新东方四级讲义

第一课时开场白综合测试：完型填空或改错文章简答或句子翻译完型填空改错一天至少要背100个单词早晨50个，晚上50个重复在阅读中记忆单词单词一、记单词的方法（不择手段记单词）1、编故事family, innocent, schedule, scream quality - quantity adopt - adapt ash/bush/cash/abash/crash/clash/smash2、加减1-3个字母，找熟悉的单词编故事generate, general account, appointment, attention, arrangement take into account = take into consideration account for on account ofcount count in 把...算在内count out 把...不算在内count up 总计through go through 浏览，贯穿read through 浏览through 使病人等等度过困难期或危险期over come over 从远处走过来fly over 从远处飞过来pull pull out 拔掉，拔出；使车辆、船等等驶出、滑出pull through 帮助病人恢复知觉或康复pull up 使车辆等等停下来pull over 使车船等等闪到一边3、根据单词的读音即谐音式记单词curse + at sentimental efficient reluctant = unwillingambition arbitrary4、词根、词缀记单词re: = again review, revisit, revise= back return, reject, reverseen: enable, enrich, enlarge entitle entitle sb. to do sth. entitle sb. to sth.trans: transport, transplant, transform, transfer transmit transmission5、记忆单词生活化robust = very strong rejoice 轻松，高兴，快乐breeze 微风轻拂print transaction 交易withdraw = take back 收回，取回deposit 存款buckle up super supreme ingredient6、联想式记忆单词spot - spit span - spin fierce - pierce第二课时二、常考的高频单词字母排列顺序1、出现频率特别高a: ab-/abs-/ac-/ad-/ag-/af-/as- s: sub-/subs- t: trans-/te-/tr- c: con-/com-/co-/col-/cor- r: re-i: im-/in-/ir-/il- b: p: pre-/pro- e: ex-/en- d: dis-/de-2、从来不考的x y z j k q三、词汇测试重点1、同义词和近义词辨析read 看书watch 看电视、足球比赛see 看电影、戏剧look at 看黑板vacant 暂时没有充满而空；暂时没有占用而空bare 土地光秃秃的blank 因为没写字而空hollow 空心的- soild（反）empty 空空如也的2、形相近、意相远词的辨析con- consequently 结果是continuously 不断地，连续不停地constantly 始终如一地consistently 一贯地3、动词词组及动词短语4、介词短语完形填空一、完形填空考什么？1、词汇1）单词a）四个不相干词辨析b）同义词、近义词辨析c）形近词辨析2）词组a）四个不相干动词词组的辨析b）相同动词+不同介、副词的辨析c）不同动词+相同介、副词的辨析d）固定搭配2、语法3、上下文的逻辑关系1）词汇2）语法二、完形填空解题方法1、运用语篇知识解题1）利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息第三课时Historians tend to tell the same joke when they are describing history education in America. It's the one _51_ the teacher standing in the schoolroom door _52_ goodbye to students for the summer and calling _53_ them, "By the way, we won World War II."The problem with the joke, of course, is that it's _54_ funny. The recent surveys on _55_ illiteracy (无知) are beginning to numb(令人震惊): nearly one third of American 17-year-olds cannot even _56_ which countries the United States _57_ against in that war. One third have no _58_ when the Declaration of Independence was _59_. One third thought Columbus reached the New World after 1750. Two thirds cannot correctly _60_ the Civil War between 1850 and 1900. _61_ when they get the answers right, some are _62_ guessing.Unlike math or science, ignorance of history cannot be _63_ connected to loss of international _64_. But it does affect our future _65_ a democratic nation and as individuals.The _66_ news is that there is growing agreement _67_ what is wrong with the _68_ of history and what needs to be _69_ to fix it. The steps are tentative (尝试性的) _70_ yet to be felt in most classrooms.51. [A] about [B] in [C] for [D] by52. [A] shaking [B] waving [C] nodding [D] speaking53. [A] in [B] after [C] for [D] up54. [A] rarely [B] so [C] too [D] not55. [A] historical [B] educational [C] cultural [D] political56. [A] distinguish [B] acknowledge [C] identify [D] convey57. [A] defeated [B] attacked [C] fought [D] struck58. [A] sense [B] doubt [C] reason [D] idea59. [A] printed [B] signed [C] marked [D] edited60. [A] place [B] judge [C] get [D] lock61. [A] Even [B] Though [C] Thus [D] So62. [A] hardly [B] just [C] still [D] ever63. [A] exclusively [B] practically [C] shortly [D] directly64. [A] competitiveness [B] comprehension [C] community [D] commitment65. [A] of [B] for [C] with [D] as66. [A] fine [B] nice [C] surprising [D] good67. [A] to [B] with [C] on [D] of68. [A] consulting [B] coaching [C] teaching [D] instructing69. [A] done [B] dealt [C] met [D] reached70. [A] therefore [B] or [C] and [D] asWise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The 51 you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually 52 you money or can add53 the cost.Take the 54 example of a hairdryer. If you are buying a hairdryer, you might 55you are making the 56 buy if you choose one 57 look you like and which is also the cheapest 58 price. But when you get it home you may find that it 59 twice as long as a more expensive 60 to dry your hair. The cost of the electricity plus the cost of your time could well 61 your hairdryer the most expensive one of all.So what principles should you 62 when you go out shopping?If you_ 63 your home, your car or any valuable 64 in excellent condition, you'll be saving money in the long 65Before you buy a new 66 , talk to someone who owns one.If you can,use it or borrow it to check it suits your particular 67 .Before you buy an expensive 68 ,or a service,do check the price and 69 is on offer. If possible, choose 70 three items or three estimates.51. A) form B) fashion C) way D) method52. A) save B) preserve C) in D) similar53. A) up B) to C) in D) on54. A) easy B) single C) simple D) similar55. A) convince B) accept C) examine D) think56. A) proper B) best C) reasonable D) most57. A) its B) which C) whose D) what58. A) for B) with C) in D) on59. A) spends B) takes C) lasts D) consumes60. A) mode B) copy C) sample D)model61. A) cause B) make C) leave D) prove62. A) adopt B) lay C) stick D) adapt63. A)reserve B) decorate C) store D) keep64. A) products B) possession C) material D) ownership65. A) run B) interval C) period D) time66. A) appliance B) equipment C) utility D) facility67. A) function B) purpose C) goal D) task68. A) component B) element C) item D) particle69. A) what B) which C) that D) this70. A) of B) in C) by D) fromA language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.Let's look at this 51 in more detail because it is language, more than anything else, 52 distinguishes man from the rest of the 53 world.Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by 54 of cries: for example, many birds utter 55 calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter 56 cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. 57 these various means of communication differ in important ways 58 human language. For instance, animals' cries do not 59 thought s and feelings clearly. This means basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that 60 us to divide a human utterance into 61 .We can change an utterance by 62 one word in it with 63 : a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g ., "tanks approaching from the north", 64 who can change one word and say "aircraft approaching from the north" or "tanks approaching from the west"; but a bird has a single alarm cry, 65 means "danger!"This is why the number of 66 that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case 67 point; it has about twenty different calls, 68 in human language the number of possible utterances is 69 . It also explai ns why animal cries are very 70 in meaning.51.A) classification B) definition C) function D) perception52.A) that B) it C) as D) what53.A) native B) human C) physical D) animal54.A) ways B) means C) methods D) approaches55.A) mating B) exciting C) warning D) boring56.A) identical B) exciting C) different D) unfamiliar57.A) But B) Therefore C) Afterwards D) Furthermore58.A) about B) with C) from D) in59.A) infer B) explain C) interpret D) express60.A) encourage B) enables C) enforces D) ensures61.A) speeches B) sounds C) words D) voices62.A) replacing B) spelling C) pronouncing D) saying63.A) ours B) theirs C) another D) others64.A) so B) and C) but D) or65.A) this B) that C) which D) it66.A) signs B) gestures C) signals D) marks67.A) in B) at C) of D) for68.A) whereas B) since C) anyhow D) somehow69.A) boundless B) changeable C) limitless D) ceaseless70.A) ordinary B) alike C) common D) general2）分析认识文章结构，理解领会文章各部分、各层次之间的逻辑关系并列关系：and, or转折关系：but, however, nevertheless, whereas, whileOne summer night, on my way home from work I decided to see a movie. I knew the theatre would be air-conditioned and I couldn't face my 51 apartment.Sitting in the theatre I had to look through the 52 between the two tall heads in front of me. I had to keep changing the 53 every time she leaned over to talk to him, 54 he leaned over to kiss her. Why do Americans display such 55 in a public place?I thought the movie would be good for my English, but 56 it turned out, it was an Italian movie. 57 about an hour I decided to give up on the movie and 58 on my popcorn ( 爆玉米花). I've never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tastedpretty good, 59 . After a while I heard 60 more of the romantic-sounding Italians. I just heard the 61 of the popcorncrunching ( 咀嚼) between my teeth. My thought started to 62 . I remembered when I was in South Korea (韩国), I 63 to watch Kojak on TV frequently. He spoke perfect Korean - I was really amazed. He seemed like a good friend tome, 64 _ I saw him again in New York speaking 65 . English instead of perfect Korean. He didn't even have a Korean accent and I 66 like I had been betrayed.When our family moved to the United States six years ago, none of us spoke any English.67 we had begun to learn a few words, my mother suggested that we all should speak English at home. Everyone agreed, but our house became very 68 and we all seemed to avoid each other. We sat at the dinner table in silence, prefer-ring that to 69 . in a difficult language. Mother tried to say something in English but it 70 out all wrong and we all burst into laughter and decided to forget it! We've been speaking Korean at home ever since.51. A) warm B) hot C) heated D) cool52. A) crack B) blank C) break D) opening53. A) aspect B) view C) space D) angle54. A) while B) whenever C) or D) and55. A) attraction B) attention C) affection D) motion56. A) since B) when C) what D) as57. A) Within B) After C) For D) Over58. A) concentrate B) chew C) fix D) taste59. A) too B) still C) though D) certainly60. A) much B) any C) no D) few61. A) voice B) sound C) rhythm D) tone62. A) wonder B) wander C) imagine D) depart63. A) enjoyed B) happened C) turn D) used64. A)until B) because C) then D) therefore65. A) artificial B) informal C) perfect D) practical66. A) felt B) looked C) seemed D) appeared67. A) While B) If C) Before D) Once68. A) empty B) quiet C) stiff D) calm69. A) telling B) uttering C) saying D) speaking70. A) worked B) got C) came D) made让步关系：although, though, despite, in spite ofAlthough most people in the United States no longer live on farms, but the ideal of home ownership is just as S26 ________ strong in the twentieth century as it was in the nineteenth.因果关系：due to, owing to, thanks to, because of because, since, as, for so, therefore, thus, as a resultThe audit results from improvement in the frequency of majority representation and their portrayal in neutral or positive situations. And, with a S30 ____ result, the Seattle Times has improved as a newspaper.条件关系：if, whether unless = if ... not, provided that, providing that suppose that, supposing that解释关系：i.e., for example, for instance, in other words, that is to sayIn Africa, by instance, improved seed, more S27 _____ fertilizer and advanced growing practices have more than double corn and wheat yields in an experiment.顺序关系：before, after, first, second, then, next, finally3）利用上下文寻找解题信息4）排除法5）代入法6）固定搭配a role ____ in A) displayed B) delayed C) replayed D) played7）生活常识解题法综述上述方法，以两条主线做完形填空文章主题主题句段落主题主线词汇一致一致关系语法一致上下文逻辑关系一致三、做完形填空注意事项1、时间分配共15分钟：2－3分钟浏览5－8分钟做题（先易后难）10分钟后再检查2、不要轻易改答案3、学会放弃Historians tend to tell the same joke when they are describing history education in America. It's the one _51_ the teacher standing in the schoolroom door _52_ goodbye to students for the summer and calling _53_ them, "By the way, we won World War II."The problem with the joke, of course, is that it's _54_ funny. The recent surveys on _55_ illiteracy (无知) are beginning to numb(令人震惊): nearly one third of American 17-year-olds cannot even _56_ which countries the United States _57_ against in that war. One third have no _58_ when the Declaration of Independence was _59_. One third thought Columbus reached the New World after 1750. Two thirds cannot correctly _60_ the Civil War between 1850 and 1900._61_ when they get the answers right, some are _62_ guessing.Unlike math or science, ignorance of history cannot be _63_ connected to loss of international _64_. But it does affect our future _65_ a democratic nation and as individuals.The _66_ news is that there is growing agreement _67_ what is wrong with the _68_ of history and what needs to be _69_ to fix it. The steps are tentative (尝试性的) _70_ yet to be felt in most classrooms.51. [A] about [B] in [C] for [D] by52. [A] shaking [B] waving [C] nodding [D] speaking53. [A] in [B] after [C] for [D] up54. [A] rarely [B] so [C] too [D] not55. [A] historical [B] educational [C] cultural [D] political56. [A] distinguish [B] acknowledge [C] identify [D] convey57. [A] defeated [B] attacked [C] fought [D] struck58. [A] sense [B] doubt [C] reason [D] idea59. [A] printed [B] signed [C] marked [D] edited60. [A] place [B] judge [C] get [D] lock61. [A] Even [B] Though [C] Thus [D] So62. [A] hardly [B] just [C] still [D] ever63. [A] exclusively [B] practically [C] shortly [D] directly64. [A] competitiveness [B] comprehension [C] community [D] commitment65. [A] of [B] for [C] with [D] as66. [A] fine [B] nice [C] surprising [D] good67. [A] to [B] with [C] on [D] of68. [A] consulting [B] coaching [C] teaching [D] instructing69. [A] done [B] dealt [C] met [D] reached70. [A] therefore [B] or [C] and [D] as52、wave goodbye to sb. 向某人挥手说再见shake 摇动，晃动shake one's hands / shake the hands with sb.nod 点头speak 说（某种语言）53、call after 在某人身后大声喊着after you 您先请come after 跟踪而至go after 跟在后边走teenager guy gay 男性同性恋；高兴的，快乐的call in 约请，约见call for = need 需求call up 号召，召集call off 取消第四课时54、rarely adv. 很少地，罕见地57、fight against 跟...打fight for / withdefeat vt. 击败attack 攻击，进攻attack onstrike 打击，撞击strike a match 划火柴56、distinguish vi. distinguish A from Backnowledge 承认identify 辨别，辨认，识别identity n. 本身，同一，本体，身份identification n.convey convey sth. to sb.58、sense 明白59、sign 签名，签署；n. 迹象；属相，星座mark v. 做标记；n. 标记label 标签；v. 贴标签stick to 坚持stick to the end 坚持到底stung / stuck / bitten / scracthed sting 蜜蜂蛰人bite 咬scratch 猫抓人63、exclusively 排除地，排他地includepractically 实际地shortly 短暂地directly 直接地indirectly 间接地64. competitiveness 竞争comprehension 理解community 社区commitment overcharge 多收钱67、agree + to do 同意做某事+ with sb. 同意某人的建议+ on sth. 就某事达成一致68、consult 咨询coach 训练Wise buying is a positive way in which you can make your money go further. The 51 you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually 52 you money or can add53 the cost.Take the 54 example of a hairdryer. If you are buying a hairdryer, you might 55you are making the 56 buy if you choose one 57 look you like and which is also the cheapest 58 price. But when you get it home you may find that it 59 twice as long as a more expensive 60 to dry your hair. The cost of the electricity plus the cost of your time could well 61 your hairdryer the most expensive one of all.So what principles should you 62 when you go out shopping?If you_ 63 your home, your car or any valuable 64 in excellent condition, you'll be saving money in the long 65Before you buy a new 66 , talk to someone who owns one.If you can,use it or borrow it to check it suits your particular 67 .Before you buy an expensive 68 ,or a service,do check the price and 69 is on offer. If possible, choose 70 three items or three estimates.51. A) form B) fashion C) way D) method52. A) save B) preserve C) in D) similar53. A) up B) to C) in D) on54. A) easy B) single C) simple D) similar55. A) convince B) accept C) examine D) think56. A) proper B) best C) reasonable D) most57. A) its B) which C) whose D) what58. A) for B) with C) in D) on59. A) spends B) takes C) lasts D) consumes60. A) mode B) copy C) sample D)model61. A) cause B) make C) leave D) prove62. A) adopt B) lay C) stick D) adapt63. A)reserve B) decorate C) store D) keep64. A) products B) possession C) material D) ownership65. A) run B) interval C) period D) time66. A) appliance B) equipment C) utility D) facility67. A) function B) purpose C) goal D) task68. A) component B) element C) item D) particle69. A) what B) which C) that D) this70. A) of B) in C) by D) from53、add to 增加add up 算出总计，算出总和add in 加进去add on51、the way sb. do sth. 某人做某事的方法form 某事物存在或显现的方式fashion 时尚；个人的一种方式method 有系统性、逻辑性和理论性为依据的方法54、similar 类似的57、which 在定语从句中既起连接作用，又起成分作用（主、宾、表）The book which is written by him is very popular. The book which I want to read is very interesting.She is much kinder to her youngest child than others, which makes the others very angry.c第五课时that The book that is written by him is very popular. The book that I am reading is very interesting. 引导名词性从句The fact that he passed the exam is true. The fact which/that he found was ture. which和that在引导定语从句时的区别：只能用which：非限定性定从只能用that：1、先行词为不定代词时2、先行词如果被不定代词、形容词最高级、序数词及the first/the last/the very/the only修饰时what 引导主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句= all that What I said is right. What is needed is food.I know what you said.I know what is needed. This is what I said. This is what is needed.whose 在定语从句中既起连接作用，又起成分作用（定语）I know a girl whose name is Mary.I like a room whose window faces the south.55、convince 确信convince sb. of sth.59、spend当花费讲时人做主语sb. spend 时间/金钱on/in doing sth. I spent 20 yuan on this book. I spend 2 hours on English.take it takes sb. some time to do sth. It takes him 2 hours to study English.pay pay for sth. pay sb.60、mode mode of sth. model 型号，款式61、cause 引起leave 离开porve 证明make + n. + n. + n. + adj. + sb. do+ make sth. done + it adj. to do sth.65、intervalat interval64、ownership 所有权63、reserve 预订，定购，保留decorate decorate sth. with sth. store 储存66、appliance 工具，器具（执行特殊功能）electrical appliance / household appliances equipment 设备，装备utility 实用，有用；（复数）公用事业facility （复数）器械，设备67、purpose强调近期目标goal强调理想或遥远的目标68、component 组成的部分，零部件element 要素particle 粒子item 产品article / goods / commodityOne summer night, on my way home from work I decided to see a movie. I knew the theatre would be air-conditioned and I couldn’t face my __51__ apartment.Sitting in the theatre I had to look through the __52__ between the two tall heads in front of me. I had to keep changing the __53__ every time she learned over to talk to him, __54__ he leaned over to kiss her. Why do Americans display such __55__ in a public place?I thought the movie would be good for my English, but __56__ it turned out, it was an Italian move. __57__ about an hour I decided to give up on the movie and __58__ on my popcorn (爆玉米花). I’ve never understood why they give you so much popcorn! It tasted pretty good, __59__. After a while I heard __60__ more of the romantic-sounding Italians. I just heard the __61__ of the popcorn crunching (咀嚼) between my teeth. My thought stated to __62__. I remembered when I was is South Korea (韩国), I __63__ to watch Kojak on TV frequently. He spoke perfect Korean — I was really amazed. He seemed like a good friend to me, __64__ I saw him again in New York speaking __65__ English instead of perfect Korean. He didn’t even have a Korean accent and I __66__ like I had been betrayed.When our family moved to the United States six years ago, none of us spoke any English. __67__ we had begun to learn a few words, my mother suggested that we all should speak English at home. Everyone agreed, but our house became very __68__ and we all seemed to avoid each other. We sat at the dinner table in silence, preferring that to __69__ in a difficult language. Mother tried to say something in English but it __70__ out all wrong and we all burst into laughter and decided to forg et it! We’ve been speaking Korean at home ever since.51. A) warm B) hot C) heated D) cool52. A) crack B) blank C) break D) opening53. A) aspect B) view C) space D) angle54. A) while B) whenever C) or D) and55. A) attraction B) attention C) affection D) motion56. A) since B) when C) what D) as57. A) Within B) After C) For D) Over58. A) concentrate B) chew C) fix D) taste59. A) too B) still C) though D) certainly60. A) much B) any C) no D) few61. A) voice B) sound C) rhythm D) tone62. A) wonder B) wander C) imagine D) depart63. A) enjoyed B) happened C) turned D) used64. A) until B) because C) then D) therefore65. A) artificial B) informal C) perfect D) practical66. A)felt B) looked C) seemed D) appeared67. A) While B) If C) Before D) Once68. A) empty B) quiet C) stiff D) calm69. A) telling B) uttering C) saying D) speaking70. A) worked B) got C) came D) made52、crack v. (使)爆裂n. 缝隙split 衣服或裤子撕了opening 空缺，缺口53、aspect 建筑物的方位view 观点space 空间55、motion 运动attractionaffection 喜爱第六课时58、concentrate on 专心致志于fix on 决定，确定chew taste 尝起来61、voice 嗓音rhythm 节奏，运力tone 语调63、enjoy + doing 喜欢做某事happen to do 碰巧turn to 求助于used to do 过去常常68、stiff 生硬的，僵硬的calm 平静的70、work out 解决出，弄出，算出get out 滚出去come out 出来come out 费力的辨认出；开具支票A language is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds (语声), and which is used by a group of people for the purpose of communication.Let’s look at this 51 in more detail because it is language, more than anyt hing else, 52 distinguishes man from the rest of the 53 world.Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another by 54 of cries: for example, many birds utter 55 calls at the approach of danger; monkeys utter 56 cries, such as expressions of anger, fear and pleasure. 57 these various means of communication differ in important ways 58 human language. For instance, animals’ cries do not 59 thoughts and feelings clearly. This means, basically, that they lack structure. They lack the kind of structure that 60 us to divide a human utterance into 61 .We can change an utterance by 62 one word in it with 63 : a good illustration of this is a soldier who can say, e.g., “tanks approaching from the north”, 64 who can change one word and sa y aircraft approaching from the north” or “tanks approaching from the west”; but a bird has a single alarm cry, 65 means “danger!”This is why the number of 66 that an animal can make is very limited: the great tit (山雀) is a case 67 point; it has about twenty different calls, 68 in human language the number of possible utterances is 69 . It also explains why animal cries are very 70 in meaning.51. A) classification B) definition C)function D)perception52. A) that B) it C)as D)what53. A)native B) human C) physical D) animal54. A) ways B) means C) methods D) approaches55. A) mating B) exciting C) warning D) boring56. A) identical B) similar C) different D) unfamiliar57. A) But B)Therefore C) Afterwards D) Furthermore58. A) about B) with C) from D) in59. A) infer B) explain C) interpret D) express60.A) encourages B) enables C) enforces D) ensures61. A) speeches B) sounds C) words D)voices62.A) replacing B) spelling C) pronouncing D)saying63. A)ours B) theirs C) another D) others64. A)so B) and C) but D)or65. A)this B)that C)which D)it66. A)signs B)gestures C)signals D)marks67. A)in B)at C) of D)for68. A) whereas B) since C) anyhow D)somehow69. A) boundless B) changeable C) limitless D) ceaseless70. A) ordinary B) alike C) common D) general54、by means of 借助于55、mating 交配或求偶时发出的声音exciting 兴奋的声音boring 枯燥的声音56、identical 同一的similar 类似的unfamiliar 不熟悉的59、infer 推理interpret 说明61、speech 演讲sound 声音voice 嗓音60、encourage 1、+ doing 2、+ sb. to do sth. enable + sb. to do sth. enforce + sth. on sb. ensure + sb. sth. / sth. / thatguarantee 1、+ for sb. / sth. 2、+ to do 3、+ that assure 1、+ sb. of sth. 2、+ sb. that insure + against62、replace A with B spell vt. 拼写pronounce 发音say 说69、boundless 无限的changeable 可改变的limitless 无限制的，无度的ceaseless 不停的，不断的改错大纲要求：一、测试词汇二、测试语法三、测试上下文逻辑关系一、词汇错误1、词性错误1）名词与动词的误用arrive - arrival sale - sell approval - approve2）名词与形容词的误用medicine - medical emotion - emotional politics - political3）形容词与副词的误用a、词汇的用法hard - hardly high - highly free - freelyb、语法第七课时2、易混词的误用1）近形（或近音）on the contrary - by contrast adapt - adopt confirm - conform desert - dessert emigrant - immigrant 2）近义besides - except discover - invent noise - voice efficient - effective place - landjob – work3）近形近义like - dislike / unlike late - later - latter - latest cross - across affect - effect continual – continuous3、搭配错误二、语法错误1、时态、语态和虚拟语气1）时态2）语态3）虚拟语气2、主谓不一致1）a number of + 名词复数+ 谓语动词复数形式the number of + 名词复数+ 谓语动词单数第三人称2）单数名词做主语，后面尽管跟介词短语+ 名词复数，谓语用单三3）定语从句中的主谓一致，定语从句中谓语动词与先行词保持一致4）集体名词做主语，谓语根据该集体名词指代对象来确定单复数5）遇到只有复数形式的名词，谓语用复数3、非谓语动词现在分词和过去分词的区别：1）逻辑上的主谓关系2）主句的谓语动词与非谓语动词的动作之间有明显先后关系时，非谓语的谓语动词要用完成时4、连词1）定语从句2）名词性从句3）状语从句5、代词的误用1）纯考代词2）关系代词的误用6、平行结构的错误7、冠词的误用1）冠词的多用2）冠词的漏用3）冠词的误用8、介词的误用9、名词单复数的误用三、上下文逻辑关系错误1、词汇误用2、语法错误注意事项：Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change the word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark ( V ) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank, lf you delete a word, cross out and put a slash (/) in the blank.Culture refers to the social heritage of a people - the learnedpatterns for thinking, feeling and acting that characterize apopulation or society, include the expression of these patterns in S21.__________ material things. Culture is compose of nonmaterial culture S22._ _ abstract creations like values, beliefs, customs and institutionalarrangements - and material culture - physical object like S23. __________ cooking pots, computers and bathtubs. In sum, culture reflectsboth the ideas we share or everything we make. In ordinary S24. __________ speech, a person of culture is the individual can speak another S25. __________ language - the person who is unfamiliar with the arts, music, S26. __________ literature, philosophy, or history. But to sociologists, to behuman is to be cultured, because of culture is the common world S27. __________ of experience we share with other members of our group.Culture is essentially to our humanness. It provides a kind S28. __________ of map for relating to others. Consider how you feel your wayabout social life. How do you know how to act in a classroom,or a department store, or toward a person who smiles or laugh S29. __________ at you? Your culture supplies you by broad, standardized, S30. __________ ready-made answers for dealing with each of these situations.Therefore, if we know a person's culture, we can understandand even predict a good deal of his behavior.第八课时The World Health Organization (WHO) says its ten-yearcampaign to remove leprosy (麻风病) as a world healthproblem has been successful. Doctor Brundtland, head of the。