英文版中英亲属称谓的简单比较和分析
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The reasons of the cultural
2 difference between English
and Chinese kinship terms
English and Chinese address forms originated from two different civilization traditions that have their own evolving history. It is not strange that there are many differences between the two.
造成文化差异的主要原因有家庭结构、 历史背景、来源等。
Different family structures
The ancient China was a feudal agricultural country. People lived self-supporting natural economy gradually took shape. However, people had to labor together and had a collective life owing to the low productivity. So, they lived together and formed ar extended family.In China, the position in the family hierarchy is distinguished clearly. According to generation, age and sex, people were required to address and distinguish different family members.
Social term means the usage of all kinship term strategies and regulations between different social groups and social organizations in their communication according to their social positions and social roles.
相似的类别
无论是英语的亲属称谓还是汉语的亲属称谓， 都可以分为两部分:亲属称谓和社会称谓。 亲属制度不仅是语言的普遍特征，也是社会组 织中重要地位的结果。
社会称谓是指不同社会群体和社会组织在交 往中根据其社会地位和社会角色所使用的各种 亲属称谓策略和规则。
Differences between English and Chinese kinship terms
相似的结构
英汉亲属称谓具有许多重要的社会功能。一般来说，无论 是英语的亲属关系术语还是汉语的亲属关系术语，都有一个 基本的功能，连接功能。
根据人类沟通的连接功能，沟通是用来建立个人与环境之 间的关系，人们使用符号来创造自己想要的形象，以便于这 种与环境的连接。因此，个人与社会是同体的。
2. Similar Categories
Eskimo kinship term system, which is a typical example of classification, puts more emphasis on the nuclear family which of only father, mother, son, daughter, brother and sister. It also ignores the distinction between father's side and mother's side.
Other reasons From a cultural point of view of origin, the environments of China and Western countries are different, which has made those people choose different methods to adapt to the environment, therefore, different cultures were formed. Europe's geographic structure formats the Western culture the survival of the state of coexistence with the sea, seafaring and the Industrial Revolution developed, so that from the very early development of commercial economy, which created the mankind's oldest commercial civilization.China is a traditional agricultural country, after one thousands of years developing, China has developed as an agricultural civilization.
3 Conclusion
1
Comparison between English and Chinese kinship terms
Similarities of English and Chinese kinship terms英汉亲属称谓的相 似性
1. The Same Functions
2. Similar Categories
中英亲属关系的异同
目1 录
2
Comparison between English and Chinese kinship terms systems
The reasons of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship terms
因此，父亲和母亲，丈夫和妻子， 儿子和女儿，兄弟姐妹分别处于相同 的地位。他们倾向于称呼别人的名字， 而不管他们的等级和身份。
Different source Chinese kinship terms belong to Sudanese kinship system（苏丹亲属制度）, but English kinship terms are Eskimo kinship system（爱斯基摩亲属制度）. Sudanese kinship system is descriptive system, which makes a clear distinction between maternal and paternal relatives.
Different historical background
As we all know, feudal patriarchal society controlled China for two thousand years, influenced by the moral and ethical concepts; Chinese must chose suitable terms to address others according to the rank and identity. On the contrary, in the west, people think equality is very important. They hold the view that all men are born equal. In western families, all members are in an equal tatus. Thus, father and mother, husband and wife, son and daughter and the siblings are in the same status respectively. They are prone to address others by names regardless of the rank and identity.
In Chinese kinship terms, there is some difference between collateral relations （旁系关系）and lineal relations（直系关系）, but in English kinship terms, there is little difference. First, please look at the following 2 tables; they will help us to understand the differences between collateral relations and lineal relations.
No matter English kinship terms or Chinese kinship terms, they can be divided into two parts: the kinship terms and the social terms. Kinship system is not only a universal feature of languages, but also a result of the importance in social organization.
According to the linking function of human communication, communication is used to establish relationships between the individual and the environment, and that people use symbols to create a desired image to facilitate this linking to the environment. Thus, the individual is consubstantial with society.
The main reasons for cultural differences lie in the family structures, history background, source and so on.
英汉亲属称谓文化差异 的原因
英汉称呼语起源于两种不同的文明传统， 都有各自的发展历史。这两者之间有许多 不同之处，这并不奇怪。
不同的家庭结构
古代中国是一个封建的农业国。 人们自给自足的自然经济逐渐形 成。但由于生产力低下，人们不 得不共同劳动，过集体生活。于 是，他们住在一起，组成了一个 大家庭。
在中国，家庭等级的地位有明 显的区别。人们需要根据辈分、 年龄和性别来称呼和区分不同的 家庭成员。
不同的历史背景
众所周知，封建宗法社会统治了中 国两千年，受到道德伦理观念的影响: 中国人必须根据身份和地位选择合适 的称谓。相反，在西方，人们认为平 等是非常重要的。他们认为人人生而 平等。在西方家庭中，所有的家庭成 员都很幸福。
1. The Same Functions
English and Chinese kinship term have many important social functions.Generally, no matter English kinship or Chinese kinship terms, they have a basic functions, linking function.
The reasons of the cultural
2 difference between English
and Chinese kinship terms
English and Chinese address forms originated from two different civilization traditions that have their own evolving history. It is not strange that there are many differences between the two.
造成文化差异的主要原因有家庭结构、 历史背景、来源等。
Different family structures
The ancient China was a feudal agricultural country. People lived self-supporting natural economy gradually took shape. However, people had to labor together and had a collective life owing to the low productivity. So, they lived together and formed ar extended family.In China, the position in the family hierarchy is distinguished clearly. According to generation, age and sex, people were required to address and distinguish different family members.
Social term means the usage of all kinship term strategies and regulations between different social groups and social organizations in their communication according to their social positions and social roles.
相似的类别
无论是英语的亲属称谓还是汉语的亲属称谓， 都可以分为两部分:亲属称谓和社会称谓。 亲属制度不仅是语言的普遍特征，也是社会组 织中重要地位的结果。
社会称谓是指不同社会群体和社会组织在交 往中根据其社会地位和社会角色所使用的各种 亲属称谓策略和规则。
Differences between English and Chinese kinship terms
相似的结构
英汉亲属称谓具有许多重要的社会功能。一般来说，无论 是英语的亲属关系术语还是汉语的亲属关系术语，都有一个 基本的功能，连接功能。
根据人类沟通的连接功能，沟通是用来建立个人与环境之 间的关系，人们使用符号来创造自己想要的形象，以便于这 种与环境的连接。因此，个人与社会是同体的。
2. Similar Categories
Eskimo kinship term system, which is a typical example of classification, puts more emphasis on the nuclear family which of only father, mother, son, daughter, brother and sister. It also ignores the distinction between father's side and mother's side.
Other reasons From a cultural point of view of origin, the environments of China and Western countries are different, which has made those people choose different methods to adapt to the environment, therefore, different cultures were formed. Europe's geographic structure formats the Western culture the survival of the state of coexistence with the sea, seafaring and the Industrial Revolution developed, so that from the very early development of commercial economy, which created the mankind's oldest commercial civilization.China is a traditional agricultural country, after one thousands of years developing, China has developed as an agricultural civilization.
3 Conclusion
1
Comparison between English and Chinese kinship terms
Similarities of English and Chinese kinship terms英汉亲属称谓的相 似性
1. The Same Functions
2. Similar Categories
中英亲属关系的异同
目1 录
2
Comparison between English and Chinese kinship terms systems
The reasons of the cultural difference between English and Chinese kinship terms
因此，父亲和母亲，丈夫和妻子， 儿子和女儿，兄弟姐妹分别处于相同 的地位。他们倾向于称呼别人的名字， 而不管他们的等级和身份。
Different source Chinese kinship terms belong to Sudanese kinship system（苏丹亲属制度）, but English kinship terms are Eskimo kinship system（爱斯基摩亲属制度）. Sudanese kinship system is descriptive system, which makes a clear distinction between maternal and paternal relatives.
Different historical background
As we all know, feudal patriarchal society controlled China for two thousand years, influenced by the moral and ethical concepts; Chinese must chose suitable terms to address others according to the rank and identity. On the contrary, in the west, people think equality is very important. They hold the view that all men are born equal. In western families, all members are in an equal tatus. Thus, father and mother, husband and wife, son and daughter and the siblings are in the same status respectively. They are prone to address others by names regardless of the rank and identity.
In Chinese kinship terms, there is some difference between collateral relations （旁系关系）and lineal relations（直系关系）, but in English kinship terms, there is little difference. First, please look at the following 2 tables; they will help us to understand the differences between collateral relations and lineal relations.
No matter English kinship terms or Chinese kinship terms, they can be divided into two parts: the kinship terms and the social terms. Kinship system is not only a universal feature of languages, but also a result of the importance in social organization.
According to the linking function of human communication, communication is used to establish relationships between the individual and the environment, and that people use symbols to create a desired image to facilitate this linking to the environment. Thus, the individual is consubstantial with society.
The main reasons for cultural differences lie in the family structures, history background, source and so on.
英汉亲属称谓文化差异 的原因
英汉称呼语起源于两种不同的文明传统， 都有各自的发展历史。这两者之间有许多 不同之处，这并不奇怪。
不同的家庭结构
古代中国是一个封建的农业国。 人们自给自足的自然经济逐渐形 成。但由于生产力低下，人们不 得不共同劳动，过集体生活。于 是，他们住在一起，组成了一个 大家庭。
在中国，家庭等级的地位有明 显的区别。人们需要根据辈分、 年龄和性别来称呼和区分不同的 家庭成员。
不同的历史背景
众所周知，封建宗法社会统治了中 国两千年，受到道德伦理观念的影响: 中国人必须根据身份和地位选择合适 的称谓。相反，在西方，人们认为平 等是非常重要的。他们认为人人生而 平等。在西方家庭中，所有的家庭成 员都很幸福。
1. The Same Functions
English and Chinese kinship term have many important social functions.Generally, no matter English kinship or Chinese kinship terms, they have a basic functions, linking function.