英语写作知识要点
英语写作知识要点
1 写作教与学入手的四个方面
●Mechanics of writing（标点符号、大小写、页面格式及基本的语法问题（如主
谓一致问题等：课本的第1、10部分）；
●From words to sentences (遣词造句：分别为课本的第2、3部分);
●From paragraphs to whole compositions（段落及全文谋篇布局：分别为
课本的第4、5部分）；
●Academic and practical writing（学术论文写作和应用文写作：分别为课
本的第8、9部分）
根据英语写作课程组的统一协调：大二写作教学内容涵盖课本的1、2、3、4部分和第10部分（学生自学）；大三写作教学涵盖第5部分和第6、7部分；大四写作涵盖第8、9部分（需要大量的相关补充内容）。
2 英语段落的三个基本特质：（课本P81 Three basic qualities of
effective paragraphs）
（很好的英文论述见课本81页一二三段）
全段围绕一个中心思想展开（Unity 一致/统一性）；
句与句之间的联系与过渡要紧密、自然、合乎逻辑（Coherence 连贯性）；
发展充分（Well-developedness 论证要完整、充分）。
也就是说，一个好的段落只有一个主题，所有句子在意义上始终保持统一，紧紧围绕这一主题展开；段落结构组织合理，句与句之间的衔接过渡紧密自然、合乎逻辑；整个段落能够充分地表达这一主题思想，内容上没有任何残缺。
3 段落的结构与发展
3.1 段落的结构
段落是由若干个彼此关联的句子构成的，通常用以表达一个中心思想或者从一个角度对文章的主题进行阐述。因此，段落不能是一组句子的任意堆砌，而是遵循一定段落发展方法的。当然, 这并不是说，所有的段落都遵循着相同的、固定的模式。在读、写实践中，我们会遇到一些段落，只有一两句话，在文中起承前启后的过渡作用或扮演导言或结束语的角色。但，我们遇到的大多数句子并不是这样，它们在内容上比较丰富，结构较为复杂。以下所讲，就是一般的英语段落的结构。
结构完整的段落由三部分组成：主题句（Topic sentence）、发展句（Supporting sentences）和总结句（Concluding sentence）；
一个段落的一般长度为：4-8个句子
请先读下面这一段文字，注意其结构：
Why Do People Go to Universities?
Different people go to universities for different reasons.Some people go to a university for specialized training. They go to learn about medicine or law or engineering or nursing and so on to prepare for particular jobs. Other people go to a university to learn as much as they can about the world and the people around themselves. Still others go to a university because they want the honor of a university degree. And, of course, there are some people who go to a university because they have nothing else to do. It is clear that different people expect different things from a university education.
3.1.1 主题句
主题句通常由主题和作者的观点两部分组成，作为段落传递信息的出发点，简明扼要地告诉读者段落的线索和范围。所以，写好主题句是写好一个段落的前提。另外，主题句的位置并不是固定不变的，它可以位于段首，也可以位于段中、段尾。此外，有极少数情况下，段落没有主题句。
3.1.2 发展句
发展句是用来支持或说明主题句的，是段落主题句的延伸和发展，起着辅助主题句、推展段落中心的作用，对主题句表达的中心思想或举例说明、或细致描写、或详细解释阐述和论证，使读者能够清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表达的意思。
发展句一般要具备这样的特点：（1）清晰、详实，有较强的说服力，能清楚地表达思想；（2）条理分明，脉络清晰。上一句要为下一句铺平道路，下一句是上一句的自然延伸，一步一步地论述或叙述主题。段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节。
一个段落通常有若干个发展句。这些发展句可以处于同一个层次，共同来为主题句服务；也可以在一级发展句之下用二级发展句来支持一级发展句，从而构成发展句之间的层次关系。但在段落中如果有多个不同层次的发展句时，必须要合理地安排它们，既要作到简洁清晰、意义连贯、合乎逻辑，又要作到层次分明并紧紧地围绕主题句，为主题句服务；同时还要注意一级发展句、二级发展句等
和主题句之间的关系。一级发展句为主题句服务，二级发展句支持一级发展句来说明或论证主题句。
(1)In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. (2)No single beat is characteristic of the music today. （3）But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. (4)As you listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.
(5)Before long, your entire body seems to be moving with it. （6）Your head pounds with the beat, and there is no room for thought. （7）Only the surge of the music is important. (8)In its own way, rock music is as dominant as the rock Gibraltar. Its message is an overgrowing emotional one.
在这一段中，句（1）是段落主题句，点出本段主题思想，要说明“摇滚乐最突出的特点是其节奏”。句（2）、（3）是一级发展句，对主题句进一步补充说明；而句（4）、（5）、（6）是二级发展句，从属于句（2），对句（2）起着补充、解释和说明的作用，更形象、生动地证明了主题句所表达的思想。这里，句（7）是总结句。
3.1.3 总结句
总结句位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起着非常重要的作用，用以对全段内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性的观点。总结句常和主题句相呼应，以不同的形式再现主题，并与发展句相关联。但是并非任何段落都必须有总结句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些较短的段落中只有主题句没有总结句。
A contract is an agreement which is enforceable by law. It can be long or short, formal or informal, simple or complicated, and verbal or written. Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties, any international business or transaction would be impossible. Long age, people exchanged promises in making bargains and binding the conduct of others. This exchange of promises came to be known as “agreement” and became more and more important in the fields of business. A promise or agreement is reached as a result of the process of offer and acceptance. When an agreement is reached, a contract is formed. Once a contract is officially signed by the concerned parties, it creates legal obligations in the sense of law.
3.2 段落的发展
1时间顺序法
2 空间顺序法
3 列举法
用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章层次分明，脉络一目了然。
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health.
4 例证法
举具体的事例来证明观点，这是议论文最常用的方法，尽量找最能体现观点的例子，具体点，微观点，给人说服力。请看下面作者论证“不劳无获”的观点，用的是拳击运动的例子。如：
The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet philosophical moral teachings: if one wants to achieve something, he has to work and tolerate more than others. The saying is true of any pursuit man seeks. A case in point is boxing. While we heap cheers on the winner, few happen to imagine that his gold belt is won at the cost of his sweat, tears, blood, even life over years before the arrival of that exciting moment.
5 对比法(comparison and contrast)
对比法是指通过叙述或描述两种或两种以上的相关事物之间的相同（相似）的地方或不同之处来表达主题。采用对比法展开段落主要通过两种途径：一是先叙述对比双方的一个方面的全部细节，然后再叙述另一个方面的全部细节；另一个途径是对逐个问题进行双方面的比较。
Why do so many graduates gravitate into business instead of into teaching? Part of the reason is the ever-widening pay gap between these two professions. A secretary, an office clerk or a bank employee can earn monthly income as high as RMB 2，000, and when one is promoted to the position of a business executive or manager, the salary is even higher. But a college graduate with a master’s degree can only get a
salary of RMB 1，000 per month for his teaching job. No wonder, college graduates are attracted into more lucrative（profitable）fields.
本段的主题是为什么那么多的大学毕业生从商，而不从事教学工作。作者运用对比法，说明由于两种职业之间存在着越来越大的收入差异，所以有好多学生毕业后选择从商，而不选择从教。
There are striking similarities between two of the most popular U.S. presidents, Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy. Both men had their elections legally challenged. Lincoln and Kennedy are both remembered for their sense of humor, as well as for their interest in civil rights. Lincoln’s secretary was Mrs. Kennedy; Kennedy’s secretary was Mrs. Lincoln. Neither man took the advice of his secretary not to make a public appearance on the day on which he was assassinated. Lincoln and Kennedy were both killed on Friday in the presence of their wives. And finally, the same caisson（弹药车）carried the bodies of both men in their funeral processions.
本段采用对比法通过第一种途径展开段落。这里，作者将美国历史上两位伟大的总统林肯与肯尼迪从六个方面作了比较，描述他们的相似之处。
6 分类法
分类法是按一定标准对事物进行归类的一种段落发展方法。通过分类，可以使文章脉络一目了然。例如：
Examinations fall into three kinds. One is the machine-scored “objective” type.
In an objective test, the students answer questions by deciding on best choice among a number of alternatives given. Another is the “completion” type. This kind of examination requires the students to add a word or phrase to complete a sentence.
And the third type is the essay examination, in which the students are asked to write a composition on a given topic. All these kinds of examinations are designed to reveal what a student may have learned in any particular course.
本段采用分类法来展开段落。主题句在段落开头，指出“考试可分三种类型”。然后，作者运用One is the machine scored “objective type”, Another is the “completion type”,“And the third type is the essay examination” 来清楚地将考试分类阐述，段落脉络一目了然，层次十分分明。
7 定义法
定义法是通过简单易懂而且准确的语言阐明某事物的性质和特征来发展段落，使读者对某事物比较抽象的或是难以把握的一些特征有一个较清晰的认识。定义法常用于说明、描写和论证，以提供更多的具体解释来说明某一概念或术语。
Poetry is a branch of literature which explores ideas, emotions, and experiences in a distinctive form and style. Poetry, sometimes called “verse”, depends greatly on the natural rhythms and sounds of language for its special effects. Poetry, even more than prose (all other writings), depends on precise and suggestive wording. In other words, a poem says much in little space. Poetry differs from prose in obvious ways, also. Most often the first word of every line begins with a capital letter, even in the middle of a sentence. Poems sometimes contain rhyme, and often they have a particular rhythm, like music.
本段通过下定义的方法说明什么是诗歌。段落一开始就指出诗歌是一种文学形式。作者在段落首句里用一个which引导的定语从句直接对Poetry进行定义、解释。后来，还利用同散文（prose）的简单对比，将诗歌的特点淋漓尽致地展示给读者。
Mistakes Are an Essential Part of Education.
If something essential is absolutely necessary or unavoidable and the essential aspects of something are its most basic or important aspects, I’ll insist that mistakes are an essential part of education.
For one thing, mistakes are necessary or unavoidable in process of growing up as well as in education as a life-long process. The Christian proverb, “To err is human,”which is roughly equivalent to the Chinese saying, “人非圣贤孰能无过?”, conveys a belief that goes in most, if not all, cultures. We may at times make mistakes in our thinking, speaking, and doing. In some cases, our mistakes are honest ones, while in other cases, our mistakes are simply deliberate ones. Nonetheless, that doesn’t change the fact that we all make, or are likely to make mistakes regardless of our intentions, in all kinds of activities that we get involved in. The process of learning is by no means an exception.
For another, mistakes are an essential part of the search for knowledge, for they provide us with important learning opportunities. In order to learn something new, we have to take the risk to try on new ideas and new behaviors. When we make mistakes we learn more about what works and what doesn’t. What’s more, if we feel challenged and motivated to ask why and try to work out the reason, then each mistake becomes a starting point of a journey leading to the discovery of hidden truths. In one word, we learn from our mistakes.
In addition, mistakes play an essential role in education in that they, in most cases, serve as evidences of where we are and how much we have learnt as well as what we are supposed to spend more time and energy on next. If treated wisely and
properly, mistakes help document our journey of learning and serve as the guiding star for our moving ahead.
Mistakes are where the treasures lie. They are not only an inevitable part of the education, but also a most important part of great use in that they provide good learning experiences. Then it's not stupid to make a mistake. Of course, it's always better to let others make the mistakes and learn from them but we usually take the lessons more to heart when they result from our own mistakes.
8 因果法
因果法是说明事态发展的原因和结果之间联系的，常用在说明文或议论文中。可以先讲原因，后给结果，也可以先给结果，后讲原因。这要视实际需要而定。也有一些段落结果是显而易见的，就集中说明原因；有的段落正好相反，就集中说明结果，因为原因不言自明。
The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?
First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger.
上面这篇作文讲的是“汉堡受欢迎的原因”，第一段提出问题“为什么受欢迎呢？”接下来在说原因时，用到了上面的列举法，只不过不是“first, second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，让人感觉不落俗套。
9 综合法
综合法是指根据行文的需要采用两种或两种以上的方法来展开段落的写作方法。综合法需要具体情况具体分析地使用，千万不可“眉毛胡子一把抓”，或者信笔胡写，一定要注意围绕主题句，以说明段落中心思想为前提，保持段落意思的一致性和连贯性。
4 全文的结构与发展
英语写作，可以说是“篇段同构”。就是说，一般地，一篇文章在结构上和一个段落的结构相似，有三部分（不一定是只有三段）构成。一篇文章，一般包括开篇段、正文（发展段）和总结段; 开篇段和总结段一般比发展段短。在展开说明各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法之前，不妨看看下面段落与篇章的结构对
比。
既然英语写作“篇段同构”，那么就不难理解英语写作“篇段同质”了。“篇段同质”就是说，一篇好文章所应具备的基本特征应该与一个好段落所以具备的基本特征一样，那就是:
Unity（一致性）：全文要围绕一个中心主题展开；
Coherence（连贯性）: 段与段、句与句之间的过渡衔接要紧密、自然、合乎
逻辑；
Well-developedness (论证的完整、充分性): 论证要完整、充分。
也正因为如此，教材第81页说：A paragraph is like a mini-essay。可以这么理解，典型的英语写作，一个段落可以看作是一篇文章的缩写，一篇文章可以看作是一个段落的扩展。
4.1 开篇段
开篇段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。
注意：开篇段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题，最忌开篇离题太远、使用不言自明的陈述、内容空泛、言之无物。开篇段一般不对主题进行
深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般地，两三百
字的作文的开篇段有三、五句话就可以了。
开篇段常用写法：主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法，等。
4.2 正文
文章的正文是由若干段落组成，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证，是文章的主体部分，其篇幅要比开篇段和总结段长。
正文的发展要注意：
1) 文章的正文应以文章的开头为线索，具体地叙述、说明或论证文章的主
题。
2) 每一个段落中一定要有各自的主题句，各段的主题句都要紧紧围绕全文
的主题思想；
3) 段落之间连贯自然；
4) 各段内容主次分明、顺序安排合理，材料比例适当、逻辑性较强；
4.3 结尾
文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章的结尾没有一定的模式，可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。一般的习惯是，一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法；但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语，以便使文章首尾呼应，结构完整。不管是哪一种结尾，总结段都要干脆利落，深化主题。常见的几种模式是：
1．总结归纳：简要总结归纳文章要点，以便深化主题印象。例如：In conclusion, I would like to say that change is a problem confronting most of us today. The changes which have already taken place in every field of our life are irreversible. Continuation of the growth which has already begun is inevitable. During this evolution there are great rewards to be won—by those who are willing to take the opportunities being offered.
2．用不同的语词重复主题句
结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，也就是用不同的话语重述全文主题思想，达到强调的效果。
3. 根据前文所述做出自然的、合乎逻辑的预测。例如：
It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund, for present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government’s popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4. 批评前文中讨论的两种观点之一，或从中作出选择，或两者之间折中处理（一
般认为，折中处理会显得作者论点不明确，论证不力）。
My Opinion about Google
Is Google a good thing or a bad thing? Different people may have different answers. Before giving my opinion, it will be wise to take a look at the advantages and disadvantages that people have raised about it.
Among the various advantages that people have listed about Google, the following 3 are most frequently mentioned. First, Google gives its users a kind of e-library in which people can find nearly all the information they need, such as philosophy, geology, fine art and so on, much easier than in the traditional library. Second, people can enjoy finding information on Google at their own home instead of going to the library in which they have to follow the time schedule made by the library. Last but not the least, the appearance of Google largely reduces the time which people spend on finding useful information. All people need to do is to type a
few key words about the information they want to find on Google, and then all the relative information will appear on the computer screen in a moment.
As to the disadvantages of Google, people often argue in terms of its reliability and the effects it has on its users’ creativity and health. Some people doubt about the information provided by Google, because they think that the information in Google is second-hand and also including personal intentions of the collectors who select the information from various kinds of newspapers, magazines and other means. The problem is that it’s not always easy for them to decide what kind of information should be collected or omitted. Some people think that Google kind of leads them to refuse to do any creative thinking. Searching on the Google is as easy as turning on a water tap, so many students download articles from the Google instead of writing by themselves. Sometimes, these people get the feeling that they are losing the ability to think independently and even more they don’t like to think up something, and just to copy everything. Still, some people hold that Google should take some responsibility for its users’health problem, because it is reported that working at computers for more than two hours will cause bad effects to people’s health. The use of Google will eventually add the time of using computer since people tend to find everything by Google.
In my opinion, Google, as a modern device, is of great importance in making people’s life and work more convenient. Its advantages largely outweigh its disadvantages, because its so-called disadvantages are not its own faults at all. Rather, they are all due to people’s improper use of it. If people can use it wisely and don’t rely on it too much, the so-called disadvantages of Google can be largely reduced, and many of them can even be avoided.
5. 根据前文所述，提出解决问题的途径、方法或呼吁人们采取相应的行动；但
最忌空呼口号，言之无物。例如：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic programs. We sincerely hope that this suggestion will be a commitment that all colleges and universities will take up.
6. 引用一个与文章主题紧密相关的名言警句。
Do Unto Others As Y ou Would Have Others Do Unto Y ou
Coming directly from the Bible, the phrase, “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you”, means that we should treat others as we would like to be treated. Confucius’s teaching, like “己所不欲，勿施于人”(Do not impose upon others what you do not desire yourself) and “己欲达而达人”(if you want success, then help others be successful), just captures the same spirit conveyed in this Christian saying, which is also called the Golden Rule.
Among the morals by which we live, such as honesty, and sensitivity and so on, the Golden Rule embodies our most cherished value. Above all, in our life, interpersonal relationships probably cause more stress and anxiety than any other single factor. Noticeably regularly, conflicts in the home, in the street and other public places provoke and enhance anxiety in most of us. If every one can follow the Golden Rule, and stand in the other's shoes, conflicts can be diminished or even be avoided, and harmony can be realized. People can then live in peace and friendliness. However, if every one treats others in any way that seems to serve his or her own immediate best interests, even if it means doing harm to others’ interests, no one can escape from a state of constant anxiety. Life then will be nothing but a nightmare. That accounts for why many, if not most of us, for most of the time, are practicing the Golden Rule. Practicing that rule is a sign that we are different from animals.
No doubt, there are always people who don’t follow the Golden Rule, but this should by no means be an excuse for us not to abide by it. The point is that if we are consistently well mannered and pleasant with them, it is not easy for others to continue with harsh and selfish attitude. They will finally become polite and welcoming.
“As you sow, so shall you reap.”Hardworking farmers reap a heavier harvest, while kind people will get a greater reward from the efforts they put into their relationship. If all of us try as hard as possible to follow the Golden Rule, together we can sure make a better world to live in.
6. 自然结尾
随着文章的结束，文章自然而然地结尾。以“Fishing”为标题的记叙文可以这样结尾：
I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.
同样地，“A Day of Harvesting”可以这么结尾：
Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile.
7. 以反问句结尾：如：“Are we going to let this situation continue?”
但要注意，结尾要慎用问句。另外，问句结尾时要确保自己的观点立场已经在正文和开篇段中表白清楚，不能故用玄虚，让人揣摩不透。
A question is always a weak end.
附：英文标题的大写规则及标点符号问题：
大小写规则：
1.首尾词的首字母一律大写；
2.除了并列连词、介词和冠词及不定式符号to之外，其他的词的首字母在标题
中都要大写。（重要词（包括合成词中连字符后面的重要词）的首字母大写：实词（名动形副数叹）都是重要词；虚词（连介代冠）中，代词是重要词要大写，并列连词、介词和冠词及不定式符号to是非重要词不大写。）
英文标题中的标点符号问题：
1.除结尾不能用逗号和句号之外，该用什么标点就用什么标点；
2.副标题前可以用冒号或用空格与主标题隔开；不能用破折号。
请看以下例子，注意大小写和标点符号：
Life As I Find It
Whose Music? A Sociology of Musical Language
Italian Literature before Dante
Why Y ou?
What Is Literature?
Picturing the Rose: A W ay of Looking at Fairy Tales
The Old Man and the Sea
How to Build a W orking Digital Computer
1月全国自考英语写作基础试题及答案解析
全国2018年1月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试题 课程代码：00597 I. Correct the errors in the following sentences.(改写病句)10% Example: After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television .I resolved never to buy that brand again. After seeing an offensive mouthwash ad on television, I resolved never to buy that brand again. 1.Those berries are poisonous don’t eat them. 2.Our city’s buildings are not as modern as your city. 3.To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase. 4.He told me that Mary had returned home for a week. 5.I read the book on the bus which did not interest me at all. II. Read the following passages and identify the topic sentence in each by underlining it.(阅读以下每段文章，然后在每段文章的主题句下划线。)20% 1. The biggest problem in ancient DNA reserch is getting the DNA in the first place. The favorite material to work with is bone, and a small chunk of it is best. Cells can lie inside the hard bone structure waiting to be liberated after the calcium has been dissolved away. That’s the easy bit. Getting the DNA out, what little of it that remains is horrendously difficult and many teams have succumbed to pitfalls in the past. The rule is that it has to be done in a clean room better than used to assemble spacecraft to go into deep space, and it has to be done away from any other source of potentially contaminating DNA. 2. Names usually have origins, especially for Indians. Indians with distinctive physical characteristics, might be given names such as Big Foot or Crooked Leg. If there had been a big storm on the day of a baby’s birth, the baby might have been named Thundercloud. Grey Eagle, Red-Dog, Big Bear, and Spotted Wolf are examples of Indian names after animals. 3. Many TV commercials imply that a woman’s self-esteem depends on her cleaning ability. In one commercial, we see a woman terribly upset because her guests find spots on her glassware. Countless other commercials blur out the message that a woman will pass muster as a person if her kitchen floor gleams and her toilet bowl is blue. This idiocy must work, because the images of women scrubbing, moping, waxing and smiling keep on coming over the air. 4. As human beings, we are constantly in the stage of change. Our bodies change everyday. Our attitudes are constantly evolving. Something we swore by five years ago is now almost impossible for us to imagine ourselves believing The clothes we wore a few years ago now look strange to us in old photographs. Everything is changing. This is a prediction I can make with absolute certainty. 1
中考英语作文重点句型
初中英语作文常用连接词和亮点句子 一．引出开头 1：It is well-known to us that……（我们都知道……） 2：A lot of people seem to think that……（很多人似乎认为……） 3：Nowadays（overpopulation）has become a problem we have to face.（现今，人口过剩已成为我们不得不面对的问题） 4：…….. has been playing an important role in our daily life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.（…….已在我们的生活扮演着越来越重要的角色，它给我们带来了许多好处但也产生了一些严重的问题） 二.表文章逻辑结构顺序： 1.一二三原则 1)first, second, third, last 2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally 3)the first, the second, the third, the last 4)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(推荐) 5)to start with, next, in addition, finally(推荐) 6)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况) 7)not only….but also… 2.表并列补充关系的(递进关系)：What’s more（而且）; What’s worse（更糟糕的是），Especially（特别是）; Besides（除此之外）, In addition（除此之外还有）,not only …but also 不但…而且， at the same time 同时 3.表转折对比关系的：However, On the contrary, but, Although+（从句）,（不与but连用）In spite of+n/doing 尽管…但是… 4.用来陈述正反方的不同观点（一般用于议论文章中）： On the one hand…On the other hand…一方面…，又一方面…； Some…, while others…一些人认为…而另一些人认为… Everything has two sides…(事物都具有两面性). 5.表因果关系的： Because（不与so连用）, As（由于，因为），So, Therefore（因此）, As a result (结果) ，thanks to多亏, because of（由于）, with the help of...（在…的帮助下）, 6.表陈述事实：In fact=as a matter of face=actually 事实上 7.表达自己观点：As far as I know / as far as I am concerned 就我所知，就我所理解In my opinion据我看来；from my point of view据我看来; As is known to （us）all，….据我所知，as we know，….据我所知，It is said /reported/known that + 句子据说/报道…，to be honest 诚实地说，generally speaking/in general 通常来说。这些短语一般都用于文章的开头，用来陈述自己的观点。 8.表总结：In short（总之）、In a word（总之）. All in all, so, therefore, as a result, thus, hence(因此，所以，总之) There is no doubt that ……(毫无疑问。。。。) 一般也用于最后一段表示总结。 9．连接各类从句的连接词： 时间状语从句：when, not…until, as soon as 目的状语从句：so that+clause; to do（为了）
实用英语写作大纲
达法,而且能够广泛增加有关商务活动的知识,从而提高他们运用英语进行书面交际的能力。 2．本门课是专业教学计划中的普通教育必修课，与先前英语基础课的关系是其后续的专业英语课。 3．本课程的教学目的：旨在使学生掌握各类英语书信的语言特点及篇章结构；了解便条及卡片、社交信函、求职、求学申请信的起草方法和各类信件的写作方法；熟悉各类涉外证件、商务信函、对外经济贸易中的技术交流合同、保险、外贸业务相关的各类电传以及广告、产品使用说明及产品维护等信函的写作技巧等。 本课程的教学任务是：在教学过程中，培养学生的实际交际、应用和解决问题能力并适当加入案例学习和贸易操作指南及练习，让学生在一个仿真模拟实践中了解和掌握一些涉外活动的基本程序和主要操作技能。 本课程的教学要求：通过对本课程的学习，要求学生将涉外业务知识与英语写作相结合，在已具备的英语读写能力基础上，重点掌握外贸信函、外贸电传的写作技巧。经过严格训练后，应
能独立、熟练和准确地起草以上各类信函，在今后的工作岗位上能熟练处理各种涉外业务。采用课堂教学和自主学习相结合的方式，充分运用先进的多媒体网络等现代化教育技术手段，引入计算机多媒体教学和网络教学平台，采用全方位、立体化、个性化的多媒体教学手段，提高教学效率和教学质量。 三、课程内容、学时分配及教学基本要求 Chapter 1 Basic Requirements for Writing （共2学时） （一）教学内容： 第一节词及句子 知识要点：词的选择与句子的表达 第二节段落及篇章 知识要点：段落及篇章的写作 教学重点：词汇的正确应用及句子的贴切表达 教学难点：如何组织段落及篇章结构 （二）教学基本要求： 1．了解英语词汇、句子的类型，理解其构成方式，懂得词汇及句子在写作中常见的错误，
与贸易有关的投资措施协议(中英文对照)
AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES Members, Considering that Ministers agreed in the Punta del Este Declaration that "Following an examination of the operation of GATT Articles related to the trade restrictive and distorting effects of investment measures, negotiations should elaborate, as appropriate, further provisions that may be necessary to avoid such adverse effects on trade"; Desiring to promote the expansion and progressive liberalisation of world trade and to facilitate investment across international frontiers so as to increase the economic growth of all trading partners, particularly developing country Members, while ensuring free competition; Taking into account the particular trade, development and financial needs of developing country Members, particularly those of the least-developed country Members; Recognizing that certain investment measures can cause trade-restrictive and distorting effects; Hereby agree as follows: 与贸易有关的投资措施协定 各成员， 考虑到部长们在《埃斯特角城宣言》中同意“在审查与投资措施的贸易限制作用和扭曲作用有关的GATT条款的运用情况之后，谈判应酌情详述为避免此类对贸易的不利影响而可能需要的进一步规定”； 期望促进世界贸易的扩大和逐步自由化，便利跨国投资，以便提高所有贸易伙伴、特别是发展中国家成员的经济增长，同时保证自由竞争； 考虑到发展中国家成员、特别是最不发达国家成员特殊的贸易、发展和财政需要； 认识到某些投资措施可能产生贸易限制作用和扭曲作用： 特此协议如下： Article 1 Coverage This Agreement applies to investment measures related to trade in goods only (referred to in this Agreement as "TRIMs"). 第1条 范围 本协定仅适用于与货物贸易有关的投资措施(本协定中称“TRIMs”)。 Article 2 National Treatment and Quantitative Restrictions 1. Without prejudice to other rights and obligations under GATT 1994, no Member shall apply any TRIM that is inconsistent with the provisions of Article III or Article XI of GATT 1994. 第2条 国民待遇和数量限制 1. 在不损害GATT 1994项下其他权利和义务的情况下，各成员不得实施任何与GATT l994第3条或第11条规定不一致的TRIM。
英语写作基础网上计分作业答案
A: All the young children were _________ over the outing. A. excited B. exciting A : What is the least dangerous kind of robbery? B : ________ robbery. A. Safe B. Safety C. Saving All the people were _________ to hear that the pirates attacked our merchant ships. A. astonished B. astonishing All the fruits must before they are paid for. A. weight B. be weighed C. weigh D. be in weight A : What are we all doing at the same time? B : We are all growing __________. A. old B. elder C. elderly B: Be careful __________ you cross the street. A. how B. for C. to D. with C: D: Do you wish me ___________? A. stay B. to stay C. staying D. stayed Didn’t I ask you ________ in your homework this week? A. hand B. handed C. handing D. to hand E: Everyone longs ________ the summer holiday. A. till B. toward C. towards D. for Everybody was _______ at the news of a sudden outbreak of polio in the community. A. alarmed B. alarming F: G: Great changes _______ in our institute in the last few years.
实用英语写作课程教学大纲
中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 一、课程介绍 1.课程描述： 实用英语写作是非英语专业的公共基础课，属于大学英语拓展课程的语言技能类课程。本课程的开设旨在对非英语专业学生进行基本英语写作技能的培养和训练，课程的任务是使学生掌握英语写作方面的基本知识，掌握英语句子、段落及篇章写作方面的基本技巧，学生通过运用所学知识及有关资料，写作说明文、议论文以及应用文等各类体裁的文章。 实用英语写作作为一种国际商贸活动和国际事务交往过程中必不可少的交际工具，对贸易的缔结和双边关系的保持起着举足轻重的作用。随着全球经济一体化的迅速发展，国际商务交往日益频繁，为了增强学生在国际商务活动中的交际能力，培养复合型人才，本课程向学生提供了一个选材广泛和能体现各种情景的范文资料库，帮助学生了解英语中最常见的和最常用的各种文体的用途,使学生在学习各种文体的同时，不仅能够熟悉相关的英文表达法，而且能够广泛增加有关跨文化交际的知识，从而从整体上提高运用英语进行书面交际的能力。 2.设计思路： 本课程依据教育部颁发的《大学英语课程教学要求》进行课程设置，属于大学英 - 8 -
语的拓展课程系列。学生顺序修读完大学英语基础阶段的课程后，在听力理解、口语表达和阅读理解等方面已经达到一般要求的英语能力，并能够在认知的基础上学会熟练运用英语，然后可根据自身情况选修本课程。 本课程拟系统全面地讲述了英语写作方面的基本知识和基本技巧。文稿格式部分简介文稿的安排、移行；字母的大写；标点的基本用法。措辞部分讨论词的类型：正式、非正式、俚语、地方语、口语、术语；词的本义和引申义；一般和特殊、抽象和具体的词汇；习语；英语中主要的修辞手法。句子部分包括完整句和不完整句；句子的类型；句子的统一、连贯、简洁、直接、强调、多样化；句式变换。完整作文部分包括：写作步骤；组织结构；文章体裁。 3. 课程与其他课程的关系： 实用英语写作为大学英语拓展课程系列的语言技能课程。学生顺序修读完大学英语基础阶段的课程后方可进行本课程的学习。 二、课程目标 1.知识目标 学习本课程后，学生能够掌握英语句群、段落及篇章写作的基本技巧，能够通过运用所学知识及有关资料，写作说明文、议论文和应用文等各类体裁的英语文章。 2.能力目标 学习本课程后，学生能够掌握汉英两种语言写作篇章的特点；能够针对不同话题的写作任务写出说明文和议论文等各类体裁的文章；能够梳理出自己在英文写作过程中的难点，并找出相应的提高对策；在写作中体现出跨文化交际能力。 3.素质目标 通过本课程的学习，学生能够深化对英汉两种语言的认知，养成良好的英文写作习惯；提高语言运用能力、跨文化交际能力、查阅文献资料的能力；深化作为语言工 - 8 -
2020考博英语作文预测：白色污染问题现象与措施
2020考博英语作文预测：白色污染问题现象与措施 2020考博各研究生院已陆续开始初试，考前考博英语作文押题是 考博生们喜闻乐见的信息，俗话说考前磨刀不快也光，作文考前一定 要充分准备好，常考的话题就那么几类，多练多总结并不难。以下是 小编整理的一些考博英语作文预测范文，供大家参考复习。 1. 开头(介绍背景)：先下定义，白色污染(white pollution)是随意丢弃塑料袋(disposal of plastic bags)，难以降解处理(hard to be decomposed in nature)，造成环境破坏：影响市容(destroy the look of city)，同时对人体有潜在危害(has hazards to human’s health)。 2. 问题产生根源：居民为其方便(for the sake of convenience)，大量使用，造成不可逆转的污染(cause irreversible damage to environment)。 3. 措施1：政府制定政策(make policies and regulations)，限制污染企业(place a limitation on the development of factories that pollute; 4. 措施2：政府大力探索新材料(make an effort to seek new material)，用清洁环保材料代替(use environmental-friendly materials to replace old ones) ，既清洁又便利; 5. 措施3：政府应做好民众的宣传(make known to people the danger of white pollution)，提升民众环保意识(raise the public awareness towards environmental protection)，比如多用环保袋去替代产生白色污染的塑料袋(encourage people to use reusable bags more); 5.结尾(号召)：解决白色污染问题不是梦，要考政府和民众的齐 心努力(requires the collaboration of the government and the population)。
英语写作基础答案
第一部分英语写作基础(答案) 第一章句子写作 1.1 句子的种类 I. 1) Is there any water in the bottle? 2) Can she sing and dance very well? 3) Has he a brother in England? Or: Does he have a brother in England? 4) Does it often rain here in summer? 5) Did you always play together at that time? 6) Who is he? 7) How many times have you been to Beijing? 8) Where do they live? 9) What does your father like very much? 10) Why did he go to school yesterday? II. 1)“Shall we go by bus or by train?”“Better go by train.” 2)“Are we going to have the meeting today or tomorrow?”“Tomorrow.” 3)“You are not ready, are you？”“No, I am not.” 4)We can’t take these books out, can we?”“No, we can’t” 5)Take care not to catch cold. 6)Speak a little slower. I can’t follow you. 7)Let’s not waste our time arguing about it. 8)How pretty you are in that skirt! 9)What a beautiful city Hangzhou is! 10)How I miss my parents! III. 1)She has not had her lunch. 2)I was too excited to say a ward. 3)None of the problems is difficult. 4)You can find this kind of mobile phone somewhere. 5)He opened the door and we all went in. 6)Put on your coat, or you will catch cold. 7)It was late, so we went home. 8)He doesn’t earn much, but he spends money freely. 9)Turn off the light before you leave the room. 10)I hope that you will enjoy your stay here. 1.2句子的基本句型 I． 1）SVC 2) SV 3)SVC 4) SVOC 5. SVOA 6) SVO 7) SVOC 8) SVOiOd 9) SVOC 10) SVA II. 1)My ink has run out. (SV)
英语作文写作技巧
如何写出满分作文 一、写出正确句子 观察下面的句子 错句：It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. 修改： It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields. It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields. It was raining so hard that they couldn’t work in the fields. They couldn’t work in the fields because it was raining hard. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields. （Which one is preferable depends on the context and the writer’s intention.） 二、简单句、并列句与复合句的转化 一篇文章含有的句子具有种类的多样性, 可以是简单句、并列句与复合句。三种句式配合使用会产生错落有致的美感。我们了解一下它们的特点： 简单句、并列句与复合句的特点
1. 合并简单句成为复合句或并列句 例句：My mother works in a bank. My mother is forty-eight. 第一种方法：合并为并列句： My mother is forty-eight and she works in a bank. 第二种方法：运用引导词连接为复合句： My mother is forty-eight, who works in a bank. 2. 将下列简单句连成复合句或并列句。 (1) For some people mathematics is a great pleasure. They are able to think absolutely. (2) A team of management consultants was called in to make an investigation. Production had dropped 14 percent over the past year. (3) I visited my uncle. I had not seen my uncle for eight years. _______________________________________________________________________________
课程名称高级实用英语写作
研究生课程教学大纲 课程名称：高级实用英语写作 一、课程编码：240002 课内学时： 48 学分： 2 二、适用学科专业：全校各类博士专业（非英语类） 三、先修课程：大学英语 四、教学目标 通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握英文写作的用词、句子结构及段落、篇章的特点；掌握英文书面语言的表达方式；能较熟练地进行记叙文、说明文、描写文、议论文以及摘要、读书报告的写作，提升实用性语篇及学术性语篇的组织模式及特征运用能力。 五、教学方式 采用过程教学法，教学重点放在学生写作过程和写作能力上，充分培养学生的思维能力。强调在学生写作过程中帮助他们发现、分析和解决问题。教师通过多样化的教学活动，侧重在语篇水平上指导写作，包括构思、写提纲、写初稿和修改等各个写作环节。教师的指导贯穿于整个写作过程直至最后成文。主要教学活动包括课堂讲授和学生分组讨论、写作练习、同伴互评与教师评阅反馈相结合。 六、主要内容及学时分配 本课程重点是以学术话题为基础，突出段落和整篇文章的写作实践。共分为六个单元，每个单元包含四部分：预习、阅读、句子写作和段落写作或文章写作。考虑到学生语言学习的互动需要，精心设计了相应的话题讨论和写作练习，使学生能够有更多的机会积极地参与到教学实践之中。为配合写作话题，选择了一定数量的阅读文章作为写作实践的输入。这些原版文章具有很强的趣味性和可读性，是学生进行写作实践的最好参照模仿坐标。 1.Introduction 3 学时 2. Writing paragraphs 6 学时 3. Writing Essays (Narration) 7 学时 4. Writing Essays (Process) 7 学时 5.Writing Essays (Cause or Effect) 7 学时 6. Writing Essays (Opinion) 7 学时 7. Writing Essays (Compare/Contrast) 7 学时 8.Writing Summary and Book Report 4 学时 七、考核与成绩评定 成绩以百分制衡量。 成绩评定依据：平时作文成绩占20%, 出勤及课堂表现占20%，期末笔试成绩占60%。 八、参考书及学生必读参考资料 （美）Nancy Herzfeld-Pipkin．Writing for Academic Success[M]．THOMSON中国人民大学出版社2007年3月第一版. 九、大纲撰写人：邹岩
英语写作基础考试试题(1)
全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试题 课程代码：00597 全部题目用英文作答。 I.重写句子(15 points,1.5points each) Revise the following sentences according to the requirement. Example: The history of English words in the history of our civilization in many ways.(periodic sentence) In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization. 1.I like roller-skating. I like ice-skating better.(compound sentence) 2.If you sit by the window facing the sun on a sunny winter day, you may feel nice and warm.(loose sentence) 3.Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly.(complex sentence) 4.His valuable papers were destroyed in the fire. Tom called the insurance company.(complex sentence) 5.I asked my friend if we should tip the driver when the bus tour ended.(periodic sentence) 6.Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor.(simple sentence) 7.Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.(compound sentence) 8.I returned to school following a long illness. The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course.(compound-complex sentence) 9.Jack applied for a job. He went for an interview. He was hired.(parallel structure) 10.Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes.(periodic sentence) II.改写病句(15 points,3 points each) Correct the errors in the following sentences. 11.The rain might last for a while, clouds covered the entire sky. 12.In the evening we would swim in the lake and dancing afterward. 13.That woman just bought her dog a milk shake in a red skirt. 14.To pass the course, your term paper must be handed in on time. 15.Harry wouldn’t make a good negotiator he doesn’t have the patience. III.标出主题句(15 points,5 points each) 16.Choose the best topic sentence from the group below. Write the choice in the blank. A.I eat a lot of homemade ice cream. B. Homemade ice cream is my favorite.
中考英语作文写作技巧总结
中考英语作文写作技巧总结 中考写作注意事项： 知识点1： ①记叙文之人物写作通常需要介绍人物的姓名，外貌，性格，爱好等多个方面，但是不能出 现真实的姓名，校名及家庭住址。 ②考试时最好以学生身边普通的人物进行描写，从平凡的人中找到不平凡的精神。考试的时 候需要严格按照题目要求进行写作，包括所给的全部信息，既不能遗漏，也不能随意添加。 ③议论文体裁特点：要求学生就某一方面的问题通过摆事实、讲道理的方式来发表自己的看 法。一般来说，议论文由论点、论据、论证三部分组成。 1）论点要正确无误。 2）论据要可靠充分。论据可以是人们公认的真理，也可以是经过实践考证的经典著作。 3）论证要合理严密。人们常用的论证方法有归纳法、推理法、对比法。 4）议论文一般按提出问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排层次。 知识点2：写作思路 1.认真审题，理清思路: 确定题目中的关键词，文章体裁和主旨。 2.搜集材料，制定提纲: 展开一次“Brain Storming”即头脑风暴，对该题引申出各种联想和论点。根据自己已有的经 验和词汇量选择自己最熟悉、最有把握的方面和论点来写作。
3.选择词句，动笔行文: 确定基本的写作时态，如记叙文通常用一般过去时 典型案例分析： 1. Write a letter in at least 60 words according to the given situation (根据所给情景写一封不少于60 词的信) Suppose you are Joe. Your friend Betty is upset about a coming exam for she cares too much about the result. What do you think? Try to offer her some advice. （假如你是Joe, 你的好朋友Betty 因为过于在意考试结果而感到焦虑。请给她写一封信，谈谈你的看法，并给她一些建议。） 。） （注意：文中不得出现任何姓名、校名及其它相关信息，否则不予评分 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 第一步：分析题目 1. 审题 1) 这篇文章根据题目要求，我们可以确定文章的是一篇应用文即：书信。 2）根据写作要求知道是给他人提出建议或意见的文章，需要针对Betty遇到的问题实际出发来进行写作。 2. 确定写作重点和写作目的。 1）重点是安慰处于考试焦虑的Betty。 2）给出解决问题的建议。 3. 书信的格式： 英文信一般可以分为下列几个部分。 1）信端（Heading）即写信人的地址和发信日期。 2）收信人姓名地址
实用英语写作大纲
VII. 实用英语写作 一、课程基本情况 1．学分： 1 学时：16 （理论学时：16 实验学时：0 ）2．课程类别：限选课 3．适用专业：非英语专业本科 4．适用对象：非英语专业本科三年级学生（第五学期） 5．先修课程：大学英语 6．教材与参考书目： 教材：教师讲义 参考书：《新世纪实用英语写作》，张玉娟，陈春田，外语教学与研究出版社，2003 《英语应用文写作大全》，《英语应用文写作大全》编写组，社会科学出文献出 版社 《英语应用文写作》，杨晓钰，重庆大学出版社 《英语写作系列-英汉应用文手册》，傅似逸，北京大学出版社 《英语常用应用文写作》，韩铁椿、陈汉华，上海财经大学出版社 《实用英语写作教程》，李予军编著，国防工业出版社，2008年 《研究生英语写译教程》，杨若东、袁锡兴，中国人民大学出版社，2004 《英语论文写作》，石坚、帅培天，四川人民出版社，2005 《高级英语写作教程》，马红军、毛卓亮，中国对外翻译出版公司，2006 二、课程介绍 1．实用英语写作作为一种国际商贸动作和国际事务交往过程中必不可少的交际工具, 对贸易的缔结和双边关系的保持起着举足轻重的作用。随着全球经济一体化的迅速发展,国际商务交往日益频繁，为了增强学生在国际商务活动中的交际能力,培养复合型人才,本课程向学生提供了一个选材广泛和能体现各种商务情景的优秀范文资料库,帮助学生了解涉外英语中最常见的和最常用的各种信函的用途,使学生在学习各种信函的同时,不仅能够熟悉各种信函的英文表达法,而且能够广泛增加有关商务活动的知识,从而提高他们运用英语进行书面交际的能力。 2．本门课是专业教学计划中的普通教育必修课，与先前英语基础课的关系是其后续的专业英语课。 3．本课程的教学目的：旨在使学生掌握各类英语书信的语言特点及篇章结构；了解便条及卡片、社交信函、求职、求学申请信的起草方法和各类信件的写作方法；熟悉各类涉外证件、商务信函、对外经济贸易中的技术交流合同、保险、外贸业务相关的各类电传以及广告、产品使用说明及产品维护等信函的写作技巧等。
2018年自学考试《英语写作基础》试题及答案
2018年自学考试《英语写作基础》试题及答案 Ⅰ.Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph of about 100 words. Make sure that the tone and vocabulary you use are in unity with the passage provided. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in the City Like many other city dwellers, I often complain about having to cope with the problems related with city life. I sometimes fancy getting closer to nature and appreciating its beauty fully in the country. Once a friend asked me, “Do you really hate life in the city that much? If you had a choice, would you move away to the country?”I compelled myself to think about city life more seriously. Now I have to do justice to it. Admittedly, the attractions of city life still appeal to me strongly despite its drawbacks. In general, city life is relatively convenient and comfortable. The supply of water and electricity is continuous. Whenever one wants, all he has to do is just turning on a faucet or pressing a button. There is also a variety of vehicles for transportation, form buses and cars to trains and planes, that help people move about efficiently. Shopping centers are seen and there in cities. Thanks to the amazing diversity of commodities, going shopping is often interesting and enjoyable for city dwellers. Besides the