考研英语必知 英美文化
英美文化常识
About American1.What is the full name of America?The United States of America2 How many states are there in the United States?Fifty states3 What is the capital of the USAWashington D.C.4 Where is the Stature of Liberty?In New York5 Where does the American president live ?In the white houseAbout Britain1 What does UK stand for ?The United Kingdom2 What us the full name of the UK?The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3What are the four parts of the UK?England,Scotland,Wales,and Northern Ireland.4In which continent is the UK situated?In Europe.5 By which channel is the UK separatedThe English ChannelAbout China1.How many ethnic groups are there in China?562.In which continent is China locatedIn Asia3. what are the four great inventions in ancient China?Paper-making,printing,gunpowder,and the compass4. What is the largest island in China?Taiwan Island5. When was the people’s Republic of China founded?On October 1st,19496. How many stars are there on the national flag of China?Five7 .Name three neighboring countries of China(The answer varies.It could be any three of them) japan,Vietnam,Russia,Cambodia,Laos,etc) three well -known scenic spots in Beijing(The answer varies.It could be any three of them) The Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Imperial Palace,Tian’anmen Square,etc.9 .Why do the Chinese people usually eat at the Mid-Autumn FestivalThey celebrate the it to honor the great poet Qu Yuan10. what do Chinese people usually eat at the Mid-Autumn Festival.Moon cakes.11.What is the most important traditional festival in China? The spring Festival12. what do the Chinese do on New Year’s Eve?Family members get together and have a big dinner.13. what do people eat on the Lantern Festival?Rice dumplings14. What animal is called “The National Treasure of China”? The panda.。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用英美文化背景知识非常重要，尤其在英语阅读中起着很大的作用。
它可以帮助读者更好地理解文章中的语言和内容。
在英美文化中有许多独特的传统、价值观和历史事件，这些都会对文章的表达方式和主题产生影响。
因此，在学习英语时，了解英美文化背景知识非常重要。
下面将介绍英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用。
第一，理解文化隐喻和比喻。
英美文化中有许多独特的隐喻和比喻，这些与文化、风俗、历史事件等紧密相关。
如果读者对这些隐喻和比喻缺乏理解，就很难理解文章的意义。
例如，在英语中经常使用“the American dream”这个表达，这个短语在英语中的含义是指美国的独特文化现象，它代表了追求美国梦想的意义。
这种文化背景知识可以帮助读者更好地理解文章中使用的词汇和表达方式。
第二，了解特定的历史事件和文化传统。
在阅读英语文章时，了解英美文化历史事件和传统是非常重要的。
例如，在美国南部，有南北战争和种族隔离等历史事件，这些事件对于美国南部的文化和价值观产生了深刻的影响。
因此，当阅读有关南部地区的文章时，了解这些历史事件对于理解文章的文化背景和主题非常有帮助。
第三，适应不同的文体和语言风格。
英语中有很多文体和语言风格，不同的文体和语言风格使用不同的语法结构和词汇。
例如，在英语中有正式的和非正式的语言风格，正式的语言风格通常在法律文件、商务信函等正式场合使用，而非正式的语言风格则通常用于非正式场合，如社交交流等。
了解英美文化背景知识可以帮助读者更好地适应不同的语言风格，从而更好地理解文章的意义。
第四，理解不同的口音和方言。
英美文化中有很多不同的口音和方言。
不同的地区有不同的语言腔调和发音方式。
例如，在英美文化中，英式英语和美式英语的语音语调有很大的不同。
在英国，人们通常使用口音浓重的英式英语，而在美国，人们通常使用标准美式英语。
了解这些不同的口音和方言可以帮助读者更好地辨别和理解文章中的语言。
英美文化知识点总结图
英美文化知识点总结图英美文化是指英国和美国两国的文化，由于历史和地理因素的影响，英美文化在很多方面有着共同的特点，但也有一些不同之处。
本文将从语言、食物、节日、音乐、体育和社会礼仪等方面对英美文化进行总结。
一、语言1. 英语英语是英美两国的官方语言，它们有着共同的语法和词汇，但在语音和部分词汇上有一些差别。
在英国，英语分为英格兰英语、苏格兰英语、威尔士英语和北爱尔兰英语等方言；而美国的英语则有着更多的地域性差异，比如东部和西部的口音、南部和北部的词汇用法等。
2. 俚语英美两国都有着丰富的俚语和口头禅，比如英国人说的“bloke”（家伙），美国人说的“cool”（酷），这些词汇的使用方式和含义在不同地区也会有一些不同。
3. 礼貌用语在英美两国，称呼方式和礼貌用语也有一些不同。
比如在英国，“sir”和“madam”被用于商务场合或对陌生人的称呼，而在美国，“sir”和“ma'am”更多地被用于尊敬长者。
二、食物1. 早餐英国人习惯吃牛奶、麦片、烤面包和熏肉等食物作为早餐，而美国人更喜欢在早餐时吃鸡蛋、培根、土豆和煎饼等。
2. 午餐英国人通常吃三明治、鱼和薯条、谢菲尔德派、烤土豆等作为午餐，而美国人更喜欢吃汉堡包、比萨、墨西哥卷饼和烤肉。
3. 晚餐在英国，晚餐通常由三道菜组成，包括开胃菜、主菜和甜点；而在美国，晚餐则更注重肉类和蔬菜的搭配，通常会有更多的甜点选择。
4. 茶文化英国人有着悠久的茶文化，他们通常会在下午喝茶，并且会搭配一些小点心；而美国人更喜欢喝咖啡，下午茶更多的是一种社交活动。
1. 圣诞节在英国和美国，圣诞节都是重要的节日，人们会装饰圣诞树、交换礼物、吃圣诞大餐等，但两国在庆祝方式上有些差别。
比如在英国，圣诞布置通常更加传统和典雅，而在美国，圣诞的装饰则更加繁华和华丽。
2. 独立日独立日是美国的国庆节，人们会进行烟花表演、游行、野餐和烧烤等庆祝活动。
而在英国，没有类似的国庆节，但人们会在特定的日期举行各种民俗活动和庆祝仪式。
北京理工大学考研854英语专业综合(语言学、英美文学、英美社会与文化概况)
854 英语专业综合（语言学、英美文学、英美社会与文化概况）1.考试内容本科目要求考生掌握语言学、英美文学和英美社会与文化的基本知识并能运用这些知识解决实际应用问题。
考试具体内容如下：①语言的性质、特点和功能；语音、音系、形态学、句法学、语义学和语用学的基础知识；心理语言学、社会语言学和语言学流派及语言与文化、语言与教学、语言与计算机等方面的基础知识。
②英国文艺复兴时期前后的诗歌、戏剧和散文；英美18-19世纪诗歌、小说和散文；英美20世纪诗歌、小说、戏剧和散文；。
③英国和美国的社会与文化。
2．考试要求①理解语言的特性、基本结构和功能，掌握语言研究的基础理论和方法，弄懂语言学与语言教学、语言与思维、文学、文化、心理和社会的关系，熟练运用语言学基础知识分析一些语言材料或现象。
②了解英美文学发展史，熟知各个断代中主要作家的重要作品及创作风格并熟读他们的作品，熟练运用基本的英美文学知识和基本语言学知识分析文学文本材料。
③了解英国和美国的政治、经济、历史、地理、文化和社会现象及其与当前中国和世界形势的相互影响，理解英国和美国历史著名人物、重大历史事件和社会变革进程等等。
3.试卷记分和题型简介①语言学60分考查基本概念采用填空、正误判断等题型；考查解决问题能力按试卷指示做题；考查综合分析能力采用根据所提供的语料进行描写和分析的题型。
②英美文学45分考查基本概念采用配对、填空等题型；考查作品阅读量和熟悉程度按试卷指示做题；考查综合分析能力采用根据所提供的语料进行分析和评论的题型。
③英美社会与文化45分考查基本概念采用简答等题型；考查综合分析能力采用命题作文等题型。
参考书目《语言学教程》北京大学出版社胡壮麟第四版《英国文学史及选读》1、2册(第一版) 外语教学与研究出版社吴伟仁《美国文学史及选读》1、2册(第二版) 外语教学与研究出版社吴伟仁《英语国家社会与文化入门》上、下册高等教育出版社朱永涛第二版。
英美文化英语考试知识点
英美文化英语考试知识点1英国地理1. The full name of the United Kingdom is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Northern Ireland.英国的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国2. The island of Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛由英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士3. UK consists of 4 parts England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.英国由4部分组成英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰4. The most densely populated area: England.人口最密集的地区:英国The least populated area: Northern Ireland.人口最少的面积:北爱尔兰5.Britain is now a Multiracial society which produces a population of which 1 in 20 are of non-European ethnicity.英国现在是一个多种族社会生产人口的1在20个非欧洲的种族6. The highest mountain in Britain is Ben Nevis最高的山在英国是本尼维斯山.7. London is the political, commercial, cultural center of UK. Scenic spots in London are The London Eye, Big Ben, Tower Bridge, Waterloo Bridge, Trafalgar Square, ST Paul’s.伦敦是政治、商业、文化中心的英国。
研究生课程——英美文化（重点）
研究生课程——英美文化（重点）●Introduction to the United Kingdom1、全称The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2、组成England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland3、The Union Flag：The Union Jack，is a combination (union) of the flags of St George, St Andrew and St Patrick.4、Bordered by four seas：to the south by the English Channelto the east by the North Seato the west by the Irish Sea andthe Atlantic Ocean5、The Prime Meridian本初子午线、Greenwich6、England---London、Scotland---Edinburgh、Wales---Cardiff、Northern Ireland---Belfast●Education1、The purpose of education：to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of societyto socialize children2、divided into six terms: 9-10、10-12、1-2、2-3、4-5、6-73、The main school holidays are:＊Christmas- 2 weeks＊Easter - 2 weeks＊Summer - 6 weeksThere are also one-week holidays:＊end of October＊mid February＊end of May4、state schools:private schools:public schools=independent schools5、age 16: GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary Education)中学毕业证书①quit school and find a job②prepare to sit exams for university entrance :A-levels (General Certificate of Education-Advanced)高级水平测试结业证书③co ncentrate on vocational training:GNVQs (General National V ocational Qualifications)国家专业资格证书6、O-level(Ordinary-level)7、Oxford and Cambridge--Oxbridge (the oldest)8、In Scotland:St. Andrew (1411) Glasgow (1450) Aberdeen (1494) Edinburgh (1538)9、Bachelor(学士)10、departments:chief (professor),Professors, Readers/Senior Lecturers, Lecturers●British Media1、TV、radio、Newspaper2、Quality paper、Tabloids3、The Observer 《观察家报》the world's oldest national newspaper4、The Times 《泰晤士报》the UK's oldest daily newspaper5、The Guardian《卫报》 a national daily newspaper which is radical 激进的in politics and interested in society and social problems. quite soft on crime and quite feminist and shows great concern for green politics. one of the quality press6、The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯报》quality press tough sentences for criminals, be unsympathetic to single mothers,favour free enterprise over social programmes7、The News of the World 《世界新闻报》tabloid the UK's biggest-selling Sunday newspaper8、The Financial Times 《金融时报》also printed in other countries of the world.9、BBC—The British Broadcasting Corporation（funded by licence fees)ITC—The Independent Television Commission(独立电视委员会）(funded by advertising) The Radio Authority10、Britain’s Got Talent（英国达人）●U.K. Politics1、The Monarchy (君主政体)2、The UK---parliamentary democracy &constitutional monarchy(议会民主制和君主立宪制)3、Magna Carta （大宪章）4、The British Parliament：One of the jobs Parliament does is to check that the Government is running the country properly.5、The Great Council(大议会)6、summoned “by name”(the House of Lords上议院)representatives of communities (the House of Commons下议院)7、The Bill of Rights of 1689 (权利法案)8、The makeup of the Parliament①the Queen (symbolic)①Lords Spiritual②the House of Lords ①hereditary peers②Lords Temporal ②life pe ers③Law Lords③the House of Commons (下议院）The Commons is the most important place for discussingpolicies and making laws.9、The main functions of Parliament are:to pass lawsto provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of governmentto scrutinise government policy and administration, including proposals for expenditureto debate the major issues of the day10、The Cabinet(内阁)11、Labor Party (the newest, the end of 19th century)---a socialist party:The Conservative Party (spent most time in power)The Liberal Democrats (the 3rd biggest) a party of the “middle”●British People1、Quiet, reserved people、A show of modesty谦虚、A sense of humour、Privacy and space、sportsmanship2、Aristocracy贵族、The upper class、The middle class、The working class、The under class●British Economy1、sixth-largest in the world2、third-largest in Europe measured by nominal GDPandsecond-largest measured by PPP3、GDP(gross domestic product) and purchasing power parity (PPP)4、CN、EU、G7、G8、G20、IMF、WB、WTO、UN5、first country in the world to industrialise.6、Three main areas: primary industry 、secondary industry、tertiary第三的/service industry7、Britain’s Economic System:A unique mixed economy( a mix of market economy and command economy characteristics混合市场经济和计划经济的特点) Markets and governmentState enterprises●America Introduction1、Name: the United States of America, the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, the StatesPopulation: over 311 million people in mid-2011Capital: Washington D.C. (District of Columbia 哥伦比亚特区) Area: 9.83 million square kilometersThe most famous river: The Mississippi River (密西西比)The largest lakes: The Great Lakes(大湖区)The mountains: The Rocky Mountains(落基山脉)50 states:48 contiguous (毗连的) states, 2 non- contiguous ones (Alaska & Hawaii)2、The Stars and Stripes(星条旗) National floral emblem (国花)：rose3、The Bald Eagle - An American Emblem National Motto: In God We Trust●Education in the United States1、Goal of Education:T o teach children how to learn and to help them reach their maximum potential.2、About 90% American students attend public schools.10% attend private schools3、American Values: Democracy(No admission exams)、Equality(Equality of opportunity)4、The success of US college application depends on:Their high school recordsRecommendations from their high school teachersThe impression they make during interviews at the universityTheir scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs) (学习能力测试)●Government and Politics In the United States1、The Articles of Confederation(联邦条款)2、The three branches：Congress---the legislative branch which makes law 立法The President---represents the executive branch and enforces the laws 行政The Supreme Court/ the judicial(司法的) branch---explains the law 司法3、Congress made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives.4、The two-Party System：The Democratic Party and the Republican Party.5、The Constitution limits the powers of each branch, “System of Checks and Balances”.●Traditional American Values and Beliefs1、Traditional American Values ：Individual freedom——Self-relianceEquality of opportunity——CompetitionMaterial wealth——Hard work2、The phrase “going from rags to riches”became a slogan for the “American Dream.”3、American dream：Land of OpportunityRags to Riches—Anyone can become rich, famous, powerful.Jobs and education available to all who want them.Meritocracy (rewards)=skill + effort.Through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve prosperity. Americans can live better than their parents did.4、The big / ambitious dreams：Democracy(民主), liberty(自由), equality(平等), Pursuit of Happiness(追求幸福)5、Freedoms of speechthe pressreligionguaranteeing a fair criminal trial●American Economy1、GNP (Gross National Product).2、The reasons for the success of American agriculture(1) Vastness of the nation and the generosity of nature(2) Advanced agricultural science and technology, highly developed machinery, effective fertilizersand chemicals(3) Well-organized and large-scale agribusiness(4) The readiness of many farmers to adopt new technology like computers(5) The government’s emphasis on the development of agriculture3、the first factory in the U.S.: 1793, Samuel Slater, Rhode Island, a cotton cloth factory●Social Problems1、Racial Problems、Poverty、Drug Abuse、Crime、The Abuse of Power by Government and Corporation2、The United States was founded on the principle of human equality3、Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to stop discrimination in all public places.●American Family1、a family is those people who live with others to whomthey are related by blood, marriage, or adoption.2、usually between 18 and 21 years children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest”●Holiday1、Legal HolidaysNew Year's Day 1.1Martin Luther King’s Day 1.15Presidents’Day 2月的第三个星期一Memorial Day 5.30Independence Day 7.4Labor Day 9月的第一个星期一Columbus Day 10.12Thanksgiving Day The fourth Thursday in NovemberVeterans DayChristmas DayValentine’s Day Feb.14thEaster the first Sunday that occurs after the first full moon.Mother’s Day: On the second Sunday of MayFather’s Day: On the third Sunday in JuneHalloween: Oct. 31st.。
英美文化复习重点
英美文化复习重点第一章古代西方哲学的发展一、Greek RationalismThe word “philosophy” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answers to life’s great questions.P11 Socrates (470—399 B.C.)名言⑴“One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing”P3⑵“he who know what good is, will do good.”P42 Plato (428—347 B.C.)名言⑴ The earlier natural philosophers asked “what allows our changing world to be based on something that is unchanging?”(不是Plato说的)Plato now asked, “what is eternally true”, “eternally beautiful”and “eternally good”? 真善美 P4⑵ If Plato’s motto was “mind over matter”then Aristotle’s motto was “matter over mind.”如果柏拉图的座右铭是“精神高于物质”，那么亚里士多德的格言是“财富高于物质” P53 Aristotle (385—323 B.C.)二、The Middle Ages(ca 476 A.D.—ca 1400A.D.)三、The Renaissance(ca 1400--1700)1 Rene Descartes (1596--1650) 笛卡尔 P8⑴He did not believe that man knew nothing. This belief led him to ask another important question, “what is the relatio nship between the body (matter) and the mind (spirit)?” according to Descartes, the human body is a perfect machine, followingnatural laws. But man also has a mind which interacts or operates independently from the body. 人体是一个完美的机器，遵循自然规律。
英文介绍 英美文化
英文介绍英美文化British and American cultureBritish and American culture are two distinct but closely related cultures that have been influenced by each other for centuries. British culture is generally considered to be more conservative and traditional while American culture is more forward-looking and experimental. Here, we will explore the main features of these cultures.British cultureBritish culture is closely linked to its history and traditional values. The country is famous for its literary tradition, including the works of Shakespeare, Dickens, and other great writers. It is also famous for its cuisine, including dishes such as fish and chips, steak and kidney pie, and shepherd's pie. British culture is also known for its tradition of formality and ceremony, including the importance of being properly dressed and carrying out proper etiquette.American cultureAmerican culture is known for its openness and experimentalism. The country is famous for its music, including such artists as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan. It is also famous for its fashion, including styles such as jeans and T-shirts, and its culture of hip-hop and rap. American culture is also known for its strong emphasis on individualism and independence, as well as its emphasis on personal freedom and expression.。
英语专业考研整理之英美文学术语整理
1.美国清教主义①清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会进行的一场宗教改革。
②在教会和皇权的重压下，清教的一个分支于17世纪30年代40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识，和社会秩序的基础。
③清教主义不仅符合新大陆成立的特定历史，而且还影响了美国的生活方式。
④在教义上讲，清教徒遵循1619年多特宗教会议制定的信条：宿命论，原罪说，全体堕落，有限的救赎。
1.美国文艺复兴、美国浪漫主义、①美国浪漫主义是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一，始于18世纪末期，一直到美国内战的爆发。
它以华盛顿欧文的《见闻杂记》开始到惠特曼《草叶集》结束。
这是美国文学空前繁盛的时期，也被称为美国的文艺复兴时期。
②美国浪漫主义受欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响，并沿袭了部分特点。
他注重自然，强调人的情感和想象力，追求自由，向既定社会制度和传统的挑战，与古典主义形式分离。
③尽管如此，美国浪漫主义文学仍有自由的独特风格。
A.美国浪漫主义本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达，因新大陆充满生机与活力使美国浪漫主义有种异国情调。
B.清教主义对美国浪漫主义有显著影响。
④美国浪漫主义作家包括：华盛顿欧文，詹姆斯库伯，艾默生，梭罗，纳撒尼尔霍桑，麦尔维尔，惠特曼等。
2.新英格兰的超验主义①超验主义是1836年到1860年在新英格兰发起的一场文化，哲学，艺术运动，是浪漫主义在新英格兰的代名词。
②这场运动由爱默生领导，由其他一些有影响力的知识分子发起。
③核心思想是人能够超越感觉和理性直接认识真理。
超验主义者强调超灵，个人和自然的重要性。
人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才能使神性和天性相互融合，从而超验主义者强调个人主义，自立，拒绝传统的权威思想。
超验主义者从自然中汲取灵感④美国的超验主义作为一种文化遗产，对美国的道德观产生了深远的影响，对美国的浪漫主义的影响也十分显著。
代表作：艾默生的《论自然》《美国学者》，梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》3.象征主义象征主义是19世纪末在文学和视觉领域中始于法国的一次运动，它首先出现在法国诗人波德莱尔的诗歌中。
英语考试英美文化基础部分(共63张PPT)
Edward, the Confessor, became King of England in 1042
Irritated somebody
Harold II, earl of Wessex,uest
Sept, William landed on Sussex coast; Oct. battle of Hastings
750 BC
Britons (Welsh)
came
500 BC
They all belonged to Celtic tribes.
The Britons were quite numerous. They developed knowledge of agriculture, began to trade with the continent, had
shipwrecked on Ireland”—Marx /1653, parliament dissolved, Commonwealthmillitary dictatorship
4. Restoration and Glorious Revolution: 1660, Charles II. France
Hundred Years’ War (1337--1453)
英美文化常识(北外保送生考试常年保留题型!!!)
1.What are the two major parties in Britan?------They are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.2.What is the official full name of Britain?-----It is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.3.Who is the head of government in Ireland?-----It is the Prime Minister.4.Who is James Joyce?-----He is the most well-know Irish writer of the modern period.5.Who were the first Americans?------They were the Indians.6.What kind of economic system does the United States have?-----It has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector.7.What is bilingualism?-----The phenomenon that English and French are the two official languages in Canada is called bilingualism.8.What are the geographical feature of Australia as a continent?------Australia is the flatest and lowest of the continents.9.What are the powers the constitution confers on the House of Representatives?------The House of Representatives has powers to make and change laws.10.What animal is a national symbol of New Zealand?------The kiwi is a national symbol of the country.11.What is the Renaissance?------Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history.12.What are the most important journals in the U.K.?------They are the Economist,New Statesman and Society,and Spectator.13.Why is the Shannon River important to Ireland?------Because it provides electricity for much of the Republic.14.How many states are there in the United States?------There are 50 states in the United States.15.What is Hispanic?------A Hispanic is a Spanish-speaking person of the United States.16.What is the Bill of Rights?-------It is the term used for the first ten amendments to the Constitution.17.What is the Canada Council?-----It is the Canadian Government’s funding agency.18.What is Aborigines?-------It is the term used to describe the original people of Australia.19.What was the nature of the White Australia Policy?------It was a discriminatory immigration policy,which restricted the non –whites to enter Australia.20.What are New Zealand’s main exports?------Meat,wool and dairy products are main exports.21.What was Queen Mary known as?e last------She was known as the “Bloody Mary”and also remembered as the monarch who lost thBritish possession on the continent------French port of calais.22.What did Britain become after the Industrial Revolution?-----Britain became the “workshop of the world”．23.What is the House of Lords made up of?------It is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.24.What are the two major parties in Ireland?------They are Fianna Fail and Fine Gael.25.What is meant by “Vietnamization” of the war?--------It meant that South Vietnamese troops would be war-built up to replace Americal fighting force.26.Which country is the world’s biggest producer and user of tobacco?------It is the U.S.A..27.Who was the only writer in colonial period still read today?-------He was Benjamin Franklin.28.Who was the first prime minister in Canada?------He was Sir John Macdonald.29.What was the convict system?------In the convict system, the convicts were punished by being transported to remote places.30.How is New Zealand electricity produced?------It is produced by: firstly,hydropower;secondly,gas;thirdly,coal.31.What is the most important established Church in Britain?-----It is the Church of England.32.What is the jury’s job in Britain?------In criminal cases,it is to decide the issue of guilt or innocence.33.Where were oil and natural gas found in Britain?------Oil and natural gas are found under the North Sea.34.What are the characteristics of Ireland’s climate?-----It can be described as “mild,moist and changeable”．35.What did the real Americal Literature begin?-----It began after the America War of Independence.36.Where is the president of the United States’ offcial residence?-----The White House is his official residence.37.What kind of history do people often say that the history of Canada?------People often say that the history of Canada is a history of immigration.38.What is “urban sprawl’’？------It refers to a city that has grown over a large area of land.39.What is the way of changing the constitution in Australia?------The Constitution can be changed only by referendum.40.Where is the volcanic activity in New Zealand?------The volcanic activity can be found on the central plateau in North Island.41.What are the three natural zones in Scotland?------They are the Highlands in the north,the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands.42.What was the Gunpowder plot of 1605?------It was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies.43.What did the English Industrial Revolution begin with?-----It began with the textile industry.44.What is the capital of Ireland?------It is Dublin.45.Which state is the largest in the United States?------Alaska is the largest one.46.What is the American foreign policy in the early 1930s?-----In the early 1930s,the American foreign policy was isolationist.47.What is affirmative action?------It is the preferential treatment for minorities and women in education and employment.48.What was established in 1670 in Canada?------The English Hudson Bay Company was established in 1670.49.Which hemisphere is Australia in?------It is in the Southern hemisphere.50.Where is the capital of New Zealand?------It is Wellington.51.Who were the Vikings?-----The Vikings were the Norwegians and the Danes from Denmark.52.Which system was completely established under William in English?-----The feudal system was completely established under William in English.53.What are the main courts of civil jurisdiction in England and Wales?-----They are the Country Courts.54.When did Ireland declare itself a republic?------Ireland declared itself a republic on April 18,1949.55.Where is known as the agricultural capital of the U.s.?-----Omaha is known as the argricultural capital of the U.S.A..56.What is the most central functions of the Congress in America?-----It is the passage of laws.57.What is Mark Twain’s master work?-----It is the Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.58.Which city is Canada’s largest city?-----It is Toronto.59.What was Australia called in the 1950s?------Australia was called “the lucky country”in the 1950s.60.What do you think is the most noticeable feature of New Zealand geography?-----It is mountains widely spread all over the country where active volcanoes scatter.61.Which war was relatively smooth,with no bloodshed,nor any execution of the king in Britain?------It is the Glorious Revolution.62.What are the three periods as far as the evolution of the British economy is concerned?-------There are steady development in the 50s and 60s,economic recession in the 70s and economic recovery in the 80s.63.What is a constitutional monarchy?------It is a governmental system in which the head of State is a king or a queen who reigns butdoes not rule.64.What is the chief language of instruction in Ireland?-----It is English.65.Which are some of the biggest cities in the U.S.?------They are New York,Los Angeles,Chicago,San Francisco and Philadelphia.66.Who drafted The Declaration of Independence in the U.S.?------He was Thomas Jefferson..67.Which country is the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products?-----It is the United States.68.In what way does Quebec differ from the other provinces of Canada?-----It differs from the other provinces because it has strong French culture.69.What is nations largest and most diverse industry today in Australia?-----It is agriculture.70.What percentage are Maori to the population of New Zealand?------About 10% are Maori or part Maori.71.Where are mostly highland and lowland in Great Britian?-----The north and west of Britian are mainly highlands,while the east and south-east are mostly lowlands.72.What is Heptarchy?-----By the end of the 7th century, England was divided into seven kingdoms which was,called Heptarchy.73.What did England appear in the 18th century,which owed a great deal to the invention of machines?-----The Industrial Revolution appeared in England in the 18th century.74.What is the basic ethnic stock in Ireland?------It is Celtic.75.What does tariff protection mean?-----It means to get higher import taxes to protect domestic production.76.What is the full name of the U.S.?-----It is the United States of America.77.What is the general view of Americans on education?-----It is that every American has the right and obligation to become educated.78.What does Governor-General represent?----It represents the Queen.79.Which three periods are the history of Australia divided into?-----They ae the arrival of Aborigines,the colonization of Australia by the British,and the Commonwealth of Australia.80.Who was the first European come to New Zealand and What was his nationality?-----He was Abel Tasman and was a Dutchman.81.What were the forerunners of the Liberal Party in Britain?------They are Whigs.82.How many members are there in the House of Commons?------There are 651 members in the House of Commons.83.What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots,Welsh and Irish?------The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while those the Scots,Welsh and Irish areCelts.84.What is the Republican Army?------It is a terrorist or organization dedicated to the union of all Ireland as one country under onegovernment.85.Which three countries have the largest populations in the world?------China,India and the United States have the largest population in the world.86.Who led the boycott of the bus company in Montgomery,Alabama?-----He is Martin Luther King,Jr.87.What is the “ Lost Generation”？------It refers 60s young intellectuals who becames disappointed and bitter after World War II.88.What are most industries in Canada?------It is manufacturing.89.Who was the first Prime Minister in Australia?-----He was Edmund Barton.90.What are two main islands in New Zealand?------They are North Island and South Island.91.Who were the Lollards?----They were poor priests and travelling prea chers who were John Wyclif’s followers in the 14thcentury.92.What has the new farming been called in Britain?----It has been called agribusiness.93.What does the NHS provide in Britain?----It provides the family health,hospital and specialist services.94.Who is the head of state in Ireland?------The head of state is the president.95.Who were the Puritans?----The Puritans were the members of a Protestand group in England who wanted to purify theChurch of England.96.Which three branches is the U.S. government divided into?------They are the legislative,the executive and the judicial.97.What is adult education also called now?-------It is also called”continuing education” programs or “lifelong education” programs.98.What was the consequence of the Seven Years’ War between the British and the French?------After the Seven Years’ War, the French were forced to give up every inch of land in NorthAmerica.99.What is the role of the Senate in Australia?------The senate has the very nearly equal power as the House of Representatives,except that it hasno power to deal with money bills.cation in New Zealand is free,secular and compulsory,What does this sentence mean?-----It means that no tuition fee is paid,no school is run by religious party and every child must goto school to study.西方人眼中的数字生活中的数字(number)无处不在，但有写数字带有固定的象征意义。
考研英语专业知识点归纳
考研英语专业知识点归纳一、语音与音标1. 英语音标：包括元音音标和辅音音标，了解音标的发音规则和国际音标符号；2. 音节：了解音节的构成和划分规则，如闭音节和开音节；3. 音变规则：了解口语中的音变规则，如连读、弱读等。
二、词汇与词义辨析1. 词汇积累：通过阅读和背诵积累常见词汇，了解单词的形态变化和搭配；2. 词义辨析：掌握词义相近的单词之间的区别和用法，如homophones（同音异义词）、synonyms（同义词）和antonyms（反义词）等；3. 词根与构词法：了解英语单词的构成方式，如前缀、后缀和派生词等。
三、语法与句法1. 时态与语态：掌握英语的各种时态和语态的用法，如一般现在时、过去进行时、被动语态等；2. 从句与句型转换：了解主从复合句的结构和转换方式，如宾语从句、定语从句和表语从句等；3. 倒装与省略：了解倒装句和省略句的构成和用法，如完全倒装、部分倒装和主谓倒装等。
四、阅读理解1. 阅读技巧：掌握快速阅读和精读的技巧，如扫读、略读和详读等；2. 阅读题型：了解阅读理解题的类型和解题思路，如主旨题、细节题和推理题等；3. 阅读材料：熟悉各种文体和题材的阅读材料，如新闻报道、科学文章和社科论文等。
五、写作与翻译1. 写作技巧：掌握写作的基本要素和结构，如写作的目的、段落的组织和语言的运用等；2. 写作类型：了解不同类型的写作要求和特点，如记叙文、议论文和说明文等；3. 翻译技巧：掌握从中文到英文和从英文到中文的翻译技巧，如单词的选用、语序的调整和句式的转换等。
六、听力与口语1. 听力技巧：掌握听力的基本技巧，如预测、关键词和笔记等；2. 口语表达：了解口语的基本表达方式和习惯用语，如问候、道歉和感谢等；3. 口音与连读：注意英语口音的准确性和连读的规律，如舌尖音、喉塞音和连读音等。
七、文化与背景知识1. 英美文化：了解英家的历史、地理和文化特点，如节日、习俗和宗教等；2. 文学与艺术：熟悉英语国家的文学和艺术作品，如莎士比亚的戏剧和英国博物馆的珍藏品等；3. 社会与政治：了解英语国家的社会制度和政治体系，如制度和议会制度等。
考研英语语言文学知识点解析
考研英语语言文学知识点解析考研英语语言文学是考研英语科目中的一部分，它主要涵盖了英美文学、语言学、翻译学以及其他相关知识点。
对于考研英语语言文学的备考，我们需要重点掌握以下几个核心知识点。
一、英美文学英美文学是考研英语语言文学重要的一部分内容。
在备考过程中，我们需要了解英美文学的发展脉络、代表作品以及主要流派等内容。
1. 英美文学的发展脉络英美文学的发展可以从古代文学开始追溯，包括了中世纪文学、文艺复兴时期文学、启蒙时期文学等。
另外，19世纪的浪漫主义文学、现实主义文学以及20世纪的现代主义文学也是英美文学发展的重要阶段。
2. 代表作品在备考过程中，我们需要了解英美文学中的一些代表作品，包括但不限于莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、乔治·奥威尔的《1984》、弗朗茨·卡夫卡的《变形记》等等。
3. 主要流派英美文学中有许多重要的流派，比如浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等。
我们需要了解这些流派的特点、代表作品以及与其他流派的区别。
二、语言学语言学是考研英语语言文学中的另一个重要部分。
在备考过程中，我们需要了解语言学的基本概念、重要理论以及应用。
1. 语言学的基本概念语言学主要研究语言的起源、结构、性质等。
我们需要了解语言学中的基本概念，比如语音、语法、语义等等。
2. 重要理论在语言学中，有一些重要的理论需要我们掌握，比如结构主义语言学、生成语法等。
了解这些理论可以帮助我们更好地理解语言的本质。
3. 语言学的应用语言学的研究不仅仅是理论层面的，还有许多实际应用。
在备考过程中，我们需要了解语言学在教学、翻译、语音识别等领域的具体应用。
三、翻译学翻译学也是考研英语语言文学的重要组成部分。
在备考过程中，我们需要了解翻译学的基本概念、方法以及翻译实践中的一些问题。
1. 翻译学的基本概念翻译学主要研究语言之间的转换过程，包括文字翻译和口译。
我们需要了解翻译学的基本概念，比如译者的角色、目的语和源语之间的关系等。
英美文化背景知识1
英美文化背景知识1Education in Britain and the USIn Britain all children have to go to school between the ages of 5 and 16. In the US children must go to school from the age of 6 to between the ages of 14 and 16, depending on the state they live in.Subject In England and Wales the subjects taught in schools are laid down by the National Curriculum(课程), which was introduced in 1988 and sets out(制定) in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16, when they are tested.The National Curriculum does not apply in Scotland, where each school decides what subjects it will teach. In the US the subjects taught are decided by national and local governments. Whereas British schools usually have prayers(祈祷) and religious(宗教的) instruction, American schools are not allowed to include prayers or to teach particular religious beliefs(信仰).Examinations At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE examinations. These examinations are taken by students of all levels of ability in any of a range of subjects and may involve a final examination, an assessment(评价) of work done during the two year course, or both of these things. At 18 some students taken A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3 subjects. It is necessary to have A-levels in order to go toa university or polytechnic(综合技术大学).In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. A year later, they can take examinations called HIGHS, after which they can either go straight to a university or spend a further year at school and take the Certificate(证书) of Sixth Year Studies. In Scotland the university system is different to that in England and Wales. Courses usually last four years rather than three and students study a larger number of subjects as part of their degree.In the US school examinations are not as important as they are in Britain. Students in High Schools do have exams at the end of their last two years, but these final exams are considered along with the work that the students have done during the school years. Social Events and Ceremonies(仪式) In American high schools there is a formal ceremony for Graduation (=completion of high school). Students wear a special cap and gown and receive a diploma(文凭) from the head of the school. Students often buy a class ring to ear, and a yearbook, containing pictures of their friends and teachers. There are also special social events at American schools.Sports events are popular, and cheer leaders lead the school in supporting the school team and singing the school song. At the end of their junior year, at age 17 or 18, students held in the evening. The girls wear long evening dresses and the boys wear TUXEDOS. In Britain,there are no formal dances or social occasions(场合) associated(和...有关) with school life. Some schools have SPEECH DAY at the end of the school year when prizes are given to the best students and speeches are made by the head teacher and sometimes an invited guest. However, in many British schools students and teachers organize(组织) informal dances for the older students.英美文化背景知识2Government in Britain and the USGovernment in BritainNational governmentThe center of government in Britain is PARLIAMENT(国会), which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation(犯罪), etc. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch(贵族). The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself is used to mean Parliament.The House of commons (or the Commons) is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a particular area or constituency. The House of Lords (the Lords) is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord orViscount(子爵) which have been passed down to them on the death of their father (hereditary peers(世袭贵族)); people who are given titles as a reward for their long service in public life, but whose children do not INHERIT(继承) their title (life peers); and some important leaders of the Church of England (Archbishops(大主教) and Bishops(主教)).The government brings BILL (=suggested laws) to the House of Commons, which are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be discussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it (=refuse permission for it to be passed). When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of ParliamentAt present England, Scotland, Wales, and N Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In N Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of discussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales Local governmentLocal government is Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws (bylaws) which only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, school, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting this tax.Local councils(议会) are elected by people within each town, city, or country area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues(问题) rather than the national policies of their party.Government in the USAll levels of government in the US (federal(联邦), state, and local) are elected by the people of the country.Federal governmentThe constitution of the US specifically limits the power of the federal (=national) government mainly to defence(国防), foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is make up of the CONGRESS(国会), the President, and the Supreme Count(最高法院). CongressCongress, the central law-making body in the US, is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representativesis the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen/Congresswomen elected by their state. The member of Representative(代表) for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate is the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators(参议院), elected by their state. Each state has two Senators.Congress decides whether a BILL (suggested law) becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representative both agree to a bill, the President is asked to agree.The President can veto(=say no to) the bill(议案), but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.State governmentState government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution(宪法) (set of fixed law), and among the state there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one or two elected lawmaking bodies (state Legislature) whose members represent the various parts of the state.Local governmentLocal government concerns laws made at the town, city or countylevel. These laws are usually limited to a small area and concern such thing as traffic, where and when alcoholic drinks can be sold, or keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city Council.Every law at every level of government must be in agreement with(一致) the United States constitution. Any citizen who thinks he or she has not been given their rights under the law may argue their case through all the courts up to the Supreme Court (the final Court of Appeal in the US) if necessary, and any law which is found not in agreement with the constitution (unconstitutional) cannot be kept in force.英美文化背景知识3Newspapers in Britain and the USNewspapers in BritainNational and local papersIn Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. There are two kinds of newspaper. One is large in size and has many detailed articles about national and international events. These newspapers are called the serious papers or the quality papers. The other kind, called the tabloids is smaller in size, have more pictures, often in colour, and shorter articles, often about less important events or about the private lives of well-know people. Although some people disapprove(反对) of the tabloids(小报), more people buy them than buy the serious newspaper. The Sun, for example, which is atabloid, is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. People who disapprove of the tabloids very strongly sometimes call them the Gutter Press.There are daily or weekly newspapers in all parts of Britain which cover local news as well as some national and international stories. Local papers give information about films, concerts, and other things that are happening in the local neighborhood, including, for example, information about local people who have been married or died recently. National papers generally give information about film, concerts and other events happening in London, In Scotland, many people read the Glasgow Herald or the Scotsman and there are Scottish Editions of the tabloids.There also many free local newspapers which are delivered to people’s homes whether they ask for them or not. These contain a lot of advertisements(广告) and also some news.PoliticsMost national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs. Most of the newspapers are right-wing. These are the Daily Telegraph(serious newspaper), the Daily express, Daily Mail, Daily Star, the Sun and Today(all tabloids). Of the other serious newspapers, The Times, the oldest newspaper in Britain, did not formerly have one strong political view but it is now more right-wing. The Guardian isslightly left-wing, the Independent is centre and the Financial(金融) with political issues, but reports on business and financial news. The Daily Mirror(tabloid) is left-wing.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers, often having 2 or 3 sections. There is also other a magazine, called the colour supplement(增刊). All the Sunday newspapers are national Serious newspapers include the Observer(which is slightly left-wing), the Sunday Times, the Sunday Telegraph and the Independent on Sunday, the Sunday Mirror, the Sunday Express, the News of the World and the Sunday Sport which is considered to lack much serious information.Newspapers in The USNational and local newspapersThere are more than 1500 daily newspapers in the US. Each one is usually sold only in one part of the country, e.g. in a city, but they cover national and international news. In larger cities there is often more than one newspaper and the different ones express different political opinions. Some newspapers are sold in nearly all parts of the US. E.g. USA today and the National edition of the New York Times. Two other newspapers, the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post are know and respected all over the US but cannot be bought everywhere. Other importantnewspapers are: the Boston Globe, sold in New England, the Chicago Tribune, sold in the Midwest, the Christian Science Monitor and USA Today, both sold nationally, and the Washington Post on the East Coast.There are also weekly newspapers in all parts of the US which cover local news, such as what is happening in the local neighborhood(地方). Fewer people read these than read the daily newspapers.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are very big, often having several separate parts. They contain many longer articles and a lot of advertisements. Each section deals with a different subject. E.g. national and international news, sport, travel, etc. One section, the classifieds(分类广告) has advertisements for jobs and things for sale. Another section is called the funnies. There is often also a magazine which is in color.Alternative newspapersIn the 1960s a group of newspapers began to appear that were later called in “alternative press”. They expressed extreme(极端的) political opinions, especially left-wing opinion. Many of the newspapers which were part of this movement, such as the Village V oice in New York or the Reader in Chicago, are less extreme today and more widely read.英美文化背景知识4Law in Britain and the USIn both Britain and the US, when a person is accused of a rime it must be shown that they are guilty "beyond reasonable doubt". A person is always innocent(无罪) in the eyes of the law until they have been proved to be guilty by a court they can sometimes ask for permission to APPEAL(上诉) to a higher court in the hope that it will change this decision.Criminal law in England and WalesWhen someone is arrested (ARREST) by the police, a MAGISTRATE (=an official who judges cases in some types of courts) decides whether there is enough EVIDENCE(证据) against the person for the case to go to court. If there is enough evidence and the case is a serious one, the person accused(控告) of the crime (called 'the accused(被告)') is sent to a CROWN COURT for a TRIAL with a JUDGE and JURY (=12 members of the public who have to decide if the accused is guilty(有罪的), then the judge decides the SENTENCE(判决) (2) (=punishment). If there is enough evidence against the accused but the crime is not a serious one (for example a traffic offence) then the case is heard in a MAGISTRATES COURT.If found guilty in the Crown Court the accused may apply to(请求) the COURT OF APPEAL (Criminal Division) where he or she will be heard by a judge. Sometimes a HIGH COURT judge from the Queen's Bench Division assists in dealing with criminal matters in the Court ofAppeal or Crown Court.Criminal law in Northern IrelandIn Northern Ireland, as in England and Wales, someone accused of a crime may be tried in a Magistrates' Court or a Crown Court depending on how serious the crime is. Appeals from the Crown Court are heard in the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal.Criminal law in ScotlandScotland has a separate court system. After a person is arrested by the police, an official called the PROCURATOR FISCAL is in charge of deciding whether there is enough evidence against the accused for a trial. If there is enough evidence and the crime is a very serious one, the accused is sent to the HIGH COURT OF JUSTICIARY where there is a judge and jury(陪审团) (in Scotland there are 15 people on a jury). If there is enough evidence but the crime is a less serious one, the case is heard in a SHERIFF COURT (The sheriff is a trained lawyer who acts as a judge). Appeals from the Sheriff Court go to the High Court of Justiciary.Criminal law in the USThe US has tow separate court systems. In general terms STATE COURTS are used when someone has done something against the laws of CONSTITUTION of a particular State. FEDERAL COURTS deal with cases to do with the laws and Constitution of the United States as whole.Federal courts also hear cases where the US Government is one of the sides involved(介入). Cases for crimes which are not serious are likely to be heard in state courts. Serious crimes may be tried in wither state courts of federal courts depending on the situation, for example cases where a crime has taken place in another state are often heard in federal courts.After a person has been arrested a magistrate(地方官员), or in some cases a GRAND JURY made up of between 16 and 23 citizens, decides whether they should go to trial. If there is enough evidence for a trial the accused goes to court and has to state whether he/she is guilty or not guilty of the crime. If they say they are not guilty they are sent to trial with a judge and jury (of 16 or 20 citizens) in either a State or COUNTY COURT or, in federal cases, a DISTRICT COURT. If the accused is found guilty they may have the fight to appeal to a higher court, as shown below.The final court of appeal in the US federal system and for some cases in the state courts is the US SUPREME COURT. It is made up of a CHIEF JUSTICE and eight ASSOCIATES. The accused does not have the fight to be heard by the Supremes Court, but the Supreme Court decides which cases it will hear.英美文化背景知识5Holiday in Britain and the USPaid HolidayPeople in the US get 2 weeks a year paid vacation (holiday) form their job. Most British people have four or five weeks paid holiday a year. Americans often complain that tow weeks is not enough holiday, especially when they hear about the longer holidays that Europeans get. In addition, there are 8 days in each country, which are public holidays (the British call Bank Holiday) and many of these fall on a Monday giving people a long weekend. In Britain, so many people drive to another part of the country, especially the coast, on Bank Holiday weekends that there are serious traffic jams, which may stretch(长达) for many miles.Popular Holiday PlacesWith the US, outdoor vacations are popular, for example at the Grand Canyon or Yosemite or Yellowstone or the national parks or forests. Yong people may go walking or camping in the mountains. Many people have capers or small trailer(拖车) in which to travel, or if they are in a car, they may stay at Motels on the journey Disneyland and Disneyworld are also popular and people can to skiing in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and Montana.It is also very common to use vacations to visit relatives who may live in states a long distance away. Some children go to summer camp for a holiday during the summer vacation form school, where they do special activities, such as sports or crafts.When Americans want a holiday for sun and rest, they usually go to Florida, Hawaii, Mexico or the Caribbean. They may go to Europe for culture, for example, to see art, plays, and places of historic interest.In Britain, many people like to go to the seaside for holidays. There are places near the sea, such as Blackpool, Scarborough and Bournemouth, where there is plenty to do even if it rains. In a traditional British seaside holiday, the children can watch a Punch and Judy Show, eat candy floss and rock (=sweet) and make sandcastles, while older people can hire a deckchair to sit on the beach. People also like to go to go the country, especially to walk, in places like Scotland, Wales and the Lake District.When the British go abroad they usually want to go somewhere warm. Spain and 'Spanish islands of Majorca and Ibiza are popular as are other places in southern Europe. For skiing, people often go to the Alps. 英美文化背景知识6Medicine in Britain and AmericanMedicine in BritainIn Britain there is a National Health Service (NHS) which is paid for by taxes and National Insurance(保险), and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment. Every person is registered with a doctor in their local area, know as general practitioner or GP. This means that their name is on the GP's list, and they may make an appointment to see thedoctor or may call the doctor out to visit them if they are ill. People do sometimes have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes(开处方). GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, they must first go to their GP and then the GP will make an appointment(预约) for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic.Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the National Health Service. It is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay, Some people have private health insurance to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to hospital may have to wait for a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. If they pay for the treatment, they will probably get it quickly.Anyone who is very ill can call an ambulance(救护车) and get taken to hospital for free urgent medical treatment. Ambulances are a free service in Britain.Medicine in the USUnlike Britain, the US does not have a national health care service. The government does help pay for some medical care for people who are on low incomes and for old, but most people buy insurance to help pay for medical care. Some people cannot afford insurance but not poor enough to get government help. The cost of medical insurance and theproblems of those who can not afford it are an important political subject.When people are ill, they usually go first to a general practitioner or internist. Unlike in Britain, however, people sometimes go straight to a specialist, without seeing their general practitioner first. Children are usually taken to a pediatrician (a doctor who is a specialist in the treatment of children). As in Britain, if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, their general doctor will usually give them the name of one.Doctors don not go to people's homes when they are ill. People always make appointments to see the doctor in the doctor's office. In emergencies(急诊), people call for an ambulance. Hospital must treat all emergency patients, even if the patient does not have medical insurance. The government would then help pay for some of the cost of the medical care.英美文化背景知识7Social Class in BritainBritish society is considered to be divided into three main groups of classes - the Upper Class, the Middle Class, and the Lower or Working Class. This is known as the Class system and it is important to know something about it if you want to understand British people and society. Most British people grow up with a deep knowledge and understanding of the class system even if they are not very conscious(意识到) of it. Most people know which class they belong to by the way they speak,their clothes, their interests or even the type of food they eat.Social class is not only about behavior and attitudes, For example, although many upper class people are rich and may own a lot of land, having a lot of money does not make a person upper class. It is also important to come from a particular kind of family, have friends who are considered suitable, have been to a certain type of private school and speak with the right kind of accent. There are people who are poor but who do not think of themselves as working class because their family background, education, political opinions, etc. are different to those of most working-class people. Many people do not like the class system but it is impossible to pretend that these differences do not exist or that British people do not sometimes form opinions in this way.英美文化背景知识8TipsHotel workers depend on tips to augment their usually small salaries. Rather than being annoyed at having to tip the doorman who greets you, consider it part of the cost of travel and be prepared with the dollar bills you will need to hand out before you even get to your room.DoormenDepending on the amount of luggage, tip $ 1 to $ 2 to the doorman who takes your bags and turns them over to a bellman. If you are visiting and have no luggage, you naturally do not tip him for simply opening thedoor for you. Tip him again when you leave with your luggage as he takes it from the bellman and assists you in loading it in your car or into your taxi. When the doorman obtains a taxi for you, tip him $1 to $3 (the higher amount if he must stand in the rain for a period of time to get it). BellmanTip $1 a bag but not less than $2 to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.MaidFor stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped $2 per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".ValetValet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.Dining Room StaffTips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.英美国家的“厕所”文化一个外宾想上厕所，便对翻译说：“I wonder if I can go somewhere?”(我可以方便一下吗?)而翻译却把somewhere误解为“某处”，因而回答道“Yes, you can go anywhere in China.”(行，中国你哪儿都可以去。
英美文化概论---纯正英语版----Education-in-UK[1]
![英美文化概论---纯正英语版----Education-in-UK[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/b0823797c0c708a1284ac850ad02de80d5d80675.png)
In Britain the academic year is divided into three terms of about twelve weeks each.
The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education.
not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society
but also to socialize children, learn the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.
英语习语与英美文化：总论 及听力习语(必考)
英语习语与英美文化：总论前言语言是人类用来表达思想、传递感情的交际工具。
语言以不同地区、不同民族、不同社会集团的社会成员的共同认可为前提，以约定俗成的方式，形成各种语音符号和书写符号，加上各种组合规则和表现出形式，反映出使用这种语言的民族的地域特征、经济发展、风土人情和社会风俗。
因此，可以说语言反映社会文化，又同时受到社会文化的制约。
在人类社会生活中，语言几乎无时不在、无处不在，与人的活动形影不离。
今天，人们用语言交流思想、表达感情、传授知识、促进贸易。
人们还凭借古老的语言去研究先人的哲理，考证出土文物。
虽然人类能够让自己的的足迹踏上月球，把宇宙探索测器送入太空，但人类对语言这种自己赖以生存的交际工具的性质和起源却仍然争论不休，莫衷一是。
语言学的研究传统历史悠久。
早在两千多年前的古希腊时期，柏拉图（Plato）、亚里士多德（Aristotle）及其他哲学家就开始探讨语言的性质和语法问题，并且在公元前一世纪写出了较系统的希腊语法著作，奠定了西方传统语法的基石。
16、17世纪近代文明兴起，不少哲学家和语言学家对语言的本质、起源和演变作了进一步的探讨。
19世纪历史比较语言学的建立使语言学终于成为一门独立的学科。
到了20世纪，语言学的发展更为迅速。
30年代布龙菲尔德（Bloomfield）等人提出用结构主义的方法分析语言；50年代乔姆斯基（Chomsky）创立转换生成语法。
此后，语言学的研究进一步向多元化的方向发展。
到了80年代，不少语言学家开始从文化的角度去研究语言，探讨语言的民族特征，挖掘语言的文化价值，把语言研究工作推向一个新的高度。
不同理论基础、不同角度的切入，各种研究途径相互交错，相得益彰，使语言学得以进一步发展，能更完整、准确、科学地描绘和解释人类的语言现象。
语言的起源是丰富多彩的。
每个词都是曾经是一首诗歌、一幅图画、一个比喻或象征。
世界上的语言文字，不论是国家的方块汉字，还是西方的拼音文字，最初都起源于用图画对所指的人或物的具体描绘。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中起着重要的作用。
以下是英美文化背景知识对英语阅读的影响的一些例子：
第一，英美文化背景知识能帮助读者理解文化内涵。
英美文化中有许多独特的习俗、传统和象征，这些文化内涵在英语阅读中通常会出现。
如果读者对英美文化不熟悉，他们可能无法理解文本中的这些文化指涉，从而影响对整个文章的理解。
对于一个不了解圣诞节传统的读者，他可能无法理解一篇关于圣诞节的文章中提到的各种节日习俗和活动。
第四，英美文化背景知识有助于读者理解词汇和短语的意义。
英语是一门词义丰富的语言，许多词汇和短语的意义在不同的文化背景下可能有所不同。
如果读者对英美文化背景知识不熟悉，他们可能会误解文本中的词汇和短语。
对于一个不了解"kick the bucket"是指死亡的读者，他可能会误解一篇关于死亡的文章中提到的这个短语。
英美文化背景知识对英语阅读起着重要的作用。
它能帮助读者理解文化内涵、历史事件和文学作品，理解隐喻和象征，并正确理解词汇和短语的意义。
对于想要提高英语阅读能力的人来说，了解英美文化背景知识至关重要。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用【摘要】英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中起着至关重要的作用。
它不仅有助于提高阅读理解能力，还能帮助读者更好地理解词汇、深层文化内涵以及文学作品。
掌握英美文化背景知识可以让读者更容易理解英语文章，加深对英美文化的了解，提升交流和表达能力。
英美文化背景知识是英语阅读中的重要元素，掌握它可以显著提高阅读理解水平。
在阅读英语文章时，读者应该注重积累英美文化背景知识，以助于更好地理解和欣赏文学作品，丰富阅读体验。
【关键词】英美文化背景知识、英语阅读、阅读理解、词汇理解、文化内涵、文学作品、交流、表达、重要性、理解水平。
1. 引言1.1 英美文化背景知识的重要性英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中起着至关重要的作用。
了解英美文化背景可以帮助读者更好地理解英语文本中所包含的文化内涵和语境。
英美文化是西方文化的代表，包含了丰富多彩的历史、习俗、价值观和传统，而这些元素经常会在英语阅读中得到体现。
在阅读理解方面，英美文化背景知识可以帮助读者更准确地把握文本的意义，理解作者的用词和表达方式。
了解英美文化背景也有助于读者对文本中隐藏的文化内涵有更深入的理解，从而更好地把握文本的整体意义。
英美文化背景知识还对词汇理解和文学作品的阅读有着积极的影响。
通过了解英美文化的习俗和历史背景，读者可以更好地理解和运用生动具体的词汇，同时对文学作品中的文化隐喻和象征有更深入的认识。
掌握英美文化背景知识可以提高阅读理解水平，帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏英语文本中所包含的文化元素，从而更好地运用英语进行交流和表达。
1.2 本文研究的目的本文的研究旨在探讨英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的重要性和作用。
通过分析英美文化背景知识对阅读理解的影响、对词汇理解的帮助、对深层文化内涵的理解、对文学作品理解的帮助以及对交流和表达的影响，我们可以更深入地了解在阅读英语文本时，掌握英美文化背景知识对提高阅读理解水平的重要性。
本文旨在提供读者关于英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用的全面了解，以便读者更好地应用这些知识，提升自己的英语阅读能力。
英美文化3000句(英文)
I,American culture 600II,British culture 377III,Other countries’ culture 200IV. Intelligence test 100---------------------------------------------------1277Part I American Culture1. Versailles Treaty System was the result of Paris Conference in North America.2. The stock market crash was the beginning of a long economic depression in the U.S.3. In 1932, in the depth of the depression, the American people chose Franklin as their next president who promised to get America out of the depression.4. By the year of 2050, American population is expected to climb to 383 million.5. The 1920s in the United States has been described by many historians as a period of spiritual frustration.6. The decision on setting –up of a world organization: the United Nations was made at Yalta（雅尔塔）Conference.7. Cotton is the leading commercial crop in the South of America.8. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. Most blacks were slaves before 1863.9. The Civil Rights Movement in the US was take place in 1960s.10. The slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.11. The “first Americans” were the Indians.12. Puritan tradition was mainly developed in Massachusetts Bay colony.13. The Civil War cost America 618,000 lives.14. After the Civil War, the United States saw great developments in agriculture.15. The Constitution was first ratified by Delaware in December 1787.16. In September 1774, the First Continental congress was held in Philadelphia, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.17. American victory at Saratoga was a great turning point of the war, leading directly to an alliance between the U.S. and France.18. After President Jefferson brought the Louisiana territory from France, there was a desire for territorial expansion among many frontier men.19. The Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be a free state.20. President Lincoln was shot dead five days after General Lee, commanding general of the Confederate army surrendered his troops.21. Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States.22. During the 13 years of Indian wars after the War of Independence, the Americans forced England to give up the old Northwest.23. The US Constitutional was officially adopted on March 4, 1789.24. The United States had a more or less open-door policy to immigration from independence until the 1960s.25. The Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.26 The United States did not join the Second World War directly until Pearl Harbor incident in December, 1941.26. There were four great population movements in the history of the United States.27. The largest land that the U.S. got from France was the Louisiana Territory.28. Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution formally ended the slave system.29. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and found the Confederate States of America.30. The American Civil War broke out in 1861 and ended in 1865 .31. The Vietnam war turned out to be America’s longest war it ever fought.32. The War of Independence started in 1775 and ended in 1783.33. Alaska and Hawaii were accepted into the United States of America in 1959.34. Each of the fifty states of US elects 2 senators.35. There are 9 judges in the Supreme Court of America.36. The first ten amendments added to the constitution in 1791 was called the Bill of Rights.37. The Constitution determines the government and divides the power of the government into three branches.38. The parties in the US choose all their candidates for election, except for president, as “primary election ”.39 In American history 4 presidents have been assassinated.40. The president who was first assassinated in 1865 was Abraham Lincoln.41. There are 12 persons in the Jury.42. There are 100 members in the Senate.43. According to the Constitution, the president should be a citizen born in the US territory.44. The two main parties are the Democratic and the Republican Party.45. The general election in America is held every 4 years.46. The symbol of the US Democratic Party is donkey.47. The number of Congressmen from each state varies depending on the size of the population.48.There are 13 departments in American Government.49. All states in America have the legislative branch of two houses except the state Nebraska .50. In each state there are about 60 counties on average.51. It was Columbus who first discovered the America in 1492.52. The Indians living in America are all red skinned and dark-haired.53. The First World War broke out on July 28th in 1914 .54 In 1620 some English Puritans sailed to Plymouth on a ship called Mayflower.55. Lexington Fire was the prelude of the War of Independence.56. In 1803 the United States purchased Louisiana from France .57. The U.S.- Spanish War broke out in 1898.58. The Great Depression of 1929 - 1933 shook the United States and the whole capitalist world to its foundation.59.. The Cold War policy went into effect by the spring of 1947 when Truman Doctrine came forth.60. The Confederate Union of America consisted of 11 southern states.61. By the end of 19th century, the U.S. had become the most powerful country in the world.62. The U.S. bought the area of Alaska from Russia in 1867.63. During Washington’s administration Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State .64. President John Q. Adams was the son of the second president, John Adams.65. The forming of the Holy Alliance was to suppress the South American revolution.66. The first great tide from 1840 to 1860 in America was the Westward movement.67. The famous novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” by Mrs. Stowe aroused a great and universal hatred for slavery.68. Only the Supreme Court has the right to interpret the constitution.69. The U.S. bought the area of Alaska from Russia in 1867.70. The Federal Constitution consists of 7 articles and 26 amendments.71. The balance is always kept among the three branches of the power of the government and this is called the “System of Checks and Balance”.72. In1607 the first group of English colonists came to America.73. Impeachment is the only way in which the president can legally be removed from office.74. A man named John Brown began a rising which aimed at solving the slavery trouble by force.75. In American history, only president Reagan survived an assassination of being shot.76. Andrew Jackson was the first president who developed the power of veto into one of the means of making laws.77. In the US the chief function of Congress is to make laws.78. During Washington’s administration Thomas Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State.79. The forming of the Holy Alliance was to suppress the South American revolution.80. The head of he House of Representatives is called the Speaker.81. The bourgeois democratic personages headed by Thomas Jefferson, were opposed to the Constitution. They were called anti-federalist _.81. The seat of the American Federal Government is the District of Columbia.82. The eastern part is made up of the highlands formed by the Appalachian Range.83. The famous Yellowstone National Park is located in the northwestern part of Wyoming.84. The western part of the central plain is also called the “Great Plains _”.85. The Mississippi River flows from the Great lakes to the Gulf of Mexico.86. The lowest point in the whole of North America is Death Valley _.87. The world-known Colorado Valley lies in northern Arizona, which is cut by the Colorado River.88. The largest island salt lake in North America is the Great Salt Lake.89. The United States includes50 states and a federal district, the District of Columbia.90. The two main tributaries of the Mississippi River are the Missouri River and the Ohio River.91. The five Great Lakes lie between the boundary of Canada and the United States.92. Through the middle of the country, north and south, runs a line which is known as the 50 centimeter Rainfall Line.93. The South region in America has in general, a warm climate. People often call it the “Sunny South ”.94. The largest state, Alaska, is famous for its glacier, waterfall and ripples.95. ABC, CNN, CBS are U.S. news and cable network.96. Associate’s degre e is offered in community colleges in the United States.97. U.S. presidents normally serve a four-year term..98. By the end of 19th century, the U.S. had become the most powerful country in the world.99. Harvard University was founded in 1636.100. The state to which the Mayflower sailed is Massachusetts.101. The U.S.A is known as a “Melting pot” for its mixture of nationalities.102. In the Civil War, Lincoln issued the famous The Emancipation Proclamation.(解放黑奴宣言)103. Thomas A Edison had the title “the Wizard of Menlo Park”.104. The first American President who inaugurated in Washington City was Thomas Jefferson.105. The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President Theodore Roosevelt.106. The British established 13 colonies along the east coast of north America.107. In Jan. 1918, American President Woodrow Wilson prepared his “Fourteen Point” as a basis of peace negotiation.108. Jone Wycliffe took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.109. President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a well-known policy called the New Deal.110. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.111. On Aug. 14, 1941, the U.S. and Britain issued a joint communiqué called the Atlantic charter.112. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution was called The Bill of Rights.113. “The Lost Generation” refers to the young people in the post-WWI era.114. The period of the “Cold War” began when the Truman Doctrine came forth in March 1947.115. The largest public library in the US is Library of Congress.116. The 1920s in the United States has been described as a period of loss of purpose.117. During the Civil War Lincoln took two important measures, one was the Homestead Bill, the 24. The American policy towards the Soviet Union after the Second World War was containment.118. Jazz is considered America’s unique contribution to music.119. Galileo was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.120. The New Frontier was put forward by Kennedy.121. The Library of Congress is in the city of Washington.122. New England is located in the northeastern corner of the country.123. The Cold War policy went into effect by the spring of 1947 when Truman Doctrine came forth.124. American senators are elected every six years.125. The functions of institutions of higher education in the US are teaching, research and public service. 126. The largest religious group in America is Protestants.127. Christopher Columbus landed on one of the Bahama Islands in 1492.128. Mississippi River is the longest and the most important river in the system of Gulf.129. The Declaration of Independence adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.130. Philadelphia has been called the “cradle of American liberty”.131. The United States is the third most populous country in the world.132. Baseball is supposed to be America’s national sport and used to be call “American’s favorable pastime”. 133. The last one of the 13 colonies was _ Georgia ___, which was established in 1733.134. New York, called the “Big Apple”, is the largest city in the United States, and the financial, manufacturing and transportation center.135. the longest road in the world connects the US and Canada.136. in which holiday do people light Jack-O-Lantern? Halloween137. the national flower of the US is rose138. the most popular religion in the US is Christianity.139. “king of Rock’n’Roll” is Elvis Presley.140. name three famous drink brands in the US: Cocacola,Pepsi, Sprite, Seven-up,141. name 2 famous US car brands: Buick, Hummer, Chevrolet, 福特(Ford)、林肯(Lincoln)、Thunderbird, 142. name 2 powerful parties in the US: Republic and Democracy143. the president who got involved in the Watergate scandal is Nixon144. “I have a dream” is a famous speech by Martin Luther King145. the first African American president is Obama146. Obama is 44th US president.147. Obama belongs to Democratic party148. in the tragic 9.11 the world trade center and the pentagon were attacked.149.The most influential newspaper in the US are Los Angeles Times, the Washington post and New York times150.colors in the US national flag are red, white, and blue151.The natives of the continent of the America are the Indians.152.Presidential election is held every four years in November in the U.S.A.153.in 1979, the United States and China established diplomatic relations.154.new Orleans is the state where jazz came into being.155.Philadelphia is called the “cradle of American liberty”.156.The symbol of the US Republican Party is elephant.157. Broadway is the centre of theatres in America.158. The New World was named after Amerigo Vespucci.159. The First World War broke out on July 28th in 1914.160. In 1620 some English Puritans sailed to Plymouth on a ship called Mayflower161. On July 4th, 1776, the document called the Declaration of Independence was accepted by the American Congress.162. The first English colony was Virginia.163. In 1803 the United States purchased Louisiana from France _.164.The U.S.- Spanish War broke out in 1898.165. The Constitution Convention lasted 13 weeks from May to September, 1787166. The Constitution drawn up at the end of Independence War is called the Articles of the Confederation. 167. The Constitution of 1787 established the dictatorship of the America bourgeoisie big capitalists and big slave owners.168. The Truman Administration decided to provide aid for Greece and Turkey -to avoid these two countries fall into the hands of Soviet Union in 1947.169. Revenue bills must first come from the House of Representatives.170.After the Second World War，both the US and the Soviet Union first attempted to exercise control over Eastern Europe.171. During the Missile Crisis，Soviet Union not sent long-range missiles to Cuba.172. The United States and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations in __1979173.On June 5，1947，George Marshall suggested that the US should offer economic aid to Western Europe so as to protect the region from Soviet expansion.174.McCarthyism was a full-scale，anti-Communist hysteria in the United States in the 1950s.175.Marshall Plan was announced on June 5，__1947176. Education was made a function of the state under the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution.177.Under the pressure of the Anti-war Movement，Johnson decided not to run for the presidency for a second term.178. The Standard Oil Company was founded by Rockefeller179. Abraham Lincoln belonged to the Republican Party180. The V oting Rights Act of 1965 was meant to guarantee the blacks and others the right to vote.181. The President cannot veto a law if Congress passes it by a two-thirds vote at the second time.182. By vote of Congress in 1968，the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in the honor of Martin Luther King.183.The American Constitutional was went up to in 1791.184. Kennedy proposed the program of New Frontier.185. The president of the United States is the head of the executive branch.186. The community college made its appearance in the early 1900s.187. The aim of President Roosevelt's New Deal was to “save democracy”.188. The Truman Doctrine was directed against Communism.189. Woman obtained voting right from the 19th Amendment to the Constitution.190. Presidential election is held every four years in November in the U.S.A.191. In America，the constitution provides that Vice President shall be President of the Senate.192. The heads of the various executive departments form a council of advisers generally know as the President's Cabinet.193. The slavery was legally abolished in 1865 by the thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution.194. The Constitution allows the President to give reprieves and pardons(特设) in federal criminal cases. 194. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution formally ended the slave system.195. The Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962196. President Truman made the open declaration of the containment policy.197.In December，1956，the Supreme Court declared Alabama 's segregation laws unconstitutional. 198. The United States has a free market economy with a dominant private sector.199. There are over 2000 universities, colleges and other institutions in the United States.200. VOA Radio Station was established in 1894.201. Harvard is the earliest university in America.202. American children usually begin their school at the age of 6 .203. There are four grades in universities. They are freshman, sophomore, junior and senior.204. In the year 1958 the first satellite was launched in America205. The Metropolitan Museum and other two museums located in the city of New York .206.The year 1969 saw the success of human’s first lunar landing by Apollo 11.207.The Vietnam War lasted 12 years.208.The largest group of Asian-Americans is the Chinese-Americans.209.The first successful English colony was established in 1607.210.On July 4, 1776, held the Second Continental Congress .211. The Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant .212.The Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States .213.The Monroe Doctrine, expressed in 1823, proclaimed the United States' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas.214.President Woodrow Wilson declared U.S. entry into World War I in April 1917 .215.The inventor of the telegraph codes was Samuel F B Morse .216.On December 7, 1941 Japan launched a surprise attack on the American naval base in Pearl Harbor.217. In USA the removal of Justices can only be done through impeachment.218. The American Congress is formed by the Senate and the House of Representatives.219.The relationship of the American government three branches can be described as checks and balances. 220.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.221. John F. Kennedy was elected President in 1960.222.The depression years refer to the 1930s.223.In the presidential election of 2008, Senator Barack Obama ran on a platform of "Change".224. An elected senator is supposed to serve for six years.225. The presidential election is held in November each leap year.226. The Constitution of the USA was drawn up in 1787.227. The Constitution of the USA came into effect in 1789.228.Members of the Representative House are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Washington.229.In 1997, American space shuttle that was manufactured by human beings for the first time landed on Mars. 230. The Senate is the upper chamber in the bicameral legislature known collectively as Congress.231. The largest single religious group in the USA is Roman Catholics.232. The Supreme Court consists of nine Justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices.233.The Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed with the 'advice and consent' of the Senate. 234. the biggest train station in the world is in New York Station235. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States.236. The Vietnam War began in 1962.237. The famous Wall Street _ is known as the financial centre, the symbol of the American monopoly capitalism.238. The nickname of Pittsburgh is the Iron and Steel City.239. Chicago is the second largest in population in the U.S.240. The area of the Pacific coast is known for its growth of fruits, vegetables and wheat, especially in California.241. Most of the inhabitants in the U.S. are of European _ origin.242. Negro slaves were first brought to America at the beginning of the 17th century.243. The Death Valley is 85 meters below sea level.244. The Statue of Liberty Island in New York harbor.245. Pearl Harbor is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A.246. _ Rhode Island is the smallest state in size and the most densely populated state of the U.S.A.247. From a geographical point of view, the fifty states are grouped into 8 regions.248. The nickname of Houston City is Space City.249. Hawaii became the fiftieth state of the United States in 1959.250. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston.251. The Five Great Lakes are Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.252. The Niagara Falls are 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.253. New York City and San Francisco are two, important Chinatowns.254. Indian Reservation refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.255. New England consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.256. The New World refers to North and South Americas.257. The Old World refers to Europe, Asia and Africa, especially Europe.258. New England is featured with mountains, valleys, and rivers.259. The Mountain States are Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.260. The Pacific Coast States are Washington, Oregon and California.261. Mount McKinley is 6187 meters high.262. Mount McKinley is on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.263. English and Hawaiian are both official languages in the state of Hawaii.264. The Mississippi River is the longest river in the USA.265.The most numerous minority in the US is the black people.266. Texas is the second biggest state in America and it is famous for its cowboys.267. Washington is also called the Evergreen State .268. The last two states to join in America were Alaska and Hawaii.269. Rhode Island is the smallest state in America.270. Alaska is the biggest state in America.271. Florida is called the “Sunshine State”in the United States.272. The Kennedy Space Center is located in the state of Florida.273. Washington is the only state named after the president of the United States.274. Florida is famous for its theme parks, it has the world’s largest theme park--- Walt Disney World.275. The name Minnesota means “sky-colored water”.276. The Pentagon is the largest office building in the world.277. The Pentagon has the offices of the U.S. Department of Defense.278. Alaska is the largest state in America.279. Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angles278. The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River .279. Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans.280. The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West.281. To the west of mainland American lies the Pacific Ocean.282. The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a typical continental climate.283. The term “Father of Waters”is used to refer to the Mississippi River.284. The Missouri River is the dividing line between the South and North.285. The largest city in Washington is Seattle.286. The United States was rated the fourth in the world in terms of land areas.287. The state of California is on The Pacific Coast288.The south-eastern states are sometimes harassed by hurricanes which are often called by a girl’s name.289.Statehood was granted to Hawaii and Alaska in the year 1959 .290.There are 4 time zones in the United States.291. The Potomac River is the clearest dividing-line between north and south in the United States.292. The six states in the north-eastern part of the US are together referred to as New England.293. The city Washington DC is on the border between south and north.294.The territory of the capital Washington DC was taken from the states of Maryland and Virginia.295.The central plain of the US is bounded by the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains.296.Besides the 50 states and the capital Washington DC, the US also includes some overseas territories, such as Puerto Rico.297.The boundary between the US and Canada is open and undefended.298.Of the five Great Lakes, Lake Michigan belongs to America completely.299. The world’s largest freshwater lake is Lake Superior.300. The state of Alaska is rich in fishing and trapping.301. The District of Manhattan is in the city of New York.302. The United States produces as much as half of the world’s soybeans and corn.303. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located in Hawaii304. The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.305. John Fitzgerald Kennedy is 35th president.306. On July 16, 1969, after traveling 239,000 miles into space, the Apollo 11spacecraft slowly circled around the moon.307. Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States.308. Franklin Roosevelt was president for twelve years, he was the thirty-second president of the United States. 309. In 1964, Martin Luther King was the youngest person to get the Nobel Peace Prize.310. In American history there was a president whose nickname was teddy, he is Theodore Roosevelt.311. Edison invented wax paper, fire alarms, the battery, and motion pictures.312. Sewing machine changes people’s life, it is invented by American people.313. The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincoln.314. The statue of liberty was given to American people by France as a gift in 1884.315. The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II.316. Thomas Jefferson prepared the draft of the Declaration of Independence.317. In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering led American settlers to travel westward.318. The US formally entered the Second World War in 1941.319. The Presidents during the American Civil War was Abraham Lincoln.320. The New Deal was started by Franklin Roosevelt.321. Martin Luther King delivered the famous speech “I have a dream” on Washington in 1963.322 The most notorious terrorist group against black civil rights workers in the South was Ku Klux Klan. 323. Britain recognized the independence of the USA in 1783.324. Columbus discovered the New World in 1492.325. Brothers Wright designed and invented the first airplane in the world326. The first group of English colonists found a way to earn money by growing tobacco.327. In 1620, a group of Puritans, called the Pilgrims, crossed the Atlantic in the ship Mayflower.328.In September 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, recognizing the independence of the US.329. To ensure individual liberties, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1791.330. In April 1865, General Lee surrendered to General Grant, marking the end of the Civil War.331. In 1803, the huge territory Louisiana was bought from France for $15 million.332. The state to which the Mayflower sailed is Massachusetts.333. The important thing done in the Second Continental Congress was that Washington was appointed commander of the army.。
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英国早期人文历史常识（一）英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。
地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。
大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。
政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。
我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。
联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。
大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。
因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。
不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。
二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。
英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附属国组成的联合体。
英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。
（二）英国地势西北高、东南低。
其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。
英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。
特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。
苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。
不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。
威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。
北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。
其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。
不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。
位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。
1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。
总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。
英国河流分布细密。
塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西岸的克莱德河（the Clyde）、默塞河（the Mersey）一同承载着将工业原材料运输至内陆工业城市的使命。
而东岸的特维德河（the Tweeds）、泰恩河（the Tyne）、蒂斯河（the Tees）以及著名的英国第二大河、长336公里的泰晤士河（the Thames）不仅面向欧洲大陆的北海各大港口，并且形成了富饶的渔场。
英国最大的湖泊是位于北爱尔兰的内伊湖（Lough Neagh）；而位处英格兰西北部、威尔士北部的湖区（the Lake District）则为其15个湖泊的秀丽风光成为著名的旅游胜地，那里还诞生了19世纪英国著名的湖畔诗人（the Lake poets）。
（三）人们总是认为英国多雨、天气多变，而事实上，它却是一个海洋性气候（maritime climate）国家，冬暖夏凉，气温变化小。
冬天的平均气温为4-6摄氏度，而夏天则为12-17摄氏度。
尽管如此，英国的气候灾害也不少。
干旱和洪水常常会影响人们的生活，另外，时不时的浓雾、霜冻和大风造成了农作物的严重损失。
1952年，在伦敦因大气污染引起的二氧化硫浓雾使得约四千人死亡或生命垂危。
此后，政府采取措施，规定工厂和家庭只能燃烧无烟汽油，以防止类似事件再次发生。
英国现有人口5,880万。
其中英格兰人占人口总数的80%以上。
人口密度为每平方公里229人，但全国人口分布不均。
人口的80% 住在城市。
而首都伦敦的人口就占到了697万。
（四）冰川时期于公元前7000年结束，溶化的冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠从此与欧洲大陆分离，成为了岛屿。
我们所知道最早来到不列颠的定居者，是公元前3000年左右的新石器时期的伊比利亚人（Iberians）。
他们可能来自于地中海的伊比利亚半岛，即是今天的西班牙。
伊比利亚人给不列颠带来了新石器（Neolithic）文化。
至今英格兰的索尔兹波平原（Salisbury Plain）上还伫立着伊比利亚人留下的史前巨石阵（Stonehenge）。
巨石阵在公元前2000年之前建造，占地大约11公顷，主要是由许多整块的青石组成，每块约重50吨，多是从遥远的威尔士运来的。
但至于史前人类如何运输这样的庞然大物？这仍是一个谜。
公元前2000年左右，宽口陶器人（the Beaker Folk）从荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到了不列颠。
宽口陶器人因他们墓穴中陪葬的宽口陶制容器而得名，他们带来了陶器制造工艺。
公元前700年，凯尔特人（Celts）抵达了不列颠。
凯尔特人比之前来到不列颠的种族都要来得高大和白皙，他们多是来自于东欧或中欧地区，即是现在的法国、比利时和德国南部附近。
凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
第一次高潮是约公元前600年盖尔人（Gaels）来临，第二次则是公元前400年布立吞（Brythons）抵达，第三次是比利其人（Belgae）。
凯尔特人并没有杀戮伊比利亚人，而是把他们驱逐到北部和西部，并留下一部分作为他们的奴隶。
凯尔特人是善于农业的种族，同时，他们也是很好的铁匠。
他们是苏格兰、爱尔兰、威尔士人的祖先。
他们的语言盖尔语，至今苏格兰高地仍有沿用。
（五）有记录的英国历史始于罗马人入侵。
公元前55年和54年，罗马将军尤利乌斯凯撒（Julius Caesar）作为两次入侵了不列颠，但均未成功，罗马人对不列颠的统治因之推迟了一个世纪。
公元43年，刚刚登基的罗马皇帝克劳狄（Claudius）下令征服不列颠。
由此开始不列颠开始了长达400年的罗马统治。
无论罗马人出于何种经济和政治动机，他们在很大程度上是在传播“文明”。
罗马人在不列颠修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物，很好地利用了英国的自然资源。
他们还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。
然而罗马的统治对于不列颠的影响却有着局限性。
首先，罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶段的属民来对待。
其次，在四世纪罗马人才和不列颠人通婚。
最后，罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。
（六）5世纪中叶，三支日尔曼部落（Teutonic tribes）朱特人（Jutes）、撒克逊人（Saxons）和盎格鲁人（Angles）不断侵入不列颠。
自此，盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（the Anglo-Saxons）开始了。
住在朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠，在东南部建立了肯特王国（Kent）。
后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯（Essex）、苏塞克斯（Sussex）和威塞克斯（Wessex）建立了王国，统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，同样来自德国北部的盎格鲁人，在东盎格利亚（East Anglia）、麦西亚（Mercia）以及诺森伯利来（Northumbria）定居，也分别建立了王国。
盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。
公元597，教皇格里高一世（Pope Gregory I）把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁（St. Augustine）派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。
在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，奥古斯丁特别成功。
但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北部修士们的传教活动。
盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。
首先，他们把国家划分为郡（shires），郡法庭和郡法官（shire courts and shire reeves）、或行政司法长官（sheriffs）负责执法。
其次，他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制（narrow-strip, three-field farming system ）延用至18世纪。
此外，他们还建立了领地制（manorial system）。
最后，他们还创立了议会（Witan）。
（七）8世纪末开始，丹麦人（Danes）和来自挪威的北欧海盗（Viking）不断入侵英格兰各地。
9世纪，尤其是公元835年至公元878年，这已经成为了一个相当严重的问题。
他们甚至占领了作为867年时基督教中心的约克郡（capture York）。
9世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人已经威胁到了撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国。
作为威撒克斯王国的国王，艾尔弗雷德国王（King Alfred）（849-899）打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部作为丹麦法区，而他统治其他地区。
他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。
他还将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语；同时建立了学校，并阐明了法律制度。
所有这一切使他当之无愧于“艾尔弗雷德大王”（Alfred the Great）称号。
（八）著名的诺曼底征服（The Norman Conquest）发生在1066年。
诺曼底公爵威廉发动了这场战争。
他是前诺曼底公爵罗伯特一世的私生子，也是独生子。
1066年1月，英王爱德华去世，9月，威廉借口爱德华生前曾许其继承英国王位，遂纠集诺曼底贵族和法国各地骑士，在罗马教皇的支持下，率军渡过海峡，在英格兰南部佩文西登陆，入侵英国。
哈斯丁一役，威廉大败英军，不久攻占伦敦，于12月自立为英王，称威廉一世（WilliamⅠ）。
诺曼底征服对于英国历史发展的影响可谓深远。
威廉建立的、他的后继人所保持的强大中央政府，由于这个政府所掌管的军事力量，英国从未再遭侵略。
相反，它还不断地在海外进行军事行动。
文化方面，英国当时现有的文化与诺曼-法国文化得到了水乳交融；大量的新词进入英语，使得英国语言得到了长足发展。
同时英国的教会与罗马教会的联系变得更为密切。
诺曼底征服之后，1066-1087的威廉一世统治期间，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。
根据这个制度，国王拥有全国所有土地，再把这些土地分给答应服役交租的贵族（baron），贵族们又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民（nobles, knights and freemen），同样换取货物和服役。