指：A. 各种致炎因子引起的肺的炎症B. 各种细菌引起的肺的炎症C. 各种原因引起的肺泡的炎症D. 各种原因引起肺的急性渗出性炎症E. 以中性白细胞渗出为主的肺的炎症参考答案： A14.诊断恶性肿瘤的组织学依据主要是：A.细胞浆呈嗜碱性B.细胞核大C.细胞异型性明显D.核仁明显E.可见核分裂像参考答案： C15.癌和肉瘤的主要不同点在于：A.病人年龄B.组织来源C.肿瘤质地D.转移途径E.生长方式参考答案： B16.病理性萎缩不包括：A.老年妇女的卵巢萎缩B.晚期原发性高血压患者的肾C.晚期食管癌患者的肝D.截瘫患者的双下肢E.脑动脉硬化患者的脑参考答案： A17.心肌梗死时的附壁血栓属于：A.透明血栓B.白色血栓C.混合性血栓D.红色血栓E.肿瘤性栓子参考答案： C18.月经周期为32日的妇女，其排卵时间一般在A、本次月经来潮后14日左右B、本次月经干净后14日左右C、下次月经来潮前14日左右D、两次月经周期中间E、以上都不是0参考答案： C19.妊娠高血压综合征的基本病变为：A.肾素-血管紧张素-前列腺素系统平衡失调B.慢性弥散性血管内凝血C.血液高度浓缩D.水钠严重潴留E.全身小动脉痉挛参考答案： E20.阴道有大量脓性泡沫状白带，最常见的疾病是：A．子宫内膜炎 B．输卵管炎C．滴虫性阴道炎D．霉菌性阴道炎 E．慢性宫颈炎参考答案： C21.妊高征的治疗，哪项是错误的：A．解痉 B．利尿 C．降压 D．镇静 E．补钠参考答案： E22.3度胎盘早剥及先兆子宫破裂共有的是：Ａ、跨耻征阳性Ｂ、合并重度子痫前期Ｃ剧烈腹痛Ｄ、子宫板状硬Ｅ、病理缩复环参考答案： C23.妊娠早期心脏病患者，决定是否继续妊娠的主要依据是A．心脏病种类 B．孕妇的体重C．胎儿大小 D．病变发生部位 E．患者年龄参考答案： A24.属于孕激素的生理作用是A、促使子宫肌层增生B、使子宫内膜增生C、有助于降低血循环中胆固醇水平D、使阴道上皮细胞脱落加快E、使宫颈粘液易拉成丝状参考答案： D25.及子宫位置无关的是：A 圆韧带B 阔韧带C 输卵管D 主韧带E 宫骶韧带参考答案： C26.先兆临产比较可靠的征象是A、假临产B、见红C、胎儿下降感D、胎动活跃E、尿中HCG明显增多参考答案： B 27.不是胎盘剥离的征象是A。
南方医科大学组胚组织胚胎学(专业基础)2010,2014,2016,2019年考博真题
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：组胚（专业基础）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
1.肾小体的结构
2.
3.
4.消化管道壁的一般结构及下述各段（食管/胃/小肠/大肠）的特点
5.胎盘的结构
3.气血屏障
4.甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞的位置形态与功能
5.周围和中央有髓神经纤维的形成和结构
6.从表皮的分化为例，简述表皮干细胞的分化与角质形成
二、问答题（5选3，60分）
1.单核细胞系的来源，举例说出在组织中的位置、结构与功能（不少于3个）
2.与形成原尿有关的结构
3.胃肠中内分泌细胞的分布、分泌物与功能
2，视网膜结构，组成细胞，功能
3，前肾，中肾，后肾的分化发育
4，成纤维细胞结构及胶原纤维的生成
5，肺泡的结构，呼吸功能
6，列举三种屏障结构，功能
7，列举**干细胞及分化的终末细胞
8，胎儿出生前后血液的变化情况
二、问答题（6选3）
1，细胞连接的结构，功能பைடு நூலகம்
2，骨骼肌，心肌光电镜结构差异及与功能关系
3，胎盘组成、血循环、功能
4，中性粒细胞核左移、核右移及意义
5，精子、卵子形成比较，功能
6，消化管的内分泌细胞
南方医科大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：组胚（专业基础）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题(6选5，每题8分)
1.简述组织的的构成及分类。
2.三胚层分为？列举每个胚层的形成的两个结构。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subjectto abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acidrain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it willhappen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous diseasein the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and painsfirst seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD.accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take placeright under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rockcome mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD.contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chickeneggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly bygiving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looksmagnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was publishedin the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understan d whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parentalseparation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unh appiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature isexpected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life an d economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton （淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the riskof liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a longrun.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleep How many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referredto as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, t hat sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams。
近十年重点院校考博解剖专业课试题大全
2002年协和医科大学解剖学考博试题一、名词;1、海式三角（英文）2、胆囊三角3、斜角肌三角4、背盖背区5、REXED板层6、心包斜窦7、鼻烟壶二、填空30分1、肾上腺的血供2、肩胛动脉网3、肛直肠环三、选择20分1、脾的位置2、选择性迷走神经切断术的神经四、问答1、小脑的分叶和联系2、内囊后脚损伤产生那些症状3、踝关节能做那些运动其支配肌肉神经是什么4、骑跨伤损伤造成渗尿会到达那些结构5、胰头癌会压迫那些部位产生什么症状复旦大学医学院2000年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、腺管2、胸导管3、海绵窦4、基底膜5、膀胱三角6、胆囊三角7、鼓室二、问答1、针刺中指后痛觉传导通路2、下皮层的功能定位3、肝脏的吡邻复旦大学医学院2001年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1、膀胱三角2、室上脊3、奇静脉4、海绵窦二、问答1、脊柱的连接2、视觉通路3、心脏的结构复旦大学医学院2002年解剖学（博士）一、名词1、willis环2、肾窦3、巩膜静脉窦二、问答题1.膝关节的组成，运动特点支配肌肉神经2.右心室的结构3.肾脏的解剖毗邻被膜4.丘脑的解剖结构和纤维联系复旦大学医学院2003年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释1.滑膜关节2.肾窦3.腹直肌鞘4.弹性圆锥5.肝胆三角6.语言中枢7.室间隔8.海马-纵隔9.呼吸道二、问答1.手掌动脉的解剖位置2.男性尿道的解剖结构、解剖位置3.脊柱连接4.三叉丘系、脊丘系；内侧、外侧丘系复旦大学医学院2004年解剖学（博士）一、名词解释：（5分/题）1.ptreon;2.结膜穹窿；3.房间隔4.岛叶5.limibic system6.bala7.梨状窝8.venous angle9.髌韧带10.关节盘二、问答题：（10分/题）1.试述内耳的结构组成。
2.内囊的结构和受损后的症状。
3.男性小骨盆与女性小骨盆里都有什么器官，有何区别？4.人体有多少消化腺，其位置形态分泌腺的名称和作用。
四川大学华西医院2007考博题局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，（还有一个想不起了）二、问答题：（9选7）1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影（至少10个）5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7. 腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置2004年湘雅博士入学考试试题局部解剖学名词解释（每题5分，共30分）硬膜外隙（腔）；腹股沟管；Willis环（cerebral arterial circle）bronchopulmonary segment；thoracic duct；鞍上池论述题（1、2题必答，每题18分；3、4、5题任选两题，每题17分）1、颈内动脉的行程、分段及分支分布2、后纵隔的位置、结构及毗邻关系3、髂关节的结构、功能、血供及神经支配4、尿道球部损伤尿液外渗的解剖学基础5、论述肝段划分的理论依据及临床意义苏州大学2004年博士入学解剖试题第一题为必答题，然后从其他题目中选4道题目回答。
各院校历年考博解剖真题
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1995年1. 心脏的血供。
2. 胃的静脉和淋巴回流。
3. 眼的神经支配。
4. 颈部的淋巴回流。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1996年1. 眼的神经支配。
2. 内囊的位置和后肢损伤后的表现。
3. 肾脏的位置和毗邻。
4. 腋窝淋巴结分布及回流。
5. 腹膜附属结构、大小网膜的功能。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1997年1．神经元的形态分类。
2．眼眶内的静脉、神经分布。
3．三角肌、前踞肌、背阔肌的起止、功能和神经支配。
4．本体感觉传导通路，为什么小脑损害会引起指鼻不准、走路蹒跚。
5．腹膜和腹膜囊的构成韧带和窝。
6．上下腔静脉的构成、之间的吻合、临床意义。
7．腋动脉的分段，分支供应的器官和伴随神经支配的器官。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1998年1．臂丛神经分支(5支)的分布。
2．腹股沟管的结构、通过的神经。
3．甲状腺的血供、静脉回流。
4．心脏的血供、静脉回流。
5．头面部本体感觉传导通路、交叉上下损害的特点。
6．眼的神经、动脉。
7．咽腔组成，鼻咽癌的好发部位。
8．食管的行程及三个狭窄生理意义。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖1999年1．以肩关节为例叙述关节的基本结构和附属结构。
2．眼动脉的分支和静脉回流。
3．瞳孔对光反射的路径；一侧视神经和动眼神经损伤的表现。
4．脑干特殊内脏运动神经核名称、位置，纤维组成颅神经的分布。
5．颈外动脉在颈部的分支、起止、走行和分布。
6．腹膜后间隙定义、范围和脏器。
7．臀部神经的分层，经梨状肌上孔的神经、血管及相对的供应和支配。
8．直肠肛管上下的动脉、静脉和神经的特点。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2000年1、臂丛的神经分支及分布。
2、上颌动脉的走行和分支。
3、腹腔淋巴结的分布和范围。
4、脑干网状结构的形态和功能。
5、心脏的形态、位置、毗邻、动静脉及神经支配。
6、下丘脑的主要核团及分泌激素。
7、子宫的固定装置。
中山医科大学博士入学考试试题解剖2002年六选五1、叙述眼内、外肌的神经支配和功能。
南方医科大学神经解剖学2009,2012,2014--2019年考博真题
5.大脑动脉环的组成及意义。
6.T6脊髓半损伤的临表，解释原因。
7.腓总神经的起源，走行，损伤后的临表，并解释。
8.以下部位损伤的临表及原因：1左大脑中央前回上1/3和中央旁小叶。2左颞上回后部(22区)
二、论述题：5选3(60分)
1.瞳孔对光反射的传导通路，各部位损伤的临表。
3、是个急性心肌梗死的病人，问心脏的位置和毗邻结构，左冠状动脉的来源、主要分支及其走形分布情况，何谓急性心肌梗死。
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经解剖学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
1.颈丛的位置，组成，分布，皮支名称，浅出部位。
2.左手示指被刺痛，其传导通路，及最终到达部位。
3.内囊的构成，分布，传导束，损伤后的临表。
4.臂丛的组成及分支，五大分支各支配的肌群。
5.四肢痛温觉的传导通路，脊髓半损伤的临表，并解释原因。
4.从膝跳反射，你能得到哪些诊断信息?
南方医科大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经外科-神经解剖
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题
1.神经活动的形式是什么？其结构基础是？
2.是否可根据脊柱损伤来推断脊髓损伤节段？
3.光反射的传导通路？
4.内囊血肿会损伤那些结构，其结果？
第二大类为问答题，共四大题，选做三题，每题20分
1.海绵窦的位置极其毗邻
2.颈静脉空内的结构极其排列顺序
3.内囊的血供极其特点
4.脊髓阶段和椎体的对应关系；第10胸椎骨折损害哪些节段？
南方医科大学历年考博真题人体解剖学
南⽅医科⼤学历年考博真题⼈体解剖学南⽅医科⼤学解剖历年真题1998年1、椎⾻间连接的有关结构名称2、髂内动脉的分⽀名称3、按肝内管道系统介绍肝的分叶和分段4、分布⾄颅顶的动脉和神经系统名称5、臂丛神经的组成分⽀6、运动髋关节的肌⾁名称、作⽤和神经⽀配7、急性脑疝形成的解剖学基础1999年⼀、必答题1、髋关节属于何类型关节？能做哪些运动？写出各运动作⽤的肌名称。
2、按顺序写出各⼼腔名称及该⼼腔内主要结构名称3、写出肺肝肾三个重要器官的结构分段名称4、写出12对脑神经名称、进出颅部位、与脑链接部位、纤维成分性质。
5、腋窝的境界，主要内容名称及临床意义。
⼆、选答题1、⾯部浅层的结构2、⼿背部⽪肤筋膜的结构特点2004年1、神经⼲细胞2、腹股沟三⾓3、肋膈隐窝4、股疝和斜疝的解剖学特点5、腕管的构成和其中的结构6、⽓官前间隙的组成和其中的结构7、股三⾓的构成和结构8、眶上裂通过的结构和功能2006年肘窝的组成，边界结构，内容物的排列关系胸长神经⽀配的肌⾁眼球中膜内包含的结构椎⾻的连接⽅式开⼝于下⿐道的结构胸膜的神经⽀配特点和胸膜炎时为何颈肩痛阴部神经通过何种结构通过腹股沟管的神经从解剖⾓度分析斜疝和直疝的区别胆总管的分段和各段的吡邻关系尺，挠，正中神经损伤后的表现尿道球部，前列腺部，膜部损伤后尿液渗⼊的间隙关于腹股沟管⽪下环的说法⾯神经和腮腺的关系及⾯神经出腮腺后的分⽀头顶部的神经⾎管分布及其分布范围窦房结动脉的分⽀来源⼩⽹膜构成及其内包含的结构肾的3层被膜及其意义脊髓的3层被膜及其特点构成肛直肠环的结构防⽌⼦宫左右移动的韧带膀胱后的结构及膀胱尖后的结构（男和⼥）紧张声带及缩⼩声门的肌⾁甲状腺被膜的构成颈部的筋膜脑神经后不是双侧神经来源的是集合淋巴滤泡分布的部位视神经盘的说明病历题：动眼神经损伤，可能同时伴有滑车神经损伤⾯神经颅内及颅外分⽀三叉神经脊束核通过丘脑的部位踝管及其内通过的结构内侧丘系的构成椎动脉，甲状腺上下动脉的来源2008年选择题单选，多选。
南方医科大学神经解剖学2015年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经解剖学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题 1.简述硬膜外血肿形成的解剖学基础 2.简述四脑室毗邻及沟通 3.简述硬膜外隙的位置及内容 4.简述蝶鞍的位置及组成? 5.简述脑底动脉环（wills 环）的位置及组成 6.语言中枢类别及位置 二、论述题 1.描述颈静脉孔形态，构成，毗邻及意义? 2.描述内囊位置，哪些传导束? 3.小脑扁桃体疝形成的原因及后果? 4.从膝跳反射，你能得到哪些诊断信息?
南方医科大学病理生理学2003--2005,2012--2019年考博真题
南方医科大学2003年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：1、热限2、缺氧诱导因子3、脑死亡4、阴离子间隙二、问答题：1、DIC时为什么不用止血药止血？2、什么是EPO？它在体内的病理生理作用？3、各型休克为什么都要进行补液？南方医科大学2004年病理生理学（博士）一、选择题：40题×1分A1、A2、B、X型二、简答题：4题×5分1.简述GABA在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致PaCO2升高？3.简述DIC时出血的机制4.肾性高血压的发病机制三、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克I 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：PH 7.26，PaCO2 65.5, HCO3－30,CL－92, Na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）南方医科大学2005年病理生理学（专基）（博士）1.请简述肾素——血管紧张素系统2.请简述第二心音固定分裂的病理生理基础3.请简述心室舒张充盈受阻的病理生理基础4.请简述心源性休克的病理基础5.请简述环形运动折返的三个条件6.请描述心肌收缩和舒张的基本过程，并从而阐述心力衰竭发生的基本机制。
7.请描述酸中毒对心肌收缩力的影响。
8.临床对心力衰竭病人检测心率的基本意义是什么？9.休克早期病人通过什么途径代偿血压的下降？10.请区分SIRS、Sepsis和Septic shock的概念。
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题1、健康与疾病关系，有哪些影响因素2、DIC诱因有哪些，其影响机制如何3、左心衰与右心衰引起水肿的异同4、SIRS、MODS为什么均是肺先受累5、第二信使6、VEC抗凝血与促凝血的机制二、问答题1、失血性休克从代偿到失代偿的机制？从中可以给临床什么启示2、心功能的定义及判断指标3、何为蛋白质修饰？对细胞传导的影响三、病例分析题题目太长，大意是外伤后的一个年轻人表现为肾功能进行性恶化，少尿、肺部病变、昏迷、代谢性酸中毒、多器官功能衰竭。
(word完整版)南方医科大学考博解剖学真题(带答案)
南方医科大学人体解剖学真题简答题:1、肩关节的构成，结构特点和运动方式由肱骨头与肩胛骨关节盂构成，也称盂肱关节,属球窝关节。
其结构特点是：肱骨头大，关节盂浅而小,关节盂周缘有盂唇来加深关节窝,但仍仅能容纳关节头的1／4－l／3。
关节囊薄而松弛。
关节囊的上壁有喙肱韧带，连于喙突至肱骨大结节之间，囊的前壁和后壁也有许多肌腱加入，以增加关节的稳固性。
囊的下壁相对最为薄弱.故肩关节脱位时，肱骨头容易发生前下方脱位。
肱二头肌长头腱穿过关节腔。
肩关节为全身运动最灵活的关节，可作屈和伸，收和展，旋内和旋外运动以及环转运动（三轴运动).臂外展超过40—60°,继续抬高至180°时,常伴随胸锁、肩锁关节的运动及肩胛骨的旋转运动2、甲状腺手术切口的层次关系问：甲状腺手术入路经过哪些层次？这些层次有哪些形态特点?（复旦)如果甲状腺肿大能影响哪些局部器官? （复旦）经过的层次：皮肤——浅筋膜（含颈阔肌)—-封套筋膜-—舌骨下肌群（胸骨舌骨肌—-胸骨甲状肌）——气管前筋膜-—甲状腺真被膜——甲状腺实质。
毗邻:左右两侧叶的后内侧临近喉与气管，咽与食管以及喉返神经，侧叶的后外侧与颈动脉鞘及颈交感干相邻，甲状腺侧叶后面有两对扁圆形的甲状旁腺。
当甲状腺肿大时,如向后压迫，可出现呼吸、吞咽困难和声音嘶哑：如向后外方压迫交感干时．可出现Horner综合征，即瞳孔缩小、眼裂变窄(上睑下垂）及眼球内陷等。
侧叶的后内侧与喉和气管、咽和食管以及喉返神经等相邻；侧叶的后外侧与颈动脉鞘及鞘内的颈总动脉、颈内静脉和迷走神经，以及位于椎前筋膜深面的颈交感干相邻。
3、子宫的形态，分部和固定装置问:子宫的位置,形态,分部，动、静脉来源、淋巴回流？（华西2001）试述子宫的形态、位置、姿势和固定装置。
（华西2002、2003）位置:子宫位于盆腔中部，前为膀胱，后为直肠，两侧有输卵管、卵巢及子宫阔韧带,下接阴道.成年正常女性子宫为前倾前屈位。
南方医科大学局解试卷（AB）
南方医科大学局解试卷（AB）A卷单项选择题1．通常可摸到足背动脉搏动的部位紧靠( ) A．长伸肌腱外侧B．长伸肌腱内侧C．胫骨前肌内侧D．趾长伸肌腱外侧E．内踝前方2．支配下肢的神经中，不是由腰丛发出的是( )A．股外侧皮神经B．坐骨神经C．股神经D．闭孔神经E．生殖股神经3．坐骨直肠窝的外侧壁由下列结构共同构成，但除外( )A．坐骨结节B．坐骨棘C．闭孔内肌D．闭孔筋膜E．骶结节韧带4．在食管与气管之间左侧沟内上行的结构是( )A．左迷走神经B．左头臂静脉C．左膈神经D．左喉返神经E．左交感干5．主动脉弓下方的结构应除外( )A．动脉韧带B．左喉返神经C．肺动脉及肺动脉杈D．左膈神经E．左主支气管6．主动脉弓左前方的结构应除外( )A．左纵隔胸膜B．左膈神经C．左肺D．左迷走神经E．左喉返神经7．沿胸廓内血管排列的淋巴结是( )A．肋间淋巴结B．纵隔前淋巴结C．胸骨旁淋巴结D．隔上淋巴结E．胸肌间淋巴结(Rotter结)8．胫神经、胫后血管穿踝管处行经( ) A．胫骨后肌与内踝之间B．趾长屈肌与长屈肌之间C．胫骨后肌与趾长屈肌之间D．胫骨后肌与跟腱之间E．胫骨后肌与长屈肌之间9．锁胸筋膜是指( )A．张于喙突、锁骨下肌、胸小肌之间的筋膜B．张于胸大肌与锁骨之间的筋膜C．张于胸大肌与锁骨下肌之间的筋膜D．连于胸大、小肌之间的筋膜E．锁骨与胸大、小肌之间的筋膜10．手术中结扎甲状腺下动脉时应( ) A．紧贴甲状腺下极结扎B．远离甲状腺下极结扎C．甲状腺侧叶内侧D．在甲状腺峡部结扎E．以上都不正确11．关于腘血管的叙述，下列哪项是正确的?( )A．至腘肌下缘处分为胫前、后动脉B．与隐神经伴行C．位于半膜肌的浅面D．与坐骨神经伴行E．在腘窝内只发出关节支，参与形成膝关节网12．关于胸长神经的叙述，正确的是( ) A．在胸外侧血管前方，支配胸小肌B．与肩胛下血管伴行，支配肩胛下肌C．与胸上动脉伴行，支配三角肌D．与旋肱后血管伴行，支配三角肌E．在胸外侧血管后方，支配前锯肌13．不是肝的脏面毗邻的结构( )A．右肾B．右肾上腺C．十二指肠上部D．左肾上腺E．幽门14．阑尾动脉直接起自( )A．中结肠动脉B．右结肠动脉C．回结肠动脉D．肠系膜上动脉E．肠系膜下动脉15．不与肝的膈面相邻的结构( )A．右肋膈隐窝B．右肺底C．心D．膈E．左肺底16．关于胸主动脉的毗邻，正确的是( ) A．右为左纵隔胸膜B．右侧有奇静脉C．前方有心包后壁和食管D．后方为左肺根E．前方有胸导管17．食管后隐窝是( )A．由左纵隔胸膜在左肺根下方突入食管与胸导管之间形成B．由左纵隔胸膜在左肺根上方突入食管与脊柱之间形成C．由右纵隔胸膜在肺根下方突入食管与奇静脉、胸导管之间D．由右纵隔胸膜在右肺根上方突入食管与奇静脉、胸导管之E．食管与胸主动脉、脊柱之间的空隙18．关于颈动脉三角边界的叙述，正确的是A．由二腹肌后腹、胸锁乳突肌上份前缘、肩胛舌骨肌上腹围B．由二腹肌后腹、胸锁乳突肌下份前缘、肩胛舌骨肌上腹围C．由二腹肌后腹、胸锁乳突肌上份前缘、肩胛舌骨肌下腹围D．由二腹肌后腹、胸锁乳突肌上份后缘、肩胛舌骨肌下腹围E．由二腹肌后腹、胸锁乳突肌下份后缘、肩胛舌骨肌下腹围19．足背第1趾蹼及第1、2趾相对缘皮肤感觉缺失，可能是伤及( )A．胫神经B．隐神经C．足背内侧皮神经D．腓浅神经E．腓深神经20．某男童，4岁。
2019全国博士考试病生真题-10页文档资料
2009年全国医学博士入学考试专业基础（病理生理学）一、选择题（1分X40）A型30道，B型5道，X型5道二、简答题（5分X4）1、左心衰竭出现夜间阵发性呼吸困难的机制。
2、ARDS出现I型呼吸衰竭的机制。
3、肾性贫血的机制。
4、产科意外导致DIC的机制。
三、论述题（10分X4）1、一位流感病人体温39.7C，试述其发热的基本机制。
2、缺氧的类型以及各型的血氧指标的变化。
3、病例分析题，考水、电解质、酸解平衡紊乱的。
4、假神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用。
09病生1. 恶性肿瘤发生过程中有哪些细胞调控障碍？原因？2. 细胞信号转导异常的环节有哪些？3. 低钾血症对机体的影响？4. 自由基在缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？5. 血液性缺氧的原因及血气变化？6. 何谓抑癌基因？举例说明其失活机制。
7. 肝功能异常时血氨升高的原因？8. 原发性高血压中有哪些离子转运障碍？有什么结果？9. DIC引起休克的机制？10. 患者车祸后，表情淡漠，面色青灰，血压70/50mmHg，脉快，补液后尿量≤30ml/24h。
该患者处于哪一时期？发生机理？08病生1.哪些因素可以引起细胞信号转导异常？2.何谓水中毒？产生机制与对机体的影响？3.呼酸的发生原因基对机体的影响？4.低张性缺氧的原因血氧变化特点?5.DIC的主要临床表现？产生机制？6.钙超载在心肌缺血-再灌损伤中的作用？7.主要细胞癌基因的致癌机制?8.心衰使兴奋-收缩偶偶联障碍机制?9.女，65岁，支气管哮喘15年，近来呼吸困难加重，且出现嗜睡等表现，血气PaCO2 75mmHg ，PaO2 50mmHg。
试述患者发生上述临床表现的机制？10.男，22岁，因胆囊炎滴注庆大霉素4周后出现少尿，恶心，呕吐等症状，PH7.25 BE-15mm ol/l PaCO2 28mmHg, SB 18 mmHg, K 6.8 mmol/l ,BUN 25.8 mmol/l.试述该患者有哪些病理生理过程，是怎样发生的？南方医科大学2019年病理生理学（博士）一、简答题：4题×5分_1.简述gaba在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致paco2升高？:3.简述dic时出血的机制TY M6P"_Ep4.肾性高血压的发病机制二、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克i 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：ph 7.26，paco2 65.5, hco3－30,cl－92, na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）2009年病理生理题目：简答题：1．肾性贫血发病机制2．产科意外导致DIC机制3．阵发性夜间呼吸困难的发病机制4．ARDS发生1型呼吸衰竭的机制问答题：1．感染发热的机制2．缺氧的类型以及血液氧指标的变化3．病例分析（酮症酸中毒），写出该病例的水、电介质、酸碱平衡混乱的类型及机制4．假性神经递质在肝性脑病发病中的作用2009年中山大学博士入学考试病理生理学专业基础真题！一、名词解释（5分一个）1、paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea2、SIRS3、stress disease4、renal tubular acidosis二简答题（20分一个）1、DIC引起出血的发病机制。
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南方医科大学2019年解剖考博真题
简答题1.海绵窦的交通。
2.肋间血管和神经的走形，以及胸膜炎行胸膜腔穿刺的最佳定位。
3.肝门静脉与上腔静脉下腔静脉瓣如何沟通
4.肾脏的毗邻，做经腹膜外入路肾脏手术应该注意勿损伤什么器官，组织。
5.做腰穿分别经过的解剖层次。
6.肩关节的构成，肩关节容易向什么方向脱位，为什么？
病例分析，第一题:一个病人出现发烧、寒战、腹痛，做胆道造影，诊断为胆管结石。
问胆汁如何产生的，是如何进入十二指肠的，以及进入十二指肠要经过的生理狭窄。
做经右腹直肌切口暴露胆总管要经过的解剖层次，要注意勿损伤的器官以及毗邻关系。
第二题，一个小孩子发烧寒颤啊，然后出现发干呼吸困难，三凹征，吸氧，使用抗生素没有明显的效果，然后就做了气管切开，病情好转。
提问患儿为什么会出现呼吸困难，喉梗阻，为什么要做气管切开，气管切开要注意不要损伤哪些器官组织？气管切开采用什么体位，为什么？气管切开暴露气管要经过的解剖层次？
第三题，骨科题目，具体忘记了。
第四题，心脏瓣膜炎，感冒后出现心肌心尖区梗塞，问栓子如何通过到达心尖区，心尖搏动的位置。
第五题:肱骨外科颈解剖特点，为何容易骨折。
肱骨外科颈骨折容易损伤什么神经，以及损伤后出现什么症状。