北京师范大学英语语言学真题2003年.doc
语言学第五章语义学考研真题
Chapter Five: SemanticsI. 名词解释1.（南开大学2001，中山大学2004年考题）hyponymy考点分析：考查“上下义关系”的定义Answer: Hyponymy refers to the sense relations between a more general, more inclusive words and a more specific word. The word that is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are its hyponyms.2. (南开大学2000年考题) sense考点分析：“意义”的定义Answer: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. for example, the word dog is given the definition ―a domestic canine animal, occurring in many breeds that show a great variety in size and form‖. This does not refer to any particular dog that exists in the real world, but applies to any animal that meets the features described in the definition. So this is the sense of the word dog.3. (华南理工大学2004年考题) reference考点分析“所指/参照”的定义Answer: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the nonlinguistic world of experience. If we say ―The dog is barking‖, we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; the word dog refers to a dog known to both speaker and the hearer. This is the reference of the word dog in this particular situation.4.(华南理工大学204年考题) interlanguage考点分析“中介语”的定义Answer: The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. As the name suggests, interlanguage is a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language. It is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner’s native language.5.(中山大学2003年考题)error analysis考点分析：“错误分析”的定义Answer: Error analysis is the study and analysis of error and is confined to the language learner. Here, ―error‖ refers generally to the learner’s grammatical or pragmatic misuse or misunderstanding of the target language.II. 判断正误1.（大连外国语学院2001年考题）―Kids‖and ―children‖are synonyms despite their stylistic difference考点分析：同义关系的辨别Answer: T2. (大连外国语学院2002年考题) In the following pair of sentences, Sentence (a) presupposes Sentence (b)（a）John managed to finish in time（b）John tried to finish in time.考点分析：判断句子之间有何种意义关系Answer: T3. (东南大学2003年考题)If a word has sense, it must have reference.考点分析：考查sense 和reference之间的对应关系.(Note: Every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference.)Answer: F4. (上海外国语大学2000年考题) Regardless of their ethnic and cultural backgrounds, children of all colors and societies follow roughly the same route/order of language development, though they may differ in the rate of learning.考点分析：语言习得过程的普遍特点Answer: T5. (吉林大学2000年考题)Overgeneralization is a common error made by an early foreign language learner.考点分析：考查“语法规则过度概括”在什么情况下产生。
北京师范大学英语语言学真题2007年_真题-无答案
北京师范大学英语语言学真题2007年(总分200,考试时间90分钟)第一部分：基础题本专业所有方向的考生都必须答此部分试题。
1. Define the following concepts.(1)Phoneme(2)Deep Structure and Surface Structure(3)Speech Act Theory(4)The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis2. Explain why the sentence John saw a girl with a telescope is ambiguous, and explicate the ambiguity by drawing two or more syntactic trees for the sentence.3. What are gradable antonyms? Explain the concept with examples.4. Read the following passage and state what wrong is with the use of "hello" from the socio- cultural perspective.A group of Chinese girls who just arrived at the U.S. for their university education decided to visit the city of New York together. Since their school was not very far from the city, so they planned to take a Grevhound bus to go there at the weekend. Saturday morning, they got up early and after two hours' drive they got to the downtown of the city. They stayed therefor a couple of hours, shopping and sightseeing happily. Everything seemed OK until it was the time for them to go back—they suddenly realized that they lost their way back to the Greyhound bus station. What made the situation worse was that it was getting darker. In despair, they stopped at a corner on the street and decided to ask for help. At this moment they saw a young couple passing by so they said "Hello!" to this couple. To their surprise, the couple looked at them coldly and hustled on. Having no way out, they approached to the next group of passers-by and tried a louder "Hello" this time. Again they got nothing but a cold shoulder from these city people.5. Compare and contrast the following pairs of terms. Use examples if necessary.(1)Language learning and language acquisition(2)Field dependence and field independence(3)Contrastive analysis and error analysis6. Scholars have tried to explain how human being acquire or learn the language. There are two major schools of thought in language learning theories, empiricism and mentalism. Please define and explain these two terms, and then **ments with your own point of views.7. It is believed that the study of language (linguistics) is clasely related to language teaching. In what ways do you think linguistic studies contribute to the research and practice of language teaching?8. Some language teachers argue that we should "teach the language" rather than "teach about the language". What are the major differences between these two approaches to language teaching?第二部分：专业方向语言学、语法学和英汉语言对比方向。
2003北京第二外国语学院----综合英语
2003北京第二外国语学院----综合英语2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：综合考试（英美文学）满分：40分I. Complete the following sentences by choosing and circling the best alternative (A, B or C) under each (20 points):1. The most prevalent kind of literature in feudal England was _. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose. describing the life and adventures of a noble here.A. the farceB. the romance C the melodrama2. Geoffrey Chaucer's language, now called . is vivid and exact.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Primitive English3. Apart from its religious significance, has had a great influence on English language and literature.A. the King Arthur BibleB. the King George BibleC. the King James Bible4. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus was written by .A. Christopher MarloweB. John MiltonC. William Shakespeare5. John Donne (1573-1631), the founder of the school of poetry, lived and wrote during the successive reigns of Elizabeth to Charles I.A. MetaphoricalB. MetamorphicC. Metaphysical6. Essay on Criticism, a didactic poem written by Alexander Pope in heroic couplets, tells the poets and critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old writers.A. Anglo-SaxonB. Greek and RomanC. French and German7. The following quotation is taken from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell—"What is now proved was once only "A. imagin'dB. reason'dC. learn'd8. William Wordsworth, have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets" because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England.A. John Keats and William Butler YeatsB. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert SoutheyC. George Gordon Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley9. Walter Scott's historical novels may be conveniently divided into three groups according to their subject-matter, namely, the group on the history of , the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.A. ScotlandB. WalesC. Northern Ireland10. Matthew Arnold said, "It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule for its course, in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it; and to produce fruit for the future it ought to take. The rule may be summed upin one word ."A. disobedienceB. disinterestednessC. disconnectedness11. American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupied a major position in the literature of .A. the early colonial periodB. the pre-colonial periodC. the pre-Christian period12. Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. One of its palpable manifestations was the fact that American romantic writers tended more than their English and European brothers.A. to socializeB. to philosophizeC. to moralize13. Alone in the woods one day, experienced a moment of ecstasy which he recorded thus in his Nature: "I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or panicle of God.".A. Benjamin FranklinB. Henry David ThoreauC. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Henry David Thoreau helped Ralph Waldo Emerson edit the Transcendentalist journal The Dial, and was susceptible to oriental influences such as Hinduism and .A. ConfucianismB. MaterialismC. Epicureanism15. A handy way of seeing modern American poetry is to find its sources in the two founts, .A. Wallace Stevens and Sylvia PlathB. Walt Whitman and Emily DickinsonC. Robert Frost and Elizabeth Bishop16. Although William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark Twain all worked for ,there were obvious differences between them. In thematic terms, for instance, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life, whereas Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.A. naturalismB. neoclassicismC. realism17. The reason that Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell found value in Chinese poetry was because Chinese poetry is, by virtue of the ideographic and pictographic nature of the Chinese language, essentially poetry.A. impressionisticB. imagisticC. expressionistic18. F. Scott Fitzgerald's s eeks to trace the moral doom of its protagonist to thesapping influence of wealth and portrays an America dying, in bar-room brawls and decadence, of spiritual sterility and meaninglessness which characterized the times.A. The Gilded AgeB. The Sun Also RisesC. Tender Is the Night19. Both Beyond the Horizon and The Hairy Ape were written by .A. Eugene O'NeillB. Arthur MillerC. Sinclair Lewis20. career reached its exciting climax in 1976 when he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for Literature.A. Saul Bellow'sB. John Steinbeck'sC. William Faulkner'sII. Read the following poem by William Butler Yeats, and answer the three questions (10 points):The Second ComingTurning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity.Surely some revelation is at hand:Surely the Second Coming is at hand.The Second Coming! Hardly are those words outWhen a vast image out of Spiritus MundiTroubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desertA shape with lion body and the head of a man,A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,Is moving its slow thighs, while all about tReel shadows of the indignant desert birds.The darkness drops again; but now I knowThat twenty centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?1. What images are used in the first stanza? What do they indicate respectively?2. What are the implications of the description of the "rough beast" in the second stanza?3. Why do you think the poem ends with a question mark?III. The following excerpt is taken from the short story A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway. Read it, and answer the three questions (10 points): "Good night," said the younger waiter."Good night," the other said. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself. It is the light of course, but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not fear or dread. It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was nothing too. It was only that the light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada. Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Had nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. He smiledand stood before a bar with a shining steam pressure coffee machine."What's yours?" asked the barman."Nada.""Otro loco mas." said the barman and turned away."A little cup," said the waiter.The barman poured it for him."The light is very bright and pleasant but the bar is unpolished." the waiter said.The barman looked at him but did not answer. It was too late at night for conversation."You want another copita?" the barman asked."No, thank you," said the waiter and went out. He disliked bars and bodegas. A clean, well-lighted cafe was a very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to his room. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it is probably only insomnia. Many must have it.1.What is the significance of the parodied Lord's Prayer?2.Why does the older waiter think that a clean, well-lighted cafe is "a very different thing"?3.What is the significance of the last sentence of the story ("Many must have it.")?2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：综合考试（语言学）满分：30分I. Fill in each blank with a proper term. (15 points )1.L inguistics is usually defined as the ____ study of language.2.O ne general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over .3.I n Saussure's view, the relationship betweensignifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is .4.T he branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called .5.A________ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.6.The branch of general linguistics which is named ____ s tudies the internal structure of sentences.7.The relation, which was originally called associative relation by Saussure, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.8.The sense relation between " A lent a book to B" and "B borrowed a book from A" is________..9.The sound [k] can be described with "voiceless, ____ , stop".10.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labelled as .11.Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are antonyms.12.Terms like "desk" and "stool" are ____ of the term " furniture".13.According to G. Leech, ______ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.14.IC is the short form of immediate ___ used in the study of syntax.15.Chomsky initiated the distinction between ___ and performance.II. Choose the correct one among the three choices for each statement. (5points) 1.A sound which is capable of distinguishg one word or one shape of word from another in agiven language is a ________________________ .a. allophoneb. phone c phoneme2.T he is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be dividedwithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.a. morphemeb. phonemec. syllable3.W ords like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are items.a. open-classb. closed-classc. neither open-class nor closed-class4.C ompound words consist of __________ morphemes.a. boundb. freec. both bound and free5.W hen language is used to get information from others, it serves an function./doc/628515796.html,rmativeb. directivec. InterrogativeIII. Give the phonetic term for each of the following locations in articulation. (4 points)1.Both lips2. Teeth3. Opening between vocal cords4. Ridge behind upper teethIV. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false. Ifyou think it false, correct it.(6 points)1.All syllables contain three parts: onset, nucleus and coda.2.Broad Transcription is intended to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.3.The most important sociological use cf language is the performative function, by which people establish and maintain their status in society.2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：综合考试（英美概况）满分：30分Instruction:You are required to answer all questions of this section on the pa per. In part II and partIII, answers should be given in English. The total time for this section is about 45 minutes.I . Choose the correct answer from the following four choices: (10分)4.In England, the Protestant Reformation began withA. Bloody MaryB. Queen ElizabethC. King Henry VIID. King Henry VIII5.Victorianism was characterized by the following exceptA.It was in an age of imperialism.B.It saw the great progress in social sciences.C.It was the age when the great progress was made in the field of communication.D.It was an age when the Battle of Waterloo was won by the Duke of Wellington.6.The Supreme Court of U.S.A. is composed ofA. six JudgesB. seven JudgesC. eight JudgesD. nine Judges7.The pilgrims were able to survive in America becauseA.they received help from the Indians.B.they were supported by rich companiesC.many ships brought them food from England.D.they had signed the Mayflower Compact8.Which of the following did not take place in the 1960s?A.The Anti-Viet Nam War MovementB.The Anti-Drug MovementC.Women's Liberation MovementD.Public protests by blacks and other minority groups.II .Explain the following in English. (20 分)1.the pioneer spirit2.the American Dream3.John Locke4.the separation of powers5.The Boston Tea PartyII. Answer the following question. (10分)Describe the divesity of the physical conditions of the U.S.A.2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目：综合考试（翻译）满分：40分6.英译汉（20分）说明：下为In Praise of the Humble Comma一文的节选。
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc
![[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/4e4f933558eef8c75fbfc77da26925c52cc59107.png)
[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25.doc[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25一、填空题1 There has been a maxim in______which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)2 The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by______. (中山大学2008研)3 ______were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.4 In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the______principle proposed by J. Grice.5 In Austin's How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performativesand______, later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______,______and perlocutionary act.二、单项选择题6 The speech act theory was developed by______. (对外经贸2006研)（A）John Searle（B）John Austin（C）Levinson（D）G. Leech7 ______is using a sentence to perform a function. (西安外国语学院2006研)（A）Perlocutionary act（B）An illocutionary act（C）A locutionary act（D）Speech act8 By saying "You have left the door wide open", a speaker might be performing the three acts: locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）at the same time（B）one after another（C）two first and then the other（D）one first and then the other two9 The Illocutionary Act was developed by______. (西安交通大学2008研)（A）John Austin（B）Levinson（C）John Lyons（D）John Searle10 According to the conversation maxim of______suggested by Grice, one should speak truthfully. (西安外国语学院2006研) （A）quantity（B）quality（C）relevance（D）manner11 Which of the following is NOT one of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle? (对外经济贸易大学2006研) （A）the maxim of quantity（B）the maxim of quality（C）the maxim of manner（D）the maxim of strength12 Four categories of Maxims in Grice's Cooperative Principle include all the following except______.(大连外国语学院2008研) （A）Manner（B）Relation（C）Qualification三、简答题13 What are the major concerns of pragmatics? (人大2006研)14 How would you describe this short exchange in terms of the ardors performed by the speakers?Motorist: My car needs new exhaust system.Mechanic: I'll be busy with this other car all day. (浙江大学2005研)15 What are the four maxims of the co-operative principle? Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about; "Well, to be quite honest, I don't think she is ill today." (北二外2010研；上海交大2006研)16 Conversational implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theoryin that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意 Chinese. (中山大学2005研)17 Decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted in the following utterances and what implicature can be drawn. (厦门大学2006研)(1) A: Can you tell me the secret? B: But John is there.(2) A: Let's go to the movies. B: I'll bring the Kleenex.(3) A: Would you drive a Mercedes?B: I wouldn't drive ANY expensive car.18 What's conversational implicature? (西安交大2008研)19 Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice's Cooperative Principle: (北二外2007研)A: Where is X?B: He's gone to the market. He said so where he left.20 In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations? (人大2006研)21 What is your understanding of Relevance Theory? (南开大学2009研)22 Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle. (南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.四、名词解释23 Locutionary Act, Illocutinary Act and Perlocutionary Act(北航2010研；北交大2005研)24 Performatives(中山大学2008研)25 Conversational implicature (川大2010研；武汉大学2004研；北京交通大学2007研)26 Cooperative principle (北二外2010研；北京师范大学2003研)27 Violation of maxims (北交大2006研)28 Applied linguistics(中山大学201 1年研)五、举例说明题29 When a teacher says "It's so hot in here." during a class, what does she probably mean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation. (人大2002研)30 A speech act consists of three related acts according to J. L. Austin's Speech Act theory. What are they? Analyze the following conversation in the light of Speech Act theory. (北航2008研)Customer: Waiter! There's a fly in my soup.Waiter: Don' t worry, there's no extra charge.31 Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said:“哎，几点了?”and the second said:“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them? (北外2007研)32 Discuss the following advertisemen t extensively: “你不理财，财不理你”. (浙江大学2007研)33 What kind of linguistic phenomenon can you identify in the following dialogue? Define, analize and explain the phenomenon. (北外2010研)甲：上车请买票。
2003-2010年真题-北师大对外汉语考研
2011年北京师范大学对外汉语教学专综考研试题北师大2010对外汉语教学专业综合考研真题一、分析下列句子所反映的现象。
（共8题，不全）1下面的句子反映了什么现象？吾长见笑于大方之家。
臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵。
6“富国强兵”保留了我国古代什么语法现象？7雕凋碉鲷调桃洮逃反映了我国古代语音的什么现象？8“甚已，汝之不惠。
”反映了什么文字现象？二、解释加点字的意思。
（共10题，不全）1人不难以死免其君。
（难）2族庖月更刀，折也。
（族）三、指明下列虚词的词性，并说明在表达上的用法。
（共10题，不全）1齐军即已过而西矣。
（而）2三人行，必有我师焉。
（焉）四、给下面的文章加注标点，并翻译。
孔子游于太山见荣期行乎之野鹿裘带索鼓琴而歌孔子问曰先生所以何乐也对曰吾乐多矣天生万物惟人为贵吾得为人是一乐也男女之别男尊女卑故以男为贵吾生为男是二乐也人生有不见日月不免于襁褓者吾既已过行且九十是三乐也贫者士之常也死者人之终也处常得终当乎忧哉孔子曰善乎能自宽者也五、我国汉字有哪几种造字法，将下面的汉子按造字法分类（每组三个）。
寇、集、气、服、亦、甘、颖、瓜、寸、首、问、涉、六、下面这些汉字简化用了三种不同的简化方法，将这些汉字按不同的简化方法分类，并简述每种简化方法的利弊。
兰、谷、汉、鸡、东、钱、曲、习、长、区、龟、七、给下面这些词语分类（按构词法），并写出构词类型的名称。
（4分）推广、筛选、民主、注意、体制、改革、笔直、压缩、自动、美容、肉麻八、改正错别字，并说明改正的原因。
一愁莫展为虎作帐搬门弄斧九、辨析同义词解散——解体打扰——打乱慌张——恐慌十、填空题（共20题，不全）1、受到启蒙运动的影响，鲁迅开创了中国________现代两大文体。
2、郭沫若的诗歌_______，歌颂中华民族“在死灰中复生”。
3、周作人的散文风格集合了中国的_______、英国的随笔、日本的俳句。
4、茅盾善于塑造民族资产阶级和_______的形象，其中《蚀》中的孙舞阳就是属于后者。
北师大942语言学真题(2011-2015)
2015年北师大英语语言学及应用语言学回忆版1.选择（题型变了，以前是comparison and contrast）10(1)Duality(2)Phonetics and phonology(3)Minimal pair(4)Lexical change (blending, abbreviation, acronym)(5)Construal2.Explain the differences between Inflectional affixes and derivational affixes(cite examples )103.Exocentric construction and endocentric construction(illustrate with examples)104.Ogden and Richards proposed the semantic triangle which is composed of three parts: concept, word and thing. Please point out the problems of the Referential Theory, using examples.105.What is the Functional Sentence Perspective of language? Please explain with examples.106.Please explain and comment the Situation concept put forward by Firth.15A.The relevant features of the participants, persons, personalities.(ⅰ)The verbal action of the participants.(ⅱ) The non-verbal action of the participants.B.The relevant objects.C.The effects of the verbal action.Do you see some relationship between Firth’s theory and Austin’s Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary forces?7.Please analyze the following sentence by (ⅰ)actor+process+goal; (ⅱ)Mood+Residue; (ⅲ)theme+rheme; Given+new in Systemic-Functional Grammar.15This house was built by John Smith.This house was built by John Smith(ⅰ)(ⅱ)(ⅲ)8.Please name three ways of vocabulary teaching, and give a comment.159.Some students have anxiety in learning English. Please give reasons. What do teachers need to do to reduce such anxiety?1510.Please state the implication of discourse analysis in pedagogy.2011.What fundamental issues need to be considered in designing test?2013年942英语语言学与外国语言学1.名词解释（4'*5=20'）Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis，foregrounding，t-unit，curriculum development（or syllabus design），content validity2.describe phones（比较简单）according to manner of articulation（题目已给出具体分类）and place of articulation（已给出具体分类），voiced/voiceless.只需要对号入座即可。
[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编16.doc
![[考研类试卷]语言学历年真题试卷汇编16.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/05cf5ca5dd36a32d737581f0.png)
（A）社会方言大多是在语言的相互接触中形成的
（B）社会方言是随着社会的社群分化而产生的
（C）一种语言的内部有可能形成社会方言
（D）一种方言的内部有可能形成社会方言
14《普通语言学教程》的作者是德国语言学家洪堡特。(2012年北京语言大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
15改进文字中不适应记录语言的方面，不仅可以使文字更好地记录语言，而且还可以改进已记录的语言。(2007年北京语言大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
16社会制度的突变可以引起语言的突变。(2006年南开大学考题)
（A）正确
（B）错误
17多余度(冗余度)(2004年南开大学考题)
18音质音位(2008年曲阜师范大学考题)
六、单项选择题
下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个是符合题意的。
11普通话 这两个韵母的主元音a的实际音质是( )。(2006年中山大学考题)
（A）a
（B）ε
（C）A
（D）
12下列各组词全部属于基本词汇的是( )(2008年中山大学考题)
（A）手大陛下地壳
（B）风花雪月
（C）喜欢爱摩登雷达
（D）农具犁铁买卖
4元音和辅音的根本区别在于_______。(2008年浙江师范大学考题)
5词的结构可以包括词根、_______和_______。(2003年北京师范大学考题)
6用变换分析法说明以下句子在句法意义上的差异。(2005年暨南大学考题)
(1)台上坐着主席团。
(2)台上唱着戏。
(3)台上摆着酒席。
7分析“牙刷”与“刷牙”有什么不同。(2011年南开大学考题)
(NEW)北京师范大学外国语言文学学院241二外英语历年考研真题及详解
D. what she exposes 【答案】D 【解析】句意：虽然尤多拉韦尔蒂故事的构思相当有限，但她关于 人性的表述是相当广泛的。But连接的句子中，is是谓语，所以前面的部 分不应有谓语。what she exposes与about human nature构成一个名词性短 语作为主语。因此答案选D。
17. Concrete is a durable, watertight, and incombustible material that is, moreover—inexpensive to make.
A. in addition B. more or less
C. however D. consequently 【答案】A 【解析】句意：水泥是一种耐久，防水不易燃的材料。另外，它造 价低廉。moreover意为“此外，另外”。in additon意为“此外，另外”。 more or less意为“差不多，几乎”。however意为“然而”，表示转折。 consequently意为“结果”，表示因果关系。因此答案选A。
9. We haven’t seen _____ her sister _____ her. A. neither...nor B. either...or C. neither...or D. either...nor 【答案】B 【解析】句意：我们既没见到她姐姐也没见到她。either...or...和 neither...nor...是固定搭配。由于haven’t已经表示否定，所以后面用 either。因此答案选B。
4. Hail is formed when a drop of rain is carried by an updraft to an altitude where _____ to freeze it.
丁言仁《英语语言学纲要》章节题库-第5-8章
第5章语言在语境中的应用Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.1. There has been a maxim in ______ which claims that “You are what you say”. [中山大学2008研]【答案】quantity【解析】格莱斯的数量准则指1.使你的话语如（交谈的当前目的）所要求的那样信息充分；2.不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2. The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by ______.[中山大学2008研]【答案】Grice【解析】格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. ______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.【答案】Performatives【解析】施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ______ principle proposed by J. Grice.【答案】cooperative【解析】通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。
5. In Austin’s How to Do Things with word, he first distinguishes performatives and _____ ,later on Austin made a flesh start to distinguish ______, ______ and perlocutionary act.【答案】constatives, locutionary act, illocutionary act【解析】约翰·奥斯丁在他《如何以言行事》一文中，首先区分了施为句和叙事句，之后他又建立了另一种模式来解释如何通过语言实施行为。
北京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学苗兴伟、于晖语篇语言学考博真题-参考书-分数线
北京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学苗兴伟、于晖语篇语言学考博真题-参考书-分数线一、专业的设置北京师范大学外国语言文学学院每年招收博士生14人，下设英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、日语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学，共4个专业。
外国语言学及应用语言学专业下设4个方向，分别是程晓堂、罗少茜的应用语言学；彭宣维的功能语言学；苗兴伟、于晖的语篇语言学；武尊民的语言测试与评价。
二、考试的科目功能语言学的考试科目为：①1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）②2018普通语言学③3088功能语言学与语言认知理论三、导师介绍苗兴伟，北京师范大学外国语言文学学院教授、博士生导师于晖：中山大学博士，教授，主要研究方向：系统功能语言学、语篇分析四、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。
参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：肆九叁叁，柒壹六，贰六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
第二，专题信息汇总整理。
每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。
最后一方面是专业前沿问题。
每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。
第三，专业真题及解析。
专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。
一般每门专业课都有有三道大题，考试时间各3小时，一般会有十几页答题纸。
考生在专业课复习中仅仅有真题是不够的，还需要配合对真题最权威最正统的解析，两相印证才能够把握导师出题的重点、范围以及更加偏重哪一类的答案。
2003年南师大英语语言学
2003年南师大英语语言学.txt为什么我们在讲故事的时候总要加上从前？开了一夏的花，终落得粉身碎骨，却还笑着说意义。
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---初试一、单选题。
1.The scholars who put forward interaction hypothesis hold ________.A) language acquisition is a process of “stimulus-response”.B) humans are predisposed to acquire a language.C) human’s linguistic potentiality must be combined with the environment.D) human’s linguistic environment can be ignored as long as humans have language acquisition device.2.American Black English is _______.A) a social variety B) a regional varietyC) a combination of social and regional dialect. D) a temporal dialect3.According to Basil Bernstein, elaborated code is extensively used by _________.A) middle class people and their children.B) working-class people and their children.C) both middle class and working class peopleD) parents of children without any distinction of social background.4. Read the following two sentences and decide what kind of error the learner commits in the second sentence:He practiced English a lot last month. (1)*She comed back home early yesterday. (2)The error in the second sentence belongs to the category of ___________.A) mother tongue interference B) overgeneralizationC) cross-association D) performance error5.In the Semantic Triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference”is ______.A) word, sentence B) the object C) concept D) symbol6.The word “laze” is an example of _______ in word formation.A) acronym B) blending C) functional shift D) back formation7. Pragmatics is a study of ________.A) language learning B) language acquisitionC) language planning D) language in use8. A linguist is interested in _________.A) what is said B) what is right both in syntax and in semanticsC) what is grammatical D) what ought to be said9. In English elements in construction are generally _______.A) linear B) continuous C) discontinuous D) endocentric10. __________ is a sound produced by bringing the tip of the tongue into contact with the upper teeth to create the obstruction.A) An alveolar B) A bilabial C) A palatal D) A dental二、名词解释1.linguistic universalsnguage acquisition device:3.cultural diffusion4.suggestopedia:5.polysemy6.utterance meaning:7.coinage 8.articulatory phonetics:9.endocentric construction 10.structural change:三、判断1.According to Chomsky, the word “competence” is not limited to the ability of an ideal native speaker to construct and recognize grammatical sentences in his language.2.Eskimos have countless words for snow because snow is so common in their culture that they regard it far less important.3.Plato and Aristotle argued that the categories of thought determined the categories of language.4.Audiolingualism, contrary to American structuralism and behaviorist psychology, emphasizes the importance of regular patterns.5.People in the west tend to verbalize their gratitude and compliments less than Chinese speakers.6.It is unlikely that there is a prelinguistic stage when babies just babble.7.When varieties are classified in terms of use, they are called registers.8.From sociological view we can derive meaning from context.9.The relationship between “alligator” and “reptile” is homonymy.10.Denotation id the additional meaning than an expression carries while often shows people’s attitudes or emotions towards the subjects being talked about.11.Speech act theory was proposed by Austin and has been developed by Grice.12.A language is weakened when it borrows large numbers of words from other languages.13.Searle suggests 5 basic categories of illocutionary acts as follows: assertives, commissives, expressives, informatives and declarations.14.There is a single cause of language change.15.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.16.Spoken utterances share some common linguistic features with written utterances.17.A small set of rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, all of which are idiomatic.18.IC analysis shows linear relationship, so it helps to account for the ambiguity of certain constructions.19.Linguists are interested in the sounds that convey meaning in human linguistic communication.20.Simply speaking, a morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning.四、问答1.Of all the theories you have learned on language acquisition, which one seems to you most reasonable? Why?2.Point out the marked differences between sociolinguistic study and traditional linguistic studies.3.How does the following exchange of conversation illustrate the Politeness Principle?A: We’ll miss Bill and Agatha, won’t you?B: Well, we’ll miss BILL.4.What is the distinction between sense and reference?5.How do you tell compounds from the noncompounded word sequence?6.What are the two criteria suggested by Chomsky for judging grammar?。
2003北师大对外汉语真题汇编
北京大学2003汉语言文字学专业课（对外汉语方向）一、语音、文字（32分）1、拼音改错：6’Lunyu zhong Kǒngzǐjīngcháng tíqǐtāde dìzǐYánhuí。
2、现代汉语普通话的音节读轻声时，声母和韵母会发生一些音质的变化，请描述这些变化并举例说明。
7’3、普通话四声有什么特点？5’4、给下列加点汉字注音：4’万俟冒顿茅厕胼胝5、写出下列各字的繁体字：5’尘驴吁咸绳6、试从对外汉语教学的角度谈谈区分“的”、“地”、“得”的利弊。
5’二、词汇（28分）1、“你不要再耽误了，赶快去医院看病。
”中的“赶快”能不能换成“赶忙”？为什么？4’2、“我们经过反复研究，终于找到了解决问题的办法。
”中的“反复”能不能换成“来回”？为什么？4’3、《现代汉语词典》中的“出口”、“进口”有如下释义：出口：本国和本地区的货物运出去。
进口：外国或外地的货物运进来。
以上释义是否有问题？如果有，请指出来。
4’4、方位词“里”和“里边”有何不同？请举例说明。
4’5、词语辨析：以至—以致；考察—考查8’6、用义素分析法分析“老师”和“学生”这两个词。
4’三、语法（40分）1、根据下列句子归纳“可”的用法（1）小孩子可不能骗人啊。
（2）可到家了，我都快累死了。
（3）雨后，空气可新鲜了。
（4）他的歌唱得可好了。
（5）你可要注意身体啊，看你越来越瘦了。
（6）你可来了，大家都在等你呢。
2、用层次法分析句子（与原句相差不大）（1）他发了一封电子邮件让她到他家去玩。
（2）那位服务员很不客气地把菜单从桌上拿走了。
3、改病句并说明理由（1）我昨天刚才去过颐和园，今天不想再去。
（2）我在中国学了一年汉语，水平一定提高很多。
（3）我没有学过上海话，怎么能把上海话听得懂。
（4）我打算了研究中国妇女问题关于现代。
（5）今天一点儿冷，多穿一点衣服。
4、“我不老，走得动。
”“我没老，走得动。
北京师范大学2003年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试基础英语试题及答案详解
北京师范大学2003年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试基础英语试题及答案详解专业：英语语言文学科目代码：321研究方向：语言学、语言教学、文学、翻译考试科目：基础英语I. Grammar 351. Insert prepositions to the slots (10):It is a well-known rule ( ) logic that classification made ( ) the basis of a singleattribute are artificial and ( ) limited use. So there must be a cluster of attributes ( )which a human group is defined, and these must be specific and essential, if they areto serve a useful purpose. Yet what is essential ( ) one observer is not ( ) another.Some would opt ( ) language, others ( ) race, religion, or shared destiny in the pastor the present. It is also quite common to find that individuals tend to identify theirown community ( ) criteria which may be different from those used ( ) the samepurpose by outsiders.2. Supply an article in the slot when necessary: (10)All ( ) books are divisible into two kinds: ( ) books of ( ) hour, and ( )books of all ( ) time. Mark this distinction---it is not one of ( ) quality only. It isnot merely ( ) bad book that does not last, and ( ) good one that does. It is ( ) distinction of ( ) species.3. Supply the proper verb forms in the slots: (10)Einstein’s connection with the politics of the nuclear bomb __ (be) well known. In1933 Hitler ___(come) to power. Einstein __ (be) in America, and he __ (declare)he _____ (not return) to Germany. In the face of the Nazi threat, Einstein__(renounce) pacifism, and eventually,______(fear) that German scientists_____(build)a nuclear bomb, __(propose) that the United States __ (develop) its own. But evenbefore the first atomic bomb had been detonated, he publicly warned of the danger ofnuclear war and proposed international control of nuclear weaponry.4. Read the following passage and answer the attached questions. (5)To avoid the various foolish opinions, no superhuman genius is required. If the matteris one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. Ancientand medieval authors knew all about unicorns and salamanders (火怪); not one ofthem thought it necessary to avoid dogmatic statements about them because he hadnever seen one of them.(1) What is the anaphoric referent of the word ‘he’?(2) How shall we analyze the sentence structure ‘Not one of them ...’? Do you agreeto the following paraphrase?‘Because they had never seen one of them, no one of them thought it necessary toavoid dogmatic statements about them.II. V ocabulary 251. Choose words from column A to fit the definitions in column B. (6)Example : foreman, forester1. a man who is in charge of a group of workmen: foremanA.reluctant, leisure, yearning, entertainer, supersede, rebuff,incompatible, sabbatical (leave),assert, artifact, variable,tramps;B.(1). an unexpected or contemptuous refusal:_______(2). freedom from work:______(3). insist on one's right:______(4). one who amuses an audience as a profession:______(5). a period of paid free time for rest and special study given to auniversity teacher after a certain length of service:_____(6). a thing or quantity that is changeable:______(7). people who roam the streets to find what they can:______(8). strong longing, feeling or desire for:_______(9). anything made by human work or act:______(10). opposed in character; unable to exist in harmony:_____(11). unwilling, not wanting to do something:_______(12). take the place of because better or more important:______2. Complete the following paragraph by filling in the blanks with appropriateWords from the list below, modifying their form where necessary, (7) immune, little, to roam, against, to pronounce, astound, away,austere, to slice, outburst, to have, to hunt, outset, to promote;We were strolling through Oxford's old buildings as he was (1)_____ these words. I had often(2)_____round the outside looking up at the(3)___walls, and imagining the opulent interiors. But (4)____ lived here now forsome years, I had grown(5)____ to its beauty. At the (6) ____of mywalk with the Professor, we had talked a little about the country's economy, butthis sudden (7)_____against our society did not just (8)_____me but leftme quite flabbergasted. I (9)______in my mind for something non-committalto say. “Is it really possible to (10)_____our society down the middle likethat?” I asked. “I mean,” I said, panicking a (11)_____lest I had offended thiseminent man, “is it really as bad as all that? Shouldn’t we be trying to (12)____ understanding between people, rather than setting them up (13) ___ oneanother?” I hunted in my mind for a way of turning the conversation (14)____ to less troubled waters.3. Choose the word from a, b or c that best completes the sentence. (12)(1). National and international efforts should give __ to action programsintegrating population and development.a. privilegeb. priorityc. principle(2). At Golden State Power we are accused of the same thing for __ reasons.a. identicalb. optionalc. original(3). Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ____ to find itlocked.a. justb. onlyc. hence(4). On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont _____ I noticed ayound man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.a. whereb. whichc. when(5). The remarkable of life on the Galopagos Island inspired Darwin toestablish his theory of evolution.a. varietyb. celebrityc. diversity(6). If you want to set up a company, you must with the regulations laid down by the authorities.a. confirmb. accordc. comply(7). A wage-earner has to make for his/her old age by putting asideenough money to live on when old.a. supplyb. provisionc. assurance(8). We all know that the farmers are more anxious for rain than the people in thecity because they have more at____ .a. stakeb. lossc. danger(9). The pollution question as well as other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in again next spring.a. assemblyb. conferencec. session(10). To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__ the qualities and varieties of products we make to world marketdemand.a. improveb. enhancec. gear(11). An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to __ furtherresearch and further thinking about a particular topic.a. advocateb. arousec. stimulate(12). Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each otherin thought, but they are inseparable in fact.a. independentlyb. instinctivelyc. separatelyIII. Reading Comprehension (45)Part A Read the texts below and answer the questions by choosingthe correct responses.Characters in fantasies written for children differ significantly from one historical period to another. Each fantasy in some way holds up amirror to the culture in which it is produced. When we examineliterary fantasy, we look upon a reflection of the social pressures of theperiod, problems of sex role and personal identity, and the changing roleof the artist. What all of these changing patterns mean is the subject ofan interesting sociological study.1. Which sentence best summarizes the passage?A. What applies to the writer of fantasy applies to other artistsas well.B. Literature and the field of sociology have much incommon.C. Literary fantasies reveal the social realities of their time.D. Fantasies communicate social pressures to children at anunconscious level.2. As used in the passage, which of the following pairs of words isan example of a metaphor?A. Fantasies --- childrenB. Mirror --- reflectionC. Role --- identityD. Pressures --- patterns3. The last sentence of the passage suggests that the passage maybe part ofA. an advertisement for a film based on a fantasy.B. an article on urban sociological problems.C. an advertisement for a children’s book.D. a review of an article or book.Psychology, as the behaviorist views it, is a purely objective,experimental branch of natural science which needs consciousness aslittle as do the sciences of chemistry and physics… This suggestedelimination of states of consciousness as proper objects of investigationin themselves will remove the barrier which exists between psychologyand the other sciences. The findings of psychology become thefunctional correlates of structure and lend themselves to explanation inphysico-chemical terms.4. This passage centers aboutA. the nature of consciousness.B. the behaviorist view of psychology.C. the natural sciences.D. what the psychologist should investigate.5. According to the author, psychology will become an objectivescience whenA. consciousness is considered outside its province.B. it is considered as a branch of natural science.C. structure rather than function is made the focus of investigation.D. physico-chemical terms are included in explanations of behavior.6. The author feels that psychology should beA. eliminated as a proper object of study.B. the leading social science.C. a natural science.D. a proper object of investigation.Part B Read the text below and complete the tasks that follow.Getting Close tothe Machine1. People imagine that computer programming is logical, a process like fixing a clock.Nothing could be further from the truth. Programming is more like an illness, a fever, an obsession. It's like riding a train and never being able to get off.2. The problem with programming is not that the computer is illogical—the com-puter is terribly logical, relentlessly literal. It demands that the programmer explainthe world on its terms; that is, as an algorithm that must be written down in order, ina specific syntax, in a strange language that is only partially readable by regularhuman beings. To program is to translate between the chaos of human life and therational, line-by-line world of computer language.3. When you program, reality presents itself as thousands of details, millions of bitsof knowledge. This knowledge comes at you from one perspective and then another,then comes a random thought, then you remember something else important, thenyou reconsider that idea with a what-if attached. For example, try to think of every- thing you know about something as simple as an invoice. Now try to tell an idiot how to prepare one. That is programming.4. When you are programming, you must not let your mind wander. As the human-world knowledge tumbles about in your head, you must keep typing, typing. Youmust not be interrupted. Any break in your concentration causes you to lose a linehere or there. Some bit comes, then—oh no, it's leaving, please come back. But itmay not come back. You may lose it. You will create a bug and there's nothing youcan do about it.5. People imagine that programmers don't like to talk because they prefer machinesto people. This is not completely true. Programmers don't talk because they must not be interrupted. “6. This need to be uninterrupted leads to a life is strangely asynchronous to the onelived by other human beings. It's better to send e-mail to a programmer than to call.It's better to leave a note on the chair than to expect the programmer to come to ameeting. This is because the programmer must work in mind time while the phonerings and the meetings happen in real time. It's not just ego that prevents programmers from working in groups—it's the synchronicity problem.Synchronizing with other people (or their representations in telephones, buzzers, anddoorbells) can only mean interrupting the thought train. Interruptions mean begs.You must not get off the train.7. I once had a job in which I didn't talk to anyone for two years. Here was thearrangement: I was the first engineer to be hired by a start-up software company. In exchange for large quantities of stock that might be worth something someday, I was supposed to give up my life.8. I sat in a large room with two other engineers and three workstations. The fans inthe machines whirred, the keys on the keyboard clicked. Occasionally one of uswould grunt or mutter. Otherwise we did not speak. Now and then I would have anoutburst in which I pounded the keyboard with my fists, setting off a barrage ofbeeps. My colleagues might have looked up, but they never said anything.9. If you want money and prestige, you need to write code that only machines orother programmers understand. Such code is called “low.” In regular life, “low”usually signifies something bad. In programming, “low” is good. Low means thatyou are close to the machine.10. If the code creates programs that do useful work for regular human beings, it iscalled “high.” Higher-level programs are called “applications,” Applications are things that people use. Although it would seem that usefulness is a good thing,direct peopleuse is bad from a programmer's point of view. If regular people,called “users,” can understand the task accomplished by your program, you will bepaid less and held inlower esteem.11. A real programmer wants to stay close to the machine. The machine means mid-night dinners of Diet Coke. It means unwashed clothes and bare feet on the desk. Itmeans anxious rides through mind time that have nothing to do with the clock. Towork on things used only by machines or other programmers—that's the key. Pro- grammers and machines don't care how you live. They don't care when you live.You can stay, come, go, sleep—or not. At the end of the project looms a deadline,the terrible place where you must get off the train. But in between, for years at astretch, you are free: free from the obligations of time.Task I. What do the following words may most probably mean accordingto the text?(1) obsession (paragraph 1)(2) chaos (paragraph 2)(3) invoice (paragraph 3)(4) tumble (paragraph 4)(5) synchronicity (paragraph 6)(6) bugs (paragraph 6)(7) grunt (paragraph 8)(8) loom (paragraph 11)Task 2. Explain the following in your own words.(1) It demands that the programmer explain the world on itsterms; that is, as an algorithm that must be written downin order, in a specific syntax, in a strange language that isonly partially readable by regular human beings.(Paragraph 2)(2) When you program, reality presents itself as thousands ofdetails, millions of bits of knowledge. (Paragraph 3)(3) Synchronizing with other people (or their representationsin telephones, buzzers, and doorbells) can only meaninterrupting the thought train. (Paragraph 6)Task 3. Answer the following questions according to the text.(1) Explain the purpose of the figurative language the authoremploys in the opening paragraph. Can you find otherexamples in the text?(2) Explain the difference between mind time and real timeand between low code and high code.(3) The author suggests that programmers don't talk becausethey must not be interrupted. Explain. She goes on todescribe code, the language of computer programmers.How does this language differ from ordinary humandiscourse?IV. Translation. 45A. Translate the following into Chinese. (20)The balance of nature is a very elaborate and very delicatesystem of checks and counterchecks. It is continually beingaltered as climates change, as new organisms evolve, as animalsor plants permeate to new areas. But the alterations have in thepast, for the most part, been slow, whereas with the arrival ofcivilized man, their speed has been multiplied manifold: from theevolutionary time-scale, where change is measured by periods often or a hundred thousand years, they have been transferred tothe human time-scale in which centuries and even decades count.Everywhere man is altering the balance of nature. He isfacilitating the spread of plants and animals into new regions,sometimes deliberately, sometimes unconsciously. He is coveringhuge areas with new kinds of plants, or with houses, factories,slag-heaps and other products of his civilization. Heexterminates some species on a large scale, but favours themultiplication of others. In brief, he has done more in fivethousand years to alter the biological aspect of the planet thanhas nature in five million.Many of these changes which he has brought about have hadunforeseen consequences. Who would have thought that thethrowing away of a piece of Canadian waterweed would have causedhalf the waterways of Britain to be blocked for a decade, or thatthe provision of pot cacti for lonely settlers' wives would haveled to Eastern Australia being overrun with forests of PricklyPear? Who would have prophesied that the cutting down of forestson the Adriatic coasts, or in parts of Central Africa, could havereduced the land to a semi desert, with the very soil washed awayfrom the bare rock? Who would have thought that improvedcommunications would have changed history by the spreading ofdisease-sleeping sickness into East Africa, measles intoOceania, very possibly malaria into ancient Greece?B. Translate the following into English. (25)历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。
北京师范大学外文学院所招收的英语语言文学专业
北京师范大学外文学院所招收的英语语言文学专业，其专业课程包括两门课程，一为基础英语，一为英语语言文学，同时外国语言学与应用语言学专业课程包括基础英语，语言学。
北京师范大学历年的基础英语试卷的题目出的比较全面，可以说整齐划一。
有语法、词汇、阅读理解、英译汉和汉译英，结构一目了然，看上去很清爽，语法占的比重较大，足见其对语法基本功的重视。
另外，基础英语部分的语法部分的每个小题目所占的分值小，就是说我们注重的是细节，考察的是对英文文法的每个细节部分到底有没有掌握足够清楚，而非宏观的语法概念问题。
而北师基英的词汇部分考的很灵活，甚至可以说很有创意，创意在于利用语义场的关系划分词的褒贬、内涵、外延等。
阅读理解的答题方式多半是主观答题，如paraphrase，还有问答题等。
翻译题字数不多，往往在400字左右不等，内容多以文学批评为主，有时候会涉及文学作品尤其是散文，也有一年考过关于翻译的一部分理论，也有关于哲学或者美学的部分可能会出现，也有时候会考一定的使用文体，比如08年考的关于黄山的一段文章。
可见，对于翻译部分，我们需要大量的翻译实践，从文体到内容，需要涉猎丰富，才可以应对翻译题目的考察。
北师大英美文学英语语言文学专业试卷中，第一部分噶文学史考试内容主要是、填空，主要考查英美文学各个文学时期的重点内容，如名词术语，作家作品等；第二种题型是简答与评论，该题主要考查学生对英美文学的综合概括、与运用能力的考查。
考生应该注重英美文学经典作品的评价，尤其是主题人物分析。
另外还要注意，对诗歌等文学作品的分析和评论，常见的考查形式是给出一首诗或一段文学作品，如小说节选，提出3-4个问题让你回答。
由于师大外文学院英语语言文学方面注重英文诗歌的研究所以考生们应该注重经典作品的阅读分析及评论等方面知识的积累，同时要学会灵活运用这方面去分析同类问题，做到举一反三。
解题是有一定的方法和技巧的，如何灵活运用，要看你对知识的掌握。
北京师范大学2003年英美文学
北京师范大学2003年英美文学(25 points)1. The period of Old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, during which Old English poets produced the national epic poem of the Anglo-Saxons - _____, an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.2. Dr. Faustus is the greatest of _______’s plays, the pioneer of English drama.3. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of _____.4. Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote ______, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men”.5. While the neoclassical period witnessed the flourish of English poetry by John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson, the mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation of life the common English people. Among the pioneers were ______, _______.6. The ______ period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major poets who started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature. _______ and _____ collaborated on a book of poems entitled Lyrical Ballads, first published in 1798.7. “Ode on an Grecian Urn” by John Keats shows the contrast between the ________ of art and the _______ of human passion.8. During the Victorian period new scientific discoveries increased people’s religious doubts and anxieties. In his long poem ______, Tennyson recorded his own experience of religious uncertainties before the falling faith in god.9. _____’s novels are all Victorian in date. Most of them are set in Wessex, the fictional primitive and crude rural region that is really the home place he both loves and hates. His best colored works are his later ones, such as ________.10. Oscar Wilde was the representative of the _____ movement, which appeared on the literary scene of England in the late Victorian period.11. The first three decades of last century were golden years of the modernist novel. With the notion that multiple levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind, writers concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented _______ novels such as Ulysses by _____ and Mrs. Dalloway by ______.12. In his famous essay, “Tradition and Individual Talent”, _______ put great emphasis on the importance of ______ both in creative writing and in criticism. 13. Like Ibsen, _______was much concerned about the social problems of his time. His career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play _____ was put on and turned out a success.14. _____ which contains stories like “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” was a great success and won ________ a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.15. Emerson’s leading role has made the _______ of which he was spokesman central. It was one of many movements in the air at a point when sect and schisms,religious and philosophical tendencies, stirred New England life and spread abroad to the nation.16. _____ had long been a highly controversial figure in American Renaissance, whose poetic theories are best expressed in The Philosophy of Composition and The Poetic Principle.17. Greatly influenced by H awthorne’s black vision regarding the evil of human beings, _____ produced the first American prose epic - ______ which appears to be a whaling tale or sea adventure.18. The three dominant figures of the Age of Realism are William Dean Howells,______, an d ______, who differed in their understanding of the “truth”. While______ and Howells shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, ______ had apparently laid a greater emphasis on “the inner world” of man.19. ______ was the great original of modern American naturalism, and his work_____ published appropriately as the century turned, is an ambitious novel that merged American innocence and deep social experience.20. ______was the first major, self-conscious literary movement of African American writers. The defining event of the movement was the publication in 1925 of The New Negro: An Interpretation, an anthology edited by Alain Locke.21. The Hairy Ape that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity was written by ______ who won Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936.22. Ezra Pound’ artistic talents are on full display in the history of the ______ movement, which flourished from 1907 to 1917 and advanced modernism in arts. 23. Yoknapatawpha County has become an allegory or a parable of the Old South, with which _______ has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.24. Counterculture is a protest movement by American youth that arose in the late______ and faded during the late _____. According to some, young people in the United States were forming a culture of their own, opposed to the culture of Middle America.25. _______ won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993, whose first work published in 1969 is ________ and whose latest novel is ________.10 points)1. Setting;2. Protagonist;3. Flat character;4. Sonnet;5. Climax(15 points) Explain the meaning of the following parts1. Because I could not stop for Death –He kindly stopped for me –The Carriage held but just Ourselves –And Immortality.2. Heard Melodies are sweet, but those unheard(4 lines from Ode on a Grecian Urn by John Keats)(20 points)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening1. Some critics take Robert Frost as a traditional poet with the modern sense. How do you understand the poem from this approach?2. How do you appreciate the symbolic sense of color in the poem?(50 points)The following is the excerpt from a one-act play The Stronger. Read the excerpt and then answer the questions.(30 points)1. Two kinds of dilettaniti, says Goethe, there are in poetry: he who neglects the indispensable mechanical part, and thinks he has done enough if he shows spirituality and feeling; and he who seeks to arrive at poetry merely by mechanism, in which he can acquire an artisan’s readiness, and is without soul and matter. And he adds, that the first does most harm to art, and the last to himself.* Dilettanti: a person who follows an art or science only for amusement and in a superficial wayQuestion: What is the author’s viewpoint of the art of poetry in terms of the relationship between its mechanism and its spirituality? Do you agree with it? Please explain.。
北京师范大学外国语言文学学院英语语言文学考博真题-参考书-分数线-分析资料-复习方法-育明考博
北京师范大学外国语言文学学院英语语言文学考博指导与分析一、北京师范大学外国语言文学学院考博资讯北京师范大学外国语言文学学院的课程与教学论专业初试的两门专业课均用英文答题其余的见下文。
（一）考试科目及各方向导师：2.050201英语语言文学研究方向01：英美诗歌。
导师是章燕。
考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。
（2）2019英美文学基础（100%）。
（3）3809英美诗歌及诗论（100%）。
研究方向02：英国现代小说。
导师是蒋虹。
考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。
（2）2019英美文学基础（100%）。
（3）3005英国现代小说（100%）。
研究方向03：翻译学。
导师是张政。
考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。
（2）2036翻译学基础（100%）。
（3）3077中外翻译理论（100%）。
研究方向04：西方现代戏剧。
导师是曹雷雨。
考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。
（2）2019英美文学基础（100%）。
（3）3179西方现代戏剧（100%）。
（二）复试分数线：1.复试原则与分数线：此分数线是各专业的最低复试/录取分数要求。
只适用于报考普通博士生、高校辅导员在职攻读思想政治教育专业博士学位研究生、高校思想政治理论课教师在职攻读马克思主义理论博士学位研究生的考生，不适用于少数民族高层次骨干人才攻读博士学位研究生和对口支援西部地区高等学校定向培养博士学位研究生。
未组织复试的导师，将在此分数线基础上，按照一定比例确定复试名单，并在4月中旬前组织复试，具体复试名单由报考院系通过院系网站或电话告知。
已经复试的导师，将在此分数线基础上，依据录取规则，按顺序录取。
专业代码及名称外国语业务课一业务课二总分050201英语语言文学5060601802.复试方案：复试将对考生科研及实践经验、学术潜力、实践能力、综合素质等进行全面考查。
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目
2003年南师大英语语言学考试题目---复试一、判断Passage one:The study of how we do things with sentence is the study of speech acts. In studying speech acts, we are acutely aware of the importance of the context of utterance. In some circumstances There is a sheepdog in the closet is a warning, but the same sentence may be a promise or even a mere statement of fact, depending on circumstances. We call this purpose----a warning, a promise, a threat, or whatever----the illocutionary force of a speech act.Speech act theory aims to tell us when we appear to ask questions but are really giving orders, or when we say one thing with special (sarcastic) intonation and mean the opposite. Thus, at a dinner table, the question Can you pass the salt? means the order Pass the salt! It is not a request for information, and yes is an inappropriate response.1.Illocutionary acts are special case of speech acts, referring to the speaker’s intention in uttering something.2.Because the illocutionary force of a speech act depends on the context of the utterance, speech act theory is a part of pragmatics.3.In most cases, the illocutionary force of “Look out!” is a suggestion.4.The speech act theory originated with the British philosophy John Austin in the late 70’s.5.Billy and Joe were long-time pals. One time Billy was in desperate need of money. His car had broken down and he needed $300 to fix it. So, he asked Joe for a load. Joe said he could lend Billy the money. This made Billy happy and he said to Joe;(a) “You are a terrible frie nd.”It is non-sarcastic answer.(b) “You are a fine friend.”It is a sarcastic one.Passage twoInflectional is a term used in Morphology to refer to one of the two main categories or processes of sword formation, the other being derivational. These terms also apply to the two types of affix involved in word formation. Inflectional affixes signal grammatical relationships, such as plural, past tense and possession, and do not change the grammatical class of the stems t which they are attached; that is, the words constitute a single paradigm, e.g. walk, walks,walked. A word is said to “inflect for” past tense, plural, etc. In traditional (pre-linguistic) grammatical studies, the term “accidence” was used in this sense.In the phrase inflecting langu age (“inflectional” or “inflected” language), the term refers to a type of language established by comparative linguistics using structural (as opposed to diachronic) criteria, and focusing on the characteristics of the word. In this kind of language, words display grammatical relationships morphologically: they typically contain more than one morpheme but, unlike agglutinative languages, there is no one-to-one correspondence between these morphemes and the linear sequence of morphs. In languages such as Latin, Greek, Arabic etc. the inflectional forms of words may represent several morphological oppositions, e.g. in Latin amo(I love), the form simultaneously represents present tense, active, first person singular, indicative. This “fusing” of properties has led to such languages being called fusional and had motivated the word-and-a model of analysis. As always in such classifications, the categories are not clear-cut: different languages will display the characteristic of inflection to a greater or lesser degree.1.A language in which nouns have inflectional properties is an inflectional language.2.The affix “un-” or “dis-” is an inflectional affix.3.The agglutinative language is a language that typically expresses concepts in complex words consisting of many elements, rather than by inflection or by using isolated elements.4.Many English adjectives have inflectional properties.5.The Chinese language is an agglutinative language.Passage threeEach tongue draws a circle about the people whom it belongs, and it is possible to leave this circle only by simultaneously entering that of another people. Learning a foreign language ought hence to be the conquest of a new standpoint in the previously prevailing cosmic attitude of the individual. In fact, it is so to a certain extent, inasmuch as every language contains the entire fabric of concepts and the conceptual approach of a portion of humanity. But this achievement is not complete, because one always carries over into a foreign tongue to a greater or les ser degree one’s own cosmic viewpoint—indeed one’s personal linguistic pattern.(von Humboldt [1836]1971:39-40)1.This passage mainly discusses the relationship between one’s personal linguistic pattern and a foreign language.2.According to the author of this passage, language is a powerful instrument that allows us to make sense of the world.3.This passage reveals the fact that one’s own cosmic viewpoint determines linguistic orientation.4.The author of this passage seems to believe that language and the world outlook are two sides of the coin.5.The author of this passage seems to advocate that one’s language presupposes one’s way of thinking.二、问答1.Give examples to illustrate several different approaches to meaning.2.Why do we need two principles of conversation, i.e. the cooperative principle and the politeness principle?3.What does it mean that a linguist is interested in what is said, not what he thinks ought to be said?4.What is the advantage of IC analys is? Take “Drive the car near the station” as an example.5.Describe briefly the social differences in the use of language among speakers of the Chinese language.三、评论State clearly the interrelationship between language and cognition, giving theoretical analysis as well as empirical illustration.。
北京师范大学名校语言学真题
北京师范大学 2003年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题专业：语言学及应用语言学汉语言文字学科目代码：327研究方向：以上专业所有方向考试科目：语言学基础一、名词解释(每题2分，共10分)1．思维2．语言符号的层级性3，音谷4、音位区别特征，5．语流音变二、填空(每空1分，共10分)1．《句法结构》的作者是—————，是——学派的代表人物。
2．[人、男性、成年、未婚]是“单身汉”一词的——。
3．俄语属于--一语系的——语族。
4．语法范畴一般包括：——．数、格、时，--一，态、式——级5．词的结构可以包括词根、——和一一。
三、简述你所知道的人类常用交际工具，比较它们的重要性，并说明你是如何理解语言作为“工具”的涵义的。
(10分) ’、’四、俗语说“人有人言，兽有兽语”，试谈谈你对这句话的观点。
(、1Q分)五、用国际音标给“欢呼党的十六大”注音(用严式音标)，请对头三个音节的元、辅音进行描述然后分析其中的元音是几个音位，并列举每一个元音音位的音位变体。
（10分）六、比较下列句子；分析它们在句法关系和句子成分之间的语义关系上的异同，并苎此基础上论述句法与语义的关系。
(12分)(1)这种人炸弹也不怕。
(2)这种声音狼也不怕。
(3)这种狗狼也不怕。
(4)事实上我也不怕。
七、以下句子里都含出名词“人”，请指出它们各自的意思并说明词义的特性和词语利用中语境对词义的制约作用。
(6分)(1)这本书人手一册。
(2)小明已长大成人。
(3)人是高等动物。
(4)这是给人捎的东西，别乱动。
(5)他人专门好。
八、简述汉字和表音文字的异同，并以形声字为例分析声旁与字母表音功能的差异。
(8分) ’九、北京话和广东话语音相差专门大却属于汉语的不同方言，而北欧有些语言差、SIj较小：却属于不同的语言，结合这个现象说明如何区分方言和亲属语言?(8分)十、语言发展的不平衡性是如何影响语言的发展变化的? (10分十一、语言接触中的借词、皮钦语(“洋泾浜”)和混合语(克里奥耳语)有什么不同?十二、指出下列音素的发音条件：(5分)^(1)zh (2)k (3)n (4)e (5)o十三、用国际音标拼写下列词语的普通话读音：(5分)(1)眩晕(2)确凿(3)棉花(4)蛋黄儿(5)勒死十四、写出下列词语括号中的汉字：屿分)(1)沆——一气(2)好高——远(3)真知——见(4)刚——自用(5)怙恶不——十五、说明以下词语：(5分)(1)与时俱进(2)IT (3)吃不了兜着走(4)AA制(5)不刊之论十六、辨析下列各组同义词：(10分)：(1)商量——商议(2)缺点——毛病 (3)教训——教诲．十七、解释下列术语：(5分)(1)元音(2)四定 (3)成语 (4)色彩意义(5)多义词十八、指出下列词的构词方式：(5分)：(1)宪法(2)痛快 (3)凌乱 (4)典故(5)体验十九、谈谈汉字和汉语的关系：(1u分)(答案写在答题纸上)专业：语言学及应用语言学科目代码：429汉语言文字学课程与教学论研究方向：以上专业各研究方向考试科目：语言学概论语言学概论研究生考题(13 14选做一题)1、简述语言研究的历史．(11分)2、你对“语言的语言学”和“言语的语言学”的提法有何观点? (10分)3、结“申办奥运会”注上国际音标(元音要用严式)，并对头三个音节辅音和元音进行描述(7分)4．请给“老大爷看画儿”注上国际音标(元音要用严式)说明其宁的元音可归并为几个音位，什么缘故? (8分)5．举例什么语流音变中“同化”与“异化”的类型。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
北京师范大学英语语言学真题2003年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)ⅠExplain the following terms:（分数：20.00）(1).duality as a design feature of language（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).synchronic vs. diachronic perspective (of language)（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).distinctive features of speech sounds（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).semantic field（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5).cooperative principle（分数：4.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ⅡDescribe the following sounds:（分数：5.00）(1)./d/（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2)./v/（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3)./ ? /（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4)./ ? /（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (5)./a: /（分数：1.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅲ1.Explain and comment on the following pair of sentences a and b:a. John is easy to please.b. John is eager to please.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅳ2.There are two kinds of grammar based on different linguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Ⅴ3.What are the principal differences between sentence meaning and speaker meaning?（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅵ4.Analyze the grammatical structure of the following sentence to illustrate its possible meanings:I saw him on the bus.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅶ5.Some people say that the Chinese particle expresses the completion of an action. Is that true? How would you explain its meaning in the following sentences:天气冷起来了。
要下雪了。
我走了，再见。
（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅷ6.Study the following cases, and identify at least two groups whose (smallest) items are in syntagmatic relation, and at least another two groups whose (smallest) items are in paradigmatic relation. (You can give more than two groups.)/pa: t/, /bi: t/, /ha: d/, /mi: t/, /si: t/, /b ? : t/, /ka: t/, /pa: s/, /pi: s/, /bi: z/,/ha: t/, /bi: d/（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅸ7.Put the following words in a hierarchical order (you can use a tree diagram if need be) and try to define at least two of them:crocodile, mammal, reptile, rabbit, primate, animal（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅹ8.What contribution has linguistics made to the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language? （分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅺ9.What are the major criteria for good language tests? Please explain with examples.（分数：5.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________Ⅻ10.List three major English Language Teaching Methodologies you know. Which do you like best? Please give your reasons.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。