2015年03月21日雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150723
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心李园考试日期： 2015年7月23日Reading Passage 1Title: Traditional Farming System in Africa (V100717 P1)Question types: Complete the sentences 4题Classify 4题TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 4题Multiple choice 1题文章内容回顾介绍非洲传统的农业系统相关英文原文阅读参考文章（粗体字部分为阅读高频词）：A By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are becoming prevalent.B Most of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as n the Bemba area to the east, is based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fired before the rains and in the first year planted with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusinecoracana).C During the second season, and possibly for afew seasons more the area is planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize,pumpkins (Telfiriaoccidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Pharsalus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often planted into the developinglast-but-one crop as a relay.D Richards (1969) observed that the practice ofcitemene entails a definite division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is consideredprovocative towards one’s neighbours to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacked by the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done bathe women. At the beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.E When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of the fruit is sold by the road side or in local marketsF The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.G Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeoaltivelis) and pale (Saro the rodonmachochir) have all but disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.H Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in suchactivities. Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and have a good time!I Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are keptin the province owing to the prevalence of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples’ diet.J Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the total.题型难度分析Questions 1-4Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1. Choose NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need.2. The citemene system provides the land with (the) ashes where crops are planted.3. During the second season, the last planted crop is (vegetable) cassava.4. Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses. Questions 5-8Classify the following items with the correct description.Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.A. fishB. oxenC. goats5. be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. C6. cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. B7. be the largest part of creating profit. A8. be sold beyond the local area. AQuestions 9-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? WriteTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts with the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this9. People rarely use animals to cultivate land. TRUE10. When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force. NOTGIVEN11. The local residents eat goats on a regular time. FALSE12. Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein. TRUEQuestion 13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.What is the writer’s opinion about the traditional ways of practices? BA. They can supply the nutrition that people need.B. They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.C. They are productive systems that need no more improving.D. They will be easily modified in the future第一篇的题型涉及较多，填空题+classify+判断+主旨单选。
20150704雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 林炎珠考试日期： 2015年7月4日Reading Passage 1Title:The Origin of Camera Question types: Diagram 4题； Table Completion 4题；TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题；文章内容回顾1895年卢米埃兄弟向大众展现火车进站的画面时，观众被活生生的影像吓得惊惶四散。
从此，活动摄影不只在人类纪实工具的发展史上具有划时代的意义，而且火车进站的镜头也象征着电影技术发展的源起。
1888年，爱迪生开始研究活动照片，当伊斯曼发明了连续底片后，爱迪生立刻将连续底片买回来，请威廉甘乃迪和罗利狄克生着手进行研究。
1891年，爱迪生申请影像映出管和摄影装置的发明专利权，这是“西洋镜”电影的鼻祖。
爱迪生发明“西洋镜”电影的想法是：由于西洋镜一次只能由一个人去“窥看”，再借助人们的好奇心，如此便可以增加利益，于是这种电影一时间非常流行。
不久，爱迪生又发明了世界最早的摄影棚，特别有助于电影的发展。
19世纪末，电影的诞生从根本上说是科学技术与艺术相结合的综合产物，使电影这门伟大的艺术叩响了20世纪的大门。
1-4设备说明示意图5-8表格题5. photography6. mirror7. disco8. on a screen9-13判断题9. TRUE10. FALSE11. FALSE12. TRUE13. NOT GIVEN相关英文原文阅读The Camera ObscuraAn artist using an 18th-century camera obscura to trace an image.Photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura, a device possibly dating back to the ancient Chinese and ancient Greeks, which uses a pinhole or lens to project an image of the scene outside upside-down onto a viewing surface.An Arab physicist, Ibn al-Haytham, published his Book of Optics in 1021 AD. He created the first pinhole camera after observing how light traveled through a window shutter. Ibn al-Haytham realized that smaller holes would create sharper images. Ibn al-Haytham is also credited with inventing the first camera obscura.On 24 January 1544 mathematician and instrument maker Reiners Gemma Frisius of Leuven University used one to watch a solar eclipse, publishing a diagram of his method in De Radio Astronimica et Geometrico in the following year. In 1558 Giovanni Batista della Porta was the first to recommend the method as an aid to drawing.[6] Before the invention of photographic processes there was no way to preserve the images produced by these cameras apart from manually tracing them. The earliest cameras were room-sized, with space for one or more people inside; these gradually evolved into more and more compact models such as that by Nipce's time portable handheld cameras suitable for photography were readily available. The first camera that was small and portable enough to be practical for photography was envisioned by Johann Zahn in 1685, though it would be almost 150 years before such an application was possible.题型难度分析第一篇的题型包括两种图表填空题和判断题。
2015年3月21日雅思阅读机经
2015年3月21日雅思阅读机经2015年3月21日雅思阅读机经下载:/20150216/jj-hxj-410536.html?seo=wenku3056 2015年3月21日雅思考试机经拉开帷幕，考生都处于紧张的备考之中，小马过河老师为了使考生能够更加充分的备考雅思阅读考试，特发布了2015年3月21日雅思听力机经帮助考生备考，考生可以复制链接直接进入免费索取下载使用。
一、概括地观察Survey首先略读每章或每页的大概内容，例如：可从书本的序言和目录开始，通常作者会在序言中交代撰述的重点及动机，而目录则可帮助你了解课本的组织架构及章节层次;阅读课文的名称 title，主题 main headings 及副题 sub-headings;注意每一主题的头一句，导言introduction 和本章提要 summary(如果有的话)，图片说明 captions to all graphics 等，这样，你不用十五分鐘便对内容有概略的了解。
建议同学们能够多买一些雅思阅读复习书籍，加强雅思阅读练习。
二、提出一个全面的问题Write a general question观察课文内容后，提出一个包含所有阅读资料的问题，把问题写在每章节的开首，令自己可以看到此问题时，便忆起全部内容。
三、提出各别问题来引导阅读Write questions to guide your reading当你看到主题、副题、图片及首句时，由此而提出有关问题，写在题目或图片旁边，帮助你阅读文章内容。
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2015年3月21日雅思阅读机经下载:/20150216/jj-hxj-410536.html?seo=wenku3056。
2015年04月18日雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年4月18日Reading Passage 1Title The history of Russian Ballet V121124俄罗斯芭蕾舞发展史（历史类）Question types 判断题6题表格填空7题文章内容回顾芭蕾舞于15、16世纪发源于意大利，17世纪后期芭蕾传入俄国，1673年外国演员带来了最早的节目。
进入18世纪，皇室对芭蕾舞更感兴趣。
1738年在彼得堡建立了第一所舞蹈学校，重点就是教学芭蕾舞。
1773年和1776年在莫斯科相继成立芭蕾舞班和芭蕾舞团。
不久，不仅训练成功许多出色的芭蕾舞舞蹈家，还培养了杰出的编导。
后来，当欧洲其他国家的芭蕾舞在经历了令人振奋的高潮后很快就衰落下去时，俄国芭蕾舞却继续欣欣向荣。
19世纪中叶40年代，外国舞蹈家们频繁访俄，塔利奥妮父女、佩罗、圣一列翁等人的表演和编导活动，特别是布农维尔的学生约翰逊（在圣彼得堡）和布拉西斯（在莫斯科）的教学活动，他们向俄国舞蹈界传授了法兰西、意大利两大舞派的精华，为俄国芭蕾艺术的发展起到了极大的促进作用。
在俄罗斯舞派的形成和发展中，法国芭蕾编导珀蒂帕、意大利的切凯蒂为俄国芭蕾艺术的发展，特别是在培养芭蕾人才方面也作出了巨大的贡献。
19世纪下半叶开始，欧洲芭蕾的中心逐渐移到俄国了，这一时期，在俄罗斯的舞台上创作和演出了《堂吉诃德》、《舞姬》、《天鹅湖》、《睡美人》、《胡桃夹子》等一大批优秀剧目，浪漫主义芭蕾达到了新高峰。
从此俄国在世界芭蕾史上开始占有重要位置。
切凯蒂的学生，包括著名的舞蹈家巴甫洛娃、瓦加诺娃和福金。
瓦加诺娃是苏联古典芭蕾教育体系的奠基人，她所著的《古典舞蹈基础》系统地阐明了其教学思想和方法，她培养了包括乌兰诺娃在内的整整一代苏联优秀芭蕾演员。
而福金被誉为芭蕾艺术的革新家。
福金主张继承古典芭蕾传统，同时又要有所创新。
他主张，每部作品中创造出符合于情节、能够体现时代精神和民族性格，最有表现力的新形式。
2015年02月12日雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心徐航考试日期 2015年2月12日Reading Passage 1Title Role of Managers / What do managers do? 经理人角色（管理类）Question types 分类题6题判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN 5题多选题2题文章内容回顾原文是关于manager的新研究及研究结果。
介绍管理学大师亨利·明茨伯格(Henry Mintzberg)的经理角色理论。
1-6分类题：文中提到明氏对经理人角色的3种分类：A. 说经理人主要发挥的是仪式性的角色作用，如同大学校长颁发毕业证书，还包括人员的招聘培训等。
B. 主要是信息的发布和联络人。
C. 实际决策作用。
问某种行为属于第几种：1. 负责企业的发展计划(scheme) 选：C2. 主持仪式选：A3. 使用资金选：C4. 研究竞争对手动向选：B5. 告知员工消息选：B6. 招聘新人选：A7-11判断题TRUE/ FALSE/NOT GIVEN:7. 说以前关于经理人角色的理论不容易理解，原文说了以前的理论非常的simple。
FALSE8. 说MS的理论挑战了以前well established的理论。
TRUE9. NOT GIVEN10. FALSE11. FALSE12-13多选题：最后两段说了MS学者的理论的积极面是哪两点？12. 选：B（带divide的选项）原文倒数第二段说elaborate classification。
13. 选：E（带fresh way的选项）原文最后一段说关于经理人角色理论，要give a new insight。
相关原文阅读The role of a Development Manager can be a very stressful one. You are the "man in the middle'', being pulled in different directions by management, customers, sales, developers etc.. If you are doing your job well nobody notices: things work fluently, the work gets done without drama and everyone gets what they want. If things go wrong, no matter what the cause, then it is your fault.The secret to being successful as a Development Manager is managing expectations and making sure everyone understands your role is the first step. Both you, and the people you work, with need to agree on what is expected of you as a Development Manager.I have seen job postings for Development Managers that leave me shaking my head. One required in depth knowledge of a large number of a programming languages and environments, in another the position was 66% (why not 2/3rds?) programming, still others required PMO certification and this list could go on. While I agree the role of the Development Manager is sort of nebulous, job postings like these give me the feeling that the companies posting the jobs really have not thought about the role. This is a recipe for disaster for both the company and anyone hired under these conditions.As Development Manager you have a number of responsibilities, but the primary one is to get a product out the door. Your goal is deliver results to the customer, or market, and do everything necessary to achieve this. To do this you need to make sure the development team is able to work as efficiently as possible and this means making sure they have clear goals, both short term and long term, and that nothing prevents them from doing their work. From the initial project scope to deploying the product out to customer sites, each step is your responsibility. You can, and should, delegate as much as you can but be ready to check that things are being done as you want and be ready to jump in if it is not.Project ScopingAs Development Manager you need to know how to scope out a project. Depending on your organization and how you work with outside groups this could be a major part of your work. If you regularly take on projects on behalf of 3rd parties, then you should know how to respond to an RFP (Request For Proposal), complete with Deliverables, Time Lines, Budget etc.. Even if you only deal with internal projects, without a formal document system, you should get in the habit of putting together a Project Scope Document for every project. Also, if you are practicing Agile development, thesedocuments need to be living things and maintained and updated as the project progresses.Over Head ProjectsThis is part of Project Scoping, but it deserves a separate paragraph. I’ve heard people talk about “Over Head” projects that don’t need a budget and time line. This is so wrong! A failure to work out what the cost and deliverables are on these “Over Head” projects can stifle your team as they eat into your schedule and divert resources away from other work. Every project you undertake has at least an internal cost and at least one deliverable. You need to be able to negotiate both with the other stake holders for everything you undertake.Managing RelationshipsRemember, you are the ''man in the middle'' and any failures are going to belong to you, even if the cause is something beyond your control. You need to keep good and open relationships with the people involved.Get to know not just your immediate boss, but who he reports to and the people who are on the same level. You also need to get to know other stake holders on the projects you manage. Make sure they are ''in the Loop'' and get regular status updates and have good visibility on what your team is doing.Who handles customer relations? Besides your boss, this is probably the most important person you need to get to know. They can manage customer expectations, handle complaints (real or imagined) and provide critical customer contacts. On the other hand they can make your life miserable, making promises to customers without checking with you, posting bug reports that are unnecessary, pestering you to deliver on unrealistic time lines etc.Get to know you team, how long have they been with the company, what are the individual strengths and weaknesses? Who works well with whom? How busy are they? Keep track of little things like birthdays, anniversaries, etc.. Just acknowledging these little things make for sense of community.Making sure that management knows what you are working on and can see your progress is critical to keeping them happy. Communication and visibility are key getting this to work. I have used all sorts of tools to keep management in the loop and discover more all the time. Keep a tool box of programs, bulletin boards, whiteboards and anything else you can think of and keep them up-to-date. If the stakeholders understand the challenges you and your team are experiencing then they are less likely have unreal expectation. I say less likely, but not never. Some management will never understand why things don’t just ''work''. In these cases it may be time to start looking for another job.题型难度分析第一篇是经典机经旧文，版本号V091219, 收录在很多机经原文练习里。
雅思剑桥15text3阅读
雅思剑桥15text3阅读（原创实用版）目录1.雅思剑桥 15 Text3 阅读概述2.文章结构和主题介绍3.阅读答案详解4.备考建议和技巧正文【雅思剑桥 15 Text3 阅读概述】雅思剑桥 15 Text3 阅读是一道雅思阅读题目，题目类型为事实细节题。
这篇文章主要讲述了环保旅游的概念、发展历程和现状。
通过阅读这篇文章，考生需要回答一系列关于文章内容的问题。
【文章结构和主题介绍】文章分为四个部分：1.第一部分介绍了环保旅游的定义和初衷，如何在旅游过程中减少对环境的负面影响。
2.第二部分讲述了环保旅游的发展历程，从最初的自然保护意识到现代环保旅游的发展。
3.第三部分讨论了环保旅游在实践中遇到的问题，如旅游基础设施、政策和法规等方面的挑战。
4.第四部分展望了环保旅游的未来发展趋势，如何在旅游业的可持续发展中取得平衡。
【阅读答案详解】根据文章的内容，以下是针对题目的答案详解：14.判断题：文章开头提到了环保旅游的初衷是减少旅游对环境的负面影响，故答案为 Yes。
15.事实细节题：根据第二段，环保旅游的发展经历了三个阶段，故答案为 1965, 1980, 1990。
16.事实细节题：根据第三段，环保旅游在实践中遇到的问题包括旅游基础设施、政策和法规等方面的挑战，故答案为 Infrastructure, Policy, Regulations。
17.事实细节题：根据第四段，环保旅游的未来发展趋势包括生态旅游、可持续旅游等，故答案为 Ecotourism, Sustainable Tourism。
18.判断题：根据第四段，环保旅游在旅游业的可持续发展中取得了平衡，故答案为 Yes。
19.否定判断题：根据第四段，文章没有提到环保旅游已经成为旅游业的主要形式，故答案为 No。
20.判断题：根据第四段，文章提到了环保旅游在未来的发展前景，故答案为 Yes。
21.事实细节题：根据第四段，文章提到了生态旅游和可持续旅游是环保旅游的未来发展方向，故答案为 Ecotourism, Sustainable Tourism。
雅思阅读考题回顾朗阁官方20150725
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年7月25日Reading Passage 1Title: History of Refrigeration（制冷剂历史）Question types: 配对题句子匹配题文章内容回顾一开始讲述美国没有制冷技术，只能把食物腌制。
后来城市化后，需要大量新鲜食物，于是人们开始利用天然冰块冷藏并运送食物。
有两个人分别改进了冰块运输技术和冰块切割技术。
后来天然冰块越来越少，有人开始利用机械制冷，一开始是铁路技术，有人改进了铁路冷藏技术，于是加州的新鲜水果可以运往各地了。
再然后有人改进公路技术，于是可以开始在公路上运送冷藏食物。
之后人们发现以前的冷藏剂有毒，于是有人开始开发冷藏剂。
最后总结说新冷藏剂虽然对臭氧层有害，但大大促进了冷藏技术在全球的推广。
题型难度分析1-4 配对题1. 19492. 17993. 19304. 1830第一篇比较简单，总共只有两种题型，第一种题型比较容易定位，可以在短时间内做完。
第二种题型是句子补充完整匹配题，难度比第一种题型大，难定位。
题型技巧分析特殊词匹配题型特点是特殊词不可替换，此题可以用时间直接定位，定位到文章之后，读定位点前后两句话，再回选项找正确答案。
句子补充完整匹配题需注意两点：第一，问题给的半句话是和文章定位点同义替换的。
第二，此题是句子补充完整，所以句子匹配后需符合整句话的逻辑意思。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑5 Test 2 Passage 1（体裁相似）剑8 Test 1 Passage 1（体裁相似，题型相似）Reading Passage 2Title: an Alternative Approach of Farming in Honduras 洪都拉斯新农耕方法Question types: 段落信息匹配题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾关于洪都拉斯农业耕种。
过去人们采用刀耕火种的方式：把一片树林砍伐成平地，半年以后再在上面种植植物，这就造成了土地肥力下降，所以人们就不得不再砍伐新的树林来开辟耕地。
2015年4月11日雅思阅读真题回忆及解析
cross-pollination energy costs tree species trop-lining 选择题 26 A Passage 3 题目：Mind mapping 题型：配对+选择+判断 文章大意： A book review about mind mapping 热门活动： 【4月18日】雅思机经课：备战4月雅思考试，临阵磨枪不快也光！ 2015智课教育出国考试年度峰会
智课网雅思备考资料
Hale Waihona Puke 2015年4月11日雅思阅读真题回忆及解析
4月11日阅读回忆 Passage 1 题材：管理类 新旧情况：新题 题目：work and life balance 阅读：家庭工作调查、蜜蜂、3D视觉 文章大意：一篇关于研究澳大利亚各公司实行的对于女性雇员生活 有利的政策研究论文。 部分答案： 判断题 1.T 2.NG 3.F 4.F 填空题： 》》雅思分数提高快，参加智课天津雅思考试培训，点击查看雅思 班课表 9.demand 10.34 11.45 12.level of morale Passage 2 题材：生物类 新旧情况：新题 文章大意：蜜蜂对于植物授粉乃至人类的贡献。 部分答案： 填空题： insects; nectar; 15;
雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹考试日期： 2015年10月10日Reading Passage 1Title: SeedHuntingQuestion types: 判断题6题摘要填空题5题多选题2题文章内容回顾大意是有一个群体，他们的职业就是收集种子，在全球各地行走，为生物科技公司或者药品公司收集植物的种子。
除了科研以外，还可以帮助我们保留正在濒危或者可能灭绝的植物。
因为这些努力，很多本应该灭绝的物种被保留了下来。
有个叫seed banks的地方专门用于安置植物种子，其负责人表示，在这些植物消失之前，能有人用行动拯救它们是非常可喜的。
但是很多这类seed banks也面临着资金短缺的问题。
题型难度分析1-6判断题1. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. TRUE2. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. NOT GIVEN3. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. TRUE4. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. TRUE5. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. FALSE6. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. TRUE7-11摘要填空题Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 7. extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 8. drugs/crops. They are called seed hunters. The 9. pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 10. Sir Joseph Banks, who financially supported collectors out his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks, one of which is the famous millennium seed bank, where seeds are all stored in the 11. underground vaults at a low temperature.12-13多选题Which Two of the following are provided by plants to the human?选：A & BA. foodB. fuelsC. clothesD. energyE. commercial products本篇文章的难度中等，第一个题型是判断题，判断题是雅思阅读必考题型，大家在备考的时候应该格外注意，判断题出题按顺序，不难定位到。
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（网友回忆版）
2015年10月31日雅思阅读真题（网友回忆版）2015年10月31日雅思阅读回忆(网友版)阅读两新一旧passage1是讲脸盲症，针对一种人容易对别人的面庞无意识的解释。
说怎样研究他们忘性大，还说了先天和后天的两种可能性passage2 讲新西兰海水养殖。
有标题题和配对题，文章说新西兰的方法能创造收益还能维持海洋生态，还讨论这个模式遇到的问题passage3 讲一个人的书，貌似在批评说那个书的缺点集中在哪些方面。
延伸阅读：雅思阅读评分标准(一)介绍类学术说明文的结构要判断文章类别，一般看标题就可以了。
介绍类文章是对某事物或现象进行描述或介绍，所以标题一般为名词短语或者以How开头的疑问句。
具体结构如下：Introduce a phenomenon or a fact.Detailed Description:Timeline/Different Aspects/Logic DevelopmentLook into the future/Summary无论什么文章，起始段总是引出主题，所以多用叙述描写性语言，或介绍现象，或陈述事实，或交代问题。
在介绍类说明文中，中间断落是对事物细节的展开描述，各种话题可以通过三种不同方式展开。
第一类时间顺序，通常用于陈述一个历史事件，例如剑五中的“Johnson’s Dictionary”就是这一类。
第二类并列或递进，从各个侧面来介绍，例如剑四中的“What Do Whales feel?”，一看标题就知道是介绍鲸鱼各个感官的，属于并列结构。
第三类是逻辑顺序，据笔者统计，环境自然类文章多依照这种顺序，下文对此会作详细评述，这里不再赘言。
(二)论证类文章的结构(1)实验类文章Introduce ExperimentPreexperiment (Subjects, Tools, Methods)Experiment ProcessResult (Collecting Data)Analyses and Syntheses在雅思阅读中，实验类文章结构最为固定。
2015年11月14日雅思阅读真题回忆
2015年11月14日雅思阅读真题回忆今天小编给大家带来的主要内容是2015年11月14日雅思阅读真题回忆,本次考试阅读部分分为AB卷，其中B卷回忆内容较少，passage 1为科技类话题，文章是关于味道与食品添加剂的发展和使用。
passage 2为动物类话题，关于鸟类的导航系统。
Passage3为教育类话题,关于各国对天才儿童的看法。
A卷passage 1历史类话题;passage2动物类话题,介绍鸟类如何使用工具; passage3科技类话题，介绍潮汐能。
大家可以参考剑桥真题相似文章，以便更好地备考接下来的雅思阅读考试。
以下回忆为A卷内容Passage 1 ：题目:History内容：人文历史类-不同历史学家对历史的观点题型：特殊词匹配4+选择填空5+填空4参考答案：1. C2. F3. A4. D5. D6. H7. B8. E9. I10. conflict11. individuals12. amnesia13. evidence(仅供参考)Passage 2 ：题目：鸟类使用工具内容：动物类题型：标题配对题7+多选题6部分答案回忆：14. iv15. viii16. i17. ix18. vii19. iii20. vi21. C22. B23. A24. B25. B26. APassage 3 ：题目：潮汐能tidal power内容：科技类题型：判断题4+填空题7+选择题3参考答案：27. T28. F29. NG30. F31. barrage32. mouth33. night tide34. turbines35. fish36. sensitive habitats37.waste38. A39. A40. D以上是2015年11月14日雅思阅读真题回忆的全部内容，大家可以参考一下。
最后，前程百利雅思频道小编预祝大家考出满意的雅思成绩。
更多出国考试信息请继续关注前程百利雅思考试频道，或咨询400-890-6000得到快速专业的回答。
2015年1雅思阅读真题回忆
Passage 1 ： 题⽬：Seed Hunting 内容：濒危种⼦ 题型：填空概括题4+判断题6+多选题2 题号：旧题 ⽂章参考： Seed Hunting With quarter of the world's plants set to vanish within the next 50 years, Alexander reports on the scientists working against the clock the preserve the Earth's botanical heritage. They travel the four comers of the globe, scouringjungles，forests and savannas. But they‘re not looking for ancient artefacts，lost treasure or undiscovered tombs. Just pods. It may lack the romantic allure of archaeology, or the whiff of danger that accompanies going after big game, but seed hunting is an increasingly serious business. Some seek seeds for profit hunters in the employ of biotechnologyfirms，pharmaceutical companies and private corporations on the lookout for species that will yield the drugs or crops of the future. Others collect to conserve, working to halt the sad slide into extinction facing so many plant species. Among the pioneers of this botanical treasure hunt was John Trade scant, an English royal gardener who brought back plants and seeds from his journeys abroad in the early 1600s. Later， the English botanist Sir Joseph Banks-who was the first director of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and travelled with Captain James Cook on his voyages near the end of the 18th century—was so driven to expand his collections that he sent botanists around the world at his own expense. Those heady days of exploration and discovery may be over, but they have been replaced by a pressing need to preserve our natural history for the future. This modem mission drives hunters such as Dr Michiel van Slageren，a good-natured Dutchman who often sports a wide-brimmed hat in the field⼀he could easily be mistaken for the cinematic hero Indiana Jones. He and three other seed hunters work at the Millennium Seed Bank，an 80 million [pounds sterling] international conservation project that aims to protect the world's most endangered wild plant species. The group's headquarters are in a modem glass-and-concrete structure on a 200-hectare Estate at Wakehurst Place in the West Sussex countryside. Within its underground vaults are 260 million dried seeds from 122 countries, all stored at -20 Celsius to survive for centuries. Among the 5，100 species represented are virtually all of Britain's 1,400 native seed-bearing plants, the most complete such collection of any country‘s flora. Overseen by the Royal botanic gardens, the Millennium Seed Bank is the world's largest wild-plant depository. It aims to collect 24,000 species by 2010. The reason is simple: thanks to humanity’s efforts，an estimated 25 percent of the world's plants are on the verge of extinction and may vanish within 50 years. We're currently responsible for habitat destruction on an unprecedented scale，and during the past 400 years，plant species extinction rates have been about 70 times greater than those indicated by the geological record as being ‘normal’. Experts predict that during the next 50 years a further one billion hectares of wilderness will be converted to farmland in developing countries alone. The implications of this loss are enormous. Besides providing staple food crops，plants are a source of many machines and the principal supply of fuel and building materials in many parts of the world. They also protect soil and help regulate the climate. Yet，across the globe，plant species are being driven to extinction before their potential benefits are discovered. The world Conservation Union has listed 5,714 threatened species is sure to be much higher. In the UK alone, 300 wild plant species are classified as endangered. The Millennium Seed Bank aims to ensure that even if a plant becomes extinct in the wild，it won‘t be lost forever. Stored seeds can be used the help restore damaged or destroyed environment or in scientific research to find new benefits for society- in medicine, agriculture or local industry- that would otherwise be Seed banks are an insurance policy to protect the world’s plant heritage for the future, explains Dr Paul Smith，another Kew seed hunter. "Seed conservation techniques were originally developed by farmers，" he says. "Storage is the basis what we do，conserving seeds until you can use them-just as in farming." Smith says there's no reason why any plant species should become extinct，given today’s technology. But he admits that the biggest challenge is finding，naming and categorising all the world's plants. And someone has to gather these seeds before it’s too late. "There aren't a lot of people out there doing this，" he says." The key is to know the flora from a particular area, and that knowledge takes years to acquire." There are about 1,470 seed banks scattered around the globe，with a combined total of 5.4 million samples，of which perhaps two million are distinct non-duplicates. Most preserve genetic material for agriculture use in order to ensure cropdiversity; others aim to conserve wild species，although only 15 per cent of all banked plants are wild. Many seed banks are themselves under threat due to a lack of funds. Last year, Imperial College, London，examined crop collections from 151 countries and found that while the number of plant samples had increased in two thirds of the countries，budget had been cut in a quarter and remained static in another 35 per cent. The UN's Food and Agriculture Organization and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has since set up the Global Conservation Trust，which aims to raise US $260 million to protect seed banks in perpetuity. 题⽬参考： Question 14-19 TRUE/FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 14. The purpose of collecting seeds now is different from the past. True 15. The millennium seed bank is the earliest seed bank. Not given 16. One of major threats for plant species extinction is farmland expansion into wildness. True 17. The approach that scientists apply to store seeds is similar to that used by farmers. True 18. Technological development is the only hope to save plant species. False 19. The works of seed conservation are often limited by financial problems. True Question 20-24 Summary Some people collect seeds for the purpose of protecting certain species from 20 extinction; others collect seeds for their ability to produce 21 drugs，crops. They are called seed hunters. The 22 pioneers of them included both gardeners and botanists, such as 23 Sir Joseph Banks，who financially supported collectors out of his own pocket. The seeds collected are usually stored in seed banks，one of which is the famous millennium seed bank，where seeds are all stored in the 24 underground vaults at a low temperature. Question 25-26 Multiple choice Which TWO of the following are provided by plants to the human? AB A food B fuels C clothes D energy E commercial products (顺序可能有误，仅供参考) Passage 2 : 题⽬：Implication of False Belief Experiments 内容：错误信念实验 题型：段落信息配对题7+概括题7 参考⽂章：(⽂章为部分回忆贫选，仅供参考) Implication of False Belief Experiments A A considerable amount of research since the mid 1980s has been concerned with what has been termed children’s theory of mind. This involves children’s ability to understand that people can have different beliefs and representations of the world -a capacity that is shown by four years of age. Furthermore, this ability appears to be absent in children with autism. The ability to work out what another person is thinking is clearly an important aspect of both cognitive and social development. Furthermore, one important explanation for autism is that children suffering from this condition do not have a theory of mind (TOM). Consequently, the development of children’s TOM has attracted considerable attention. B Wimmer and Pemer devised a 'false belief task5 to address this question. They used some toys to act out the followingstory. Maxi left some chocolate in a blue cupboard before he went out. When he was away his mother moved the chocolate to a green cupboard. Children were asked to predict where Maxi will look for his chocolate when he returns. Most children under four years gave the incorrect answer，that Maxi will look in the green cupboard. Those over four years tended to give the correct answer, that Maxi will look in the blue cupboard. The incorrect answers indicated that the younger children did not understand that Maxi’s beliefs and representations no longer matched the actual state of the world, and they failed to appreciate that Maxi will act on the basis of his beliefs rather than the way that the world is actually organised. C A simpler version of the Maxi task was devised by Baron-Cohen to take account of criticisms that younger children may have been affected by the complexity and too much information of the story in the task described above. For example, the child is shown two dolls， Sally and Anne, who have a basket and a box，respectively. Sally also has a marble，which she places in her basket，and then leaves to take a walk. While she is out of the room，Anne takes the marble from the basket, eventually putting it in the box. Sally returns, and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble. The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket，where she put the marble; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box，where the child knows the marble is hidden，even though Sally cannot know, since she did not see it hidden there. In order to pass the task，the child must be able to understand that another’s mental representation of the situation is different from their own，and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding. The results of research using false-belief tasks have been fairly consistent: most normally-developing children are unable to pass the tasks until around age four. D Leslie argues that，before 18 months，children treat the world in a literal way and rarely demonstrate pretence. He also argues that it is necessary for the cognitive system to distinguish between what is pretend and what is real. If children were not able to do this, they would not be able to distinguish between imagination and reality. Leslie suggested that this pretend play becomes possible because of the presence of a de-coupler that copies primary representations to secondary representations. For example, children，when pretending a banana is a telephone, would make a secondary representation of a banana. They would manipulate this representation and they would use their stored knowledge of 'telephone5 to build on this pretence. E There is also evidence that social processes play a part in the development of TOM. Meins and her colleagues have found that what they term mindmindedness in maternal speech to six-month old infants is related to both security of attachment and to TOM abilities. Mindmindedness involves speech that discusses infants5 feelings and explains their behaviour in terms of mental states (e. g. < you’re feeling hungry’).。
2015年3月21日雅思口语考试真题回忆(网友版)
雅思口语话题Part 3范文借鉴：建筑物2015年3月21日雅思口语考试已经结束，新通外语广州学校第一时间整理了雅思口语真题回忆，供大家参考学习，更多雅思考试真题机经，欢迎访问新通外语广州雅思培训。
2015年3月21日雅思口语考试真题回忆（网友版）1、湖北大学RM3 趴1你家住哪?你喜欢做家务么?你小时候会做家务么?趴2一件让你浪费时间的事趴3你认为机器可以让我们更有效率么?你觉得年轻人能很好的管理自己的时间么?为什么留学的学生总是不能及时的完成他们的作业?2015年3月21日雅思口语考试真题回忆（网友版）2、内蒙古师范大学RM3 part1名字专业难不你邀请朋友到家里怎么招待你喜欢他们来不? part2 运动part3政府应该ban危险运动吗我说应该他说有用吗我说没有......做哪些regular剩下的2015年3月21日雅思口语考试真题回忆（网友版）3、郑轻R6 白人哥哥P1 apartment，season，sports P2 respect old people P3 是否和老人住一起老人老了怎么办2015年3月21日雅思口语考试真题回忆（网友版）4、黑大room1 帅哥考官哦part1 name major weather part2 a person you should be friendly to but you didn't like part3 you always be friendly to others friendly and polite direct and rude2015年3月20日雅思口语考试真题回忆（网友版）5、oom201中年男考官1.75 头发中秃中等身材开始会笑后来不笑了语速超快part1 flat or apartment part2 project你现在学的课程没准备过，没说完就timeup part3各种关于作业小学生应该有作业初中生应该有更多的作业?为什么有些家长让孩子在家里学习而不是让孩子去学校2015年3月21日雅思口语考试真题回忆（网友版）6、北京教育考试中心，room16考官很好，几乎所有题目都是雅思哥的预测part1letter and email sleep subject,part2儿歌part3关于music的问题，不同年龄段听的歌不同。
雅思阅读考题回顾
雅思A类阅读考题回顾（第二季度）Passage 2 资料考证来源于维基百科 After repairs, she plied for several years as a passenger liner between Britain and America, before being converted to a cable-laying ship and la ying the first lasting”Brunel worked for several years as assistant engineer on the project to create a tunnel under London's River Thames 题目配对 tunnel under river Thames -- which Brune was not responsible for itThough ultimately unsuccessful, another of Brunel's interesting use of technical innovations was the atmospheric railway 配对建成不久就停止运营那项吧Great Eastern was designed to cruise non-stop from London to Sydney and back (since engineers of the time misunderstood that Australia had no coal reserves), and she remained the largest ship built until the turnof the century. Like many of Brunel's ambitious projects, the ship soon ran over budget and behind schedulein the face of a series of technical probl我配了两个财务上不成功和建设推迟了很对次配对great eastern ems.Great Britain is considered the first modern ship, being built of metal rather than wood, powered by an engine rather than wind or oars, and driven by propeller rather than paddle wheel. 配对成为广泛认可的标准忘了这个是不是第一题的段落包含信息题了其他记不住了有个火车站什么的配对 Brunel 影响了反对者这个乱配的Passage 3According to science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein, a handy short definition of almost all science fiction might read: realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method尮Vladimir Nabokov argued that if we were rigorous with our definitions, Shakespeare's pla The Tempest would have to be termed science fiction.yY/N/NG 第一题就纠结了题目是科幻小说很难下定义文中不是两种观点都有么但是自己答的 YThe Moon Is a Harsh Mistress is a 1966 science fiction novel by Ame然后信息配对有一道是rican writer Robert A. Heinlein, about a lunar colony's revolt against rule from Earth.这门书貌似是配对它成功预测了人类登月Passage 1 Ambergris (旧题)Classification(6), Y/N/NG(4), summary(3)难度★☆难度★☆Passage 2Multiple choice(2 of 5), Summary(4), Headings(7)非洲小国的贫困难度★★placebo对医学的影响Matching, choices, T/F/NG Passage 3雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》迷失的城CAMEL allows archaeologists to survey ancient cities without digging in the dirt, disturbing sitesLike a dromedary that can travela long distance without taking a Overlying aerial photographs show the ancient city walldrink of water, the Oriental at Kerkenes Dag in Turkey.Institute's CAMEL computerproject can traverse vast distances of ancient and modern space without pausing for the usual refreshment known best by archaeologists—digging in the soil.CAMEL (the Center for Ancient Middle Eastern Landscapes) is at the leading edge of archaeology because of what it does not do and what it can do. First, it does not actually excavate. For a science based on the destructive removal of buried artifacts and an examination of them for meaning, CAMEL works in quite the opposite way: it aims to survey ancient sites and disturb them as little as possible.What CAMEL can do however, is remarkable. It organizes maps, aerial photography, satellite images and other data into one place, allowing archaeologists to see how ancient trade routes developed and to prepare simulations of how people may have interacted, given the limitations of their space, the availability of resources and the organization of their cities.CAMEL provides the wonderful opportunity “to see beyond the horizon,”said Scott Branting, Director of the project.Branting oversees the CAMEL project from a second-floor computer lab at the Oriental Institute. As he walks around, he shows off the dozen PCs that form the nucleus of the project, which invites faculty and students to pore through electronic images from throughout the Middle East. “;“The Near Eastern area is defined for the purposes of our collections as an enormous box stretching from Greece on the west to Afghanistan on the east, from the middle of the Black Sea on the north to the horn of Africa on the south,” he said as he turned on a computer to summon an image from the area.Up popped an aerial surveillance photograph taken for defense purposes during the Cold War. The image showed mounds on the surface of the steppe regions of modern Iraq, sites that are among the hundreds unexplored there that are potentially valuable sites for future excavation when archaeologists can safely return.“Because these images are images from the 1950s and 1960s, they show a terrain much different from what exists today,” he explained. Fields have covered much of the formally barren areas of the Middle East as irrigation has expanded farming. Sites that show up as mounds in photographs may today be leveled and hard to recognize. Some of the ancient material they contain,however, is still buried deep below the surface.Besides the aerial surveillance photographs, the collection includes some photographs taken by small planes in the early days of aerial photography. James Henry Breasted, founder of the Oriental Institute, was an early pioneer in the field and began taking photographs from a plane over sites in Egypt in 1920. Some of his early shots are a bit shaky, though, as he also experienced air sickness during that path-breaking effort.When the Oriental Institute launched an excavation in the 1930s at Persepolis in Iran, the art of aerial photography had progressed greatly, and stunning pictures of the ancient Persian capital helped demonstrate the scope of the city in a way nothing else could. Some of those photographs are on the walls of the Persian Gallery of the Museum of the Oriental Institute, and others are part of the CAMEL database.Oriental Institute scholars also used balloons rigged with cameras to catch overall shots of excavation sites.In addition to the aerial photographs, the collection also includes shots taken by NASA, Digital Globe and other organizations from satellites. Branting is in Turkey this summer working on a site that shows the value of nondestructive techniques such as those developed at CAMEL. He has been studying the ancient and mysterious city of Kerkenes Dag in central Turkey.The city, surrounded by a wall, is a square mile, huge by ancient standards,and is the largest preclassical site in Anatolia, the name for the ancient region that now includes Turkey. The city is about 30 miles from Hattusa, the capital of the ancient Hittite Empire.Although the city was an Iron Age site and was planned and built by powerful leaders capable of controlling a large work force, it is uncertain who held that power. Early scholars had speculated it may have been a rival to the Hittites, but a research team from the Oriental Institute established in 1928 that the city was built sometime after the fall of the Hittites in about 1180 .Geoffrey Summers of the Middle East Technical University in Ankara directed a new dig at the site beginning in 1993. Branting joined the project in 1995 as an Oriental Institute graduate student. Researchers from the Middle East Technical University and the Oriental Institute then joined efforts to work on the project together.have Dag, archaeologists work at Kerkenes From the beginning of the latest trench Random about the site. more used nondestructive techniques to learn was recovered than much more information work would probably not turn up in the 1928 Oriental Institute excavation, scholars have contended. ervational and remote sensing techniques “By employing a range of obsblank the fill in to city, we have been able across the entire area of thesaid. Branting Oriental Institute,” earlier map made by the spaces on anThe work, which includes the techniques used at CAMEL to map accurately a site with photographs, provided archaeologists a chance to work with season another began. Currently, of precision once digging a high degree of excavation is underway.proved this has surface at Kerkenes Dag, “Since so much can be seen ontheto be a very effective technique,” Branting said.Global Positioning System technology has allowed scholars to record the minute topography of the entire ground surface within the site. “Never grand such a been undertaken on before in archaeology has this technique virtual a work to produce model is the basis for ongoing scale. The terrain building neighborhood, neighborhood by the reconstruction of entire city, by building,” he said.By using the techniques, the team was able to locate the gateway of the palace complex and find the first fragmentary inscriptions and reliefs to be recovered at the site. They have been able to date the site to the mid- to late-seventh century through the mid-sixth century . Scholars believe the city may have been one referred to by Herodotus as effort a failed Lydian King Croesus in which Pteria, was conquered by the to block the advance of the Persian Empire.even can true, then we of Kerkenes Dag with Pteria holds equation “If themore precisely date the massive destruction of the city to around 547 . and begin to understand something of its international importance,”Branting said Dematerialization消费-----雅思阅读真题题源号《九分达人》Until recently the role of consumption as a driving force forenvironmental change has not been widely explored. This may be due in part to the difficulty of collecting suitable data. The present chapter approaches the consumption of materials from the perspective of the forces for materialization or dematerialization of industrial products beyond the underlying and obviously very powerful forces of economic and population growth. Examination can occur on both the unit and the aggregate level of materials consumption. Such study may make it possible to assess current streams of materials use and, based on environmental implications, may suggest directions for future materials policy. dematerialization is often broadly used to characterize the The word decline over time in weight of the materials used in industrial end products. One may also speak of dematerialization in terms of the decline in “embedded energy” in industrial products. Colombo (1988) has speculated that dematerialization is the logical outcome of an advanced economy in which material needs are substantially Williams et al. (1987) have explored relationships between materials use and affluence in the United States. Perhaps we should first ask the question: Is dematerialization taking place? The answer depends, above all, on how dematerialization is defined. The question is particularly of interest from an environmental point of view, because the use of less material could translate into smaller quantities of waste generated at both the production and the consumption phases of the economic process.But less is not necessarily less from an environmental point of view. Ifsmaller and lighter products are also inferior in quality, then more units would be produced, and the net result could be a greater amount of waste generated in both production and consumption. From an environmental viewpoint, therefore, (de)materialization should perhaps be defined as the change in the amount of waste generated per unit of industrial products.On the basis of such a definition, and taking into account overall production and consumption, we have attempted to examine the question of whether dematerialization is occurring. Our goal is not to answer definitively the question whether society is dematerializing but rather to establish a framework for analysis to address this overall question and to indicate some of the interesting and useful directions for study. We have examined a number of examples even though the data are not complete.Undoubtedly, many industrial products have become lighter and smaller with time. Cars, dwelling units, television sets, clothes pressing irons, and calculators are but a few examples. There is, of course, usually a lower bound regarding how small objects such as appliances can be made and still be compatible with the physical dimensions and limitations of human beings (who are themselves becoming larger), as well as with the Apart from such boundary conditions on size and possibly tasks to be weight of many industrial product units, dematerialization of units of products is perceived to be occurring.An important question is how far one could drive dematerialization. For example, for the automobile, how is real world safety related to its mass? In a recent study, Evans (1985) found that, given a single-car crash, the unbelted driver of a car weighing about 2,000 pounds is about times as likely to be killed as is the unbelted driver of an approximately4,000-pound car. The relative disadvantage of the smaller car is essentially the same when the corresponding comparison is made for belted drivers. For two-car crashes it was found that the driver of a 2,000-pound car crashing into another 2,000-pound car is about times as likely to be injured seriously or fatally as is the driver of a 4,000-pound car crashing into another 4,000-pound car. These results suggest one of the reasons that dematerialization by itself will not be a sufficient criterion for social choice about product design. If the product cannot be practically or safely reduced beyond a certain point, can the service provided by the product be provided in a way that demands less material? lb return to the case of transportation, substituting telecommunications for transportation might be a dematerializer, but we have no data on the relative materials demand for the communications infrastructure versus the transportation infrastructure to meet a given need. In any case, demands for communication and transportation appear to increase in tandem,as complementary goods rather than as substitutes for one another.It is interesting to inquire into dematerialization in the world of miniaturization, not only the world of large objects. In the computer industry, for example, silicon wafers are increasing in size to reduce material losses in cutting. This is understandable if one considers that approximately 400 acres of silicon wafer material are used per year by IBM Corporation at a cost of about $100 million per acre. A processed wafer costs approximately $800, and the increase in total wafer area per year is about 10-15 percent. Although silicon wafers do not present a waste disposal problem from the point of view of volume, they are environmentally important because their manufacture involves the handling of hazardous chemicals. They are also interesting as an example of how the production volume of an aggressive new technology tends to grow because of popularity in the market. Moreover, many rather large plastic and metal boxes are required to enclose and keep cool the microchips made with the wafers, even as the world's entire annual chip production might compactly fit inside one 747 jumbo jet. Thus, such new industries may tend to be simultaneously both friends and foes of dematerialization.The production of smaller and lighter toasters, irons, television sets, and other devices in some instances may result in lower-quality products and an increased consumer attitude to ”replace rather than repair.” In Althoughincreased. have may produced units of number the instances, these dematerialization may be the case on a per-unit basis, the increasing number of units produced can cause an overall trend toward materialization with time. As an example, the apparent consumption of shoes, which seem increasingly difficult to repair, has risen markedly in the United States since the 1970s, with about billion pairs of nonrubber shoes purchased in 1985, compared with 730 million pairs as recently as 1981 (Table 1). In contrast, improvements in quality generally result in dematerialization, as has been the case for tires. The total tire production in the United States has risen over time (Figure 1), following from general increases in both the number of registered vehicles and the total miles of travel. However, the number of tires per million vehicle miles of travel has declined (Figure 2). Such a decline in tire wear can be attributed to improved tire quality, which results directly in a decrease in the quantity of solid waste due to discarded tires. For example,a tire designed to have a service life of 100,000 miles could reduce solid waste from tires by 60-75 percent (Westerman, 1978). Other effective tire waste reduction strategies include tire retreading and recycling, as well as the use of discarded tires as vulcanized rubber particles in roadway asphalt mixes.Dematerialization of unit products affects, and is influenced by, a numberof factors besides product quality. These include ease of manufacturing, production cost, size and complexity of the product, whether the product is to be repaired or replaced, and the amount of waste to be generated and processed. These factors influence one another as well (Figure 3). For example, the ease of manufacture of a particular product in smaller and lighter units may result in lower production cost and cheaper products of lower quality, which will be replaced rather than repaired on breaking down. Although a smaller amount of waste will be generated on a per-unit basis, more units will be produced and disposed of, and there may be an overall increase in waste generation at both the production and the consumption ends.Another factor of interest on the production end is scale. One would expect so-called economies of scale in production to lead to a set of facilities that embody less material for a given output. Does having fewer, larger plants in fact involve significantly less use of material (or space) than having more, smaller ones? At the level of the individual product, the shift from mainframe computers to personal computers, driven by desires for local independence and convenience, may also be in the direction of materialization.Among socioeconomic factors influencing society's demand for Mate- are the nature of various activities, composition of the work force, and income levels. For example, as a predominantly agricultural society evolves toward industrialization, demand for materials increases, whereas the transition from an industrial to a service society might bring about a decline in the use of materials. Within a given culture, to what extent are materials use and waste generation increasing functions of income?The spatial dispersion of population is a potential materializer. Migration from urban to suburban areas, often driven by affluence, requires more roads, more single-unit dwellings, and more automobiles with a consequent significant expansion in the use of materials. The movement from large, extended families sharing one dwelling to smaller, nuclear families may be regarded as a materializer if every household unit occupies a separate dwelling. Factors such as photocopying, photography, advertising, poor quality, high cost of repair, and wealth generally force materialization. Technological innovation, especially product innovation, may also tend to force materialization, at least in the short run. For example, microwave ovens, which are smaller than old-fashioned ovens, have now been acquired by most American households. However, they have come largely as an addition to, not a substitute for, previous cooking appliances. In the long term, if microwave ovens truly replace older ovens,this innovation may come to be regarded as a dematerializer. National security and war, styles and fashions, and fads may also function asmaterializers by accelerating production and consumption. Demand for health and fitness, local mobility, and travel may spur materialization in other ways.The societal driving forces behind dematerialization are, at best, diverse and contradictory. However, the result may indeed be a clear trend in materialization or dematerialization. This could be determined only through collection and analysis of data on the use of basic materials with time, particularly for industry and especially for products with the greatest materials demand. Basic materials such as metals and alloys ., steel, copper, aluminum), cement, sand, gravel, wood, paper, glass, ceramics, and rubber are among the materials that should be considered. The major products and associated industries that would be interesting to study could well include roads, buildings, automobiles, appliances, pipes (metal, clay, plastic), wires, clothing, newsprint and books, packaging materials, pottery, canned food, and bottled or canned drinks.11/09/2010Academic Reading Y /N /NG和summary★☆恐龙的脚印Passage 1难度电子书和数字音乐9个list of heading，剩下是TFNG难度★★☆Passage 2道 summary3 6道，TFNG 5道和天文物理段落配信息难度 Passage 3★★☆Comment 难，HEADINGS出了9道题，段落配信息6个。
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析一
Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviourNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours， including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences， including sleepwalking， amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders， they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the report.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries， including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become less active during deep sleep， the body can still move， making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection， a US network that advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，”says sleep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder， US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects， points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School， director of the SleepDisorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence， Rhode Island， US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained： some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possible rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann， adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6 Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage？In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien， Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia？A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem？A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares， hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established？A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13 Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain？11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients？12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups？13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects？Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning： Zolpidem， sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox， is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolve d”…3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency， meanwhile， has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”： In one case， a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： He says that unlike older types of sleep medications， zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. (No patients as office workers are mentioned in the passage.)7. CSee para.4 from the beginning： A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strange sleepwalking by people taking the medication.8. BSee the sentence in para.2 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects” (The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects， including hallucinations， sleepwalking and nightmares， are more likely in the elderly， and treatment should be stopped if they occur.) and the sentence in para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested” (Doctors “not the product information” stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.)9. BSee para.5 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann … says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is well established”.10. 674，500 (times)See para.3 from the beginning： Various forms of the drug， made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis， were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.11. (a) benzodiazepine-like (hypnotic)See para.1 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic (类苯二氮催眠药)that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid.12. risky consequencesSee para.3 under the subtitle “Hypnotic effects”： Patient advocacy groups …stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.13. Food & Drug (Administration)See para.4 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”： The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.。
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雅思考试阅读考题回顾朗阁海外考试研究中心 徐航考试日期 2015年3月21日Reading Passage 1TitleExploration and Exploitation 发现新大陆（历史类）V130606 Question types 判断题 7题句子填空 6题文章内容回顾 哥伦布发现新大陆的时间英国人也去过。
1864年出发，因为各种原因被阻止，最终带了17个人出发，发现新大陆并且记载，但并没有被流传。
后来有一个人去了但没有记载和证据。
再后来他儿子在那里发展了捕鱼业。
提到南欧和北欧人对鱼的保存方式不同，北欧和挪威人一样dry fish, 但南欧因为地处海边所以用大量盐来处理鱼，对这点有详细的比较说明。
有一个Dr 对这种不同做了详细的比较。
最后一段提到了account 。
1-7判断题1. True2. False3. Not Given4. True5. False6. Not Given7. True8-13句子填空8. 葡萄牙人的船队最远到Africa9. 他们的ships 被大量鱼阻碍10. 南欧人在18世纪储存鱼用salt相关原文阅读First voyage12 October 1492 – Christopher Columbus discovers The Americas for Spain, painting by John Vanderlyn.On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Fronterawith three ships: a larger carrack, the Santa María ex-Gallega ("Galician"), and two smaller caravels, the Pinta ("The Pint", "The Look", or "The Spotted One") and the Santa Clara, nicknamed the Niña (lit. "Girl") after her owner Juan Niño of Moguer. The monarchs forced the Palos inhabitants to contribute to the expedition. The Santa María was owned by Juan de la Cosa and captained by Columbus. The Pinta and the Niña were piloted by the Pinzón brothers (Martín Alonso and Vicente Yáñez).Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands, which belonged to Castile, where he restocked the provisions and made repairs. After stopping over in Gran Canaria, he departed from San Sebastián de La Gomera on 6 September, for what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean. A lookout on the Pinta, Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodríguez Bermeo), spotted land about 2:00 on the morning of 12 October, and immediately alerted the rest of the crew with a shout. Thereupon, the captain of the Pinta, Martín Alonso Pinzón, verified the discovery and alerted Columbus by firing a lombard. Columbus later maintained that he himself had already seen a light on the land a few hours earlier, thereby claiming for himself the lifetime pension promised by Ferdinand and Isabella to the first person to sight land.Columbus called the island (in what is now The Bahamas) San Salvador; the natives called it Guanahani. Exactly which island in the Bahamas this corresponds to is unresolved. Based on primary accounts and based on what one would expect based on the geographic positions of the islands given Columbus's venture's course, the prime candidates are San Salvador Island (so named in 1925 on the theory that it was Columbus' San Salvador), Samana Cay, and Plana Cays.The indigenous people he encountered, the Lucayan, Taíno, or Arawak, were peaceful and friendly. Noting their gold ear ornaments, Columbus took some of the Arawaks prisoner and insisted that they guide him to the source of the gold.From the entry in his journal of 12 October 1492, in which he wrote of them, "Many of the men I have seen have scars on their bodies, and when I made signs to them to find out how this happened, theyindicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves. They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language."Columbus remarked that their lack of modern weaponry and metal-forged swords or pikes was a tactical vulnerability, writing, "I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased."Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba, where he landed on 28 October. On 22 November, Martín Alonso Pinzón took the Pinta on an unauthorized expedition in search of an island called "Babeque" or "Baneque", which the natives had told him was rich in gold. Columbus, for his part, continued to the northern coast of Hispaniola, where he landed on 5 December.There, the Santa María ran aground on Christmas Day 1492 and had to be abandoned. The wreck was used as a target for cannon fire to impress the native peoples. Columbus was received by the native cacique Guacanagari, who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind. Columbus left 39 men, includingLuis de Torres, the Converso interpreter, who spoke Hebrew and Arabic, and founded the settlement of La Navidad at the site of present-day Bord de Mer de Limonade, Haiti. Columbus took more natives prisoner and continued his exploration. He kept sailing along the northern coast of Hispaniola with a single ship, until he encountered Pinzón and the Pinta on 6 January.On 13 January 1493, Columbus made his last stop of this voyage in the New World. He landed on the Samaná Peninsula, where he met the hostile Ciguayos who presented him with his only violent resistance during his first voyage to the Americas. The Ciguayos had refused to trade the amount of bows and arrows that Columbus desired; in the ensuing violence two were stabbed to death. Because of this and because of the Ciguayos' use of arrows, he called the inlet where he met them the Bay of Arrows (or Gulf of Arrows). Today, the place is called the Bay of Rincón, in Samaná, the Dominican Republic. Columbus kidnapped about 10 to 25 natives and took them back with him (only seven or eight of the native Indians arrived inSpain alive, but they made quite an impression onSeville).Columbus headed for Spain on the Niña, but after a stop in the Azores a storm forced him to separate from the Pinta and into the port at Lisbon. He anchored next to the King's harbor patrol ship on 4 March 1493 in Portugal and was interviewed by Bartolomeu Dias, whose rounding of the Cape of Good Hope a few years earlier in 1488–1489 had complicated Columbus's attempts for funding from the Portuguese court. After spending more than one week in Portugal, and paying his respects to Eleanor of Viseu, he set sail for Spain. Ferdinand Magellan was a young boy and a ward of Eleanor's court; it is likely he saw Columbus during this visit. After departing, and after reportedly being saved from assassins by John II of Portugal, Columbus crossed the bar of Saltes and entered the harbor of Palos on 15 March 1493. Word of his finding new lands rapidly spread throughout Europe.Columbus's second voyageColumbus left the port of Cadiz on 24 September 1493, with a fleet of 17 ships carrying 1,200 men and the supplies to establish permanent colonies in the New World. The passengers included priests, farmers, and soldiers, who would be the new colonists. This reflected the new policy of creating not just "colonies of exploitation", but also "colonies of settlement" from which to launch missions dedicated to converting the natives to Christianity. Modern studies suggest that, as reported by the Washington Post, "crew members may have included free black Africans who arrived in the New World about a decade before the slave trade began."As in the first voyage, the fleet stopped at the Canary Islands, from which it departed on 13 October, following a more southerly course than on the previous expedition. On 3 November, Columbus sighted a rugged island that he named Dominica (Latin for Sunday); later that day, he landed at Marie-Galante, which he named Santa María la Galante. After sailing past Les Saintes (Los Santos, "The Saints"), he arrived at the island of Guadeloupe, which he named Santa María de Guadalupe de Extremadura, after the image of the Virgin Mary venerated at the Spanish monastery of Villuercas, inGuadalupe, Cáceres, Spain. He explored that island from 4 to 10 November.Michele da Cuneo, Columbus' childhood friend from Savona, sailed with Columbus during the second voyage and wrote: "In my opinion, since Genoa was Genoa, there was never born a man so wellequipped and expert in the art of navigation as the said lord Admiral." Columbus named the small island of "Saona ... to honor Michele da Cuneo, his friend from Savona."题型难度分析历史类文章是近期考试的高频，多去阅读同类型话题文章，增加对西方历史背景的熟悉度。