中文参考文献格式
参考文献格式范本
参考文献格式范本M——专著,C——论文集,N——报纸文章,J——期刊文章,D——学位论文,R——报告,S——标准,P——专利;对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。
参考文献的格式要求很多,一般来说参考文献的格式都要符合国标GB7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》,但实际中很多出版社和期刊对论文的要求也不尽相同。
发现周围的很多人对论文参考文献的规范格式不是很清楚,所以把规范格式贴出来。
参考文献著录格式及示例1 专著著录格式[序号]著者.书名[M].版本(第一版不写).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例:[1]孙家广,杨长青.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995.26~28Sun Jiaguang, Yang Changqing. Computer graphics[M].Beijing: Tsinghua Univ ersity Press,1995.26~28(in Chinese)例:[2]Skolink M I. Radar handbook[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 19902 期刊著录格式[序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码例:[3]李旭东,宗光华,毕树生,等.生物工程微操作机器人视觉系统的研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2002,28(3):249~252Li Xudong, Zong Guanghua, Bi Shusheng, et al. Research on global vision syste m for bioengineering-oriented micromanipulation robot system[J]. Journal of Beiji ng University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002,28(3):249~252(in Chinese) 3论文集著录格式[序号]作者.题名[A].见(英文用In):主编.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例:[4]张佐光,张晓宏,仲伟虹,等.多相混杂纤维复合材料拉伸行为分析[A].见:张为民编.第九届全国复合材料学术会议论文集(下册)[C].北京:世界图书出版公司,1 996.410~416例:[5]Odoni A R. The flow management problem in air traffic control[A]. In: Odoni A R, Szego G,eds. Flow Control of Congested Networks[C]. Berlin: Spring er-Verlag,1987.269~2984 学位论文著录格式[序号]作者.题名[D].保存地点:保存单位,年例:[6]金宏.导航系统的精度及容错性能的研究[D].北京:北京航空航天大学自动控制系,19985 科技报告著录格式[序号]作者.题名[R].报告题名及编号,出版年例:[7]Kyungmoon Nho. Automatic landing system design using fuzzy logic[R].AI AA-98-4484,19986 国际或国家标准著录格式[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S]例:[8]GB/T 16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S]7 专利著录格式[序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期例:[9]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-068 电子文献著录格式[序号]作者.题名[电子文献/载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期例:[10]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http://ww /pub/wm1.txt...8-16/1998-10-04说明:①参考文献应是公开出版物,按在论著中出现的先后用阿拉伯数字连续排序.②参考文献中外国人名书写时一律姓前,名后,姓用全称,名可缩写为首字母(大写),不加缩写点(见例2).③参考文献中作者为3人或少于3人应全部列出,3人以上只列出前3人,后加"等"或"et al"(见例3).④在著录中文参考文献时应提供英文著录,见例1、例3.⑤参考文献类型及其标识见表1,电子参考文献类型及其标识见表2.⑥电子文献的载体类型及其标识为:磁带——MT,磁盘——DK,光盘——CD,联机网络——OL.表1 参考文献类型及文献类型标识参考文献类型专著论文集报纸文章期刊文章学位论文报告标准专利文献类型标识M C N J D R S P表2 电子参考文献类型及其标识电子参考文献类型数据库计算机程序电子公告电子文献类型标识DB CP EB科技期刊论文的参考文献1参考文献的功能与作用(1)参考文献是科技论文的重要组成部分,它不仅能为作者的论点提供有力的论据,而且可以精练文字节约篇幅,增加论文的信息量,具有很高的信息价值。
参考文献著录格式国家标准
参考文献著录格式国家标准参考文献是反映研究者的研究基础。
科研工作具有继承性,大多研究成果是对前人研究的一种深化和拓展。
关于参考文献著录格式国家标准你又知道多少呢?下面是小编为大家整理的参考文献著录格式国家标准,希望对大家有帮助。
参考文献著录格式国家标准1 专著著录格式[序号]著者.书名[M].版本(第一版不写).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例:[1]孙家广,杨长青.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995.26~28Sun Jiaguang, Yang Changqing. Computer graphics[M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,1995.26~28(in Chinese)例:[2]Skolink M I. Radar handbook[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 19902 期刊著录格式[序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码例:[3]李旭东,宗光华,毕树生,等.生物工程微操作机器人视觉系统的研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2002,28(3):249~252 Li Xudong, Zong Guanghua, Bi Shusheng, et al. Research on global vision system for bioengineering-oriented micromanipulation robot system[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002,28(3):249~252(in Chinese) 3论文集著录格式[序号]作者.题名[A].见(英文用In):主编.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例:[4]张佐光,张晓宏,仲伟虹,等.多相混杂纤维复合材料拉伸行为分析[A].见:张为民编.第九届全国复合材料学术会议论文集(下册)[C].北京:世界图书出版公司,1996.410~416例:[5]Odoni A R. The flow management problem in air traffic control[A]. In: Odoni A R, Szego G,eds. Flow Control of Congested Networks[C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1987.269~2984 学位论文著录格式[序号]作者.题名[D].保存地点:保存单位,年例:[6]金宏.导航系统的精度及容错性能的研究[D].北京:北京航空航天大学自动控制系,19985 科技报告著录格式[序号]作者.题名[R].报告题名及编号,出版年例:[7]Kyungmoon Nho. Automatic landing system design using fuzzy logic[R].AIAA-98-4484,19986 国际或国家标准著录格式[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S]例:[8]GB/T 16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S]7 专利著录格式[序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期例:[9]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-068 电子文献著录格式[序号]作者.题名[电子文献/载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期例:[10]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据系统工程的进展[EB/OL]./pub/wm1.txt/980810-2.html,1998-08-16/1998-10-04参考文献著录格式国家标准说明:① 参考文献应是公开出版物,按在论著中出现的先后用阿拉伯数字连续排序.② 参考文献中外国人名书写时一律姓前,名后,姓用全称,名可缩写为首字母(大写),不加缩写点(见例2).③ 参考文献中作者为3人或少于3人应全部列出,3人以上只列出前3人,后加“等”或“et al”(见例3).④ 在著录中文参考文献时应提供英文著录,见例1、例3.⑤ 参考文献类型及其标识见表1,电子参考文献类型及其标识见表2.⑥ 电子文献的载体类型及其标识为:磁带——MT,磁盘——DK,光盘——CD,联机网络——OL.。
中文引用和参考文献格式
中文引用和参考文献格式为了确保学术论文、研究报告等学术成果的严谨性和准确性,正确的引用和参考文献格式至关重要。
以下是中文引用和参考文献格式的主要内容:1.作者姓名:2.引用文献时,需准确提供作者的姓名。
如果文献有多个作者,应按照顺序列出所有作者的姓名,当有多位作者时,中文文献在前,外文文献在后,并用逗号隔开。
3.文章标题:4.提供完整的文章标题,以便读者了解所引用的文献内容。
5.刊物名称:6.注明刊物名称,确保引用的文献来源清晰明确。
7.刊物号:8.对于学术期刊等刊物,还需提供刊物号,如期刊的卷号、期号等。
9.出版时间:10.提供文献的出版或发表时间,确保引用信息的准确性和时效性。
11.页码:12.提供所引用文献的具体页码范围,方便读者查找和核对。
13.引用内容:14.准确引用文献中的相关内容,可以采用直接引用或间接引用的方式。
直接引用应注明引文的具体段落、句子或词组,间接引用则概括性地转述文献中的观点或论述。
15.网络链接:16.提供所引用文献的网络链接地址,方便读者查找和获取原文。
17.引文格式:18.根据不同的学术领域和引用要求,选择合适的引文格式,如APA、MLA等。
同时,注意引用格式的规范性和统一性。
19.其他注意事项:引用文献时应遵循学术诚信原则,避免抄袭和剽窃。
●注意文献的时效性和权威性,优先选择最新、最具权威性的文献作为引用来源。
●在引用文献时,应注意原文的准确性,避免因疏忽造成的误差。
●在写作过程中,应合理使用引文标注,避免影响文章的可读性和连贯性。
中文参考文献的标准格式
中文参考文献的标准格式
中文参考文献的标准格式主要包括以下几种:
1. 期刊文章:[序号] 作者. 文章题目[J]. 期刊名,年份,卷号(期号):页码。
2. 图书:[序号] 作者. 书名[M]. 出版地:出版社,年份:页码。
3. 报纸文章:[序号] 作者. 文章题目[N]. 报纸名,出版日期(版次)。
4. 学位论文:[序号] 作者. 论文题目[D]. 保存地(授予学位单位):保存者(授予学位单位),年份。
5. 报告:[序号] 作者. 报告题目[R]. 出版地(报告地):出版者(报告举办
单位),年份。
6. 专利文献:[序号] 专利所有者. 专利题名:专利国别,专利号[P]. 公告或
公开日期。
7. 标准:[序号] 起草责任者. 标准代号(空格)标准顺序号—发布年(空格)标准名称[S]. 出版地:出版者,出版年。
8. 电子文献:[序号] 作者. 题名[EB/OL]. (发表或更新日期) [引用日期].
获取和访问路径。
9. 论文集中析出的文献:[序号] 作者. 题名[A]//编者. 文集名. 出版地:出版者,出版年:在原文献中的位置。
10. 其他未说明的文献类型由作者自定义。
请注意,不同的文献类型和出版物类型有不同的格式要求,请根据具体要求进行撰写。
参考文献填写格式
参考文献填写格式
参考文献的填写格式一般包括以下几种:
1. 专著格式:专著[M]。
2. 论文集格式:论文集[C]。
3. 报纸文章格式:报纸文章[N]。
4. 期刊文章格式:期刊文章[J]。
5. 学位论文格式:学位论文[D]。
6. 报告格式:报告[R]。
7. 标准格式:标准[S]。
8. 专利格式:专利[P]。
9. 论文集中的析出文献格式:论文集中的析出文献[A]。
具体的参考文献格式应该根据文章种类而决定,例如:
1. 期刊文章:作者,题目,刊物名称,发表时间,卷号,页码。
2. 书籍:作者,书名,出版社,出版时间,页码。
3. 学位论文:作者,题目,学校名称,学位类型,答辩时间。
4. 报纸文章:作者,题目,报纸名称,发表时间,版面。
5. 报告:作者,题目,报告名称,发布机构,发布时间。
6. 标准:标准编号,标准名称,发布机构,发布时间。
7. 专利:专利号,发明人,专利名称,授权日期。
8. 技术规范:规范编号,规范名称,发布机构,发布时间。
9. 技术标准:标准编号,标准名称,发布机构,发布时间。
10. 国际条约:条约编号,条约名称,签约日期。
11. 国际惯例:惯例编号,惯例名称,制定机构。
12. 其他:文献类型(如图书、期刊、报纸等),文献来源(如数据库、网站等),文献题目(如有必要可以加上文献的标识符)。
无论选择哪种格式,都应确保参考文献的准确性和完整性。
参考文献 引用 格式
参考文献引用格式
参考文献的引用格式如下:
1. 期刊类格式:序号、作者、篇名、刊名、出版年份、卷号(期号):起止页码。
2. 专著类格式:序号、作者、书名、出版地:出版社、出版年份:起止页码。
3. 报纸类格式:序号、作者、篇名、报纸名、出版日期(版次)。
4. 论文集格式:序号、作者、篇名[C].出版地。
此外,一种文献被反复引用者,在正文中用同一序号标示。
一般来说,引用一次的文献的页码(或页码范围)在文后参考文献中列出。
多次引用的文献,每处的页码或页码范围分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处,置于方括号后(仅列数字,不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符;页码范围中间的连线
为半字线)并作上标。
以上内容仅供参考,建议查阅各学科文献引用规范获取更准确的信息。
参考文献文字格式
参考文献文字格式
参考文献的文字格式可以根据不同的文献类型来决定,包括专著、论文集、报纸文章、期刊文章、学位论文、报告、标准、专利和论文集中的析出文献等。
一般来说,参考文献的文字格式包括以下内容:
1. 文献类型标识:根据文献类型选择相应的标识,如专著的标识为“M”,论文集的标识为“C”,报纸文章的标识为“N”,期刊文章的标识为“J”,学位论文的标识为“D”,报告的标识为“R”,标准的标识为“S”,专利的标识为“P”等。
2. 文献作者姓名:如果是单作者,则直接写上作者的姓名;如果是多作者,则需要列出所有作者的姓名,并用逗号分隔。
3. 文献标题:用粗体字写上文献的标题,并居中放置。
4. 文献出版信息:包括出版地、出版社、出版年份等,这些信息也需要用粗体字写上,并居中放置。
5. 文献页码:如果需要引用某一部分内容,则需要写上该部分的起始页码和结束页码。
总之,根据具体的文献类型和出版信息来选择合适的参考文献文字格式即可。
参考文献 格式
参考文献的标准格式如下:
1、期刊作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年份,起止页码
2、专利文献题名[P].国别.专利文献种类.专利号.出版日期。
3、报纸作者.题名[N].报纸名.出版日期(版次)。
参考文献的各种字母的含义:
A:单篇论文。
C:论文集。
D:学位论文。
G:资料汇编。
J:期刊文章。
M:专著、教材。
N:报纸文章。
P:专利。
R:研究报告。
S:标准。
Z:其他未说明的文件类型。
注意事项:
1、参考文献要以序号的形式出现在正文中和文末,且序号要保持一致。
序号以在文中出现的前后为序
2、如果某文献在文中数次被参考,则几处序号要保持相同,只是页码有变化。
在文末只列出该参考文献一次即可,不必多次罗列。
3、每一参考文献的所有要素必须齐全,不可残缺,具体包括:主要责任者;文献题名;文献类型及截体类型标识(如专著M、论文集C、报纸文章N、期刊文章J、学位论文D、报告R、专利P等)。
出版项(出版地、出版社、出版年)中若是首次出版则无需再标明,若非第1版还要标明具体版次;文献出处或电子文献的可获得地址;文献起止页码。
论文参考文献书写格式
中文期刊参考文献书写格式:[1] 主要责任者.文献题目[M].出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选).(专著[M]— monograph)[2] 主要责任者.文献题目[C].出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选).(论文集[C]—collections)[3] 析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者.原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码.[4] 主要责任者.文献题目[D].出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选).(学位论文[D]—dissertation)[5] 主要责任者.文献题目[R].出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选).(报告[R]—report)[6] 主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期): 起止页码.(期刊文章[J]—journal)[7] 主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).(报纸文章[N]—newspaper)[8] 标准编号,标准名称[S].(标准[S]—standard)[9] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献/ 载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).(电子文献:数据库[DB],计算机程序[CP],电子公告[EB];载体类型及其标识:联机网OL,磁带MT,光盘CD,磁盘DK。
Note: DB/OL—database online; DB/MT—database on magnetic tape; M/CD—monograph on CD-ROM)[10]主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年.( Z—未定义类型的文献标识)[11] 专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期.(专利[P]—patent)。
论文参考文献的书写格式2篇
论文参考文献的书写格式2篇Writing format of paper references编订:JinTai College论文参考文献的书写格式2篇前言:论文格式就是指进行论文写作时的样式要求,以及写作标准,就是论文达到可公之于众的标准样式和内容要求,论文常用来进行科学研究和描述科研成果文章。
本文档根据论文格式内容要求和特点展开说明,具有实践指导意义,便于学习和使用,本文下载后内容可随意调整修改及打印。
本文简要目录如下:【下载该文档后使用Word打开,按住键盘Ctrl键且鼠标单击目录内容即可跳转到对应篇章】1、篇章1:论文参考文献的书写格式2、篇章2:参考文献书写技巧篇章1:论文参考文献的书写格式中文期刊参考文献书写格式:主要责任者.文献题目.出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选). (专著— monograph)主要责任者.文献题目.出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选).(论文集—collections)析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名.原文献主要责任者.原文献题名.出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码.主要责任者.文献题目.出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选).(学位论文—dissertation)主要责任者.文献题目.出版地:出版者,出版年. 起止页码(任选).(报告—report)主要责任者.文献题名.刊名,年,卷(期): 起止页码. (期刊文章—journal)主要责任者.文献题名.报纸名,出版日期(版次). (报纸文章—newspaper)标准编号,标准名称. (标准—standard)主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献 / 载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).(电子文献: 数据库[db],计算机程序[cp],电子公告[eb]; 载体类型及其标识: 联机网ol,磁带mt,光盘cd,磁盘dk 。
note: db/ol—database online; db/mt—database on magnetic tape; m/cd—monograph on cd-rom)[10]主要责任者.文献题名.出版地:出版者,出版年.( z—未定义类型的文献标识)[11] 专利所有者.专利题名.专利国别:专利号,出版日期.(专利—patent)篇章2:参考文献书写技巧【按住Ctrl键点此返回目录】把光标放在引用参考文献的地方,在菜单栏上选“插入|脚注和尾注”,弹出的对话框中选择“尾注”,点击“选项”按钮修改编号格式为阿拉伯数字,位置为“文档结尾”,确定后word就在光标的地方插入了参考文献的编号,并自动跳到文档尾部相应编号处请你键入参考文献的说明,在这里按参考文献著录表的格式添加相应文献。
学位论文参考文献及脚注部分格式示例
学位论文参考文献及脚注部分格式示例一、参考文献参考文献整体格式【字体】中文:五号字,宋体,英文:times new roman 10.5号字体(相当于五号字);【行距】1.25倍行距;【段落】顶格写,无首行缩进,也无左缩进;【序号】用“[1]”这种格式,序号后空一个字符;【标注顺序】按照人名的字母顺序标注【标点符号】中文使用中文状态下标点符号,英文使用英文状态下标点符号,切忌混用。
【数量】15个(含15个)以上,其中至少3个英文参考文献。
(中英文参考文献需分别列出)下面分类列出各种参考文献的著录方法(一)专著的著录格式[1] 孙家广、杨长青:《计算机图形学》,北京:清华大学出版社1995年版。
[2] 张为民主编:《21世纪的国际商务》,北京:世界图书出版公司1999年版。
[3] M· Skolink, Radar handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill Press, 1995, pp.26~28.[4] 布兰查德、费希尔:《宏观经济学:高级教程》,刘树成、沈利生译,北京:经济科学出版社1982年版。
附注:专著的一般顺序为:作者名,书名,地址,出版社,出版年份,页码。
1、页码不作要求,如果有的话也可以写上2、标点符号都按照以上示例;如果有两个作者以上的,作者之间用顿号;出版社和出版年份之间不加标点符号;作者名和地名后用冒号,其他中间一般用逗号,句末加句号;如果图书上只有主编人的,如第二个,需要在人名后加主编两字。
3、英文的作者名需要大写的字母要大写,作者后面用逗号,地址后面用冒号,书名用斜体并加粗;英文的就应该用英文格式的标点符号。
按照上面第三个参考文献的格式写。
4、如果为译著,请参照示例 [4] 格式调整。
(二)期刊的著录格式[5] 李旭东、宗光华、毕树生等:“海关监察系统的研究”,《北京航空航天大学学报》2019年第3期。
[6] Samuel P?Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations”, Foreign Affairs, l993 (3), pp.23-24.附注:1、注意文章名用引号,后面的期刊名(或图书名)用书名号。
参考文献格式
一、主要文后参考文献著录格式1.专著、论文集、学位论文、学术报告著录法主要作者名.著作题名.出版地:出版者,出版年.版次.页码.(未出版的学位论文的“出版者”著录为:学位培养单位院系)2.古籍著录法作者名.书名.篇名.出版朝代年号(公历年历).版本.页码.3.期刊文章著录法主要作者名.文章题名.期刊名.出版年.卷(期):页码.4.论文集、会议录中析出文献著录法主要作者名.析出文献题名.论文集作者.论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年.页码.5.报纸文章著录法主要作者名.文章名.报纸名,出版日期(版次).页码.6.电子文献著录法主要作者名.电子文献题名.电子文献出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期.二、文献类型和标志代码普通图书——M论文集、会议录——C汇编——G报纸——N期刊——J学位论文——D学术报告——R标准——S专利——P数据库——DB计算机程序——CP电子公告——EB电子文献载体和标志代码网络——OL光盘——CD磁带——MT磁盘——DK补充另外一篇:论文参考文献规范格式(转载)参考文献的格式要求很多,一般来说参考文献的格式都要符合国标GB7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》,但实际中很多出版社和期刊对论文的要求也不尽相同。
发现周围的很多人对论文参考文献的规范格式不是很清楚,所以把规范格式贴出来。
参考文献著录格式及示例1 专著著录格式[序号]著者.书名[M].版本(第一版不写).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例:[1]孙家广,杨长青.计算机图形学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1995.26~28 Sun Jiaguang, Yang Changqing. Computer graphics[M].Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,1995.26~28(in Chinese)例:[2]Skolink M I. Radar handbook[M]. New York: McGraw-Hill, 19902 期刊著录格式[序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码例:[3]李旭东,宗光华,毕树生,等.生物工程微操作机器人视觉系统的研究[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2002,28(3):249~252Li Xudong, Zong Guanghua, Bi Shusheng, et al. Research on global vision system for bioengineering-oriented micromanipulation robot system[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2002,28(3):249~252(in Chinese)3 论文集著录格式[序号]作者.题名[A].见(英文用In):主编.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例:[4]张佐光,张晓宏,仲伟虹,等.多相混杂纤维复合材料拉伸行为分析[A].见:张为民编.第九届全国复合材料学术会议论文集(下册)[C].北京:世界图书出版公司,1996.410~416例:[5]Odoni A R. The flow management problem in air traffic control[A]. In: Odoni A R, Szego G,eds. Flow Control of Congested Networks[C]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,1987.269~2984 学位论文著录格式[序号]作者.题名[D].保存地点:保存单位,年例:[6]金宏.导航系统的精度及容错性能的研究[D].北京:北京航空航天大学自动控制系,19985 科技报告著录格式[序号]作者.题名[R].报告题名及编号,出版年例:[7]Kyungmoon Nho. Automatic landing system design using fuzzy logic.AIAA-98-4484,19986 国际或国家标准著录格式标准编号,标准名称[S]例:[8]GB/T 16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S]7 专利著录格式[序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期例:[9]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-06 8 电子文献著录格式[序号]作者.题名[电子文献/载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期例:[10]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据系统工程的进展[EB/OL]..c ... 16/1998-10-04说明:① 参考文献应是公开出版物,按在论著中出现的先后用阿拉伯数字连续排序.② 参考文献中外国人名书写时一律姓前,名后,姓用全称,名可缩写为首字母(大写),不加缩写点(见例2).③ 参考文献中作者为3人或少于3人应全部列出,3人以上只列出前3人,后加"等"或"et al"(见例3).④ 在著录中文参考文献时应提供英文著录,见例1、例3.⑤ 参考文献类型及其标识见表1,电子参考文献类型及其标识见表2.⑥ 电子文献的载体类型及其标识为:磁带——MT,磁盘——DK,光盘——CD,联机网络——OL.表1 参考文献类型及文献类型标识参考文献类型专著论文集报纸文章期刊文章学位论文报告标准专利文献类型标识 M C N J D R S P表2 电子参考文献类型及其标识电子参考文献类型数据库计算机程序电子公告电子文献类型标识 DB CP EB科技期刊论文的参考文献1 参考文献的功能与作用(1)参考文献是科技论文的重要组成部分,它不仅能为作者的论点提供有力的论据,而且可以精练文字节约篇幅,增加论文的信息量,具有很高的信息价值。
国家参考文献标准格式
国家参考文献标准格式国家参考文献标准格式是指用于在学术论文、研究报告、学术期刊等文献中引用参考文献时所遵循的统一格式标准。
在国际上,常用的参考文献格式有APA、MLA、Chicago等,而在中国,常用的参考文献标准格式则是根据《文后参考文献著录规则》等国家标准制定的。
在中国的参考文献标准格式中,一般包括以下几个部分:著者、文献题名、文献来源、出版地、出版者、出版年、页码等。
下面以一些常见的文献类型为例,介绍国家参考文献标准格式的具体要求。
1. 书籍:著者.文献题名[文献的类别标志].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例如:张三.中国文化史[M].北京:中国出版社,2000:20-252. 期刊文章:著者.文献题名.刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码例如:李四.现代教育研究.教育科学,2005,3(5):30-353. 学位论文:著者.文献题名[D].保存地:保存单位,年例如:王五.数字化图书馆的研究[D].北京:清华大学,20084. 会议论文:著者.文献题名.//论文集名.论文集的出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码例如:赵六.数字化时代的图书馆发展.//中国图书馆学会年会文集.北京:中国图书馆学会,2010:50-55在书写参考文献时,需要严格按照文献的作者、文献题名、出版地、出版者、出版年等要素的顺序和格式进行标注,同时要保证文献的准确性和规范性。
参考文献的格式规范不仅有利于读者查找文献来源和核实信息,也有助于提高文献的可读性和可信度。
总的来说,国家参考文献标准格式是文献著录的重要规范,遵循这一标准能够保证文献引用的准确性和规范性,有利于学术研究的进行和交流。
希望研究者和学生在写作中能够严格按照国家参考文献标准格式要求,提升文献引用的质量和规范性。
参考文献格式规范
注意:所有外文文献统一使用Times New Roman字体,包括其中的标点符号。除虚词外,首字母一律大写。
小提示:Word会对英文进行自动识别,一般来说,下面出现绿色或红色波浪线的地方要特别引起注意。当然,有绿色或红色波浪线并不必然是错误。
1.外文著作(专著、编著、译著)
外文著作的格式如下:
3.析出文献
析出文献的格式如下:
作者,文章标题.编者,文集名(斜体).出版地点:出版机构,出版时间,页码.
示例如下:
R.S. Schfield,The Impact of Scarcity and Plenty on Population Change in English. In R. I. Rotherg and T. K. Rabb (eds.),Hunger and History: The Impact of Changing Food Production and Consumption Pattern on Society.Cambridge: University Press, 1983,p.79.
Michael Kort (ed.),TheColumbiaGuide to the Cold War.New York:ColumbiaUniversityPress, 1998.
T. H. Aston and C.H.E. Phlipin (eds.),The Brenner Debate.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity Press, 1985,p.35.
参考文献格式规范
论文最后应有相应的参考文献,并以“主要参考文献”的字样出现。
文后参考文献编号为1.2.3.……,先中文文献,后英文文献,按照拼音和字母顺序A—Z升序排列。
国标的参考文献格式
国标的参考文献格式国标(GB/T 7714-2015)是我国学术界公认的参考文献格式,下面是几个常见的参考内容的写法示例:1. 书籍:姚明, 张继科. 体育与心理学[M]. 北京:北京大学出版社,2018:67-78.说明:作者姓名的顺序为姓+名,出版年份放在书名后面的方括号中,页码用冒号表示。
2. 学术论文:赵磊. 基于人工智能算法的通信费控制方法研究[D]. 上海:上海交通大学,2019.说明:D表示学位论文,上海交通大学为论文所在的学位授予单位。
3. 期刊文章:张琳. 杂交水稻生产中氮素管理措施比较研究[J]. 作物学报,2017,43(2):250-259.说明:文章标题之后记载期刊名和发表的年、卷、期和页码。
4. 报纸文章:丁俊杰. 互联网发展与传统媒体的存亡[J]. 人民日报,2018-01-30(05).说明:报纸发表年月日放在期刊名后面的方括号中,版次放在括号中。
5. 网络文献:张思扬. 机器学习在金融风控中的应用研究[D]. 经济与管理学院学报,2019,31(2):57-66.说明:网络文献的写法与期刊文章相似,但需要表明其来源的学术期刊名称。
6. 专利:张三,李四,王五. 一种基于人脸识别的门禁系统: 中国,20191012345678.6[P]. 2019-12-01.说明:专利号一般由国别、申请年份、申请号和专利类型组成。
7. 会议论文:王梅. 图书馆知识管理在信息组织中的运用研究[C]. 中国图书馆学会年会暨图书馆学研究国际交流会议论文集,2019,60-64.说明:会议名称放在方括号中,会议时间和地点在会议名称后面用逗号分隔。
8. 标准:国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 家用和类似一类电器的安全第2部分:一般要求[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社,2018.说明:标准名后面用[S]表示。
以上是国标(GB/T 7714-2015)参考文献格式的几个常见写法示例,其中包含了书籍、学术论文、期刊文章、报纸文章、网络文献、专利、会议论文和标准等多种参考内容。
中英文参考文献格式
中英文参考文献格式一、参考文献著录格式1 、期刊作者.题名〔J〕.刊名,出版年,卷(期)∶起止页码2、专著作者.书名〔M〕.版本(第一版不著录).出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码3、论文集作者.题名〔C〕.编者.论文集名,出版地∶出版者,出版年∶起止页码4 、学位论文作者.题名〔D〕.保存地点.保存单位.年份5 、专利文献题名〔P〕.国别.专利文献种类.专利号.出版日期6、标准编号.标准名称〔S〕7、报纸作者.题名〔N〕.报纸名.出版日期(版次)8 、报告作者.题名〔R〕.保存地点.年份9 、电子文献作者.题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕.文献出处,日期二、文献类型及其标识1、根据GB3469 规定,各类常用文献标识如下:①期刊〔J〕②专著〔M〕③论文集〔C〕④学位论文〔D〕⑤专利〔P〕⑥标准〔S〕⑦报纸〔N〕⑧技术报告〔R〕2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识,具体如下:①磁带〔MT〕②磁盘〔DK〕③光盘〔CD〕④联机网络〔OL〕3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为:〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。
例如:①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕③光盘图书〔M/CD〕④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕三、举例1、期刊论文〔1〕周庆荣,张泽廷,朱美文,等.固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度〔J〕.化工学报,1995(3):317—323〔2〕Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent〔J〕. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56〔3〕刘仲能,金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究〔J〕.精细化工,2002(2):103-105 〔4〕 Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al .Vinyl acetate polymerization by ionizing radiation〔J〕.Radiation Physics and Chemistry,2002, 63:4652、专著〔1〕蒋挺大.亮聚糖〔M〕.北京:化学工业出版社,2001.127〔2〕Kortun G. Reflectance Spectroscopy 〔M〕. New York: Spring-Verlag,19693、论文集〔1〕郭宏,王熊,刘宗林.膜分离技术在大豆分离蛋白生产中综合利用的研究〔C〕.//余立新.第三届全国膜和膜过程学术报告会议论文集.北京:高教出版社,1999.421-425〔2〕Eiben A E, vander Hauw J K.Solving 3-SATwith adaptive genetic algorithms 〔C〕.//Proc 4th IEEE Conf Evolutionary Computation.Piscataway: IEEE Press, 1997.81-864、学位论文〔1〕陈金梅.氟石膏生产早强快硬水泥的试验研究(D).西安:西安建筑科学大学,2000 〔 2 〕Chrisstoffels L A J .Carrier-facilitated transport as a mechanistic tool in supramolecular chemistry〔D〕.The Netherland:Twente University.19885、专利文献〔1〕Hasegawa, Toshiyuki, Yoshida,et al.Paper Coating composition〔P〕.EP 0634524.1995-01-18〔 2 〕仲前昌夫,佐藤寿昭.感光性树脂〔 P 〕.日本,特开平09-26667.1997-01-28 〔3〕Yamaguchi K, Hayashi A.Plant growth promotor and productionthereof 〔P〕.Jpn, Jp1290606.1999-11-22〔4〕厦门大学.二烷氨基乙醇羧酸酯的制备方法〔P〕.中国发明专利,CN1073429.1993-06-23 6、技术标准文献〔1〕ISO 1210-1982,塑料——小试样接触火焰法测定塑料燃烧性〔S〕〔2〕GB 2410-80,透明塑料透光率及雾度实验方法〔S〕7、报纸〔1〕陈志平.减灾设计研究新动态〔N〕.科技日报,1997-12-12(5)8、报告〔1〕中国机械工程学会.密相气力输送技术〔R〕.北京:19969、电子文献〔1〕万锦柔.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993)〔DB/CD〕.北京:中国百科全书出版社,1996英文参考文献英文文献采用“APA格式”:单一作者著作的书籍:姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍:姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma. Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章:Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章(非连续页码):Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change, 64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章(连续页码):姓,名字首字母.(年). 题目. 期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章:Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.。
中文引用格式
[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码.例如:/resdoc/p04_c08_s2.htmlMLA LIST OF WORKS CITEDAn alphabetized list of works cited, which appears at the end of your research paper, gives publication information for each of the sources you have cited in the paper. (For information about preparing the list, click here; for a sample list of works cited, click here.)Unless your instructor asks for them, omit sources not actually cited in the paper, even if you read them.MLA requires the medium of publication in all works cited entries, usually at the end of the entry: for example, "Print," "Web," "Television," "Film," "Lecture." (See specific items throughout this section.)General guidelines for listing authorsAlphabetize entries in the list of works cited by authors' last names (or by title if a work has no author). The author's name is important because citations in the text of the paper refer to it and readers will be looking for it at the beginning of an entry in the alphabetized list.NAME CITED IN TEXTAccording to Matt Sundeen, . . .BEGINNING OF WORKS CITED ENTRYSundeen, Matt.Items 1–5 show how to begin an entry for a work with a single author, multiple authors, a corporate author, an unknown author, and multiple works by the same author. What comes after this first element of your citation will depend on the kind of source you are citing. (See items 6–60.)NOTE: For a book, an entry in the works cited list will sometimes begin with an editor (see item 9).1. SINGLE AUTHOR For a work with one author, begin with the author's last name, followed by a comma; then give the author's first name, followed by a period.Tannen, Deborah.up to directory menu2. MULTIPLE AUTHORS For works with two or three authors, name the authors in the order in which they are listed in the source. Reverse the name of only the first author.Walker, Janice R., and Todd Taylor.Wilmut, Ian, Keith Campbell, and Colin Tudge.For a work with four or more authors, either name all of the authors or name the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others").Sloan, Frank A., Emily M. Stout, Kathryn Whetten-Goldstein, and LanLiang.Sloan, Frank A., et al.up to directory menu3. CORPORATE AUTHOR When the author of a print document or Web site is a corporation, a government agency, or some other organization, begin your entry with the name of the group.First Union.United States. Bureau of the Census.American Automobile Association.NOTE: Your in-text citation should also treat the organization as the author (see item 9).up to directory menu4. UNKNOWN AUTHOR When the author of a work is unknown, begin with the work's title. Titles of articles and other short works, such as brief documents from Web sites, are put in quotation marks. Titles of books and other long works, such as entire Web sites, are italicized.Article or other short work"Media Giants."Book, entire Web site, or other long workAtlas of the World.Before concluding that the author of a Web source is unknown, check carefully (see the tip in in-text citations). Also remember that an organization may be the author (see item 3).up to directory menu5. TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR If your list of works cited includes two or more works by the same author, first alphabetize the works by title (ignoring the article A, An, or The at the beginning of a title). Use the author's name for the first entry only; for subsequent entries, use three hyphens followed by a period. The three hyphens must stand for exactly the same name or names as in the first entry.García, Cristina. The Agüero Sisters. New York: Ballantine, 1998. Print.---. Monkey Hunting. New York: Ballantine, 2003. Print.up to directory menuBooksItems 6–19 apply to print books. For online books, see item 29.Citation at a glance: Book6. BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK For most books, arrange the information into four units, each followed by a period and one space: the author's name; the title and subtitle, italicized; the place of publication, the publisher, and the date; and the medium.Tan, Amy. The Bonesetter's Daughter. New York: Putnam, 2001. Print.Take the information about the book from its title page and copyright page. Use a short form of the publisher's name; omit terms such as Press, Inc., and Co. except when naming university presses (Harvard UP, for example). If the copyright page lists more than one date, use the most recent one.up to directory menu7. AUTHOR WITH AN EDITOR Begin with the author and title, followed by the name of the editor. In this case the abbreviation "Ed." means "Edited by," so it is the same for one or multiple editors.Plath, Sylvia. The Unabridged Journals of Sylvia Plath. Ed. Karen V.Kukil. New York: Anchor-Doubleday, 2000. Print.up to directory menu8. AUTHOR WITH A TRANSLATOR Begin with the name of the author. After the title, write "Trans." (for "Translated by") and the name of the translator.Allende, Isabel. Daughter of Fortune. Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. New York: Harper, 2000. Print.up to directory menu9. EDITOR An entry for a work with an editor is similar to that for a work with an author except that the name is followed by a comma and the abbreviation "ed." for "editor" (or "eds." for "editors").Craig, Patricia, ed. The Oxford Book of Travel Stories. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. Print.up to directory menu10. WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY Begin with (1) the name of the author of the selection, not with the name of the editor. Then give (2) the title of the selection; (3) the title of the anthology; (4) the name of the editor (preceded by "Ed." for "Edited by"); (5) publication information; (6) the pages on which the selection appears; and (7) the medium.If you use two or more selections from the same anthology, provide an entry for the entire anthology (see item 9) and give a shortened entry for each selection. Begin with the author and title of the selection; follow with the editor(s) of the anthology and the page number(s) on which the selection appears: Use the medium of publication only in the entry for the complete anthology. Alphabetize the entries in the list of works cited by authors' last names.Desai, Anita. "Scholar and Gypsy." Craig 251-73.Malouf, David. "The Kyogle Line." Craig 390-96.up to directory menu11. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST Include the number of the edition after the title (or after any translators or editors after the title): 2nd ed., 3rd ed., and so on.Auletta, Ken. The Underclass. 2nd ed. Woodstock: Overlook, 2000. Print.up to directory menu12. MULTIVOLUME WORK Include the total number of volumes before the city and publisher, using the abbreviation "vols." If the volumes were published over several years, give the inclusive dates of publication. The abbreviation "Ed." means "Edited by," so it is the same for one or multiple editors.Stark, Freya. Letters. Ed. Lucy Moorehead. 8 vols. Salisbury: Compton,1974-82. Print.If you cite only one volume in your paper, include the volume number before the city and give the date for that volume. After the date, give the medium and the total number of volumes.Stark, Freya. Letters. Ed. Lucy Moorehead. Vol. 5. Salisbury: Compton,1978. Print. 8 vols.up to directory menu13. ENCYCLOPEDIA OR DICTIONARY ENTRY When an encyclopedia or a dictionary is well known, simply list the author of the entry (if there is one), the title of the entry, the title of the reference work, the edition number (if any), the date of the edition, and the medium.Posner, Rebecca. "Romance Languages." The New EncyclopaediaBritannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987. Print."Sonata." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.4th ed. 2000. Print.Volume and page numbers are not necessary because the entries in the source are arranged alphabetically and therefore are easy to locate.If a reference work is not well known, provide full publication information as well.up to directory menu14. SACRED TEXT Give the title of the edition of the sacred text (taken from the title page), italicized; the editor's or translator's name (if any); publication information; and the medium. Add the name of the version, if there is one.The Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. Ed. Herbert G. May andBruce M. Metzger. New York: Oxford UP, 1965. Print. Rev. StandardVers.The Qur'an: Translation. Trans. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. Elmhurst: Tahrike,2000. Printup to directory menu15. FOREWORD, INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, OR AFTERWORD Begin with the author of the foreword or other book part, followed by the name of that part. Then give the title of the book; the author of the book, preceded by the word "By"; and the editor of the book (if any). After the publication information, give the page numbers for the part of the book being cited and the medium.Morris, Jan. Introduction. Letters from the Field, 1925-1975.By Margaret Mead. New York: Perennial-Harper, 2001.xix-xxiii. Print.If the book part being cited has a title, include it in quotation marks immediately after the author's name.Ozick, Cynthia. "Portrait of the Essay as a Warm Body." Introduction.The Best American Essays 1998. Ed. Ozick. Boston: Houghton,1998. xv-xxi. Print.up to directory menu16. BOOK WITH A TITLE IN ITS TITLE If the book contains a title normally italicized, neither italicize the internal title nor place it in quotation marks.King, John N. Milton and Religious Controversy: Satire and Polemic inParadise Lost. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print.If the title within the title is normally put in quotation marks, retain the quotation marks and italicize the entire title.Hawkins, Hunt, and Brian W. Shaffer, eds. Approaches to TeachingConrad's Heart of Darkness and "The Secret Sharer." New York:MLA, 2002. Print.up to directory menu17. BOOK IN A SERIES At the end of the entry, give the series name as it appears on the title page, followed by the series number, if any.Malena, Anne. The Dynamics of Identity in Francophone CaribbeanNarrative. New York: Lang, 1998. Francophone Cultures and Lits.Ser. 24. Print.up to directory menu18. REPUBLISHED BOOK After the title of the book, cite the original publication date, followed by the current publication information. If the republished book contains new material, such as an introduction or afterword, include information about the new material after the original date.Hughes, Langston. Black Misery. 1969. Afterword Robert O'Meally. NewYork: Oxford UP, 2000. Print.up to directory menu19. PUBLISHER'S IMPRINT If a book was published by an imprint (a division) of a publishing company, link the name of the imprint and the name of the publisher with ahyphen, putting the imprint first.Truan, Barry. Acoustic Communication. Westport: Ablex-Greenwood,2000. Print.up to directory menuArticles in periodicalsThis section shows how to prepare works cited entries for articles in magazines, scholarly journals, and newspapers. In addition to consulting the models in this section, you will at times need to turn to other models as well:More than one author: see item 2Corporate author: see item 3Unknown author: see item 4Online article: see items 32 and 33Article from a database: see item 31Put titles of articles in quotation marks; italicize the titles of magazines, journals, and newspapers. For dates requiring a month, abbreviate all months except May, June, and July. Add the medium at the end of the entry.For articles appearing on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages (see items 21 and 22). When an article does not appear on consecutive pages, give the number of the first page followed by a plus sign: 32+.Citation at a glance: Article in a periodical20. ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE If the magazine is issued monthly, give just the month and year.Fay, J. Michael. "Land of the Surfing Hippos." National Geographic Aug.2004: 100+. Print.If the magazine is issued weekly, give the exact date.Lord, Lewis. "There's Something about Mary Todd." US News and WorldReport 19 Feb. 2001: 53. Print.up to directory menu21. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUME Give both volume and issue numbers for all journals, even those with pagination that continues through all issues of the volume. Separate the volume and issue numbers with a period.Ryan, Katy. "Revolutionary Suicide in Toni Morrison's Fiction." AfricanAmerican Review 34.3 (2000): 389-412. Print.up to directory menu22. ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE Give both volume and issue numbers, separated with a period.Wood, Michael. "Broken Dates: Fiction and the Century." Kenyon Review22.3 (2000): 50-64. Print.up to directory menu23. ARTICLE IN A DAILY NEWSPAPER Include the section letter if it is part of the page number in the newspaper.Brummitt, Chris. "Indonesia's Food Needs Expected to Soar." BostonGlobe 1 Feb. 2005: A7. Print.If the section is marked with a number rather than a letter, handle the entry as follows:Wilford, John Noble. "In a Golden Age of Discovery, Faraway WorldsBeckon." New York Times 9 Feb. 1997, late ed., sec. 1: 1+. Print.When an edition of the newspaper is specified on the masthead, name the edition (eastern ed., late ed., natl. ed., and so on), as in the example just given.If the city of publication is not obvious, include it in brackets after the name of the newspaper: Courier-Journal [Louisville].up to directory menu24. EDITORIAL IN A NEWSPAPER Cite an editorial as you would an article with an unknown author, adding the word "Editorial" after the title."All Wet." Editorial. Boston Globe 12 Feb. 2001: A14. Print.up to directory menu25. LETTER TO THE EDITOR Name the writer, followed by the word "Letter" and the publication information for the periodical in which the letter appears.Shrewsbury, Toni. Letter. Atlanta Journal-Constitution 17 Feb. 2001: A13. Print.up to directory menu26. BOOK OR FILM REVIEW Name the reviewer and the title of the review, if any, followed by the words "Rev. of" and the title and author or director of the work reviewed. Add the publication information for the periodical in which the review appears.Gleick, Elizabeth. "The Burdens of Genius." Rev. of The Last Samurai, by Helen DeWitt. Time 4 Dec. 2000: 171. Print.Denby, David. "On the Battlefield." Rev. of The Hurricane, dir. NormanJewison. New Yorker 10 Jan. 2000: 90-92. Print.up to directory menuOnline sourcesThis section shows how to prepare works cited entries for a variety of online sources, including Web sites, online books, articles in online periodicals and databases, blogs, wikis, podcasts, and e-mail.MLA guidelines assume that readers can locate most online sources by entering the author, title, or other identifying information in a search engine or a database. Consequently, MLA does not require a Web address (URL) in citations for online sources. Some instructors may require a URL; for an example, see the note at the end of item 27.MLA style calls for a sponsor or publisher for most online sources. If a source has no sponsor or publisher, use the abbreviation "N.p." (for "No publisher”) in the sponsor position. If there is no date of publication or update, use "n.d." (for "no date”) after the sponsor. For an article in an online scholarly journal or an article from a database, give page numbers if they are available; if they are not, use the abbreviation "n. pag." (See item 32.)27. ENTIRE WEB SITE Begin with the name of the author, editor, or corporate author (if known) and the title of the site, italicized. Then give the sponsor and the date of publication or last update. End with the medium and your date of access.With author or editorPeterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson, 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009.Halsall, Paul, ed. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham U, 22Sept. 2001. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.With corporate (group) authorUnited States. Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking WaterStandards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2005.Author unknownMargaret Sanger Papers Project. History Dept., New York U, 18 Oct.2000. Web. 6 Jan. 2009.If a site has no title, substitute a description, such as "Home page," for the title. Do not italicize the words or put them in quotation marks.Yoon, Mina. Home page. Oak Ridge Natl. Laboratory, 28 Dec. 2006.Web. 12 Jan. 2009.NOTE: If your instructor requires a URL for Web sources, include the URL, enclosed in angle brackets, at the end of the entry. If you must divide a URL at the end of a line in a works cited entry, break it after a slash. Do not insert a hyphen.Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin Luther. Susan Lynn Peterson, 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009. </index_files/luther.htm>.up to directory menu28. SHORT WORK FROM A WEB SITE Short works are articles, poems, and other documents that are not book length or that appear as internal pages on a Web site. Include the following elements: author's name; title of the short work, in quotation marks; title of the site, italicized; sponsor of the site; date of publication or last update; medium; and your date of access.With authorShiva, Vandana. "Bioethics: A Third World Issue." NativeWeb.NativeWeb, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2004.Author unknown"Media Giants." Frontline: The Merchants of Cool. PBS Online, 2001.Web. 7 Feb. 2005.Citation at a glance: Short work from a Web site up to directory menu29. ONLINE BOOK Cite a book or a book-length work, such as a play or a long poem, as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28), but italicize the title of the work.Milton, John. Paradise Lost: Book I. . PoetryFoundation, 2008. Web. 14 Dec. 2008.Give the print publication information for the work, if available (see items 6–19), followed by the title of the Web site, the medium, and your date of access.Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written byHerself. Ed. L. Maria Child. Boston, 1861. Documenting theAmerican South. Web. 3 Feb. 2009.up to directory menu30. PART OF AN ONLINE BOOK Place the part title before the book's title. If the part is a chapter or a short work such as a poem or an essay, put its title in quotation marks. If thepart is an introduction or another division of the book, do not use quotation marks. (See also item 15.) Following the publication information, give the page numbers for the part (or use "N. pag." if the work is not paginated). End with the Web site on which you found the work, the medium, and your date of access.Adams, Henry. "Diplomacy." The Education of Henry Adams. By Adams.Boston: Houghton, 1918. N. pag. : Great BooksOnline. Web. 8 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu31. WORK FROM A DATABASE For sources retrieved from a library's subscription database, first list the publication information for the source (see items 20–26). Then give the name of the database, italicized; the medium; and your date of access.Johnson, Kirk. "The Mountain Lions of Michigan." Endangered SpeciesUpdate 19.2 (2002): 27-31. Expanded Academic Index. Web. 26Nov. 2008.Barrera, Rebeca María. "A Case for Bilingual Education." ScholasticParent and Child Nov.-Dec. 2004: 72-73. Academic Search Premier.Web. 1 Feb. 2009.Williams, Jeffrey J. "Why Today's Publishing World Is Reprising thePast." Chronicle of Higher Education 13 June 2008: 8+. LexisNexisAcademic. Web. 29 Sept. 2008.When you access a work through a personal subscription service, such as America Online, give the same information as for a library subscription database.Citation at a glance: Article from a database up to directory menu32. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL When citing an article in an online journal, givepublication information as for a print journal (see items 21 and 22), using "n. pag." if the source does not have page numbers. Then give the medium and your date of access.Belau, Linda. "Trauma and the Material Signifier." Postmodern Culture11.2 (2001): n. pag. Web. 20 Feb. 2009.up to directory menu33. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE MAGAZINE OR NEWSPAPER Give the author; the title of the article (in quotation marks); the title of the magazine or newspaper (italicized); the sponsor or publisher of the site (use "N.p." if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.Online magazinePaulson, Steve. "Buddha on the Brain." . Salon Media Group,27 Nov. 2006. Web. 18 Jan. 2009.Online newspaperRubin, Joel. "Report Faults Charter School." Los Angeles Times. LosAngeles Times, 22 Jan. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu34. ENTIRE WEBLOG (BLOG)Cite a blog as you would an entire Web site (see item 27). Give the author's name; the title of the blog, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the blog (use "N.p." if there is none); and the date of the most recent update. Then give the medium and your date of access.Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout. Washington Post, 27 Apr. 2006. Web. 19Jan. 2009.up to directory menu35. ENTRY IN A WEBLOG (BLOG)Cite an entry or a comment (a response to an entry) ina blog as you would a short work from a Web site (see item 28). If the entry or comment has no title, use the label "Weblog entry" or "Weblog comment." Follow with the title of theblog, italicized, and the remaining information as for an entire blog in item 33.Mayer, Caroline. "Some Surprising Findings about Identity Theft." TheCheckout. Washington Post, 28 Feb. 2006. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.Burdick, Dennis. Weblog comment. The Checkout. Washington Post, 28Feb. 2006. Web. 19 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu36. CD-ROM Treat a CD-ROM as you would any other source, but add the medium ("CD-ROM"). For a book on CD-ROM, add the medium after the publication information."Pimpernel." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.4th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-ROM.up to directory menu37. E-MAIL To cite an e-mail, begin with the writer's name and the subject line. Then write "Message to" followed by the name of the recipient. End with the date of the message and the medium.Wilde, Lisa. "Review Questions." Message to the author. 15 Mar. 2009.E-mail.up to directory menu38. POSTING TO AN ONLINE DISCUSSION LIST When possible, cite archived versions of postings. If you cannot locate an archived version, keep a copy of the posting for your records. Begin with the author's name, followed by the title or subject line, in quotation marks (use the label "Online posting" if the posting has no title); the title of the Web site on which the discusson list is found, italicized; the sponsor or publisher of the site (use "N.p." if there is none); the date of publication; the medium; and your date of access.Fainton, Peter. "Re: Backlash against New Labour." Media Lens Message Board. Media Lens, 7 May 2008. Web. 2 June 2008.up to directory menuMultimedia sources (including online versions)Multimedia sources include visuals (such as works of art), audio works (such as sound recordings), audiovisuals (such as films), podcasts, and live events.Give the medium for all multimedia sources, usually at the end of the citation and not italicized or in quotation marks (for instance, "Print," "Web," "Radio," "Television," "CD," "Audiocassette," "Film," "Videocassette," "DVD," "Performance," "Lecture," "PDF file," "Microsoft Word file," "JPEG file").39. WORK OF ART Cite the artist's name; the title of the artwork, italicized; the date of composition; the medium of composition (for instance, "Lithograph on paper," "Photograph," "Charcoal on paper"); and the institution and city in which the artwork is located. For artworks found online, omit the medium of composition and include the title of the Web site, the medium, and your date of access.Constable, John. Dedham Vale. 1802. Oil on canvas. Victoria andAlbert Museum, London.van Gogh, Vincent. The Starry Night. 1889. Museum of Mod. Art,New York. MoMA: The Museum of Modern Art. Web. 14Jan. 2009.up to directory menu40. CARTOON Begin with the cartoonist's name; the title of the cartoon (if it has one) in quotation marks; the word "Cartoon" or "Comic strip"; publication information; and the medium. To cite an online cartoon, instead of publication information give the title of the Web site; the sponsor or publisher; the date; the medium; and your date of access.Sutton, Ward. "Why Wait 'til November?" Cartoon. Village Voice 7-13July 2004: 6. Print.up to directory menu41. ADVERTISEMENT Name the product or company being advertised, followed by the word "Advertisement." Give publication information for the source in which the advertisement appears.Truth by Calvin Klein. Advertisement. Vogue Dec. 2000: 95-98. Print.up to directory menu42. MAP OR CHART Cite a map or a chart as you would a book or a short work within a longer work. Use the word "Map" or "Chart" following the title. Add the medium and, for an online source, the sponsor or publisher and the date of access.Joseph, Lori, and Bob Laird. "Driving While Phoning Is Dangerous."Chart. USA Today 16 Feb. 2001: 1A. Print.Serbia. Map. Syrena Maps. Syrena, 2 Feb. 2001. Web. 17 Mar. 2009.up to directory menu43. MUSICAL SCORE For both print and online versions, begin with the composer's name; the title of the work, italicized; and the date of composition. For a print source, give the place of publication; the name of the publisher and date of publication; and the medium. For an online source, give the title of the Web site; the publisher or sponsor of the site; the date of Web publication; the medium; and your date of access.Handel, G. F. Messiah: An Oratorio. N.d. CCARH Publications: Scores and Parts. Center for Computer Assisted Research in the Humanities,2003. Web. 5 Jan. 2009.up to directory menu44. SOUND RECORDING Begin with the name of the person you want to emphasize: the composer, conductor ("Cond."), or performer ("Perf."). For a long work, give the title, italicized; the names of pertinent artists (such as performers, readers, or musicians); and the orchestra and conductor, if relevant. End with the manufacturer, the date, and the medium.Bizet, Georges. Carmen. Perf. Jennifer Laramore, Thomas Moser, Angela Gheorghiu, and Samuel Ramey. Bavarian State Orch. and Chorus.Cond. Giuseppe Sinopoli. Warner, 1996. CD.For a song, put the title in quotation marks. If you include the name of the album, italicize it.。
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c.论文集中的析出文献
[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵玮.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996. 468-471.
[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者(任选).原文献题名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.析出文献起止页码.例如:
3、对于数据库、计算机程序及电子公告等电子文献类型的参考文献,建议以下列双字母作为标识:
电子参考文献类型
数据库
计算机程序
电子公告
电子文献类型标识
DB
CP
EB
电子文献载体类型及其标识:磁带(magnetic tape)——MT,磁盘(disk)——DK,光盘(CD-ROM)——CD,联机网络(online)——OL
[12]万锦坤.中国大学学报论文文摘(1983-1993).英文版[DB/CD].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1996.
[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).例如:
h.各种未定义类型的文献
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年.
[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]
如:[DB/OL]——联机网上数据库(database online)
[DB/MT]——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)
[M/CD]——光盘图书(monograph on CD-ROM)
[CP/DK]——磁盘软件(computer program on disk)
中文参考文献格式
一、参考文献的类型及其标识
1、根据GB 3469规定,以单字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型:
参考文献类型
专著
论文集
报纸文章
期刊文章
学位论文
报告
标准
专利
文献类型标识
M
C
N
J
D
R
S
P
2、对于专著、论文集中的析出文献,其文献类型标识建议采用单字母“A”;对于其他未说明的文献类型,建议采用单字母“Z”。
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.例如:
b.期刊文章
[5]何龄修.读顾城《南明史》[J].中国史研究,1998,(3):167-173.
[6]金显贺,王昌长,王忠东,等.一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993,33(4):62-67.
d.报纸文章
[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报,1998-12-25(10).
[序号]主要责任者.文献题名 [N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).例如:
e.国际、国家标准
[9]GB/T 16159-1996,汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].
[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].例如:
f.专利
[10]姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利:881056073,1989-07-26.
[序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,出版日期.例如:
g.电子文献
[11]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]./pub/wml.txt/980810-2.html,1998-08-16/1998-10-04.
[J/OL]——网上期刊(serial online)
[EB/OL]——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)
二、各类参考文献条目的编排格式及示例
a.专著、论文集、学位论文、报告
[1]刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥.图书馆目录[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1957.15-18.
[2]辛希孟.信息技术与信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[Cቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ.北京:中国社会科学出版社,1994.32-34.
[3]张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,1983.17-19.
[4]冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,1997.21-23.