[考研类试卷]2012年湖南大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc

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2012年考研英语(一)翻译参考译文

2012年研究生入学考试英语（一）翻译部分参考译文2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》，题目是Universal truths。

这篇文章的理论性比较强，对于大家来说应该会感觉很有难度，大家首先要理解文章大意，依据专业性来定词义。

文章原文如下，选入2012考研英语一翻译真题时有部分删改：Since at least the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science: without it, there is no underlying order and pattern, merely as many explanations as there are things in the world. Newton's laws of motion, the oxygen theory of combustion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.46. In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything —a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.46. 在物理学上，一种方法就是把这种寻求统一性的冲动发挥到了极端，并努力寻找一种万能的理论，即一条唯一的为我们都看到的一切所生成的公式。

2012年考研英语翻译答案及解析

2012年考研英语（一）翻译部分答案及解析46）In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see.46. 物理学中，有一种方法将这种对统一性的紧迫需求发挥到了极致，追求一种具有普遍意义的理论，即为我们所见之物寻求一种单一的生成公式。

47）Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.47. 在此，达尔文似乎给出了合理化的解释，这是因为如果整个人类有相同的起源，那么我们就有理由认为，文化的多样性同样也可以追溯到更为具体的开端。

48）To filter out what is contingent and unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.48. 从共性中过滤出独特性，我们就可以明白文化行为起源的复杂性，以及文化行为在进化方面和认知方面的源动力。

49）The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.49. 第二个为此做出努力的人是约书亚·格林伯格，他采用经验主义的方法来研究普遍性，确认多种语言（尤其是语序方面的）共同特征，这些特征被认为是体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。

2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案)

2012年考研英语真题(附参考答案) Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and markA, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in waysthat 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartialjudgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. Atthe very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 tothe rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with socialpolicy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political---which is why decisionssplit along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves 19 to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely tobe seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked[D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all means [B]at all costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Passage OneCome on---Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation andhalf forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. Itusually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join theClub, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force throughwhat she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power ofgroup dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the socialcure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safesex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Hercritiqueof the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers---teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-healthadvocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Jointhe Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of thesocial and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaringflaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for verylong. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that theLoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits---as well as negativeones---spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtleform of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see everyday.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can selectour peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacherwho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behavedclassmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cureengineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing ourown friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful [B] desirable[C] profound [D] questionablePassage TwoA deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, amajor energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont lastweek when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide bythe strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would notchallenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of adesperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s astunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernont. As a condition ofreceiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission fromstate regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiringthat any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval.Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simplydidn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partialcollapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe systemleakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’smanagement—especially after the company made misleading statements about thepipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last yearagainst allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatorypower over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure; the SupremeCourt has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, butlegal scholars say the Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far thosepowers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulationsthat could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, thatdebate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is alreadyso battered that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But thereshould be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergyruns 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station inPlymouth. Vowing to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3. Para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning. [B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring. [D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Passage ThreeIn the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waitingto be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method tocarry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequentlyfollows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannotescape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interestinfluence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar tonewly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutinyand acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is thecredibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomesthe community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not thestarting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next.Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers makediscoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publicationprocess; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally,the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possiblyaccompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, theinteraction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the scienceand the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into thecommunity’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific worktends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete orincorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is alreadyknown and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newlypublished discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important andconvincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutationby future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.NobelLaureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeingwhat everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking whatnobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not changetheir views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to beaccepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of themind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoningand each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity. [B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity. [D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B] has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B] discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D] scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Passsage FourIf the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably representcivil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in tenAmerican government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the numberof unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in theprivate sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shutthings down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they aremostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have auniversity degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their tiesgo back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has longbeenassociated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position tovotes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare ofthe Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget ispatrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA onprisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in theprivate one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians haverepeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modestbut adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Eventhough there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the mostimportant variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones andpromoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clampdown. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against ScottWalker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector sufferunder the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers.The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year areuniversity sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’fat paypackets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not rewardhigh achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A] often run against the current political system.[B] can change people’s political attitudes.[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D] are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A] disapproval. [B] appreciation.[C] tolerance. [D] indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET1.10 pointsThink of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window andrealize that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than abrown-paper envelope, or your cell phone in the palm of your hand. Take a momentor two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labor to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.(41)_____________________________________.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place ofpraise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also treadwith caution. (42) ______________________________________.I call it a secret warfor two reasons. First, most people do not realize that there are strong commercialagendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority ofpeople who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significanceof what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds makenests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but thenturn around and use them to create superfluous material goods---paintings, sculptureand architecture and superfluous experiences---music, literature, religion andphilosophy. (43) ______________________________________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck indownload mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid ofproduction remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightlylarger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) _________________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after they have turned it on. (45)___________________________.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture andultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires greatskills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a definingconstituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words andother media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickinessby amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium theyhad also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of peopleevery day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading---between passive consumption and active creation---whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we canonly beginto imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to oneformat being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced byCD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the pasthalf-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium---television---and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, toencourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized thescientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science.Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all wesee. It isbecoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given thedimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remainsa major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciencestoo. (47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it: all humans sharecommon origins; it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also betraced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of humancourtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps theworld’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governedby universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared mightenable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it inevolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits publishedonline today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland andhis colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previousattempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity thatdictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold theentire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it soquickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languagewhich are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family treesthat between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammarshould show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or thepathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strongco-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of thesepatterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languagesare lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them anemail in thename of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2. Do not sign your name atthe end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address (10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. Inyour essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.20 pointsSection I: Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.C36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41. C 42.D 43. A 44.F 45.G46.—47.48.49.()50.( )Section III: Writing Part A (10 points)51. Dear international students, I am the chairman of the Students’Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you would cometo our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of ouruniversity and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming. In order tomake all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’dbetter take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it isvery cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledgeabout Chinese culture for better understanding in class. I really hope you’ll find theseproposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming! Yours sincerely,。

2012年考研英语二真题全文翻译标准答案超详解析

20１2年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二）试题答案与解析Seｃtion I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了G．I. Joe由普通人成长为英雄,是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。

二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题:Ｇ. I. Jｏe 这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。

空格中需要填动词,在定语从句中做谓语,其主语是ｗho(指代meｎａnｄwoｍｅｎ)，动作发生的地点是ｉn ＷorlｄWar IＩ；空后的句子“theｐeoｐle they ｌiｂｅｒaｔed”中ｔhey也指代men and ｗoｍeｎ，他们有ｌiｂeratｅ的动作,由此推断“ｔhe men ａnd woｍｅｎ”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人,即服役的军人。

只有serve 有“服兵役”的意思,所以选B。

A 项peｒfｏrｍ意为“表现;执行;表演”;C 项rebel 意为“造反，反抗”;Ｄ项beｔｒay意为”背叛,出卖”,皆不符合文意，为干扰项。

２．【答案】Ｂ【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的ｔhe poor farm kiｄ和tｈe ｇuy在含义上呼应,同时与空格后的“ｇrown intoherｏ”逻辑含义应保持一致,因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对,后面的分句说他背井离乡,经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（commoｎman）成长为英雄,所以选B。

A 项actual 意为“实际上,事实上的”；C 项ｓpeｃｉａl 意为“特殊的,专门的”;Ｄ项normaｌ意为“正常的,常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意,为干扰项。

３．【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是ｗho（the gｕy)，宾语是aｌl thｅburdeｎs of baｔtle，要表达“承担战争带来的负担,应该用动词beaｒ或ｓｈｏｕldeｒ,所以这里选A，boｒe。

2012年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析

2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了 G. I. Joe 由普通人成长为英雄，是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。

二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题：G. I. Joe这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。

空格中需要填动词，在定语从句中做谓语，其主语是who（指代men and women），动作发生的地点是in World War II；空后的句子“ the people they liberated ”中they也指代men and women，他们有由此推断“ the men and women”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人，即服役的军人。

只有serve 意思，所以选 B 。

liberate 的动作，有“服兵役”的A 项 perform 意为“表现；执行；表演” ； C项rebel意为“造反，反抗” ；D项betray意为”背叛，出卖” ，皆不符合文意，为干扰项。

2．【答案】 B【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的 the poor farm kid 和 the guy 在含义上呼应，同时与空格后的“ grown intohero”逻辑含义应保持一致，因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后面的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（common man）成长为英雄，所以选B。

A 项actual意为“实际上，事实上的”；C项special意为“特殊的，专门的”；D项normal 意为“正常的，常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意，为干扰项。

3．【答案】 A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，who（ the guy），宾需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是语是all the burdens of battle ，要表达“承担战争带来的负担，应该用动词所以这里选 A ， bore。

2012考研英语(一)翻译真题及答案

Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.翻译46. 在物理学领域，有一种方法将这种“万物归一的冲动”推向了极致，它试图探寻到能解释一切的，最底层的公式。

2012年考研英语(一)试题及答案 (完整版)

2012英语考研试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet， in several instances， justices acted in ways that _3_ the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia， for example， appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least， the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions， the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and，_20_， convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybody's doing it. That whispered message， half invitation and half forcing，is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking， drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club， Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure， in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg， the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize， offers a host of example of the social cure in action： In South Carolina， a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa， an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on： they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits，and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“ Dare to be different， please don't smoke！” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers， who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers， so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure， Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure： we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain， however， is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside： in the real world， as in school， we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph， peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers' experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author's view， Rosenberg's book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except， apparently ，when Entergy is involved. The company， a major energy supplier in New England， provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regu lations.Instead， the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court， as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002， when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant， an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale， the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006， the state went a step further， requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then， too， the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments， or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents， including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage， raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior， the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation， and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure： whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power， legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly， there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word， that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States， including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely， the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application， it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement， Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4， Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author's view， the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done， facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science， discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective， but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience， what we think our experiences mean， and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation，error， and self-deception abound.Consequently， discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims， they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process， through which the individual researcher's me， here， now becomes the community's anyone， anywhere，anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal， not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public， the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But，unlike with mining claims， the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community， researchers make discoveries； editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process； other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes； and finally， the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community， the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First， scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search， not re-search. Not surprisingly， newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second， novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end，credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together，challenge， revise， and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions o f reason.”31. According to the first paragraph， the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy？rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test？[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today， he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960， only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union； now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain， more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First， they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second， they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third，they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party， as its name implies， has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader，Ed Miliband， owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools， the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals， keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed， perhaps most egregiously in education， where charter schools， academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable， teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer， politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker， the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system， too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250，000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted m uch criticism，but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2？[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people's political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections：In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying， higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop， thinner than a brown-paper envelope，or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses， warriors， entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press， studio and theatre， paintbrush and gallery， piano and radio， the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device， the first media machine that serves as the mode of production， means of distribution， site of reception， and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer， we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First， most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second， the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download， but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part， the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings， sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music，literature， religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines， most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media， a pyramid of production remains， with a small number of people uploading material， a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content， and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading？ My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course， it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills，but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like ， which allow users to combine pictures， words and other media in creative ways and then share them， have the potential to add stickiness by amusing，entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century， much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow， to encourage thoughtful downloading and， even more importantly， meaningful uploading.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle， a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways， this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics， one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme， and seeksa theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear，however， that such a theory would be a simplification， given the dimensions and universes that it might entail， nonetheless， unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here， Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection， perhaps the world's languages， music， social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That， at least， is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleaguesconsider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky， who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language，which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second， by Joshua Greenberg， takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2，000 languages.(50)Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types ofword-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis， suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions：Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions： write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning， and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）【 - 考研试题】Section I：Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II：Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.GPart C2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》，题目是Universal truths。

[考研类试卷]2012年湖南师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷.doc

[考研类试卷]2012年湖南师范大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉1 Queensland2 Quebec3 Santa Claus4 Sir Walter Scott5 Stamp Tax6 Standard & Poor's7 Suez Canal8 Sydney9 Vancouver10 West Indies11 phonetics12 translation after sense13 Eurasia Land Bridge14 monetary integration15 Europe's sovereign-debt crisis汉译英16 载人航天17 行政问责18 公务接待费19 法人代表20 蜗居21 富二代22 工业“三废”23 潜规则24 发动机排量25 公民健康档案26 全球化27 增值税28 住房信贷政策29 颐和园30 法律硕士英译汉31 World food prices are pushing higher—the United Nations overall food index showsa 28. 3% annual increase, with cereals up 44. 1%—sparking concerns that a new food crisis may be emerging, just three years after the last one. Does this mean the world is running out of food?The quick answer is that the world does seem to be running low on cheap food. This supply shortage stems from the failure of governments and donors over nearly three decades to fund the basic agricultural research, investments in rural infrastructure, and training for smallholder farmers necessary to push out the productivity frontier.Until recently, world food crises have been relatively rare events—occurring about three times a century. The food crisis of 2007 ~2008, although scary at the time, was relatively mild by comparison. Prices for wheat, rice and maize—the staple foods that provide well over half the world population's energy intake directly and a good deal more indirectly via livestock products—rose 96. 7% between 2006 and 2008, not approaching the spikes in the mid-1970s when corrected for inflation. Yet here we are just a few years later, talking about food prices again.汉译英32 微笑，永远是微笑者个人的专利，它既不能租，又不能买；既不能借，又不能偷。

2014年湖南大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2014年湖南大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．unrenewable resources正确答案：不可再生资源2．air pollution index正确答案：空气污染指数3．emergency response capacity正确答案：应急反应能力4．priority development field正确答案：优先发展领域5．next-generation information technology正确答案：新一代信息技术6．targeted group正确答案：目标群体7．system of governance accountability正确答案：行政问责制度8．service-oriented government正确答案：服务型政府9．extra budgetary fund正确答案：预算外资金10．“go abroad” strategy正确答案：“走出去”战略11．contiguous poor areas正确答案：连片特困地区12．BRICS正确答案：金砖国家(Brazil，Russia，India，China，South Africa) 13．DINK正确答案：丁克家庭(Double Income No Kids)14．OPEC正确答案：石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 15．NPC正确答案：全国人民代表大会(National People’s Congress)汉译英16．白色污染正确答案：white pollution17．城市热岛效应正确答案：urban heat island effect18．豆腐渣工程正确答案：jerry-built project19．固有领土正确答案：inherent territory20．智能电网正确答案：smart grid21．继往开来正确答案：to inherit the past and forge ahead into the future 22．单位国内生产总值能耗正确答案：energy consumption per unit of GDP23．总体战略正确答案：overall strategy24．公务接待正确答案：official receptions25．南水北调正确答案：South-to-North Water Transfer26．大学毛入学率正确答案：gross college enrolment ratio27．教育公平正确答案：equality in education28．九年免费义务教育正确答案：free nine-year compulsory education29．差额选举正确答案：competitive election30．依法治国正确答案：Rule of Law英汉互译英译汉31．I am not good at it. To do it well seems to me one of the most difficult things in the world, and probably seems so to you, too.To see a friend off from Waterloo to Vauxhall were easy enough. But we are never called on to perform that small feat. It is only when a friend is going on a longish journey, and will be absent for a long-ish time that we turn up at the railway station. The dearer the friend, and the longer the journey, and the longer the likely absence, the earlier do we turn up, and the more lamentably do we fail. Our failure is in exact ratio to the seriousness of the occasion, and to the depth of our feeling.In a room or even on a door step, we can make the farewell quite worthily. We can express in our faces the genuine sorrow we feel. Nor do words fail us. There is no awkwardness, no restraint on either side. The thread of our intimacy has not been snapped. The leave-taking is an ideal one. Why not, then leave the leave-taking at that? Always, departing friends implore us not to bother to come to the railway station next morning. Always, we are deaf to these entreaties, knowing them to be not quite sincere. The departing friends would think it very odd of us if we took them at their word. Besides, they really do want to see us again. And that wish is heartily reciprocated. We duly turn up. And then, oh then, what a gulf yawns’. We stretch our arms vainly across it. We have utterly lost touch. We have nothing at all to say. We gaze at each other as dumb animals gaze at human beings. We make conversation—and such conversation! We know that these friends are the friends from whom we parted overnight. They know that we have not altered. Yet, on the surface, everything is different; and the tension is such that we only long for the guard to blow his whistle and put an end to the farce.正确答案：我不擅长送行。

2012年英语(湖南卷)

2012年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（湖南卷）英语21. We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs to achieve the final success.A. being doneB. doC. to be doneD. to do22. Don’t worry. The hard work that you do now later in life.A. will be repaidB. was being repaidC. has been repaidD. was repaid23. Time, correctly, is money in the bank.A. to useB. usedC. usingD. use24. Bicycling is good exercise; ,it does not pollute the air.A. neverthelessB. besidesC. otherwiseD. therefore25. Close the door of fear behind you, and you the door of faith open before you.A. sawB. have seenC. will seeD. are seeing26. Everyone in the village is very friendly. It doesn’t matter you have lived there for a short or a long time.A. whyB. howC. whetherD. when27. “The moment soon,” he thought to himself, waiting nervously.A. cameB. has comeC. was comingD. is coming28. I always felt I would pass the exam, I never thought I would get an A.A. WhileB. OnceC. IfD. Until29. Sorry, I am too busy now, if I time, I would certainly go for an outing withyou.A. have hadB. had hadC. haveD. had30. It was not until I came here I realized this place was famous for not onlyits beauty but also its weather.A. whoB. thatC. whereD. before31. The lecture, at 7:00 pm last night,was followed by an observation of themoon with telescopes.A. startingB. being startedC. to startD. to be started32. hard you try, it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amountyou eat.A. HoweverB. WhateverC. WhicheverD. Whenever33. - I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano forme?-Sorry, I the piano for years.A. don’t playB. wasn’t playingC. haven’t playedD. hadn’t played34. Care of the soul is a gradual process even the small details of life shouldbe considered.A. whatB. in whatC. whichD. in which35. All the scientific evidence that increasing use of chemicals in farmingDamaging our health.A. show; areB. shows; areC. show; isD. shows; isSection B（18 marks）Directions: For each of the following passage there are four words or phrases marker A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. “What’s it like to have a gap between a gap between your teeth?” a girl asked me one day.Nobody had ever 36 before. My hand unconsciously rose to cover my mouth. But, as she looked at me, sincerely waiting for 37 , I realized she was not trying to be rude. “I never think about it,”I truthfully replied. She nodded and turned away. I was left wondering if people 38 me and saw only gappy teeth.Later that day at home, I began to 39 my teeth again. I felt upset, I thought my life would be somehow better if my teeth were not gappy. How I wanted the perfect teeth that everyone else seemed to have!Of course, Mom 40 everything. She has lived her entire life with gappy teeth, and tried to convince me that there was noting to 41 . When I refused to listen, she told me I could get the surgery to close the gap if it was that important.‘“Let’s be , though,”she said.“If everyone got surgeries to become pretty, everyone would be exactly the same. There is beauty in differences.”Her 43 made me consider my teeth seriously. The thought of losing my gap was more terrible than the reality than the reality that people were going to notice it. I realized how important it was to me. It is part of my 44 .Nowadays many people do ridiculous things to realize their dream of “perfection.” The 45 is that no one is perfect. When all potential for ugliness is removed, so is all of the potential for 46 .So if that girl ever asked about my teeth 47 , I would truthfully answer, “You know? It’s really cute.”36. A. faced B. guessed C. asked D. imagined37. A. an offer B. an answer C. a suggestion D. a result38. A. heard of B. thought of C. talked about D. looked at39. A. consider B. Brush C. cover D. appreciate40. A. admitted B. noticed C. controlled D. changed41. A. worry about B. put off C. give up D. wipe out42. A. friendly B. lovely C. honest D. helpful43. A. words B. jokes C. dreams D. acts44. A. ability B. decision C. goal D. identity45. A. possibility B. purpose C. truth D. choice46. A. courage B. wisdom C. kindness D. beauty47. A. once B. again C. too D. instead生活中，你自己人或他人曾有过物品不慎丢失而又找回的经历，其间有烦脑、有惊喜、有感慨……请就此写一篇英语短文。

2012年考研英语真题答案及解析

2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文摘自The New York Times（《纽约时报》）2011年6月30日一篇题为Ethics,Politics and the law(道德，政治与法律)的文章。

本文是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了法律、政治以及道德之间的关系。

第一、二段通过举例说明法官与政治活动紧密联系使法院作为法律守护者的公正性受到削弱。

第三段承上启下，提出法律和政治之间是否还存在界限。

第四、五段阐明政治和法律之间的紧密联系。

第六段提出维护法院公正性所要遵循的行为规范，从而使法院的裁决更具有信服力。

二、试题解析1．[A]emphasize重视[B]maintain维持[C]modify修改[D]recognize认出【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。

由此可知，所选动词要与后面的its legitimacy构成动宾关系，根据具体语境判断应该是“法院便不能维持其作为法律守护者的合法性”。

因此，选项[B]是正确答案。

2．[A]when当……时候[B]lest以免[C]before在……之前[D]unless除非【答案】A【考点】句内逻辑+上下文语境【解析】本句主要考查空格前后两个分句的逻辑关系。

本句意思是：_____法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。

根据本段最后一句和随后两段信息可知，作者主要对法官涉及政治事件这一问题展开讨论和批评。

由此可以判断，前一分句是后一分句的前提或条件。

因此，选项[A]是正确答案。

3．[A]restored恢复[B]weakened削弱，损害[C]established建立[D]eliminated剔除，淘汰【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：然而，在一些情况下，法官所采取的这些行为方式_____法院独立、公正的声誉。

2012年湖南大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2012年湖南大学英语翻译基础真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. 词语翻译 2. 英汉互译词语翻译英译汉1．clean energy正确答案：清洁能源2．global climate change正确答案：全球气候变化3．demonstration project正确答案：示范项目4．greenhouse gas emission正确答案：温室气体排放5．poverty relief efforts正确答案：扶贫工作6．capacity building正确答案：能力建设7．exchange of needed goods正确答案：互通有无8．rule of law正确答案：法治9．place of historical interest正确答案：历史名胜10．improvement of the people’s livelihood正确答案：改善民生11．incentive policy正确答案：激励政策12．provisional regulation正确答案：暂行条例13．media publicity正确答案：媒体宣传14．peaceful co-existence正确答案：和平共处15．hit-and-run正确答案：肇事逃逸汉译英16．中国特色社会主义正确答案：socialism with Chinese characteristics 17．公民人身权利正确答案：the personal rights of citizens 18．低碳经济正确答案：low carbon economy19．与时俱进正确答案：keep up with the times20．同甘共苦正确答案：share joys and sorrows21．优化产业结构正确答案：optimize the industrial structure 22．国际惯例正确答案：international common practice 23．醉驾正确答案：drunk driving24．节能市场机制正确答案：energy conservation market system 25．新兴产业正确答案：emerging industries26．平等互利正确答案：equality and mutual benefit 27．基础设施建设正确答案：infrastructure construction28．经济发展模式正确答案：the mode of economic development 29．择优录用正确答案：recruit workers on a selective basis 30．务实合作正确答案：pragmatic cooperation英汉互译英译汉31．Home ownership has let US down. For generations, Americans believed that owning a home was an axiomatic good. Our political leaders hammered home the point. Franklin Roosevelt held that a country of homeowners was “unconquerable. “Homeownership could even, in the words of George H. W. Bush’s Secretary of Housing and Urban Development(HUD), Jack Kemp, “save babies, save children, save families and save American. “A house with a front lawn and a picket fence wasn’t just a nice place to live or a risk-flee investment; it was a way to transform a nation. No wonder leaders of all political stripes wanted to spend more than $ 100 billion a year on subsidies and tax breaks to encourage people to buy.But the dark side of homeownership is now all too apparent: foreclosures and walkaways, neighborhoods plagued by abandoned properties and plummeting home values, a nation in which families have $ 6 trillion less in housing wealth than they did just three years ago. Indeed, easy loaning stimulated by the cult of homeownership may have triggered the financial crisis and led directly to its biggest bailout, that of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Housing remains a drag on the economy. Existing home sales in July dropped 27% from the prior month, exacerbating fears of a double-tip. And all that is just the obvious tale of a housing bubble and what happened when it popped. The real story is deeper and darker still.正确答案：现在成为房主的美国人反而感到被拖累。

2012.12.12 研究生基础英语考试试题

湖南…大学研究生考试试题纸课程名称：__ 基础英语__开课学院：外国语上课专业：年级：2012 学生人数：命题教师：…审核人：考试形式：闭卷考试时间：2012 至2013 学年第 1 学期考试时量：120 分钟Passage two The 6 must-have FriendsFriends are like shoes -- and not just because both pals and the perfect pair of pumps （高跟鞋）can bring you profound joy. Friendship experts agree: Just as your favorite old sneakers aren't perfect for every occasion, neither is every friend. It's crucial to have a colorful assortment of friends -- from comfy to professional -- to match the varied parts of your life.Says Jessica, 31, of Dix Hills, New York, "When I feel low, I always think, 'Well, I have a friend who is this and a friend who is that -- the super-successful impressive friend, the crazy creative friend, the beyond-loyal friend, the since-seventh-grade friend' -- and it makes me feel better to be able to say, 'I am so good at having friends that I've got them in all different shapes and sizes!'" Why else are multiple friendships so important? What are some key friendships to foster? And what's the best way to do that when we're always so on the go?"When we're younger, it's fine to have one or two all-purpose friends," says Marla Paul, author of The Friendship Crisis: Finding, Making, and Keeping Friends When You're Not a Kid Anymore (Rodale, 2004). "But as adults, when our lives and needs and interests become more complex, we need a diverse group of friends who cover all of our dimensions."Just as you can't expect your great black loafers to work with a strappy sundress, you can't expect your single friend to discuss at length the ins and outs of diaper rash. "It's unrealistic to expect one friend to offer everything," says Jan Yager, PhD, author of Who's That Sitting at My Desk? Workship, Friendship, or Foe? (Hannacroix Creek, 2004). "You're drawing on the strengths and benefits that each one offers, not trying to mold someone into something she isn't."Seeing different friendships for what they are can preserve and prolong them, as Eleanor, 38, of Syracuse, New York, discovered. "I have a dear friend who's great about doing things only a close friend will, like helping me move," she says. But Eleanor found it frustrating to confide in her pal about her single-woman hardships. "I hated her cool, no-nonsense responses -- she'd basically tell me I just needed to 'get over it.' I would think, 'She has no idea what it's like!' But then it hit me -- her very long-term boyfriend became her husband. She actually does have no idea what it's like!" Since then, Eleanor says,"I've learned to appreciate what we do share: frustrations with work and politics, similar senses of humor. Now I know she's not the one to call about dating blues. I have plenty of other girlfriends who relate to that!"The Well-Rounded FriendsSo what are the five types of friends that will round out your social wardrobe?The Work Friend. This relationship is so important that Dr. Yager coined a term for it: a "workship." Having an office pal, she says, "boosts productivity, makes the day go faster, and work more fun." Sylvia, 36, of Brookline, Massachusetts, says her workship is the only reason she survives her "heinous（可憎的）job" at all. "She saves my life every day. We bitch about our boss, fantasize about changes we'd make if we overthrew her, share dirt on who's good to work with and who's not. And we laugh," Sylvia says. "My husband commiserates when I come home, sure, but he's not there."Just be on guard: If only one of you gets that promotion, things could get uncomfortable. Try to discuss it in advance if you can. Also, if one of you happens to leave the job, the friendship still has promise, says Yager. "Workships often blossom into friendships when they're no longer workships -- because then you can really let down your guard."The Friend in Your Kid's Class. Your kids are angels, no doubt, but that doesn't mean they have an adult perspective on what's going on in school. "You absolutely need someone to help you check out whether the teacher is really that 'unfair,' the sixth-graders are really dating, or the cliques are really that bad," says Paul. For Nicole, 35, of Charleston, South Carolina, her co-mom keep her not only informed, but also less isolated. "Almost everyone is all coiffed and perfect, and I'm just talking about the kids -- so you can imagine what the moms are like," she says. "My messy self really doesn't fit in. Thank goodness for Lara, the one other mom like me, and the only one I can hang out with at the science fair."The Friend Who's Known You Forever. "This friendship is priceless," says Paul, noting that when she recently bumped into an old crush at the mall, there was only one friend she could call to giggle about it. "She keeps your memories alive by sharing them with you.""If I met her today we might not be friends -- that's one thing I love most. She's so。

湖南大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2012年.doc

湖南大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2012年(总分：170.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第一部分百科知识{{/B}}(总题数：3，分数：70.00)1. 世界上现存最大的佛教艺术宝库是______。

∙ A.龙门石窟∙ B.云冈石窟∙ C.敦煌石窟∙ D.大足石窟ABCD(1).世界上现存最大的佛教艺术宝库是______。

∙ A.龙门石窟∙ B.云冈石窟∙ C.敦煌石窟∙ D.大足石窟（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).我国四大名亭中哪一座亭名是毛泽东题写的?______∙ A.醉翁亭∙ B.湖心亭∙ C.陶然亭∙ D.爱晚亭（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).下列古都哪个被称为“六朝古都”?______∙ A.洛阳∙ B.北京∙ C.南京∙ D.西安A.B.C.D.(4).“成也萧何，败也萧何”说的是谁的经历?______∙ A.刘邦∙ B.韩信∙ C.张良∙ D.项羽（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).下列哪一部属于儒家经典“四书五经”的五经?______∙ A.春秋∙ B.中庸∙ C.论语∙ D.大学（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(6).2011年11月28日的班德气候变化大会在哪里召开?______∙ A.希腊∙ B.南非∙ C.埃及∙ D.利比亚（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(7).我国最早的神话小说是______。

∙ A.《山海经》∙ B.《古镜记》∙ C.《世说新语》∙ D.《搜神记》A.B.C.D.(8).徐志摩、胡适等作家属于哪一个文学流派?______∙ A.江湖派∙ B.桐城派∙ C.公安派∙ D.新月派（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(9).我国道家学派的创始人是______。

∙ A.孔子∙ B.庄子∙ C.老子∙ D.孟子（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(10).成语“趋之若鹜”中的鹜是哪一种动物?______∙ A.野鸭∙ B.马∙ C.乌鸦∙ D.老鹰（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(11).“天下第一书”《兰亭集序》是哪一位古代书法家的杰作?______∙ A.张旭∙ B.王献之∙ C.王羲之∙ D.张芝A.B.C.D.(12).中国古代四大美女中的“沉鱼”是用来形容哪一位的?______∙ A.西施∙ B.王昭君∙ C.杨贵妃∙ D.貂蝉（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(13).“山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村”是谁的诗句?______∙ A.李白∙ B.辛弃疾∙ C.苏轼∙ D.陆游（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(14).提倡“中学为体，西学为用”的清末大臣是哪一位?______∙ A.康有为∙ B.胡适∙ C.张之洞∙ D.吴佩孚（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(15).古代人们用来当酒杯的青铜器叫______。

2012年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析

2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇关于人物介绍的说明性文章，主要讲述了G. I. Joe 由普通人成长为英雄，是美国特种兵敢死队的象征。

二、试题解析1．【答案】B【解析】本段开篇提出主题：G. I. Joe 这个名字对于参加过第二次世界大战的人来说意义非凡。

空格中需要填动词，在定语从句中做谓语，其主语是who（指代men and women），动作发生的地点是in World War II；空后的句子“the people they liberated”中they也指代men and women，他们有liberate的动作，由此推断“the men and women”指的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人，即服役的军人。

只有serve 有“服兵役”的意思，所以选B。

A 项perform 意为“表现；执行；表演”；C 项rebel 意为“造反，反抗”；D 项betray 意为”背叛，出卖”，皆不符合文意，为干扰项。

2．【答案】B【解析】空格处所指的人与下文的the poor farm kid 和the guy 在含义上呼应，同时与空格后的“grown intohero”逻辑含义应保持一致，因此空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后面的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这里应该是说由普通人平凡人（common man）成长为英雄，所以选B。

A 项actual 意为“实际上，事实上的”；C 项special 意为“特殊的，专门的”；D 项normal 意为“正常的，常态的”；皆不符合上下文语意，为干扰项。

3．【答案】A【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，需要填入动词在定语从句中做谓语，先行词是who（the guy），宾语是all the burdens of battle，要表达“承担战争带来的负担，应该用动词bear 或shoulder，所以这里选A，bore。

2012研究生考试英语真题及参考答案（解析）

Section I Use of English 1.【答案】B 【解析】从空后的句⼦“他们解放的⼈们”可以看出，空前的句⼦表⽰的应该是参加了第⼆次⼤战的男⼈和⼥⼈。

只有serve有“服兵役”的意思，所以选B。

其他都不符合题意。

2.【答案】B 【解析】空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后⾯的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这⾥应该是说由普通⼈平凡⼈(common man)成长为英雄，所以选B。

3.【答案】A 【解析】本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，承担战争带来的负担，应该⽤动词bear或shoulder，所以这⾥选A，bore。

4.【答案】A 【解析】necessities表⽰“⽣活必需品”，空外信息food和shelter(⾷物和住宿)这些就是维持⽣存最起码的条件。

Facilities 是设备设施，commodities商品，properties财产，均不符合题意。

5.【答案】C 【解析】not…but，“不是，⽽是”表转折，不是⾃愿兵，也没有⾼的报酬，⽽是⼀个普通⼈。

所以选C。

6.【答案】D 【解析】这道题主要考查介词的搭配。

根据up______(the best trained, bestequipped, fiercest, most brutal).enemies可以知道是起来反抗敌⼈，所以选D选项against。

7.【答案】C 【解析】GI。

在军事上是Government Issue 的缩略语，所以，GL。

这个符号就是象征着这个全称Government Issue。

选C。

8.【答案】A 【解析】该句意思为，GI。

这个符号出现在给⼠兵分发的所有物品上，hand out “分发，发放”符合题意。

Turn over “移交”，bring back“带回”，pass down“传承，⼀代⼀代传下来”在句意上都说不通。

9.【答案】C 【解析】空所在句⼦的语境为：Joe是个普通名词，⼀个从未爬到社会顶层的⼈的名字。

2012考研英语(一)翻译真题及答案

湖南大学2012级硕士研究生普通语言学试题

2012级英语专业硕士研究生普通语言学试题1.Is there FL (faculty of Language) in an individual's brain? Why or why not? (20 points)Actually I quite agree with Chomsky’s statements that among the human cognitive systems is a “faculty of language”(FL), to borrow a traditional term: some subsystem of the brain. FL is close to uniform for humans: it is a genuine species property. The theory of the faculty of language is called universal grammar(UG). Universal grammar is a theory in linguistics, usually credited to Noam Chomsky, proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. The theory suggests that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught, and that there are properties that all naturalhuman languages share. It is a matter of observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device(LAD),which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues that the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with knowledge of the nature of language. According to this view, children are born with the knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. This innateness hypothesis is based on the observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. For example:1). Children learn their native language very fast and with little effort. Considering the fact that small children are not yet intellectually mature for any other sciences. This is surprisingly fast and can’t be explained by other theories except the innateness hypothesis.2). There are other facts that are puzzling if language is not innate. Children learn their mother tongue in very different environments. But they follow more or less the same stages in acquisition: the babbling stage, nonsense word stage , holophrastic stage, two-word utterance, developing grammar, near adult grammar, and full competence.3). The child learns the total grammar of the language during a limited period of time, from limited exposure to speech. He can not only produce and understand sentences he has heard, but also sentences he has never heard before. What he learns seems tobe s set of rules rather than individual sentences.If there isn’t an FL in the brain, how they can achieve this? That is to say that there must be a faculty of language in the brain to facilitate people to learn language.2.What are the differences between structuralism and formalism? (20 points) Structuralism and formalism may sound like they should mean the same thing, but they are different. Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. And it stresses examining language as a static system of interconnected units. But formalism, also called Generative linguistics, founded by Norm Chomsky, is a school of thought within linguistics that makes use of the concept of a generative grammar which is a finite set of rules that can be applied to generate all those and only those sentences (often, but not necessarily, infinite in number) that are grammatical in a given language.The main differences between them are as follows:1.Structural linguistics focus on the systematic analysis and description of the language forms(especially the spoken language), while Transformation-generative grammar, founded by Chomsky mainly reveals the universal grammar in human mind.2.From the theoretical perspective, the structuralism is based on the empiricism but the formalism is based on the rationalism. From the psychological perspective, the former one is based on the behaviorism while the latter one is based on the mentalism.3.The foundation of structural linguistics is a "sign," which in turn has two components: a "signified" is an idea or concept, while the "signifier" is a means of expressing the signified. The "sign" is thus the combined association of signifier and signified. Signs can be defined only by being placed in contrast with other signs, which forms the basis of what later became the paradigmatic dimension of semiotic organization. While formalism theory is distinguished from other traditions by distinguishing competence and performance, which distinguishes in the act of speech its linguistic capacity. Thus, under this approach, each speaker has a linguistic organ specialized in the analysis and production of complex structures forming the speech.4.Structural linguistics was efficient for phonology and morphology, because both have a finite number of units that the linguist can collect. Structural linguistics was not sufficient for syntax, reasoning that an infinite number of sentences could be uttered, rendering a complete collection impossible. Instead, Chomsky proposed the job of the linguist was to create a small set of rules that could generate all the sentences of a language, and nothing but those sentences.5.Saussure advocated the structure of language has nothing to do with history , he thinks that diachronic language study cannot explain the process of language creation. in fact, the basic relationship that play an important role in the language is the equivalent relationship between the symbols and meaning. All kinds of meanings contact with each other and depend on each other to form a synchronic language system. While generative grammar to with the rationalism as philosophical foundation, emphasize to explain people's language ability , not only the description of language behavior. What it will study is to embody cognitive system and the universal grammar in the human brain . Language is not the actual things that exists. This concept is derived from grammar, and only grammar is in existence. Therefore, the TG theory is defined as the study of the grammar and not the language.3.In what aspects does Cognitive Linguistics differ from Formal Linguistics? (20 points)In linguistics, cognitive linguistics (CL) refers to the branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms. While formalism linguistics is the mainstream of the international linguistics research. Its main purpose is to establish a system of a set of formal principles and rules, trying to find out the explanation of language phenomena from the internal language structure .The difference between the two theories are as follows:1. Cognitive linguistics thinks that the person’s language ability is not an independent ability, but is closely related to a general cognitive ability. While the formalism linguistics thinks that language ability is independent of the other abilities. And it makes the syntax as an independent part ,even as a core autonomy system, and then divided into lexical, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, etc.2. Being opposite with the formalism linguistics, cognitive linguistics thinks that syntax as a part of the language structure is not sufficient. What is more important is the close relation of the syntax and the lexical as well as the semantics.3. The cognitive linguistics thinks that semantics is not only the truth condition, but the combination of subjective and objective, and the semantic always involves people's subjective opinions and psychological factors. But the formalism linguistics defines semantic only according to the true value condition, for example, the meaning of the word "chair" is made up of the objective semantic components,such as the "four legs", "back", "a plane that can sit " and so on. Things that satisfy all these conditions is a chair.4. Cognitive linguistics believes that various categories of units in language, as most established categories, is discrete, and has no clear boundary. But the formalism linguistics tend to think anything in language, such as different classes of word and syntax component , etc. are all with clear boundary and alternative. For example, a noun can not be a verb, and a subject cannot be the object.5. Cognitive linguistics also pays full attention to the influence of the different nationalities' cognitive characteristics on language expression when they admit human cognitive universals at the same time. But formalism linguistics doesn’t.4.Is children early syntactic development based on rules or based on usage? Why?(20 points)Some people consider that children early syntactic development were limited by the universals, so the development is based on rules, while others believe that the motivation of the early language development is from the language environment and usage. I think that it’s mainly based on the rules. The reason are as follows:1.The researchers who believe that the development is based on the rules, make a hypothesis that the children early word combination, which seems to be an easy and simple process, is actually a complex one. It is similar to the adult grammar. And it has the basic grammatical features of the target language and is controlled by the universal grammar. The universal grammar consists of the rules and parameters. The rules prescribe the basic principles for all the human language, and constraint the possible language forms. While the parameters allow the parametric variation which is based on the experience. This reflects the differences among the individuals.2.The universal grammar is considered as the innate and potential language knowledge in the mind and is the original state of language acquisition. This belief and the later research about the parameter missetting by Hyams explain the phenomenon that the early syntactic development is not necessary to obey the grammar of the target language, but it doesn’t mean that the development can change casually. Oppositely, the development os under the constraints of the universal grammar from the beginning and their language behaviors are all in the scope of the universal rules. Thus the researches based on the rules mainly discuss the syntactic structures and their growth and development under the constraints of the rules. But this thought can’t explain the irregularity and limits in the early development of the children syntactics.3. Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device(LAD),which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. According to this view, children are born with the knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. This innateness hypothesis is based on the observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. For example: 1). Children learn their native language very fast and with little effort, and 2). There are other facts that are puzzling if language is not innate.But it doesn’t mean that the usage has nothing to with the children early syntactic development.It explains the importance and key influence of the language environment, usage and the general cognitive process on the children syntactic development.So the children early syntactic development is based on both the rules and the basis of usage also have some influence on it. These two theories explains the importance and specific influence of the innate knowledge and the acquired environment on the early syntactic development.5. In what aspects does L2 Acquisition differ from L1 Acquisition? (20 points)The differences between the L2 Acquisition L1 Acquisition lie in the following 3 aspects:I. Differences in learners:1. Age: L1 learner as a child has innate capacity for learning language according to nativist theories.2.Motivation: a child had strong motivation for learning L1 to satisfy his or her basic need in communication. L2 learner motivation is much weaker.3.Linguistic knowledge: L1 learner has no previous knowledge of language while L2 leaner approaches the task already known a language, he or she potentially transfers these knowledge.4.Cultural knowledge: L1 learner acquires the cultural norms in the process of acquiring language while the L2 learner has already acquired a set of cultural values, these may enhance or hinder L2 learning.5.Fossilization: the leaner’s grammar is may fossilize. Fossilization occurs when learner’s stop learning while their internalized grammar contains rules different from those of the target system. This failure to reach native-like competence is common in SLA. It does not happen in L1.6.Nervousness about speaking: the fear of making mistakes when speaking the target language. For the L2 learners, of whom are often adolescents and adults, they are usually afraid of making mistakes because they think these mistakes will make them be laughed at by others, but L1 learners, of whom are child, will never take this into consideration.II. Differences in learning conditions:1.Free to be silent: for the L1 learners, they are allowed to be silent, but the L2 learners can’t.2.Opportunities to practice the language: for L1 learners, they have the complete exposure to talk and contact with the native speakers,while the L2 learners usually have opportunities to practice it in the classroom.3.Corrective feedback: for the L1 learners, they usually receive the correct feedback from the meaning and word choice, while for L2 learners, they usually receive the correct feedback from grammar and pronunciation.III. Differences in research styles:1.Purposes and focuses : L1 acquisition researches are always focus on the theoretical purposes and learner strategies , while the L2 acquisition researches are focus on the applied purposes and input.2.Methods: L1 researches usually apply the method of case studies, while L2 with groups of subjects.3.Settings: L1 acquisition researches are studied under the natural setting, while L2 research with the classroom setting.。

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[考研类试卷]2012年湖南大学英语翻译基础真题试卷英译汉
1 clean energy
2 global climate change
3 demonstration project
4 greenhouse gas emission
5 poverty relief efforts
6 capacity building
7 exchange of needed goods
8 rule of law
9 place of historical interest
10 improvement of the people's livelihood
11 incentive policy
12 provisional regulation
13 media publicity
14 peaceful co-existence
15 hit-and-run
汉译英
16 中国特色社会主义
17 公民人身权利
18 低碳经济
19 与时俱进
20 同甘共苦
21 优化产业结构
22 国际惯例
23 醉驾
24 节能市场机制
25 新兴产业
26 平等互利
27 基础设施建设
28 经济发展模式
29 择优录用
30 务实合作
英译汉
31 Home ownership has let US down. For generations, Americans believed that owning
a home was an axiomatic good. Our political leaders hammered home the point. Franklin Roosevelt held that a country of homeowners was "unconquerable. " Homeownership could even, in the words of George H. W. Bush's Secretary of Housing and Urban Development(HUD), Jack Kemp, "save babies, save children, save families and save American. " A house with a front lawn and a picket fence wasn't just a nice place to live or a risk-flee investment; it was a way to transform a nation. No wonder leaders of all
political stripes wanted to spend more than $ 100 billion a year on subsidies and tax breaks to encourage people to buy.
But the dark side of homeownership is now all too apparent: foreclosures and walkaways, neighborhoods plagued by abandoned properties and plummeting home values, a nation in which families have $ 6 trillion less in housing wealth than they did just three years ago. Indeed, easy loaning stimulated by the cult of homeownership may have triggered the financial crisis and led directly to its biggest bailout, that of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Housing remains a drag on the economy. Existing home sales in July dropped 27% from the prior month, exacerbating fears of a double-tip. And all that is just the obvious tale of a housing bubble and what happened when it popped. The real story is deeper and darker still.
汉译英
32 祥子想找个地方坐下，把前前后后细想一遍，哪怕想完只能哭一场呢，也好知道哭的是什么；事情变化得太快了，他的脑子已追赶不上。

没有地方给他坐，到处是雪。

小茶馆们已都上了门，十点多了；就是开着，他也不肯进去，他愿意找个清静的地方，他知道自己眼眶中转着的泪水随时可以落下来。

既没地方坐一坐，只好慢慢地走吧；可是，上哪儿去呢?这个银白的世界，没有他坐下的地方，也没有他的去处；白茫茫的一片，只有饿着肚子的小鸟，与走投无路的人，知道什么叫做哀叹。