英语专八人文知识汇总
专八英语人文知识
专八英语人文知识引导语：专八英语人文知识精选，希望能够帮助到您，谢谢您的阅读。
Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩(1737-1809)：The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题;Common Sense常识;American Crisis美国危机;Rights of Man:Downfall of Despotism人的权利：****体制的崩溃;The Age of Reason理性时代Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752-1832)：The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲;The British Prison Ship英国囚船;To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士;The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花;The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华(1702—1758)：The Freedom of the Will自由意志论;The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended伟哉原罪论辩;The Nature of True Virtue 真美德的性质Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790):A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书;The Way to Wealth致富之道;The Autobiography自传American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文(1783-1859)：A History of New York纽约的历史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;The SketchBook见闻札记;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家;Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄;Talks of Travellers旅客谈;The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀(1789-1851)：The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集：The Pioneer拓荒者;The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义文学Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(1803-1882)：Essays:Nature散文集：论自然——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity:TheOversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说;Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子——首开自由诗之先河Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817-1862)：Wadden, or Life in the Woods瓦尔登湖，或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience论公民的不服从;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河与梅里麦克河上一周Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗(1807-1882)：The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poems民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and OtherPoems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事：AnApril Day四月的一天;A Psalm of Life人生礼物;Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚;Poems on Slavery奴役篇Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-1864)：Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔：Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(1819-1891)：Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸;Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892)：Leaves of Grass草叶集：Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song ofMyself自我之歌Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·迪金森(1830-1886)：The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡(1809-1849)：。
专八人文知识汇总
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括Ⅰ地理有四个部分组成great Britain（England，Wales，Scotland）and northern IrelandⅡ地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover 多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都是Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖（Lough Neagh）5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river（赛文河），第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，（Thames river），典型的海洋性气候（maritime climate）Ⅲ人口60million ，英国人是Anglo-Saxons，苏格兰人hospitable and generous，Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区ⅣHistory：1 first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）2 1066（Norman conquer）1215 （大宪章）1337—1453（英法百年战争）1381（农民起义）1458（玫瑰战争，1350-1650（Renaissance）1642-1646（first civil war ），1658（the restoration 王朝复辟）1688（the glorious revolution）Ⅴ教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习ⅥReligionEstablished churches分为the Church of England（official church ，英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定）and the Church of Scotland（Presbyterian，长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会，the free churches 自由教，the roman catholic church 天主教Ⅶ主要节日Christmas day December 25th Easter 复活节（主要的天主教节日）whit Sunday（圣灵降临节，复活节后的第7个周日）Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜，11月5日，燃放烟火的节日）Ⅷsports ，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从August 到May），最典型的英国运动是cricket，板球）网球（annual Wimbledon fortnightⅨArts 博物馆（the British museum，the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery）Music (甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaⅩmedia (BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,financial times ,the Guardian, the times (泰晤士报)the observer (the first Sunday newspaper)ⅪPoliticalconstitutional monarchy，没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons，任期为五年）political party ：labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party（Tories 托利党）第二节美国概括Ⅰyellow National park（大平原地带），大峡谷（the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is the largest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California ）ⅡAlaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits，also called Eskimos)Hawaii （Mauna Loa ，莫纳罗亚山，the world’s largest active volcano，盛产sugar cane and pineapple，首府是Honolulu）Ⅲ地理特征1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，2 the Mississippi river （greatest continental rivers，American Ruhr ），Ohio river（俄亥俄河）3 the great lakes：lake Michigan（唯一一个在美国境内），lake superior（世界上最大的淡水湖），the lake Huron（休伦湖）lake Erie（伊利湖）and lake Ontario（安大略湖）Ⅳhistory1620，201 pilgrim，mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, （英国承认其独立，签署停火协议），1789（established federal government），1812（和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要）1861-1865（civil war）,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到20世纪初)，1949（north Atlantic treaty），1950s （civil rights movement）1950-1975（the Vietnam war），1972（Watergate scandal）1972 (访华)，1979（中美建交）ⅤAmerican political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，（1789讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
英语专八人文知识
1 英语词汇分为两大类：开放类词和封闭类词前者包括名词，动词，形容词和副词。
后者包括介词，冠词和连词等。
2 伦敦学派是现代语言学重要学派之一，创始人John Firth3 The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.4黑人在美国的经济和社会地位都最为低下。
5首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治•华盛顿，而联邦直辖区命名为哥伦比亚特区是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多拂•哥伦布。
6 John Fitzgerald Kennedy is __35h ___ president.7 The Missouri River 密苏里河 is the dividing line between the South and North.8美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年。
9 (Washington D.C)华盛顿特区位于波托马克河上。
华盛顿州（Washington）的最大城市是西雅图。
10 In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminar y , opened in __ Massachusetts ___ to serve the “ Muslim sex”.,美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州。
11 the capital of U.S. is situated on the __ Potomac ___River banks.12 The Wars of Roses was ended by Henry VII13 All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly Pessimistic14 Edward I 在1301年征服了威尔士，收并为英国领土，为了稳定在那里的统治，他把儿子命名为威尔士王子。
专八人文知识吐血整理版
Part 1 英语国家概况第一章英国第一节概述1 英国四部分首都英格兰(England)首都London，苏格兰（Scotland）首都爱丁堡（Edinburgh），威尔士（Wales）首都加的夫（Cardiff）北爱尔兰（Northern Ireland）首都贝尔法斯特（Belfast）2 英格兰占地面积为整个岛屿的60%（13万平方公里）3 南面的（south）的英吉利海峡（English channel）与东面的（east）的北海（North sea）将英国与欧洲其他部分隔开。
4 爱尔兰的官方语言（official language）是Irish，第二语言是English5 Scotland 位于北部（northernmost part）6 主要作物是大麦（wheat）和小麦（barley）7 最佳农业区是英格兰的东南部（northeast）8 70%的劳动力集中在服务业（service）9 农民仅占人口2%，管理70%的土地。
10 运输业，家庭取暖系统（domestic heating system），食品供应（food supply）很大程度上依赖于石油（oil ）11 在19世纪造船业（shipbuilding）中世界领先12 England 的人口最多第二节地理1 本尼维斯山（Ben Nevis）是英国最高的山（highest mountain）2 斯克菲尔峰（Scafell）是英格兰最高峰（highest peak）3 塞文河（Severn River）是英国最长的河（longest river）4 泰晤士河（Thames River）是英国第二大河和最重要的河流（second and most important river）5 内伊湖（Lough Neagh）是英国最大的湖（largest lake），位于北爱尔兰6 英吉利海峡（The English Channel）是分隔England和France的狭窄海道，连接大西洋（Atlantic ocean）与北海（North Sea）7 英国是海洋性气候（the maritime type），由于受墨西哥湾流（the Gulf Stream）的影响，比同纬度其他地方温度高（warmer），温和适中，冬天温和，夏天凉爽，天气多变（changeable），有时会在一天经历四季变化。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
英语专业八级人文常识
1.密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线2.美国的联邦法院系统包括：the United States District Courts; the UnitedStates Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court3.Louisiana，路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束。
4.The New England Region, 美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响。
5.typical continental，美国东北部的新英格兰地区是典型的大陆性气候。
冬天寒冷，夏天炎热。
6.automobile industry，底特律是美国著名的汽车城7.John Fitzgerald Kennedy肯尼迪是美国的第35任总统8.美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州Massachusetts, 麻省的首府是波士顿9.美国南北的分界线是密苏里河The Missouri River10.华盛顿州的最大城市是西雅图 . 华盛顿特区位于波托马克河Potomac上11.美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年12.美国起草独立宣言的是托马斯•杰弗逊13.华盛顿、杰弗逊和弗兰克林都是美国创建时的元老功勋、William Penn 是美国宾州的创始人。
14.New Deal新政是罗斯福为了应对美国经济大萧条而提出的15.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in1791人权法案是于1791年增补到宪法法案上来的前十条修正案16.soybeans and corn美国出产占世界一半的是大豆和玉米17.The Age of Visual Information开创人类视觉信息革命的重大发明是电视机18.美国的许多政治观念都是来源于英国著名哲学家约翰•洛克John Locke19.曼哈顿是纽约市的著名经济和商业区，也是纽约的中心地带20.好莱坞和迪士尼均位于洛杉矶Los Angles21.Newsweek《新闻周刊》是美国的报纸，而The International Herald Tribune《国际先驱论坛》是法国的，The Guardian《卫报》和The Daily Telegraph 《每日电讯》为英国的。
专八必备人文知识
专八必背人文知识1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. 音位学; 在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学, 音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences. 句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym : 首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是 Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power. 换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
英语专业八级人文知识
第一章美国概况1.概述American Anthem (国歌)：The star-spangled banner星光灿烂的旗帜American Flag（国旗）: 星条旗美国地理著名山脉河流The Appalachian Mountains (阿巴拉契亚山脉)The Great Centeral plain(中部大平原)：落基山和阿巴拉契亚山脉之间的平原。
The Rocky Mountains(洛基山脉)：“the backbone of the continent”, 6,187 meter high, in the middle of the Alaska.其被称为北美大陆的脊梁，大陆分水岭。
The Cordillera Range (西部科迪勒拉山区)：洛基山脉等。
The Mississippi River (密西西比河)：美国最长、最重要的河流。
世界上第三长的大陆河流（第一长：非洲尼罗河；第二长：南美洲的亚马逊河。
）Missouri river是其最长的分支。
其被称作：“Father of Waters”“Old Man River)五大湖：从西到东：都位于美国东北部。
其是世界上最大的淡水湖群，有“美洲大陆地中海”之称。
Lake Superior(苏必利尔湖，为世界最大淡水湖)，Lake Michigan(密执安胡，五大湖中唯一完全位于美国境内)，Lake Huron(休伦湖)，Lake Erie (伊利湖)，Lake Ontario（安大略湖）The Niagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)：在伊利湖和安大略湖之间。
Yellowstone National Park(黄石国家公园)Statue of Liberty (自由女神像)位于纽约湾美国主要行政区和它们的首府和主要城市：地区概述：“美国”的表达有五种：The United States of American/ American /The states/the U.S.A./Uncle Sam美国全国分为50个州和一个特区（哥伦比亚特区，即首都华盛顿所在地）本土有48个州，另外的两个海外州是：阿拉斯加（首府：Juneau朱诺）和夏威夷（Hawaii，主产：甘蔗和菠萝，最重要产业：旅游业，首府：Honolulu火奴鲁鲁。
英语专八人文知识总结
黑死病（the Black Death）是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫是流，行疾病，在14世纪传播了到欧洲。
1348年夏天横扫全英国。
英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。
《大宪章》（Great Charter）是约翰国王（King John）1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的，总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；(3) 教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；(4) 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权；(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。
大议会（The Great Council）是当今英国议会（BritishParliament）的原型。
1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院（House of Lords）和下议院（House of Commons）。
其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。
著名的诺曼底征服（The Norman Conquest）发生在1066年。
诺曼底公爵威廉发动了这场战争。
他是前诺曼底公爵罗伯特一世的私生子，也是独生子。
1066年1月，英王爱德华去世，9月，威廉借口爱德华生前曾许其继承英国王位，遂纠集诺曼底贵族和法国各地骑士，在罗马教皇的支持下，率军渡过海峡，在英格兰南部佩文西登陆，入侵英国。
哈斯丁一役，威廉大败英军，不久攻占伦敦，于12月自立为英王，称威廉一世（WilliamⅠ）。
诺曼底征服对于英国历史发展的影响可谓深远。
威廉建立的、他的后继人所保持的强大中央政府，由于这个政府所掌管的军事力量，英国从未再遭侵略。
相反，它还不断地在海外进行军事行动。
文化方面，英国当时现有的文化与诺曼-法国文化得到了水乳交融；大量的新词进入英语，使得英国语言得到了长足发展。
同时英国的教会与罗马教会的联系变得更为密切。
英语专业八级考试人文知识点
英语专业八级考试人文知识点(1)__1__ Who was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies?A KeplerB CopernicusC GalileoD Newton__2__ Whose discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important of all his achievement in ph ysics?A KeplerB Issac NewtonC GalileoD Copernicus__3__The three biggest newspapers are of the following except ___.A New York TimesB Washington PostC Los Angeles TimesD Reader’s Digest__4__Metropolitan Museum is in__.A Washington D.C.B BostonC New YorkD Philadelphia__5__The New Frontier was put forward by __.A KennedyB JohnsonC NixonD Benjamin Franklin__6__Who resigned because of Watergate Scandal, the first president to do so in American history?A KennedyB JohnsonC Richard NixonD Truman__7__Empire State Building is in___.A ChicagoB New YorkC Washington D.C.D Detroit__8__ “Knowledge is power.” Was said by__.A Francis BaconB ShakespeareC Thomas HobbesD John Locke__9__Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A John LockeB DescartesC Pierre GassendiD Thomas Hobbes__10__Jazz, a great contribution to the world popular music, was originated from the music of __.A IndiansB SpanishC NegroesD Portuguese答案解析：1选C。
专八人文知识精华
英国社会与文化概况：I．Land and People1.国名：U.K（the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ）2.英联邦：the British Commonwealth /1931/533.位于North Atlantic Ocean/ the English Channel/ the North Seathe Straits of Dover/ 33km/ France4.最高峰：Ben Nevis/1343m/Scotland; 最长河：the Severn River/338km 最大湖：the LoughNeagh(Ireland)；Lough Ness(尼斯湖/ Scotland)5.the Lake District / England/ three famous poets: William Wordsworth, Taylor Coleridge andRobert Southey6.苏格兰(Edinburgh)地形：北部高地，中部低地，南部山地/ 威尔士(Cardiff)地形：mountainous ,12% arable.7.英国气候：maritime climate8.人种来源：Anglo-Saxons and CeltsII．History1.3000BC.:Iberians / 700BC:the Celts/ 55BC: Julius Caesar, the Romans/ mid 5th century:Anglo-Saxons and Jutes2.the first king of England: 829 Egbert3.the Witan(贤人会议)—the basis of Privy Council（枢密院）4.king Alfred：Father of the British Navy / defeated the Danes/ a legal system5.the Norman Conquer of 1066: William the Conqueror/ King Haroldresult: the feudal system in England was established.6.《大宪章》/ the Great Charter/ Magna/ King John 12157.百年战争：1337-1453/ between France and England/ Calais of France/ Joan of Arc of France8.黑死病: the Black Death/ the 14th century9.玫瑰战争: 1455-1485 ( Sir Walter Scott)10.Elizabeth I(1558-1603) / 1588 defeated Armada/ England became a naval power11.文艺复兴: Renaissance/ rebirth/ the 14th century in Europe/ Leonardo Da Vinci/ WilliamShakespeare12.火药阴谋案the Gunpowder Plot of 1605:最有名的天主教密谋13.英国内战the First Civil War （the Puritan Revolution）/ between Charles I and Parliament/Cavaliers and RoundheadsResult: overthrew the feudal system in England and started the modern world history.14.1649—1658 Commonwealth/ Oliver Cromwell15.1702 Anne’s reign/ the name of Great Britain came into being16.18th-19th century: the Whigs and the Tories(Conservative Party) controlled the parliament.17.The Industrial Revolution: the late 18th—early 19th century/ workshop of the world by 183018.Colonial expansion began from Newfoundland in 1583/ 1763 Canada by the Treaty of Paris19.Canada as a dominion / the British North America Act of 186720.1900 a big Empire that the sun never sets/ 25% of the world’s population and area21.1973: 欧共体成员22.1979/ the Conservative Party/ Thatcherism / self-reliance and privatisationIII．Economy1.1950s-1960s: John Keynes2.the Midlands : 钢铁中心；Silicon Valley: between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland3.3% 人口：70% land area 耕地：东部和东南部IV．Government and Administration1.法律：没有成文法：no written constitution, is made up of statute law, common law andconventions. 法律来源：statute law, common law, equity law and European law.2.议会包括：the Sovereign, the House of Lords, the House of Commons. 五年一届3.两党制：the Conservative Party and the Labor Party 反对党：Opposition, shadow cabinet4.首相：由君主任命；首席财政和文职大臣；下议员议员；唐宁街10号，主持内阁事务。
英语专八人文知识
地理：1. UK: Great Britain (England, Wales, Scotland), Northern IrelandEngland: Landon Scotland: EdinburghWales: Gardiff Northern Ireland: Belfast2. U.S.: Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the Smallest. On the mainland, Texas is the largest state of the country.5. New Zealand:Wellington: the capital Auckland: the largest city6. The Republic of IrelandDublin: the capital文学：Ⅰ英国1.Old and Middle Ages: ballads and poetryChaucer: the father of English poetry and English fiction, The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》Malory: Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》Shakespeare:four comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, As Your Like It, Merchant of Venice, The Twelfth Nightfour tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Learth4.18: EnlightenmentA.Neo-ClassicismPope: An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》, Essay on ManJohnson: The Dictionary of the English LanguageSterne: Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《项狄传》E. DramaSheridan: The Rivals《情敌》, The School for Scandal《造谣学校》5.Romantic AgeLamb: Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚故事集》, Old China《古旧的瓷器》Tennyson: the greatest poet of Victorian EnglandThe Princess《公主》, Maud《莫德》, Break, Break, Break《拍岸曲》Browning: Men and Women《男男女女》, My Last Duchess《我的前公爵夫人》, Meeting at Night《夜间相会》7.At the end of 19thWilde: representative writer of aestheticism (唯美主义) and decadence(颓废派文艺) The Picture of Dorian Grey《多利安·格雷的肖像》, Happy Prince《快乐王子》thⅡ美国1.18thFranklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》, Autobiography《自传》Freneau: “Father of American Poetry”Jefferson: the third president of U. S., the drafter of The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》2.Romanticism4.ModernismThe “Lost Generation”: Gertrude Stein, an American woman writer, gave the term.。
英语专业八级人文知识（总结）
英语专业⼋级⼈⽂知识（总结）⼈⽂知识英语国家社会与⽂化考题回顾：1999 年:1. The Observer2. The geographical location of North America3. The old universities in U.K.4. Westminster Palace2000年:1.The titles of English nobility2.The features of Irish landscape3.The longest river in Britain4.The legislative branch in U.K.5.The Hundred Years’ War2001年:1.The founding of Harvard2.The settlement of Anglo-Saxons3.The official name of U.K.4.The economic activity of Canada2002年:1.Wall Street—the financial center2.Big Ben, Benjamin Hall3.The compulsory education in U.K.4.Three branches of U.S.A. government2003年:1.The location of California2.British news agency3.The founding fathers of U.S.A.4.The geography of Canada2004年:1.1920s in U.S.A.2.The largest river in U.S.A.3.The discovery of the New World4.The first settlement in America2005年:1.The capital city of Canada2.How long the U.S. President serves3.The important cities in U.S.A.4.The state church in England2006年:1.The President in the Civil War2. The capital city of New Zealand3. The natives of Australia4. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of the Cabinet2007年:1. The origin of the current British population2. The Head of State of Canada is represented by the Governor-general3. The author of the Declaration of Independence4. The original inhabitants of Australia2008年:1.The largest city in Canada.2.The legislative branch of the U.S. government3.The oldest sport in U.S.A.4.The head of the executive branch in New Zealand2009年:1.The Head of State of New Zealand2.The capital of Scotland3.The author of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. president4.The cities located on the eastern coast of Australia.2010年1. The British Constitution2. The first city in Canada3. The founding of Australian Federation4. The Emancipation ProclamationThe United Kingdom地理、⼈⼝及基本事实:1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Geographical Names: British Isles, Great Britain and England2. Geographical position: the English Channel3. Four political divisions: England (London), Scotland (Edinburgh), Wales (Cardiff), Northern Ireland (Belfast)4. The Commonwealth: a free association of independent countries, from 1931 to 1991, 50 member nations4. Rivers and Lakes: the longest—the Severn; Thames—the second longest and the most important; River Clyde—the most important in Scotland; Lough Neagh—the largest lake5. Mountains: Ben Nevis (the highest); Scafell (the highest in England); Snowdonia (the highest in Wales)6. The People: English (Anglo-Saxons); (the Celts) Welsh; Scottish; Irish.7. Eisteddfodau—the annual festival for Welsh poetry, music, singing and art历史备考点:The Origins of a Nation1. The first known settlers—Iberians2. The Celts (700 B.C.): three waves—Gaels; Brythons; Belgae3. Romans:Julius Caesar; Claudius (43AD, successful invasion); Christianity4. The Anglo-Saxons: Three Germanic tribes (Jutes, Anglos, Saxons)The foundation of the English state—shires; narrow-strip, three-field farming system; the manorial system; the Witan (贤⼈会议)5. The Viking and Danes:Alfred the Great—“the father of the British navy”; translate into English Ecclesiastical History of the English People (英国⼈民教会史)；established schools; formulate a legal system6. The Norman Conquest: 1066, the best-known event in English history, William the Conqueror; the establishment of the feudal system; the introduction of Norman French culture, language, manners and architecture; closer connection with RomeThe Shaping of the Nation1. The Great Charter: 1215, King John, 63 clauses. The statement of the relationship between the Crown and the baron; a guarantee of the freedom of the Church; a limitation of the power of the king (the spirit of the Great Charter or Magna Carta)2. All Estates Parliament—Simon de Montfort, 1265, the Great Council, the House of Lords, the House of Commons, the beginning of Parliament3. Black Death: the deadly epidemic disease; the 14th century; reduced the population from 4 million to 2 million;4. The Hundred Years’ War (1337—1453): blessing for both countries,4. The Peasant Uprising: 1381, Wat Tyler (killed) and Jack Straw; a telling blow to villeinage.Transition to the Modern Age1. The Wars of Roses (1455-1485): the battles between Lancaster (red rose) and York (white rose); Henry Tudor (the descendant of Duke of Lancaster) won, thus the rule of Tudors; the death blow to feudalism.2. The English Reformation: (1529-1534) Henry VIII, began with a struggle for divorce (Catherine of Aragon) and ended in the freedom from the Papacy; an independent Church of England; the king—the Supreme Head of the Church of England.3. Bloody Mary: 300 Protestants; the French port of Calais4. Elizabeth I: the defeat of Armada (the Spanish fleet)5. The English Renaissance: (rebirth) largely artistic; Elizabethan Drama (Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and William Shakespeare)6. The Divine Rights of Kings: Charles I7. The Civil Wars (1642-1651): between the Cavaliers (the king’s men) and Roundheads (the Parliamentary supporters); Oliver Cromwell (New Model Army) (Lord Protector); the Puritan Revolution; overthrew the feudal system; the beginning ofthe modern history8. The Restoration; the return of Charles II from his exile in France;9. The Glorious Revolution: 1688, the smooth takeover of English throne by William ofOrange, replacing James II (a Catholic king, the brother of Charles II), with no bloodshed, nor execution of the king.10. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: Guy Fawkes (Catholic) planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellar of the Parliament; the execution of Fawkes; a national annual celebration (bonfire and firework display)The British Empire1. Whigs and Tories (the forerunner of the Conservative Party)2. The Enclosure Movement:3. The Industrial Revolution: the mechanization of industry; the late 18th and early 19th century; after the revolution, by 1830,“the workshop of the world”; the industrial working class—the proletariat4. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)—“the first broad, really mass, political formed, proletarian revolutionary movement”(Lenin)5. The Labor Party—the Independent Labor Party(the origin); then the Labor Representation Committee; the Labor Party (1906).6. The first colony—Newfoundland, 15837. The East Indian Company: 1600, the economic penetration; 1858, ruled by the British crown; 1877, Queen Victoria, Empress of India.8. The Opium War: 18409. WWI: the Central Power (Germany and Austria-Hungary); the “Allies”(Britain, France and Russia); The Treaty of Versailles (1919); the League of Nations10. The Roaring Twenties: women with cropped hair and short dresses; two imports from America: jazz, silent films11. The Swinging Sixties—the permissive age; pop music (the Beatles turned their hometown of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage)12. 1973: a full member of the European Economic Committee13. Thatcherism: the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady), the return to private ownership of the state-owned industries, the strengthening of the role of market forces, and an emphasis on law and order.14. The Statute of Westminster (1931)政治1. The Constitutional Monarchy2. The monarch: the symbol of the whole nation, the head of the executive, head of judiciary, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.3. The components of the English Parliament: the Sovereign, the House of Lords (the oldest part of the Parliament) and the House of Commons (the real center of power in the Parliament) (651 members of Parliament); the maximum duration—five years4. The British Constitution: unwritten, including statute law, common law and conventions.5. Prime Minister—the leader of the majority party; the Cabinet—the core of leadership6. The Official Opposition—the party which wins the second largest number of seats, the“shadow cabinet”7. Downing Street No. 10—the official residence of the Prime Minister8. The Speaker—presiding over the House and enforcing the rules of order教育,社会,⽂化传统1. NHS—the National Health Service, a full range of medical services, the largest single employer of labor in U.K.2. Established religion: the Church of England (the Sovereign as the “Defender of Faith”) (changes only with the consent of the Parliament); the Presbyterian in Scotland3. Football: soccer, 19th century4. Rugby—invented at Rugby school in Warwich shire in the 19th century5. Cricket—the most typical English sport6. The home of golf is Scotland7. Magazines and newspapers: the Spectator; the Times; the Economist8. The most famous music and art festival in Britain9. Easter: the resurrection of Christ, the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox10. Hogmanay—Scottish New Year’s Eve11. Boxing Day: December 26th, the gift to give “Christmas boxes”, or gifts of money, to servants or tradesmanIreland1.The Emerald Isle: rich green countryside2.The largest river—the Shannon River3.Two official languages: Irish, English4.National Day: March 17th, St. Patrick’s Day (the arrival of St. Patrick—the mostimportant event in Irish history)5.Parliament: the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann); the Senate (Seanad)6.The two political parties: Fianna Fail; Fine Gael7.The oldest university in Ireland: the University of Dublin8.Roman Catholics: 93% of the Irish population9.Ulysses: James Joyce’s masterpieceThe United States of America:地理, ⼈⼝及基本事实1.The Rocky Mountains—the backbone the continent2.The Mississippi—the world’s third longest continental river, “Father of Waters”,“Old Man River”.3.The Five Great Lakes: Huron; Ontario; Michigan; Erie; Superior4.The Niagara Falls—between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie5.Yellowstone National Park—the oldest national park in the world and the largestwildlife preserve in the U.S.A.6.The Statute of Liberty—New York Harbor7.Grand Canyon—the state of Arizona8.Alaska and Hawaii—the two newest states in USA9.Alaska—the largest state in area; Rhode Island—the smallest; Texas—the largeststate on the mainland10.New England—the birthplace of America11.The nickname of the U.S.A.: Yankees1600—1900:1. The discoverer of America2. Magellan3. The 13 colonies4. May Flower5. Stamp Tax6. The Boston Tea Party7. The First Continental Congress8. The Second Continental Congress9. The beginning of the War of Independence10. The turning point of the War of Independence11. The Treaty of Paris12. The Constitutional Convention13. The Bill of Rights:14. The turning point of the Civil War15. Lincoln16. The Louisiana Territory17. The Westward Movement:18. KKK: Ku Klux Klan, terrorized and attacked the black, progressives, Communists and social party members. 1900—1945:1. The “Open Door Policy”—Theodore Roosevelt2. The 1920s—material success and spiritual frustration, confusion and purposelessness3. The Great Depression—1929-1933, the stock market crash, from prosperity to bleak despair,3. “N ew deal”—to save American democracy and capitalist system, social security systems,4. WWI—pro-Ally partiality5. Isolationism—1930s, to keep the U.S. out of the war in Europe and Asia6. WWII—(guiding principles) establish postwar political structure in accordance with American interests and; prevent Soviet Union from over-expansion1945—:1. The containment policy2. The Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King (non-violence) and Malcolm X(violence)3. The Sino-US relations: 1972, the Shanghai (Joint) Communique; 1979, the diplomatic relations was established4. The Vietnam War5. Baby-boomer: 1946-1961, helped to bring an end to the Vietnam War5. The Counterculture Movement6. The New Frontier.7. The Watergate Scandal—Nixon, the first to resign in American history8. New Right conservatism9. Desert Storm政治1. The American constitution; 1787, 1789; the oldest written constitution; principles—rule by law: popular sovereignty; separation of power; judicial review; civilian supremacy in military matters; protection of individual rights and federalism2. The Bill of Rights3. The Separation of three powers: Congress (the legislative branch); President (the executive branch); the judicial branch4. The Congress: the Senate (2 members from each state) (vice president as the president of the Senate 副总统为参议院议长); the House of Representatives (based on population) (the presiding officer—the Speaker of the House众议院主持官员)5. The President can appoint the federal court judges, preside over the government, sign and veto laws passed by the Congress;6. Impeachment7. The judicial branch: the Supreme Court; the circuit court of appeals (巡回上诉法院); district court8. The bipartisanship (the two party system)—the Republican; the Democratic The emblem of the two parties9. The Democratic: Anti-Federalists; Thomas Jefferson; greater federal involvement in economic issues and less state’s rights10. The Republican: a less powerful central government; more rights to the states11. “Winner-take-all” principle: applied in all states except Maine教育,社会,⽂化传统1. The higher education: two-year colleges, four-year colleges and universities.2. The best research universities: Harvard (1636), Yale, Princeton, Columbia, MIT (on the east); Stanford, Berkeley (on the west)—private.3. Three functions of the higher education: teaching, research and public service.4. The age of the students admitted by schools: 65. Graded schools: elementary schools (grades 1—8); high school (9—12).6. No national system of education, the state establishes policies for the education within its boundary7. Three main types of popular music: Jazz (U.S.’unique contribution to music);Rock-and-roll; the Western Country music.8. “The Lost Generation”9. Nationally observed holiday of America10. Important cities:Washington D.C.(1800, John Adams ordered the transfer of the capital from Philadelphia to Washington D.C.);New York City (city of the world; Times Square; the United Nations; Manhattan—the heart of the city; Wall Street; Broadway); Chicago—the second largest city; “Great Center Market of U.S.”San Francisco—the Golden Gate BridgeLos Angeles—Hollywood and DisneylandPhiladelphia—the city for two Continental Congress; the capital city from 1790 to 1800 Huston—“the Pearl in the Gulf”; “the Space City of the U.S.A.”Detroit—the motor city;11. Independence Day: July 4th, the birthday of the nation;12. Halloween: October 31st, “Trick or Treat”;13. Thanksgiving Day: a typical American holiday; (began with) the Pilgrims; the first celebrated on December 13th, 1621.14. Veterans’ Day: (or the Armistice Day); (celebrated) the signing of 1918 Armistice15. The plane—1903, the Wright brothers16. Newspaper and magazines: the New York Times; Washington Post; the Los Angeles Times; the Wall Street Journal; Time; Newsweek; Readers’ DigestCanada1.The National Day: July 1 (1867)2.The origin of the name “Canada”: “kanata”, a settlement, Indian3.The national flag: Maple Leaf Flag, white square in the centre, a red stylized11-pointed maple leaf4.Two discoverers of Canada: John Cabot (Newfoundland, east coast); JacquesCartier (the St. Lawrence river)5.Official languages: Bilingualism—English, French; the official Language Act (1969)6.Important cities: Ottawa (the capital, the 4th largest city); Vancouver (the thirdlargest city, ice-free harbor); Montreal (the second largest city); Toronto (the largest city, Toronto university—the largest university)7.Seven Years’ War: 1756-1763; between France (defeated) and England8.Quebec: the largest province; strong French culture9.The Constitutional Act of 1791: Upper Canada (English law and constitution);Lower Canada (French law and institutions)10.The British North America Acts in 1867: the dominion; the Statute of Westminster in1931: independence.11.The Parliament: the Crown, the Senate and the House of Commons12.Constitution: partly written, partly unwritten, including fundamental acts, customsand parliamentary traditions of British originAustralia1. “T he Land Down Under”.2. Australia’s National Day: January 26 (1788), the date of the first European settlement of the continent3. Great Barrier Reef: the longest coral reef in the world, from southern Queensland to the Gulf of Papua4. National flower: wattle; national bird: lyrebird5. Important cities: Canberra (the capital); Sydney (New South Wales); Melbourne (Victoria); Brisbane (Queensland); Adelaide (South Australia); Perth (West Australia); Hobart (Tasmania); Darwin (the Northern Territory);6. 1901: the Commonwealth of Australia; 1931: independence, the Statute of Westminster 《威斯敏斯特法案》7. Elementary education: 5-11; secondary education: 11-188. Animals: koala; kangaroos9. William Dampier: the first Englishman to reach Australia, the author of the book A New V oyage Around the World; James Cook: the English put Australia on map, British colony;10. Convicts from Britain11. Multiculturalism: coined in Canada in 1960s, adopted by Australia in 1973, emphasizing the unique characteristics of different cultures in the world .12. Politics: a written Constitution; Legislature: the Queen, the House of Representatives, the Senate13. The gold rushes: 1850s, the discoveries of gold in New South Wales and Victoria New Zealand1.National Day: December 6th, 1840, the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty ofWaitangi, Waitangi Day2.The land of the long white cloud3.Cities: Auckland (the largest city, the North Island), Wellington (the capital, theNorth Island)4.Official languages: English, Maori5.Haka: a dance performed to daunt the enemy and to prepare warriors for the battle6.The International Date Line—just west of the line, the first country to get the newday7.fault line: the cause of the frequent earthquakes8.The Kiwis: the national symbol, the name the New Zealanders called themselves9.Abel Tasman: the first European to visitor, who named the area Statenland, laterNieuw Zeeland10.No single written constitution, including parliamentary statutes, judiciary rulings,administrative practices.11.Only one chamber: the House of Representatives12.the world’s biggest farm, the world’s largest exporter of lamb and mutton, diaryproducts。
英语专八考试人文知识
英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1．The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.（密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线）2．The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3．The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4．Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。
2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5．America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6．The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境)7．In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8．Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9．The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10．Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1．Of the fifty states of America, 38states now have the death penalty as punishment.（美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑）2．The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. （美国的主要四大部分不包括北部）3．The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. （美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响）4．California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. （加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多）5．“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6．The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。
专八人文知识汇总-自我总结版
第一章英语国家概括第一节英国概括I地理有四个部分组成great Britain （England ，Wales，Scotland）and northern Irelandn地理特征最短的海峡strait of Dover多佛海峡1 England the pennies 英格兰最主要的山脉2 Scotland three natural zone ：the highlands central lowlands the southern uplands ，首都是Edinburgh ，river Clyde 克莱德河是最重要的河流，3 Wales Cardiff 最大的城市和首府4 northern Ireland Belfast 英国最大的湖是内伊湖（Lough Neagh）5 Rivers and lakes最长的是Severn river （赛文河），第二长和最重要的是泰晤士河，（Thames river）,典型的海洋性气候（maritime climate ）川人口60million ，英国人是Anglo-Saxons ,苏格兰人hospitable and generous, Wales are emotional and cheerful people，北爱尔兰的官方语言是爱尔兰语，其次才是英语ethic groups 伦敦是最大的少数名族聚居区IV History :1 first settlers are Lberians （伊利比亚人）2 1066（Norman conquer）1215 （大宪章）1337—1453（英法百年战争）1381（农民起义）1458（玫瑰战争, 1350-1650（Renaissance）1642-1646 （first civil war ）, 1658（the restoration 王朝复辟）1688（the glorious revolution ）V教育实行的是5-16岁都必须前去学习W Religio nEstablished churches 分为the Church of England （official church ,英国君主必须是这个教的成员主教和大主教由monarch 指定）and the Church of Scotland （Presbyterian , 长老教会）Unestablished churches: the Anglican churches 英国圣公会, the free churches 自由教, the roman catholic church 天主教vn 主要节日Christmas day December 25 th Easter 复活节（主要的天主教节日）whit Sun day （圣灵降临节,复活节后的第7个周日）Gay Fawkes day （盖伊福克斯之夜, 11月5日, 燃放烟火的节日）忸sports，足球是最受欢迎的（职业足球从August至U May）,最典型的英国运动是cricket ，板球）网球（annual Wimbledon fortnightIX Arts 博物馆（the British museum, the national history museum .the national army museum ,the national gallery ）Music （甲壳虫乐队，the Beatles ,first national music day was held in 1992,the most famous music festival is the Edinburgh international festival of music and dramaX media （BBC ,daily Express Daily mail daily mirror , daily star ,finan cial times ,the Guardia n, the times （泰晤士报）the observer （the first Sunday newspaper）幻Politicalconstitutional monarchy ，没有宪法，全靠惯例，parliament （the house of lord and the house of commons ，任期为五年）political party ：labor party(Whigs 辉格党) and conservative party ( Tories 托利党) 第二节美国概括I yellow National park (大平原地带),大峡谷 (the grand canvon ,in Arizona ,phoenix is thelargest city in the intermountain region ,the largest commercial city( san Francisco, also the second largest city in California )n Alaska and Hawaii (Alaska 居住着Inuits , also called Eskimos)Hawaii ( Mauna Loa，莫纳罗亚山，the world 'largest active volca no，盛产sugar cane and pin eapple，首府是Honolulu )川地理特征1 两大主要山脉是，Appalachian mountains and rocky mountains ，2 the Mississippi river ( greatest continental rivers ，American Ruhr )，Ohio river (俄亥俄河)3 the great lakes: lake Michigan (唯一一个在美国境内)，lake superior (世界上最大的淡水湖) ，the lake Huron (休伦湖) lake Erie (伊利湖) and lake Ontario (安大略湖)IV history1620，201 pilgrim ，mayflower,1774(September, first continental congress), on April 19 ,1775 (,the second continental congress),1776( declaration of independence) , in September 1783, (英国承认其独立，签署停火协议) ，1789( established federal government)，1812(和英国开战，认识到强大的联邦政府的重要) 1861-1865(civil war ) ,gilded age (镀金时代，国内战争到20 世纪初)，1949 (north Atlantic treaty)，1950s (civil rights movement) 1950-1975 (the Vietnam war)，1972(Watergate scandal) 1972 (访华)，1979(中美建交)V America n political美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法， (1789 讨论成立，国会两院，三分之二以上赞成便可以对宪法进行修改。
专八人文知识整理
An Outline of British Literary HistoryEarly and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf, epic in old Briton2. Romance3. Ballads4. Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, “The Canterbury Tales”The English Renaissance (16th—first half of 17th)1. Characteristic of Renaissance: 1) a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature; 2) keen interest in the activities of humanity (humanism)2. Thomas More, the greatest of the English humanists, “Utopia”3. Poets in this period: (The sonnet, an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed, was introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard)① Sir Philip Sidney (1554-86), love sonnets: “Astrophel and Stella”② W alter Raleigh (1552-1618), “Discovery of Guiana”③ Edmund Spenser (1552-99), “The Shepherd’s Calendar” (a pastoral poem in 12 books); “The Faerie Queene” (his masterpiece dedicated to Queen Elizabeth). He is the first master to make Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusions.④ John Lyly (1554-1606), a romance writer for the gentle reader, “Euphues”4. Prose Writer: Francis Bacon (1561-1626), “Essays” (58 ones). It covers a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death, and many others. They have won popularity for their precision, clearness, brevity and force.5. Drama (the highest glory of English Renaissance)① university wits: Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash. They made rapid progress in dramatic technique because they had a close contact with the actors and audience.② Christopher Marlowe (1564-93): 1) Tamburlaine; 2) The Jew of Malta;3) Doctor Faustus③ Ben Jonson (1572-1637): 1) Every man in His Humor; 2) Volpone, or the Fox”; 3) The Alchemist;④ William ShakespeareFour Tragedies: 1) Hamlet 2) Othello 3) King Lear 4) MacbethCelebrated comedies: 1) The Merchant of Venice 2) The Taming of the Shrew 3) A Midsum mer Night’s Dream 4) All’s Well That Ends Well other celebrated ones: 1) Titus Andronicus 2) Romeo and Juliet 3) Henry V 4) Twelfth Night 5) Julius Caesar 6) Timon of Athens 7) The Tempest 8) Antony and CleopatraThe Neoclassical Period1. John Milton (1608-1674): 1) Paradise Lost 2) Paradise Regained 3) Samson Agonistes2. John Bunyan (1628-1688): The Pilgrim’s Progress3. Metaphysical Poets (mysticism in content and fantasticality in form): 1) John Donne (1572-1631), the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry. 2) George Herbert (1593-1633), “the saint of the Metaphysical school”, sings the glory of God 3) Andrew Maevell, a Puritan4. John Dryen (1631-1700): 1) All for Love (a tragedy) 2) An Essay of dramatic Poesy (It established his position as the leading critic of the day.)5. Richard Steele (1672-1729), a representative of the Enlightenment in English literature, the founder of “The Tatler” (a newspaper)6. Joseph Addison (1672-1719), another representative of theEnli ghtenment in English literature, the founder of “The Spectator” (a daily paper)7. Alexander Pope (1688-1744), the most important poet and classicist in the first half of the 18th century. 1) Essay on Criticism (didactic poem in heroic couplets) 2) The Rape of the Lock 3) Pope’s Homer (his translation of “Illiad” and half of “Odyssey” in heroic couplets)8. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745): Gulliver’s Travels9. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731): 1) Robinson Crusoe 2) Captain Singleton 3) Moll Flanders 4) Colonel Jacque10. Samuel Richardson (1680-1761): Pamela, or, Virtue Rewarded11. Henry Fielding (1707-1754): 1) Tom Jones 2) Joseph Andrews12. Tobias Smollett (1721-1771): Roderick Random13. Laurence Sterne (1713-1768): 1) Tristram Shandy 2) A Sentimental Journey14. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816), a playwright: The School for Scandal15. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), a lexicographer critic and poet: Dictionary16. Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774): The Vicar of Wakefield17. Edward Gibbon, historian: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire一、殖民地时期的美国文学1、约翰史密斯：美国文学的第一个作家，《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》；2、纳撒尼尔沃德：《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》，北美讽刺文学第一笔；3、威廉布拉德福德：美国历史之父，《普利茅斯种植园史》4、安妮、布拉德斯特利特《第十个缪斯》5、迈克尔威格尔斯沃斯6、爱德华泰勒长诗《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》7、乔纳森爱德华兹：大觉醒运动中主要的思想家；二、南北战争时期的美国文学1、富兰克林2、托马斯、潘恩：《长诗》3、托马斯、杰弗逊：《独立宣言》4、约翰、伍尔曼：《日记》5、飞利浦、弗瑞诺：美国独立革命的诗人6、飞利浦、惠特利：美国文学史上第一位出版诗集的黑人女诗人，了不起的诗才之称，《胡塞先生和棺木》；7、威廉、邓拉普：美国戏剧之父8、华盛顿、欧文：美国文学之父，《见闻札记》《睡古传说》《温克尔》9、詹姆斯菲尼莫尔库珀：《开拓者》《最后一个莫干希人》《探路人》10、威廉、布莱恩特：美国的华兹华斯，《诗选》《黄色的紫罗兰》《致水鸟》11、爱伦、坡：侦探小说的鼻祖，《厄舍古厦的倒塌》《乌鸦》12、艾默生：超验主义，13、大卫梭罗14、亨利、费朗罗：《伊凡吉林》歌颂爱情；《海华沙之歌》第一部描写印第安人的史诗；15、纳撒尼尔、霍桑：《范肖》《带七个尖角阁的房子》《福谷传奇》以第一人称叙述；16、麦尔维尔17、斯托夫人的代表作《汤姆叔叔的小屋》18、惠特曼：free verse；草叶集；三、第一次世界大战时期的美国文学1、豪威尔斯是美国现实主义文学的奠基人，其代表作诗《塞拉斯拉帕姆的发迹》；2、亨利、詹姆斯：《黛西米勒》；《贵妇人的画像》《美国人》3、马克吐温4、赫姆林加兰：加兰是“乡土文学作家”的重要代表，《大路》，80年代美国的真实写照；5、弗兰克诺里斯：开创自然主义的先河，代表作《章鱼》；6、欧亨利：美国现代短篇小说的创始人；7、杰克伦敦：自然主义，《马丁伊登》自传体小说8、西奥多、德莱赛：美国现代小说的先驱，20世纪美国文学中第一位杰出的作家；《嘉莉妹妹》，《欲望三部曲》：《金融家》《巨人》《斯多葛》；9、艾米丽迪金森：现代英美诗歌的先驱；四、一战到二战时期的美国文学1、罗伯特弗罗斯特：四次获得普利策奖2、庞德：印象派诗歌运动的主要力量；3、爱德华、肯明斯：视觉诗歌的创始人；4、尤金、奥尼尔：《天边外》早起作品；《送冰人来了》；《长夜漫漫路迢迢》，1936年获得诺贝尔文学奖；5、辛克莱、刘易斯：1930年获得诺贝尔文学奖；第一个获得该奖项的美国作家，《大街》《巴比特》6、海明威：7、菲茨杰拉德：《人间天堂》《了不起的盖茨比》《夜色温柔》8、赛珍珠：《大地》1938年美国历史上第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的女性作家；9、《约翰、斯坦贝克：20世纪美国文坛最重要的作家之一，1962年获得诺贝尔文学奖；《天堂的牧场》《煎饼坪》《愤怒的葡萄》《月落》《烦躁的冬天》10、福克纳：《喧哗与骚动》《寓言》获得普利策奖；最重要的作品三部曲：《村子》《小镇》《大宅》11、兰斯顿休斯：哈莱姆的桂冠诗人五、二战以后的美国文学1、杰克、开鲁亚克：垮掉的一代，《在路上》2、塞林格：垮掉的一代的重要作家，《麦田的守望者》3、纳博科夫：《洛丽塔》4、约瑟夫、海勒：《第22条军规》5、库特、冯尼格：黑色幽默手法；6、威廉、斯泰轮：《苏菲的选择》7、辛格：美国犹太作家，1978年诺贝尔文学奖《路柏林的魔术师》8、索尔、贝娄：1976年诺贝尔文学奖；《晃来晃去的人》9、菲利普、罗斯：《美国牧歌》，获普利策奖；10、托尼、莫里森：1993年获得诺贝尔，第一位美国黑人作家；《最蓝的眼睛》《所罗门之歌》11、田纳西、威廉斯：《欲望号街车》《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》12、阿瑟、米勒：《推销员之死》首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治•华盛顿，而联邦直辖区命名为哥伦比亚特区是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多拂•哥伦布。
英语专业八级文化常识
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftness the father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
专八人文知识
一、英语国家概况英国世界上最大的博物馆：大英博物馆世界上最大的哥特式建筑：威斯敏斯特教堂英国第二大城市：伯明翰利物浦：披头士的故乡曼彻斯特：棉纺织业中心最重要的河流：泰晤士河内伊湖：最大的湖《大宪章》，1215，限制英国国王的绝对权力《联合法》，1707，英格兰和苏格兰统一1830年，英国成为“世界工厂”1900年，英国建立了“日不落”帝国政治：英国国家元首是国王或女王政府：行政权国会：立法权司法权独立伦敦警察署直接接受内政大臣管辖英国议会是立法的最高权力机关,最终立法权归下议院所有议会=国王（the Sovereign)+上议院(the House of Lords)+下议院(the House of Commons) Conservative Party（保守党）Labour Party（工党）教育：英国实行5-16岁义务教育制度白金汉大学：英国唯一一所私立大学美国国花：玫瑰花国鸟：秃鹫地理：美国的发源地：新英格兰，美国独立战争爆发于此费城：美国独立战争爆发于此第一次和第二次大陆会议在此召开美国宪法草案在此起草和签署这里是美国民主的诞生地世界著名的“玉米带”位于美国中西部落基山脉：大分水岭（the Continental Divide)密西西比河：“众河之父”或“老人河”俄亥俄河：美国的鲁尔河格兰德河：美国和墨西哥之间的天然界河密歇根湖：唯一一个完全在美国境内的湖速必利尔：世界上最大的淡水湖历史：英国第一个殖民地：弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯敦1783.9，《巴黎条约》的签署标志着英国正式承认美国独立美国内战：1861.4-18651862，Emancipation Proclamation《解放黑奴宣言》20世纪20年代，物质上成功、精神上迷惘的时期，美国经济呈现发展不平衡的繁荣现象1941.12.7国耻日政治：美国宪法：起草：1787 生效：1789 是世界上最早的成文宪法，也是美国的最高法律国会：众议院（两年选举一次）+参议院政党：民主党（the Democratic Party) +共和党(the Republican Party)文化:主要杂志：《读者文摘》《时代》《电视指南》《新闻周刊》《国家地理》美国本土音乐：乡村音乐和西部音乐加拿大国庆日：7月1日“枫叶之国”除魁北克之外，英语是加拿大的主要语言首都：渥太华魁北克：最大的省圣劳伦斯河：最重要的河流麦肯齐河：最长的河John Cabot:第一个发现加拿大的人制造业是加拿大最主要的经济活动政党：Liberal Party自由党Progressive Conservative Party进步保守党澳大利亚James Cook：第一个到达澳大利亚的英国人英国队澳大利亚的殖民开始于18世纪最大的城市：悉尼Anzac Day（澳新军团节）：澳大利亚最重要的节日大选每三年一次世界上最大的羊毛出口国Cricket（板球）：国球新西兰首都：惠灵顿最大的城市：奥克兰1893，成为第一个给予妇女选举权的国家世界上最大的羊肉出口国The world’s biggest farm二、英国文学1. 中古时期头韵：指单词开头辅音的重复Thomas Marlory: Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》乔叟：英国诗歌之父、英国小说之父《坎特伯雷故事集》《公爵夫人之书》《声誉之宫》《百鸟会议》《贤妇传说》《特洛伊罗斯与克里西达》2. 文艺复兴时期（14世纪-17世纪）Thomas Wyatt：最先将十四行诗引入英国文学Christopher Marlowe：使无韵诗成为英国戏剧的主要表现形式Tamburlaine《帖木儿》The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》The Jew of Malta《马耳他岛的犹太人》Edmund Spenser：诗人中的诗人The Faerie Queen仙后Thomas More：Utopia《乌托邦》Francis Bacon：第一位英国散文家The Advancement of Learning 《论学术的进展》EssaysThe New Atlantis莎士比亚：四大戏剧：《仲夏夜之梦》、《皆大欢喜》、《威尼斯商人》、《第十二夜》四大悲剧：《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》3.资产阶级革命和王政复辟时期（17世纪）John Donne：玄学派创始人A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分别：莫悲伤》John Milton：无韵诗大师Paradise lostParadise RegainedSamson Agonistes《力士参孙》John Bunyan：The Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Holy War《圣战》John Dryden：18世纪英国古典主义的先驱者“英国批评文学之父”All for Love《一切为了爱情》An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》4. 启蒙运动时期（18世纪）Alexander Pope：英国18世纪最伟大的诗人An Essay on CriticismThe Rape of the Lock《夺发记》Essay on ManRichard Steele：The Tattler《闲谈者报》Joseph Addison：The Spectator《旁观者报》Samuel Johnson：The Dictionary of the English LanguageThe Lives of English Poets《诗人传》Daniel Defoe：现代小说的奠基人，“英国和欧洲小说之父”Robinson CrusoeCaptain Singleton《辛格顿船长》Colonel Jacque《杰克上校》Moll Flanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》Jonathan Swift：爱尔兰讽刺大师A Tale of a Tub《一个木桶的故事》Gulliver’s TravelsA Modest ProposalHenry Fielding：“英国小说之父”小说：Joseph Andrew《约瑟夫·安德鲁的经历》Jonathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森·维尔德》The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》Amelia《阿米莉亚》Samuel Richardson：Pamela《帕米拉》Laurence Sterne：Tristram Shandy《项狄传》A Sentimental Journey《伤感旅行》Oliver Goldsmith：The Traveler《旅游人》The Deserted Village《荒村》The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师》Thomas Gray：“墓畔派”领导人Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》John Gay：The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》Sheridan：The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》，继莎士比亚之后最好的喜剧5. 浪漫主义时期（18世纪末-19世纪中期）浪漫主义时期：开始：1798年，《抒情歌谣集》的出版结束：1832年，司各特的逝世William Blake：Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Robert Burns：苏格兰民族诗人A Red, Red Rose《一朵红红的玫瑰》Wordsworth：Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》The Prelude《序曲》Coleridge：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《孤舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯塔贝尔》Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》Robert Southey（罗伯特·骚塞）：Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》Wat Tyler《瓦特·泰勒》Byron（拜伦）：She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影里》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》Shelly（雪莱）：Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》To a Skylark《致云雀》Keats（济慈）：“ Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美即是真，真即是美Ode on Melancholy《忧郁颂》Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》Ode to Autumn《秋颂》Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》Charles Lamb（查尔斯·兰姆）：Old China《古旧的瓷器》William Hazlitt（威廉·哈兹列特）：The Spirit of the Age《时代精神》Table Talk《桌边文谈》Quincey（昆西）：The Confession of an English Opium-Eater《一个抽鸦片人的自白》Walter Scott（沃尔特·司各特）：他的去世标志着英国浪漫主义的结束，向现实主义过渡The Lady of the Lake《湖畔夫人》Waverly《威弗利》Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Jane Austen（简·奥斯丁）：英国第一位女性小说家Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Emma《爱玛》Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Persuasion《劝导》Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》6. 维多利亚时期（1836-1901）Dickens(狄更斯）：The Pickwick Papers《匹克威客外传》Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Dombey and Son《董贝父子》David Copperfield《大卫·科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉山庄》Hard Times《艰难时刻》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》Great Expectation《远大前程》Thackeray（萨克雷）：Vanity Fair《名利场》The Virginians《弗吉尼亚人》Charlotte Bronte（夏洛特·勃朗特）：第一次把以家庭教师为题材的小说引入英国文学历史，女权主义和女权主义文学的先驱者Professor《教师》Jane Eyre《简·爱》Emily Bronte（艾米丽·勃朗特）：Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》，批判资产积极婚姻制度Anne Bronte（安妮·勃朗特）：Agnes Grey《艾格尼丝·格雷》Mrs. Gaskell（盖斯凯尔夫人）：Mary Barton《玛丽·巴顿》George Eliot（乔治·艾略特）：Adam Bede《亚当·彼德》The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》Silas Marner《织工马南》Hardy（哈代）：开创了地域小说（regional novels）Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》Far From the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》Tennyson（丁尼生）：维多利亚时期最伟大的诗人“人民的诗人”“ Poet of the People ”丁尼生、布朗宁、阿诺德：维多利亚诗人“三巨头”Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》Ulysses《尤利西斯》The Princess《公主》Robert Browning（罗伯特·勃朗宁）：贡献：戏剧独白（dramatic monologues）My Last Duchess《我的公爵夫人》，常被作为戏剧独白最典型的例子Arnold（阿诺德）：Dover Beach《多佛海滩》7. 现实主义时期（19世纪末）Oscar Wilde（奥斯卡·王尔德）：The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林·格雷的画像》A Woman of No Importance《一个无足轻重的女人》The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快乐王子故事集》Bernard Shaw（萧伯纳）：莎士比亚之后最伟大的剧作家Mrs. Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》Pygmalion《茶花女》Heartbreak House《伤心之家》Man and Superman《人与超人》Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》Samuel Beckett（塞缪尔·贝克特）：Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》W. B. Yeats（叶芝）：The Countess Cathleen《伯爵夫人凯瑟琳》T. S. Eliot：The Waste Land《荒原》Four Quartets《四重奏》D. H. Lawrence：心理小说Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》James Joyce（詹姆斯·乔伊斯）：“意识流”的先驱者Dubliners《都柏林人》A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《一个年轻艺术家的画像》Ulysses《尤利西斯》Araby《阿拉比》Virginia Woolf（维吉尼亚·伍尔夫）：20世纪最有影响力的女作家，女权运动的倡导者To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》Orlando《奥兰多》三、美国文学1. 殖民地时期及独立战争革命时期（17世纪-18世纪末）John Smith（约翰·史密斯）：A True Reflection of Virginia《关于弗吉尼亚真实的叙述》，被认为是美国文学史上“第一本书”Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林)：美国开国者Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查年鉴》The Autobiography《自传》Thomas Paine（托马斯·潘恩）：美国革命之父The Common Sense《常识》，最著名的政治宣传册The American crisis《美国危机》Philip Freneau（菲利普·弗伦诺）：美国革命诗人，美国诗歌之父The Rising Glory of America《美洲光辉的兴起》The Wild Honey Suckle《野金银花》Thomas Jefferson（托马斯·杰斐逊）：Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》2.浪漫主义时期（18世纪末-19世纪中后期）Washington Irving（华盛顿·欧文）：美国文学之父幽默感极强The Sketch Book《见闻札记》，标志着美国浪漫主义的开始The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷传奇》Cooper（库伯）：开创了边疆传奇小说（Frontier Saga）The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》Emerson（爱默生）：任何自然现象背后都是自然的灵魂Nature《论自然》，被称为“美国超验主义宣言”The American Scholar《美国学者》Thoreau（梭罗）：Walden《瓦尔登湖》Hawthorne（霍桑）：第一位伟大的美国小说家作品中心主题：人类灵魂象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《带七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》Herman Melville（赫尔曼·梅尔维尔）：擅长描写航海奇遇和异域风情Typee《泰比》White Jacket《白外套》Moby Dick《白鲸》Walt Whitman（沃尔特·惠特曼）：自由体之父Leaves of Grass《草叶集》，标志着真正的美国诗歌诞生，被赞为“共和诗经”和“美国史诗”Song of Myself《自我之歌》Emily Dickinson（艾米丽·迪金森）：作品主题：爱、自然、友谊、死亡、永恒I’m Nobody, Who Are You?《我是无名小卒，你是谁？》Allan Poe（艾伦·坡）：第一位美国职业作家，第一位侦探小说家The Fall of the House of Ushe r《厄舍古厦的倒塌》The Raven《乌鸦》Bryant（布莱恩特）：To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》Longfellow（朗费罗）：A Psalm of Life《人生礼赞》The Song of Hiawatha《海华沙之歌》Whittier（惠迪尔）：V oice of Freedom《自由之声》3.现实主义时期（19世纪中期-20世纪初）Stowe（斯托）：Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Douglass（道格拉斯）：My Bondage and Freedom《我的枷锁和自由》Henry James（亨利·詹姆斯）：The Portrait of a Lady《贵妇人的画像》Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》Mark Twain（马克·吐温）：The Golden Age《镀金时代》The Adventure of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》Life on Mississippi《在密西西比河上》Theodore Dreiser（西奥多·德莱赛）：Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》Trilogy of Desire《欲望三部曲》The American Tragedy《美国悲剧》Jack London（杰克·伦敦）：心理现实主义文学创始人The Mexican《墨西哥人》The Low of Life《生命的法则》O. Henry（欧·亨利）：美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem《警察与赞美诗》The Last Leaf《最后一片叶子》The Gift of Magi《麦琪的礼物》4.现代主义时期（20世纪初）Pound（庞德）：美国现代诗歌创始人，意象派诗歌之父In a Station of the Metro《在地铁站里》Robert Frost（罗伯特·弗罗斯特）：The Road Not Taken《未选之路》Fitzgerald（菲茨杰拉德）：The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》Hemingway（海明威）：A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》The Sun Also Rises《太阳照常升起》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》Sinclair Lewis（辛克莱·刘易斯）：第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国作家William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳）：小说中心主题：人类心灵与自己冲突The Sound and the Fury《喧嚣与骚动》John Steinbeck（约翰·斯坦贝克）：The Grape of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Of Mice and Men《人与鼠》Eugene O’Neil（尤金·奥尼尔）：Beyond the Horizon《天外边》The Emperor Jones《琼斯皇帝》Anna Christie《安娜·克里斯蒂》Ralph Ellison（拉尔夫·埃里森）：Invisible Man《隐形人》J.D.Salinger（塞林格）：The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》Jack Kerouac（杰克·布鲁亚克）：On the Road《在路上》四、语言学1. 语言和语言学Design Features of Language语言的区别性特征：Arbitrariness任意性、Duality二重性、Creativity创造性、Displacement移位性信息功能是语言的主导功能语言学史对语言的科学研究2.音系学PhonologyMinimal Pairs最小对立体：两个意思不同的单词，除了出现在同一个位置上的音外，其余的音都相同。
英语专八人文知识
专八人文知识（英国文学）Part 1. Old and medievalBeowulf 贝尔武甫(the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements.William Langland 威廉。
兰格伦Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利?乔叟1340-1400 长诗：The House of Fame声誉之堂;Troilus and Criseyde特罗勒斯与克丽西德小说：Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集----英国文学史上现实主义第一部杰作（他是最早有人文主义思想的作家，现实主义文学的奠基人）his contribution to English poetry: introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part 2. The English renaissanceThomas More托马斯。
莫尔Utopia乌托帮Philip Sidney菲力普。
锡德尼Astrophel and Stella Apology for Poetry诗辩Edmond Spenser埃德蒙。
斯宾塞The Faerie Queene 仙后The Shepherds’s Calender 牧羊人日历Francis Bacon培根1561-1626 Advancement of Learning学术的进展;Novum Organum新工具;New Atlantic新大西岛;Essays论文集（Of Studies论学习;Of Wisdom for a Man’s Self）The founder of English materialist philosophyChristopher Marlowe克里斯托夫。
专业英语八级人文知识
专业英语八级人文知识第一篇：专业英语八级人文知识英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Thomas Wyatt 和 Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。