实用科技英语写作技巧—从句

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科技英语4

科技英语4

虚拟语气2. 在whether (常省去)引导的从句中 最常见的句型是省去whether后动词be用原形倒放在从 句主语之前,形成“be it …..; be they….”这样的结构 “所有这些题目,不论容易还是困难,都可以用这种方法来 解。

” All these problems, be they easy or difficult, can be solved by this method. “任何物质,不论是空气、水还是木头,均具有重量。

” Any matter, be it air, water or wood, has wight. 3. 在 lest 引导的从句中,从句谓语用“(should +)动词原 形” “应当把电池存放在干燥的地方以免跑电。

” Batteries should be kept in dry place lest electricity leak away.科技英语单句写作句子成分的强调句子成分的强调 一、采用强调句型“it is (was) ……that (which, who)….” 一般用来强调主语、宾语、状语和状语从句。

被强调的句子属于 现在(或将来)的任一时态,使用“is”(will be; has been);属 于过去任一时态,使用“was”; that 可用于强调任一情况,which 只能用来强调作主语或宾语的事物,who只能用来强调作主语的 人。

一般可译成“正是,是”; “正是当物体受热时,分子的平均速度提高了。

” It is when an object is heated that the average speed of molecules is increased. “我们必须尽力克服的正是由摩擦引起的各种损耗。

” It is the losses caused by friction that [which] we must try to overcome.句子成分的强调 当强调引导名词从句或特殊问句的what, when, why, how, where, which等词时,应译成“到底、究竟” “这个数列到底趋于什么值?” What is it that this sequence “tend to”? (强调what,它引出特殊疑问句,放句首。

科技英语写作(上)

科技英语写作(上)

使用正式用语(formal words)、大词(big words),以突出科技英语正式、庄重、清晰、准确 的语体特点。 Example: A thorough exposition is accorded to phase and frequency modulation in the book.

同样的 接触 力图
say
similar touch try
remark
identical contact endeavor
利用
足够的 最终
use
enough in the end
employ; utilize
sufficient eventually
在其中
in which
wherein
用正式动词代替短语动词,力求精炼,避免 冗繁。
2)保证句子的语法结构正确后,就要进一步熟悉常 用的固定句型。 例如:
“这个解经验证无误” – The solution checks. “证毕” – This completes the proof. / Q.E.D. / QED (Latin) “这等于是说” – This amounts to saying... / This is equivalent to saying...
lab auto
mike ad
laboratory automobile
microphone advertisement
注意科技英语中的名词化现象(Nominalization)
所谓名词化倾向主要指广泛使用表示动作或状态的抽 象名词或起名词功用的动名词。科技文章的语言特点 之一是言简意明,简化语言结构的有效途径之一便是 名词化。 例:applications in data and information processing 计算机在数据和信息处理中的应用 the automation of information management and office automation 信息管理和办公室管理的自 动化 voice recognition equipment 声音识别设备 这种动词的名词化手段能有效地简化叙事的层次和结 构,减少使用句子和使用从句的频率,使行文更直接, 紧凑简洁。

科技英语语法_同位语从句_名词性从句_定语从句

科技英语语法_同位语从句_名词性从句_定语从句

2015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句1、一般情况 (1)公式§5. 2 同位语从句 The latter(后一)form has the advantage that it can be extended(扩展) to complex quantities .+ 某些抽象名词 +the this a/an O no形容词 物主代词that从句[“that”在从句中无词义、无 成分]③ “动宾译法”:这时该“抽象名词” 来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。

西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句(2)译法 ① “~ 这一 ……” 的§5. 2 同位语从句 During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business(商务)and academic(学术的) circles(界)that certain nations have evolved(发展)into information societies .The assumption that β = constant is often made to simplify analysis. R = r is the condition that power delivered(提供)by a given source is a maximum .西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句 Here we have used the definition (定义)that acceleration(加速度)is the rate(速率)of change of velocity .② 这一 ……:~ 以下的§5. 2 同位语从句 The main theoretical development in this decade(十年)has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models . This is equivalent to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.This account for(解释)the observation(观察到的情况)that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature .12015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句A consequence(结果)of the discovery of electricity was the observation that metals are good conductors while nonmetals are poor conductors .③ “there is every possibility that …” →“完全有可能……”There is every possibility that satisfactory results will be obtained.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句(3)几个句型: ① “there is evidence that …”→ “有证据表明……”§5. 2 同位语从句2、由名词从句转变成的同位语从句(实 际上在从句前省去了“of;about;on;as to”) ★The question now arises whether this series(级数)converges(收敛).There is evidence that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.The reader may have no idea what this symbol stands for.西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 2 同位语从句§5. 2 同位语从句② “there is no doubt that …”→ “毫无疑问……”There is no doubt that mercury(水银) is a metal .The users have no guarantee(保证) how long this kind of device will be operating.22015/12/2 Wednesday西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句1、一般情况 (1)引导词 ① 连接词:在从句中无成分§5. 3 名词从句(2)采用形式主语“it”的几个句型 ① “it is well known that …”→“众所 周知,……”that → (无词义) whether → “是否” if →“是否”(只能引导宾语从句时用)It is well known that Ohm’s law applies only to metallic conductors.② “it is clear [evident; apparent; obvious] that …” →“显然;很清楚……”西安电子科技大学西安电子科技大学§5. 3 名词从句② 连接代词:在从句中要作某一成 分。

科技英语翻译技巧和写作

科技英语翻译技巧和写作

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8. 省略句较多 (1) 并列复合句中的省略。
在并列复合句中,各句里的相同成分——主、谓、或宾 可予以省略。 例:Low density polyethylene has a crystallinity
range of 65 perceEntv,aalnudathioignh odennlys.ity polyethylene ted(whaitshaAcsrypsotaslelin.Sitlyidreansgfeo)ro.fN8E5Tpe3r.c5enCt.lient Profile 5.2
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3. 表达方式程式化。 文章结构程式化:标题、摘要,正文(引言、论述、结
论)。
介绍某个过程或E功v能al及ua达ti到on某种on目ly标. 时,一般利用动词 ted 不例w定:ith式TA短os语ipn构ocrs成eea目.sS的elid状the语es,rfao放tre在.No句fE子rTe的a3开c.t5头ioC。n,lieanctaPtarloyfsilte 5.2
in thCeofpam yriilgyhot f2p0o0l4yo-2le0f1in1sAcsopmopsoesPedtyoLf td.
long chain saturated hydrocarbons.
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5. 条件句较多。 科技英语中常须提出假设和推理,因而条件句
使用得较多。 Evaluation only. ted wi一th般A条sp件os句e由.S两lid个es句f子or组.N成E:T表3.示5假C设lie条nt件P的rofile 5.2
If Creoqpuyirriegdht 需20要0时4-,2如01果1需A要s(po的s话e)Pty Ltd.

英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式

英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式

英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式在科技论文中,研究现状主要是阐述其他学者、也包括作者本人与论文要探讨的问题或现象相关的研究工作,通常先“总”后“分”地陈述。

下面,达晋编译结合工作实践经验,总结出英语科技论文中写作研究现状的常用句式。

一、“总述”常用一个句子概括相关的研究工作,一般用现在完成时:1.用主动语态时,常用researcher / author / investigator / writer 等作主语,如:Many / Several / A number of / Few researchers have studied / investigated / examined / explored / reported on / discussed / considered + 研究主题.2.用被动语态时,常用study / research / investigation / experiment / work / attention等作主语。

如果描述“研究主题”的单词少,那么“研究主题”可置于句中,如:Many studies / researches / investigationes / experimentes on + 研究主题+ have been performed / done / published.当描述“研究主题”的单词较多时,可置于句末,如:Much work / attention has been performed / done / published on + 研究主题.用被动语态时,也可用“研究主题”作主语,如:研究主题+ has been studied / investigated / examined / explored / reported on / discussed / considered by many investigators / several researchers / a number of authors / few writers. 又如:The study of + 研究主题+ hasbeen widely reported / found / published in the literature.二、“分述”是具体地介绍他人所做的相关研究成果。

科技英语句子的写作

科技英语句子的写作
袁隆平1930年出生在中国北京,20世纪60年 代,一系列自然灾害使中国遭遇了前所未有的 饥荒, 就在此时他提出了杂交水稻的想法。
• 此句在语法上是没有问题的,但分词短语Born…(袁隆平 1930年出生在中国北京)与主句(他提出了杂交水稻的想 法)在逻辑上没有关联,使得整个句子的意思不一致,违
反了统一性原则。
• (此句比较的对象是靶向质体阿霉素组和游离阿霉素组的 含量,即the content, 此句中“含量”与“游离阿霉素组” 是没有可比性的,因此缺乏连贯性。)
• (正确) The results indicated that the content of ADM target liposomes in the tumor tissues was apparently higher than that of the free ADM.
• 突然改变叙述主题、时态或语态 前后不一致、数 的不一致、代词指代不明确、不恰当的省略、比较 对象不一致、排比结构不排比,悬垂结构错误等都 会影响句子的一贯性,请看具体例子:
• 例:(错误) The eluant was added to the column, and the samples collected in 10ml increments.(当并列分句 中前后分句的助动词在数上不一样时,后面的助动词不能 省略。)
• (汉译) 结果表明,靶向质体阿霉素组(ADM)在肿瘤组 织中的含量明显高于游离阿霉素组。
• 例: (不当) A microcomputerized measuring system is developed. An I–V characteristic curve can be automatically acquired in 5 seconds with an accuracy of 0.05%.

各类从句的综合运用技巧归纳

各类从句的综合运用技巧归纳

各类从句的综合运用技巧归纳从句是英语中非常重要的语法结构之一,它能够使得句子更加丰富和准确。

在英语写作中,合理运用各类从句能够增强句子的表达能力,使文章更具说服力。

本文将归纳总结各类从句的综合运用技巧,以帮助读者在写作中灵活运用从句。

一、名词性从句名词性从句可以在句子中充当名词的角色,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

下面是各类名词性从句的运用技巧:1. 主语从句:主语从句可以将一个复杂的概念作为主语出现在句子中。

例如:"What you said is true."(你说的是对的。

)2. 宾语从句:宾语从句可以充当动词的宾语,用来表示发言人的观点、态度或者询问某件事情。

例如:"I believe that he will succeed."(我相信他会成功。

)3. 表语从句:表语从句用来充当谓语动词之后的表语,用来描述主语的特征、性质或者状态。

例如:"The truth is that he is lying."(事实是他在撒谎。

)4. 同位语从句:同位语从句用来解释名词的含义或限定名词的范围。

例如:“The fact that she won the award surprised everyone.”(她获奖的事实使每个人都很惊讶。

)二、定语从句定语从句用来修饰名词,并且必须紧跟在所修饰的名词之后。

下面是定语从句的运用技巧:1. 关系代词引导的定语从句:关系代词可指人也可指物,包括who, whom, that, which等。

例如:"The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting."(我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。

)2. 关系副词引导的定语从句:关系副词在定语从句中充当连接副词的角色,包括where, when, why等。

科技英语

科技英语

本书简要地介绍了数字计算机的基础知识。 Fundamentals of a digital computer is briefly introduced in this book. → A brief introduction is given to fundamentals of a digital computer in this book. 电流用整流子进行整流 The current is rectified by means of a commutator. → Rectification of the current is obtained by means of a commutator.
(5)趋于用名词来表示动作。例如: 我们把无线电波与水波作了比较。 Radio waves are compared with water waves → A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made. 本文对这一设备的性能进行了分析。 The performance of this device is analyzed in the paper. → An analysis of the performance of this device is made in the paper.
examine discover propel maintain invert ignite weaken dismantle liquefy be composed of
(2)注意词汇搭配。 晶体管和电子管相比有不少优点。 Transistors have several advantages over electron tubes 必须求出该电阻上的电流与电压。 It is necessary to find out the current through and the voltage across the resistor. (本句中要注意在current和voltage后要用不同的介词,不 能写成 the current and voltage on the resistor.)

科技英语翻译的技巧

科技英语翻译的技巧

科技英语翻译的技巧科技英语翻译的技巧科技文献的翻译是传播和交流科学技术成果的有效方式,对促进科学技术的发展具有重要意义,要求概念清楚、逻辑正确、表达简洁。

科技英语翻译的技巧【1】一、名词从句英语的名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四大类。

名词从句的翻译一般按原文的语序处理即可,但也还有其他一些处理方法。

下面我们分别介绍这类从句的翻译方法。

1. 主语从句的译法由关联词 what,who,which,when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,whatever,however等和从属连词that,whether等引导的主语从句一般按原文的语序翻译。

How this material can be used depends upon its properties.这种物质能得到怎么样的利用要由它的性质而定。

That substances expand when heated and contract when cooled is a common physical phenomenon.物体热胀冷缩是普遍的物理现象。

Whether an increase of the design stress is warranted depends on a number of conditions, such as type of loading, and frequency and magnitude of over-loads.设计应力的增大是否有保证取决于诸多因素,如载荷的类型、超载的频率和大小。

在翻译做形式主语的主语从句时,往往先译出从句(形式主语it视情况可不译,也可译为“这”代替从句);也可先译主句,然后再译从句。

It is a general rule that gases, like liquids, always flow from regions of high pressure to regions of lower pressure.气体像液体一样总是从高压区流向低压区,这是一个普遍规律。

定语从句的译法

定语从句的译法

分子运动的速率取决于分子所具有的能量。 (省略了关系代词which或 that)
24
(2)译成表示同等关系的并列分句
定语从句起着对先行词进一步说明的作用, 往往译成并列分句,可加译“这”、该” 、 “其、它、这”等词
25
An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogen ions.
我们使用的各种能量中,电能最方便。
20
Compounds have very different appearances from the element of which they are made.
化合物的形态与构成它们的元素极不相同。
21
When fuels burn,they return once more to the simpler materials out of which they were made.
----适合于翻译结构不很长的 (最简单、常见的译法)
18
Space and oceans are the new world that scientists are trying to explore.
太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。
19
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Of all the forms of energy that we use, electrical energy is the most convenient.
物质是由分子组成的,而分子又是由原子 组成,(而)原子又是由原子核和电子组 成的。
34
Mild oxidation of a alcohol gives an aldehyde which may be further oxidized to an organic acid.

英文作文从句范例

英文作文从句范例

英文作文从句范例在写英文作文时,从句是提升文章层次和表达能力的关键之一。

以下是一些常见类型的从句范例,希望能够帮助你提高写作水平:1. 定语从句(Adjective Clauses):The book that I bought yesterday is very interesting.The girl who is sitting next to me is my best friend.2. 副词从句(Adverbial Clauses):When I was young, I used to play football every day.She will come to the party if she finishes her homework in time.3. 名词性从句(Noun Clauses):I don't know what he wants to do in the future.His explanation about the theory is what I've been looking for.4. 条件从句(Conditional Clauses):If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exam.5. 原因从句(Causal Clauses):She failed the test because she didn't study enough.He was late for the meeting due to traffic jam.6. 结果从句(Consecutive Clauses):He worked hard, so he succeeded in the end.She studied English diligently, thus she improved her language skills.7. 比较从句(Comparative Clauses):She is taller than her sister.This book is more interesting than that one.8. 方式从句(Manner Clauses):He speaks English as if it were his mother tongue. She did the task as she was told.9. 时间从句(Temporal Clauses):Before I go to bed, I always read for a while.I will call you as soon as I arrive.10. 让步从句(Concessive Clauses):Although it was raining, they went for a walk.She went out even though she was feeling unwell.以上是一些常见的从句范例,通过灵活运用这些从句,可以使你的文章更加丰富多彩,表达更加准确清晰。

雅思英语写作科技类笔记及作业讲解

雅思英语写作科技类笔记及作业讲解

科技类一、原因状语从句1. Since computer science has been developing so fast in the modern society, numerous students choose this major as their inclination when they attend universities.2. People need not have frequent face-to-face contact with each other in business as they do in the past, fo r computers can handle and convey majority of information which once must be dealt with at a meeting.3. Computers are widely accepted by people in the information age, as they, to some extent, make many things which are considered as unaccomplished tasks in the past become available and true in the present.4. Majority of people impute/attribute the great social transformation to the development and revolution of science and technology which is closely related to their daily life.二、条件状语从句1. If robots can be manipulated much more precisely and flexibly by computers to accomplish some sorts of tasks which may be dangerous or complex to the human being, our work will be more secure and simple with highproductivity as well.2. Provided/suppose that the usage of multi-media technology is widely adopted by schools during teaching and learning, the teaching level will be enormously heightened in the long run.3. The computer software industry will develop much more healthily in the future in China on condition that the authorities concerned strengthen the protection of the copy right.三、核心词汇e-commerce电子商务cyber safety网络安全online transaction在线交易net/cyber/internet网络e-learning在线学习distance learning 远程教育,远程学习discussion room讨论室computer-assisted learning计算机辅助学习mobile phone手机、移动电话bluetooth蓝牙ring tone电话铃音electromagnetic field电磁场MP3 playback Mp3播放Invade privacy侵犯隐私Wireless technology无线技术SMS: short message service手机短信、短信服务Motivation动机Laptop笔记本电脑、便携式电脑Hacker黑客Online shopping网络购物Security issue安全问题Distance education远程教育Online course在线课程,网络课程Online forum网络论坛Internet infrastructure网络基础设施Cellular telephone移动电话、手机Radiation辐射Built-in camera内置摄像头Internet browsing网页浏览Memo备忘录Microwave emission放射微波Wireless fidelity: Wi-Fi无线保真Surf on the net上网Hi-tech features高科技功能Website网站Convenient方便的Productivity生产力Geographical barrier地理障碍Digital数字、数码Electronic电子的Virtual world虚拟世界Infringe the privacy侵犯隐私Pirate['paiərit]剽窃Security安全With the click of a mouse/ present鼠标轻点In a virtual world在一个虚拟的世界An information age信息时代Be lost in迷失于、沉湎于Stay in touch with保持联系Cause damage to one’s healt h损害某人的健康Log on the Internet登陆互联网Have/gain access to any information or knowledge获得任何信息/知识Cutting-edge technology尖端科技Information explosion信息爆炸Due to the proliferation of the Internet由于互联网的普及With an increasing popularity of mobile phones随着手机的不断流行Innovation创新Labor-saving machinery劳力节省机械Biotechnology生物技术Telecommunication电信、远程通讯Space exploration太空探索Hacker黑客Conventional method常规方法Online retailer网络零售商Netizen ['netizən]网民Cost-effective划算的、成本节约型Blog博客Cybercrime网络犯罪Offensive攻击的、无礼的Pornography [pɔ:'nɔɡrəfi]色情Violence暴利Illegal gambling非法赌博Questionable contents可以内容、有问题的内容四、万能思路Positive impacts:1. improve work efficiency2. convenience, with the click of a mouse, cost-effective3. promote and facilitate communication4. obtain information in various ways, enrich one’s knowledge Negative impacts: 1. invade one’s privacy 2. less quality family time, increasing work pressure 3. security issue, cyber crimes 4. questionable contents, pornography, violence5. physical problem, radiation, weaken eyesight, less outdoor exercise6. psychological problem, indulge in virtual world, become solitary, be isolated from the real world, weaken the relationships with family members and friends Eg. 1 The range of technology is increasing the gap between the rich and the poor. To what extent do you agree? Give reasons for your answer and include relevant examples from your own knowledge and experience. 提纲:观点:不是科技而是社会财富分配不均导致的。

实用科技英语写作技巧—从句

实用科技英语写作技巧—从句

“我们已经讲过,晶体管是电流控制元件。” 我们已经讲过,晶体管是电流控制元件。” Transistors, as has been described, are currentdescribed, currentcontrol devices. 注意:表示“顾名思义”的句型如下: 注意:表示“ 顾名思义” As the [its, their] name shows (indicates, implies, suggests) “顾名思义,波长是一个完整波的长度。” 顾名思义,波长是一个完整波的长度。” As the name suggests, the wavelength is the suggests, length of a complete wave. (2)as引导的修饰某个名词的限定性定语从句(往往 as引导的修饰某个名词的限定性定语从句(往往 与such和the same连用) such和 same连用)
“正如上一章所指出的,电池的电动势是由其内部 的化学作用产生的。” 的化学作用产生的。” As pointed out in the last chapter, the emf of a chapter, battery is generated by the chemical action within it. (as + 过去分词) 过去分词) 7. 由than引导的定语从句 than引导的定语从句 “这种反应堆产生的燃料比它消耗的多。” 这种反应堆产生的燃料比它消耗的多。” This kind of reactor creates more fuel than it consumes. (than在从句中作宾语) consumes. than在从句中作宾语) “在输出端提供的能量比在输入端获得的能量大的 系统就称为有缘系统。” 系统就称为有缘系统。” A system which provides more energy at the output than is given at the input is said to be active. (than在从句中作主语) (than在从句中作主语)

科技英语写作第八讲-状语从句和同位语从句.ppt

科技英语写作第八讲-状语从句和同位语从句.ppt

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Reason
引导原因状语从句的连接词 because since as now that in that
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Reason
The positive charge of the nucleus is of greatest importance as it determines the chemical nature of the atom. 原子核的正电荷是极为重要的,因为它确定了该原子的 化学性质。 Since a is a vector, we must also determine its direction. 因为a是个矢量,我们还得确定出它的方向。 The measurement of angles is unique in that the unit is dimensionless. 角的测量是独特的,因为其单位是没有量纲的。 Now that we have introduced the concepts of a function and the rectangular coordinate system, we are in a position to determine the graph of a function. 2020/9/29 由于我们已经介绍了函数以及直角坐标系的概念,19所以
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例如: When a large enough force is applied to a body, the body will start to move. 当把一个足够大的力加到物体上时,该物体就会开始 运动。 It may be necessary to store an intermediate result while the arithmetic unit is computing another part of the problem. 当运算单元在计算该题的另一部分时,可能需要存储 一个中间结果。 As the rocket rises, the value of g decreases. 当火箭上升时,g值就会减少。

英文作文从句怎么写

英文作文从句怎么写

英文作文从句怎么写
写英文作文时,使用从句是提高文章层次和表达能力的重要方式。

以下是一些写作从句的技巧和示例:
1. 定语从句(Adjective Clauses):
定语从句用来修饰名词,通常由关系代词(如who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(如where, when, why)引导。

示例,The book that I read yesterday was very interesting.
2. 副词从句(Adverb Clauses):
副词从句用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,通常由从属连词引导(如because, although, while, since, when, where)。

示例,I stayed indoors because it was raining heavily.
3. 名词从句(Noun Clauses):
名词从句可以在句子中充当名词的角色,通常由连接词引导(如that, whether/if, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why)。

示例,I don't know what he wants to do.
4. 介词短语从句(Prepositional Phrase Clauses):
介词短语从句用来修饰名词或代词,通常由介词引导,并且在句子中充当介词的宾语。

示例,He is the man with whom I went to the concert.
在写作中,通过运用这些从句,你可以更好地表达复杂的思想和观点,使文章更加丰富和有说服力。

记住在使用从句时要注意句子结构的合理性和连贯性。

同位语从句科技英语语法

同位语从句科技英语语法

The Appositive Clause同位语从句1. The general case(1)Formulathe★thisa/anO+abstract noun+that-clause adjective(that has no lexical meaning possessive pronoun no grammatical function no in the subclause)1. The general case(2)Translation techniques①“~这一……”Here we have used the definition that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.这里我们使用了加速度是速度的变化率这一定义。

1. The general case(2)Translation techniquesThis account for the observation that the resistivity of a metal increases with ②这一以下的……:~temperature .这就解释了我们观察到的这一情况:金属的电阻率是随温度的上升而增加的。

The latter form has the advantage that it can be extended to complex quantities .后一种形式具有以下的优点/后一种形式的优点是:可以把它推广到复数领域。

1. The general case(2)Translation techniques③“动宾译法”:这时该“抽象名词”来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。

During the past several years,there has been an increasing[a growing]recognition [realization;awareness]within businessand academic circles that certain nations have evolved into information societies.在过去几年间,商界和学术界的人士越来越认识到一些国家已经步入了信息社会。

科技英语中的同位语从句及其翻译

科技英语中的同位语从句及其翻译
Ab s t r a c t : Af t e r d e s c r i b i n g t h e a p p o s i t i v e c l a u s e i n E S T f r o m i t s d e i f n i t i o n , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d d i f e r e n c e f r o m t h e a t t r i b u i t v e
c l a u s e ,t h i s p a p e r p r o b e s i n t o s o me w a y s o f i t s t r a n s l a t i o n w i t h r e a l e x a mp l e s ,h o p i n g i t wi l l b e u s e f u l f o r i mp r o v i n g t h e c o g n i t i o n o f a p p o s i t i v e c l a u s e s i n E S T a n d t r a n s l a t i o n s k i l l s . Ke y wo r d s : ES T ; a p p o s i t i v e c l a u s e ; r t a n s l a t i o n s k i l l s
1 同位语从句概述
1 . 1 定 义
英语 中同一序 列 中处于 同一语法位 置上的 、 有 同一 指称的两个或多个单位 叫做 同位结构 。其 中前 项叫 中心词或本位语 , 受后项说 明解释 ; 后项 叫做 同位语 , 解 释说 明 中心词的具 体 内容 。
当一个分句用来具体解释 和说 明前 面某个名词 的内容 ,使人更 明确认识该名词所 表示 的事物时 , 这个分句就是同位语从 旬 。 同位语从句主要 由从属连词 t h a t 引导 , 有 时也可 由 w h e t h e r 等名词从 句引导 词引导 。多数 同位语从句纯粹是补充说 明那个名词所含 的具 体 内容 , 但有 一些 同位语从句在逻辑 概念 上是其前面那个名词逻辑上 的“ 宾语从句 ” 。 比如 : T h e w o r k s h o p d i r e c t o r e x p r e s s e d h t e o P t h a t t h e y c o . u l d i m p r o v e t h e c o m p l e x m a c h i n e . 从语法上看 , “ t h a t ”从 句做 “ h o p e ”的同位语从句 ,但是从逻 辑上讲 , 是 “ h o p e ” 的宾语从句 。 1 . 2 判别图 t

英语从句作文使用的技巧

英语从句作文使用的技巧

英语从句作文使用的技巧英语从句是英语语法中的重要部分,能够丰富句子结构,使表达更加准确和丰富。

下面是一些使用英语从句的技巧。

1. 使用名词从句:名词从句可以用作主语、宾语、表语或补语等。

例如:- What she said surprised me.(宾语从句)- The question is whether he will come or not.(表语从句)2. 使用定语从句:定语从句用于修饰一个名词,使句子更具描述性和具体性。

常用关系代词或关系副词来引导定语从句。

例如:- The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.(关系代词引导的定语从句)- This is the place where we met last summer.(关系副词引导的定语从句)3. 使用状语从句:状语从句用于修饰整个句子或句子的某个部分,表示时间、原因、条件、目的、结果等。

例如:- When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.(时间状语从句)- If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.(条件状语从句)4. 使用主语从句:主语从句可以将一个完整的句子作为主语使用。

例如:- That he is always late annoys me.(主语从句作为主语)- Whether he will pass the exam is uncertain.(宾语从句作为主语)5. 使用宾语从句:宾语从句用于作为宾语的从句。

常用连词引导宾语从句,如that、whether、if等。

例如:- She asked me if I could lend her some money.(宾语从句)- I don't know where he is going.(宾语从句)6. 使用表语从句:表语从句用于作为表语的从句,用来对主语进行补充说明。

科技英语5 各类从句

科技英语5 各类从句

Once started, the machine will be able to work automatically.
§5.1 状语从句
3、“while”当从属连接词时的不同词义 (1)表示“当……时候”、“在…… 期 间”。[从句多为进行时态]
(2)表示“虽然”。[从句一般处在主句 前;有时在主句的主谓之间] (3)表示“而”。[从句与主句的句型 一般是相同的。从句一般处在主句后;但 为了强调,从句也可处在主句前]
§5.1 状语从句
(4)表示比较:“如……”[“as … as”同等比较句型中的第二个“as”]
(5)表示让步:“虽然”[从句的一部 分(在科技文中主要是从句的表语)一定要 倒置在“as”之前]
§5.1 状语从句
5、“provided (that)”= “if”
The current through a conductor is directly proportional to(正比于)the potential difference(电位差)across it provided there is no change in the physical conditions of the conductor.
§5.1 状语从句
The book has potential energy(势能) while it is on the desk top(桌面).
While there has been an enormous (巨大的)amount of literature(文献) about ATM(异步传输模式)over the past two years, many networking(建网)books have not focused(侧重讲) on ATM itself.
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主要内容
实用科技英语写作技巧 从句
定语从句 同位语从句 状语从句 名词从句
一、定语从句(attributive clause) 一、定语从句(attributive clause)
在句中作定语的从句,称为定语从句,由关系 代词和关系副词引导,置于被修饰语之后。关系代 代词和关系副词引导,置于被修饰语之后。关系代 词在定语从句中可作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副 词在定语从句中只用作状语。在科技英语中,定语 词在定语从句中只用作状语。在科技英语中,定语 从句和被动语态一样,出现的频率很高。这是因为 英语科技文章的特点是概念清楚,逻辑性强,因而 常用能表达完整意思的定语从句来修饰名词或代词 (有时也修饰整个主句或主句的一部分),以便明 确地、完整地表达该词的概念。
1
“我们必须增加可利用此表的电流范围” 我们必须增加可利用此表的电流范围” It is necessary to increase the range of current over which the meter is useful. (over useful. 根据全句的含义确定) 根据全句的含义确定) 3. 先行词为不定代词,或被序数词、形容词最高级 或形容词only, no, very等修饰时不能用which而只 或形容词only, very等修饰时不能用which而只 能用that(在something后英、美人也有用which 能用that( something后英、美人也有用which 的) “人们只需按一下按钮。” 人们只需按一下按钮。” All that one need do is push the button. (先行 (先行 词为不定代词all) 词为不定代词all)
5. Which引导修饰整个主句的非限定性定语从句 Which引导修饰整个主句的非限定性定语从句 的三种常用情况 (1)which在从句中作主语(等效于this之意) which在从句中作主语(等效于this之意) “火箭的运行并不取决于空气存在,这(一点)在 1916年就得到了证明。” 1916年就得到了证明。” The motion of a rocket does not depend on the presence of air, which was proved in 1916. 1916. (2)which在从句中作介词宾语的定语(which等 which在从句中作介词宾语的定语(which等 效于this或that的含义) 效于this或that的含义) “这一传递过程一直延续到温度均匀时为止,那时能 量便不可能进一步传递了。” 量便不可能进一步传递了。” This transfer continues until a uniform temperature is reached, at which point no further energy transfer is possible. (which=that) possible.
(3)which在从句中作介词宾语(which意为 which在从句中作介词宾语(which意为 this) this) “我们使克分子比与原子比相等,由此直接得到了最 简分子式。” 简分子式。” We equate the mole ratio to the atom ratio, from which the simplest formula follows directly. directly. 6. 由as引导的定语从句 as引导的定语从句 (1)as引导的修饰整个主语的非限制定语从句(位置 as引导的修饰整个主语的非限制定语从句(位置 灵活) “我们在早些时候提到过,矩阵可用来解方程组。” 我们在早些时候提到过,矩阵可用来解方程组。” As we mentioned earlier, matrices can be used to earlier, solve systems of equations.
2
“这个力产生的效应与给定的几个力同时作用时所产 生的效应相同。” 生的效应相同。” This force produces the same effect as is produced by the simultaneous action of the given forces. “我们用来测量电流的这类仪表称为电流表。” 我们用来测量电流的这类仪表称为电流表。” Such meters as we use to measure current are called ammeters. (3)一种特殊结构 其形式为: as + 过去分词(介词短语,副词)
4. 在科技文中关系词可省去的三种主要场合 (1)关系代词在从句中作及物动词的宾语时(该 动词不一定是谓语) “这些是科学家们喜欢采用的那种语法结构和句 型。” 型。” These are the kinds of grammatical structures and sentence patterns (which) scientists prefer. prefer. (which在从句中作prefer的宾语) (which在从句中作prefer的宾语) (2)在way, distance, direction, reason, time, )在way, number of times [units], amount等后可以省去关 amount等后可以省去关 系副词或“介词+which”,这时也可以用关系副词 系副词或“ 介词+which” that来引导从句 that来引导从句
“我们已经讲过,晶体管是电流控制元件。” 我们已经讲过,晶体管是电流控制元件。” Transistors, as has been described, are currentdescribed, currentcontrol devices. 注意:表示“顾名思义”的句型如下: 注意:表示“ 顾名思义” As the [its, their] name shows (indicates, implies, suggests) “顾名思义,波长是一个完整波的长度。” 顾名思义,波长是一个完整波的长度。” As the name suggests, the wavelength is the suggests, length of a complete wave. (2)as引导的修饰某个名词的限定性定语从句(往往 as引导的修饰某个名词的限定性定语从句(往往 与such和the same连用) such和 same连用)
“功等于力与物体运动距离的乘积。” 功等于力与物体运动距离的乘积。” Work is the product of the force and the distance a body moves. (在a body之前省去了 moves. (在 body之前省去了 through which) (3) 当关系代词which在从句中作单个介词(而不是 当关系代词which在从句中作单个介词(而不是 短语介词)的介词宾语并且此介词短语在从句中作 状语时可以省去,其条件是一定要把介词置于从句 末尾(这种省略情况在正式科技文章中少一些,而 末尾(这种省略情况在正式科技文章中少一些,而 主要出现在科普文章中) 主要出现在科普文章中) “功率是做功的速率。” 功率是做功的速率。” Power is the rate at which work is done. done. Power is the rate work is done at. at.
定语从句可按它与先行词在逻辑含义上不同的 紧密程度分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 紧密程度分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句 两大类。限定性定语从句和所修饰的先行词之间的 关系十分密切,是先行词在意义上不可缺少的修饰 说明语。带有限定性定语从句的句子里,主句的含 说明语。带有限定性定语从句的句子里,主句的含 意是不完整的,要靠从句补充说明,限定性定语从 句与主句间无逗号。非限定性定语从句和先行词间 句与主句间无逗号。非限定性定语从句和先行词间 关系不很密切,不起限制作用,只加以补充说明。 缺少非限定性定语从句,主句意思仍完整明确,非 限定性定语从句与主句间有逗号分开。
定语从句在科技写作中应掌握的要点:
1. 最基本型的定语从句(即关系代词在从句中作 主语、宾语和定语以及关系副词在从句中作状语的 情况) “能用来测量电流、电压、电阻的仪表叫做万用表” 能用来测量电流、电压、电阻的仪表叫做万用表” The instrument that can be used to measure current, voltage and resistance is called a multimeter. (关系代词that作主语) multimeter. (关系代词that作主语) “我们必须懂得在这里使用倍频电路的理由” 我们必须懂得在这里使用倍频电路的理由” We must understand the reason why the frequency multiplier circuit is used here. (关系 here. (关系 副词why作原因状语,其先行词是reason,) 副词why作原因状语,其先行词是reason,)
二、同位语从句(appositive clause) 二、同位语从句(appositive
同位语从句是用来说明它前面某个词(可称为本 位语)的从句,主要由连词that引导,有时也由 位语)的从句,主要由连词that引导,有时也由 whether或if引导。它很接近定语从句,但在形式上 whether或 if引导。它很接近定语从句,但在形式上 又不同于定语从句。定语从句中的关系词(如that, 又不同于定语从句。定语从句中的关系词(如that, which等)一方面起连接作用,代表所修饰的词, which等)一方面起连接作用,代表ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้修饰的词, 另一方面在从句中又充当主语或宾语等成分。但同 位语从句中的连词that既没有词义,又不充当任何 位语从句中的连词that既没有词义,又不充当任何 句子成分,只起连接作用。同位语从句常用来补充说 句子成分,只起连接作用。同位语从句常用来补充说 明fact, idea, theory, evidence, conclusion, question, problem, news, truth, hope, discovery, order, thought, proof, possibility, fashion等词的具 fashion等词的具 体含义。
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