On Cross-Cultural Awareness and its Cultivation in Interpretation 英语口译中的跨文化意识及其培养
On the Cross-Cultural Awareness of an Interpreter
On the Cross-Cultural Awareness of an Interpreter Abstract: Cross-cultural awareness is one of the basic requirements for interpreters when they participate in intercultural communications, which is a particular way of thinking, a criterion for judgment or an acute sensitivity to be cultivated by the interpreters. Interpreters should remain aware of the possible cultural differences and conduct cultural mediating accordingly in interpretation.Key words:cross-culture awareness interpretation criterion cultivationⅠIntroductionWith the globalization of economy and science, cross-cultural communication is well on its way to becoming an everyday phenomenon[1]. Interpretation is then necessitated, which, as an art of cross-cultural communication, aims at establishing mutual understandings between members of different cultures in accordance with a previously determined communicative target purpose.Therefore, the interpreter, as a cultural and linguistic analyst and a cross-cultural communicator, must be bicultural as well as bilingual.ⅡThe Concept of Cross-Cultural AwarenessThe cross-cultural awareness is one of the basic requirements for an interpreter when he or she participates in the intercultural communication, which is a particular way of thinking, a criterion for judgment or an acute sensitivity to cultivated by the interpreter.According to Hanvey’s view, cross-cultural awareness means a sensitive cognition towards cultural elements of one who attends intercultural communication.Ways of expression differ from others if the speakers come from different culture backgrounds. Thus, successful interpreting is the result of accurate comprehension and reconstruction and application of various skills and techniques in a professional manner and to a professional standard that will be achieved at both discourse and cultural level.ⅢThe Relationship between Cross-Cultural Awareness and Interpretation(1) The role of an interpreterEvery language has its distinct culture background, therefore, interpreting is the communication across cultural barriers, cultural differences and linguistic distances.The absence of a shared code system and common cultural assumption and the ethnocentric thinking often stymie successful intercultural communication. Mr. Wang Zuoliang has said, “An in terpreter deals with a few words, but facing with two distinct cultures.” Therefore, “the interpreter must be a real intellectual. To usher in the effective communication, the interpreter should serve as a bridge between two cultures as well as two languages.Let’s take an example:Baudelaire’s translation of Poe may be “better” poems than those Poe wrote; but those who read them have read Baudelaire’s version of Poe; not Poe.If the interpreter knew the French Poet Charles Baudelaire is famous all over the world for introducing American poet and novelist Edgar Allen Poe, he should easily interpret that as follow:波德莱尔所译的爱伦坡的诗,也许比爱伦坡自己所写得更好;但读那些诗的人只是读了波德莱尔所译的爱伦坡;而并非真正的爱伦坡。
商务英语发表观点辩论
商务英语发表观点辩论Title: The Importance of Cross-Cultural Awareness in Business CommunicationIn the globalized business environment, cross-cultural awareness has become a critical aspect of effective communication. This essay argues that understanding and respecting cultural differences are essential for successful business interactions, negotiations, and partnerships.Firstly, cross-cultural awareness enhances understanding and reduces misunderstandings. Each culture has its unique norms, values, and communication styles. Without an understanding of these differences, businesses may encounter significant barriers in their international operations. For instance, in some cultures, directness and openness are valued, while in others, indirectness and subtlety are preferred. A lack of awareness can lead to misinterpretations and conflicts, damaging business relationships. By being aware of these differences, businesses can adapt their communication styles and messaging to suit different cultural contexts, therebyavoiding misunderstandings and ensuring smoother interactions.Secondly, cross-cultural awareness improves negotiation outcomes. Negotiations are a crucial part of business, and success often depends on the ability to establish trust and mutual respect. Cultural differences can significantly influence negotiation styles and strategies. For example, some cultures may emphasize personal relationships andtrust-building, while others may focus more on facts and figures. By understanding these differences, negotiators can adjust their approaches accordingly, creating a more conducive atmosphere for successful negotiations.Moreover, cross-cultural awareness facilitates the formation of effective business partnerships. In today's interconnected world, businesses often need to collaborate with partners from different cultural backgrounds. Understanding cultural differences helps businesses to identify common ground and shared interests, strengthening their relationships. It also enables businesses to anticipate and address potential challenges that may arisedue to cultural differences, ensuring the success and sustainability of their partnerships.Furthermore, cross-cultural awareness is beneficial for brand building and marketing. In a global market, businesses need to ensure that their branding and marketing messages resonate with their target audience, regardless of their cultural background. By understanding the cultural preferences and values of their target audience, businesses can create more relevant and appealing messaging that resonates with their customers, leading to increased brand recognition and loyalty.However, achieving cross-cultural awareness requires continuous learning and effort. Businesses need to investin training their employees to understand and appreciate cultural differences. They should also encourage open dialogue and the sharing of cultural experiences within the organization, fostering a culture of inclusivity and respect.In conclusion, cross-cultural awareness is crucial for successful business communication in the globalized world. It enhances understanding, improves negotiation outcomes,facilitates the formation of effective business partnerships, and benefits brand building and marketing. By investing in cross-cultural awareness, businesses can overcome cultural barriers, build strong relationships with their international partners and customers, and achieve long-term success in the global market.。
冀教版初中英语作文范文
冀教版初中英语作文范文Here is an English essay on the topic of "Sample Essay for Junior High School English Textbook (Hebei Edition)". The word count exceeds 1000 words.Education is a fundamental aspect of human development, and the role of textbooks in shaping the learning experience of students cannot be overstated. In the context of junior high school English education, the Hebei Edition of the textbook serves as a crucial tool in imparting knowledge and fostering language proficiency. This essay aims to explore the significance of this textbook and its potential impact on the educational landscape.The Hebei Edition of the junior high school English textbook is designed to align with the national curriculum standards, ensuring that students receive a comprehensive and well-structured learning experience. The textbook's content is meticulously crafted to cater to the linguistic and cognitive needs of adolescent learners, providing a solid foundation for their English language acquisition.One of the standout features of this textbook is its emphasis on practical communication skills. The lessons focus on equippingstudents with the necessary vocabulary, grammar, and conversational abilities to engage in real-world interactions. Through a variety of engaging activities and interactive exercises, students are encouraged to apply their knowledge in authentic scenarios, fostering a deeper understanding of the language and its practical applications.Moreover, the Hebei Edition textbook places a strong emphasis on cultural awareness and global perspectives. By incorporating diverse cultural elements, students are exposed to the richness and diversity of the English-speaking world. This approach not only enhances their linguistic skills but also cultivates a broader understanding of different customs, traditions, and worldviews. Such cross-cultural exposure is crucial in preparing students to navigate an increasingly interconnected global landscape.In addition to its focus on communication and cultural awareness, the Hebei Edition textbook also prioritizes the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The carefully curated content and activities challenge students to analyze, evaluate, and apply their knowledge in creative and innovative ways. This approach not only strengthens their language proficiency but also fosters the essential cognitive abilities required for success in the 21st century.One of the notable strengths of the Hebei Edition textbook is itsadaptability to the diverse learning needs of students. The textbook's design allows for differentiated instruction, enabling teachers to tailor the learning experience to accommodate students with varying levels of language proficiency, learning styles, and individual interests. This flexibility ensures that the educational experience remains inclusive and responsive to the unique needs of each student.Furthermore, the Hebei Edition textbook is supported by a comprehensive suite of supplementary resources, including digital platforms, interactive media, and teacher's guides. These resources empower educators to enhance the learning experience, integrate technology effectively, and provide personalized support to students. This holistic approach to education not only strengthens the students' language skills but also fosters their overall academic and personal growth.The impact of the Hebei Edition junior high school English textbook extends beyond the classroom walls. By equipping students with strong English language proficiency, the textbook prepares them for future academic and professional endeavors. In an increasingly globalized world, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become a valuable asset, opening doors to diverse educational and career opportunities.Moreover, the textbook's emphasis on cultural awareness and global perspectives can contribute to the development of well-rounded individuals who are equipped to navigate the complexities of the modern world. As students engage with the content and activities, they develop a deeper understanding of diverse cultures, fostering empathy, tolerance, and respect for difference. This, in turn, can contribute to the cultivation of global citizens who are poised to make meaningful contributions to their communities and the world at large.In conclusion, the Hebei Edition junior high school English textbook is a remarkable resource that plays a pivotal role in shaping the educational landscape. Its focus on practical communication skills, cultural awareness, and critical thinking equips students with the necessary tools to thrive in the 21st century. By fostering language proficiency, cultivating global perspectives, and nurturing well-rounded individuals, this textbook has the potential to significantly impact the educational outcomes and future prospects of the students it serves. As education continues to evolve, the Hebei Edition textbook stands as a testament to the transformative power of quality educational resources.。
大学生如何增强文化自信英语作文
大学生如何增强文化自信英语作文How to Enhance Cultural Confidence among College StudentsIntroductionCulture is an essential part of society, shaping our beliefs, values, traditions, and customs. For college students, enhancing cultural confidence is crucial as it allows them to appreciate their own cultural background while also understanding and respecting other cultures. In this essay, we will discuss how college students can increase their cultural confidence, focusing on the importance of cultural awareness, learning about diverse cultures, and embracing cultural differences.Importance of Cultural AwarenessCultural awareness is the foundation of cultural confidence. It involves recognizing and understanding one's own culture and the cultures of others. By developing cultural awareness, college students can gain a deeper appreciation of their own cultural heritage and traditions. They can also become moreopen-minded and respectful towards people from different cultural backgrounds.To enhance cultural awareness, college students can:- Participate in cultural events and activities on campus- Engage in discussions with classmates from different cultural backgrounds- Take courses in multicultural studies or anthropology- Explore literature, music, and art from various cultures- Travel and experience different cultures first-handLearning about Diverse CulturesAnother way to boost cultural confidence is by learning about diverse cultures. This can be done through reading books, watching documentaries, attending cultural festivals, or engaging with people from different cultural backgrounds. By expanding their knowledge of diverse cultures, college students can develop a more comprehensive understanding of the world and the people who inhabit it.To learn about diverse cultures, college students can:- Attend cultural exchange programs or workshops- Visit museums, cultural centers, and ethnic neighborhoods- Volunteer with organizations that promote cultural diversity- Study abroad in a foreign country- Participate in language exchange programsEmbracing Cultural DifferencesEmbracing cultural differences is essential for building cultural confidence. It involves accepting and celebrating the unique aspects of each culture, rather than viewing them as barriers or sources of conflict. By embracing cultural differences, college students can foster mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation among people from diverse backgrounds.To embrace cultural differences, college students can:- Engage in cross-cultural communication and dialogue- Challenge stereotypes and prejudices about different cultures- Practice empathy and perspective-taking- Celebrate multiculturalism through food, music, and art- Support initiatives that promote diversity and inclusionConclusionIn conclusion, enhancing cultural confidence among college students is essential for promoting mutual respect,understanding, and cooperation in a diverse and interconnected world. By developing cultural awareness, learning about diverse cultures, and embracing cultural differences, college students can build a strong sense of cultural identity and pride. Ultimately, cultural confidence enables individuals to navigate the complexities of the modern world with grace, empathy, and openness.。
旅游英语翻译中的跨文化意识
CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS IN TRANSLATING TOURIST MATERIALS FROM CHINESE INTO ENGLISH Abstract:Translating is a cross-cultural activity and the translator is the medium of the communication between the target readers and the author. It goes without saying that cross-cultural communication requires cross-cultural awareness and this is especially true with the translating of tourist materials. With the booming of tourism, tourist translation has developed rapidly in China, but most English versions of tourist materials are poorly done, for there exists lots of unique items that have never been described before in English. To deal with these cultural items properly, translation theorists provide some strategies that are different superficially but similar essentially. The similarity lies in the full and correct transmission of cultural information. The author, by synthesizing the conception of culture and introducing the conception of cultural information, and its necessity in translating tourist materials, holds the cultural items are translatable through the following strategies: literal translation, transliteration, transliteration plus explanation, transliteration plus literal translation, cultural analogy, and paraphrase.Key Words:cross-cultural awareness; tourist materials; translating strategies; cross-cultural communication旅游英语翻译中的跨文化意识摘要：翻译是一种跨文化活动，而译者则是译文读者与原文作者进行沟通的桥梁。
观点加办法的英语作文
观点加办法的英语作文Title: Embracing Diversity: A Key to Global HarmonyIn today's interconnected world, diversity is not just a reality; it is a strength that can lead to global harmony and progress. Embracing diversity means recognizing and respecting the unique qualities and contributions of individuals and cultures, rather than viewing them as obstacles or threats.Firstly, the importance of diversity cannot be overstated. It brings a richness of perspectives and ideas that can enhance innovation and creativity. When we have a diverse range of people working together, we are more likely to find solutions to complex problems and address challenges from multiple angles.However, embracing diversity is not without its challenges. Language barriers, cultural differences, and biases can create misunderstandings and conflicts. To overcome these, we need to foster an environment of inclusivity and mutual understanding. This can be achieved through education, which should focus on promoting cross-cultural awareness and respect. By learning about different cultures and perspectives, we can break down barriers and build bridges of understanding.In addition to education, we need to create spaces where diversevoices can be heard and respected. This includes promoting diverse representation in leadership positions and encouraging open dialogue and debate. By giving a platform to diverse voices, we can ensure that all perspectives are considered and valued.Moreover, individuals can play a crucial role in embracing diversity. We should strive to be more tolerant and understanding of people who are different from us. We can do this by challenging our own biases and assumptions and by actively seeking to understand others. By engaging in meaningful conversations and building relationships with people from different backgrounds, we can create a more inclusive and harmonious society.In conclusion, embracing diversity is crucial for global harmony and progress. By fostering an environment of inclusivity, promoting cross-cultural awareness, and challenging our own biases, we can harness the strength of diversity and create a world that is more understanding, inclusive, and prosperous.。
志愿者活动总结英语范文(3篇)
第1篇IntroductionAs a member of the community, it is our duty to contribute to the betterment of society. Volunteering is one of the most effective ways to achieve this goal. Over the past few months, our team of volunteers participated in a variety of activities aimed at promoting social welfare, environmental protection, and community development. This summary aims to highlight the key aspects of our volunteer activities, the challenges we faced, and the positive impact we made.I. BackgroundThe volunteer program was initiated by our local community center, with the support of various government agencies and non-profit organizations. The main objective was to encourage community members to engage in volunteer work, fostering a sense of unity and social responsibility. The activities covered a wide range of areas, including education, health, environment, and cultural events.II. Activities1. Education and Literacy ProgramsOur team of volunteers conducted regular educational programs for underprivileged children in rural areas. We organized workshops on basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills, aiming to bridge the gap in their education. Additionally, we conducted career counseling sessions to guide them towards better employment opportunities.2. Health and Wellness CampaignsIn collaboration with local hospitals and clinics, we organized health and wellness campaigns to raise awareness about preventive healthcare. Our volunteers conducted free health check-ups, distributed leaflets on healthy living, and educated people on the importance of regular exercise and a balanced diet.3. Environmental Protection InitiativesWe actively participated in environmental protection initiatives, suchas tree planting, clean-up drives, and recycling campaigns. Our volunteers cleaned up local beaches, parks, and streets, raising awareness about the importance of environmental conservation. We also conducted workshops on sustainable living practices and organized clean-up drives to remove plastic waste from natural habitats.4. Cultural and Social EventsTo promote cultural diversity and social cohesion, we organized various events, including festivals, concerts, and sports activities. Our volunteers helped in organizing these events, ensuring that everyone had a memorable experience. We also provided support to individuals with disabilities, ensuring that they could participate in these activities without any barriers.III. Challenges1. Resource ConstraintsOne of the major challenges we faced was resource constraints. Limited funding and access to necessary materials often hindered our ability to implement certain activities effectively. Despite these limitations, we managed to overcome these challenges by seeking alternative solutionsand engaging with local businesses and community members for support.2. Time ManagementBalancing volunteer work with personal and professional commitments was another challenge. Our volunteers often had to sacrifice their personal time to contribute to the activities. However, their dedication and commitment made it possible to achieve our goals.3. Language and Cultural BarriersIn some of our activities, we encountered language and cultural barriers. To address this, we conducted training sessions for our volunteers on cross-cultural communication and sensitivity. This helped us to better understand and cater to the needs of diverse groups within the community.IV. Impact1. Enhanced Community AwarenessOur volunteer activities significantly enhanced community awarenessabout various social issues. Through our initiatives, more people became aware of the importance of education, health, environmental conservation, and cultural diversity.2. Improved Quality of LifeOur programs contributed to the improvement of the quality of life for many individuals and families. By providing educational and health support, we helped bridge the gap between the rich and the poor,ensuring that everyone had access to basic amenities.3. Strengthened Community BondsThe activities fostered a sense of unity and belonging among community members. Volunteering brought people from different backgrounds together, promoting social cohesion and mutual respect.ConclusionIn conclusion, our volunteer activities have been a resounding success. Despite the challenges we faced, our team of dedicated volunteers has made a significant impact on the community. As we move forward, weremain committed to continuing our efforts in promoting social welfare, environmental protection, and community development. We encourage more individuals to join us in this noble cause, as together, we can create a better and more inclusive society for all.第2篇IntroductionVolunteerism is an important social activity that plays a significantrole in promoting the progress of society and improving the quality of people's lives. As a volunteer, I had the opportunity to participate in a variety of volunteer activities organized by our community. Thissummary aims to provide an overview of the activities, the challenges faced, and the positive outcomes achieved during the volunteer program.I. Activities1. Community Clean-upThe first activity we participated in was a community clean-up event. Our team was responsible for cleaning the streets, parks, and public areas in our neighborhood. We collected garbage, picked up litter, and cleaned graffiti. This activity not only improved the cleanliness of our community but also raised awareness about environmental protection.2. Soup Kitchen ServiceWe also volunteered at a local soup kitchen, where we prepared and served meals to the homeless and low-income individuals. We cooked, cleaned, and distributed food, ensuring that everyone had a warm meal. This experience was heartwarming and helped us understand the struggles faced by many people in our society.3. Children's Education ProgramAnother activity we engaged in was a children's education program. We visited an underprivileged school and conducted interactive sessions with the students. We taught them various subjects, organized games, and provided them with educational materials. This activity aimed to bridge the educational gap and empower the children to achieve their full potential.4. Health Awareness CampaignWe organized a health awareness campaign in our community, where we educated people about the importance of healthy living. We distributed flyers, conducted workshops, and provided free health check-ups. This campaign helped people become more conscious of their health and encouraged them to adopt healthier lifestyles.II. Challenges1. Time ManagementAs volunteers, we had to manage our time effectively to balance our volunteer activities with our studies and work. This required us to prioritize our tasks and allocate time efficiently.2. CommunicationEffective communication was crucial in ensuring the success of our volunteer activities. We had to communicate with each other, the community, and the organizations we collaborated with. This required us to develop strong interpersonal skills and be open to different perspectives.3. AdaptabilityWe encountered various challenges during the activities, which required us to adapt to different situations. For instance, we had to adjust our plans when the weather changed or when unexpected events occurred.III. Positive Outcomes1. Enhanced Community SpiritOur volunteer activities helped foster a sense of unity and camaraderie among the community members. By working together, we were able to achieve common goals and create a more supportive environment.2. Improved Self-awarenessVolunteering allowed us to gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and our values. We realized the importance of empathy, compassion, andsocial responsibility.3. Skill DevelopmentThroughout the volunteer program, we acquired new skills such as leadership, teamwork, and problem-solving. These skills will undoubtedly benefit us in our personal and professional lives.4. Social ImpactOur volunteer activities had a positive impact on the community. By improving the cleanliness of the neighborhood, providing meals to theneedy, and raising awareness about health, we contributed to the overall well-being of our society.ConclusionParticipating in volunteer activities was an enriching experience that taught us valuable lessons and helped us grow as individuals. By contributing to the community, we not only made a difference in thelives of others but also gained personal fulfillment. We hope that our efforts will inspire others to join the volunteer movement and work together to create a better world.第3篇Introduction:Volunteer activities have become an integral part of our society, providing opportunities for individuals to contribute to the betterment of their communities. As a volunteer, I had the privilege of participating in a wide range of activities that not only allowed me to make a positive impact but also enriched my own life. This summary aims to reflect on the experiences gained during the volunteer activities I engaged in, highlighting the challenges faced, the lessons learned, and the sense of fulfillment achieved.1. Background and Objectives:The volunteer activities I participated in were organized by a localnon-profit organization that focuses on improving the lives of underprivileged children. The primary objectives were to provide educational support, mentorship, and recreational activities to children from low-income families. By volunteering, I aimed to contribute totheir development, instill values of empathy, and create a positive impact on their lives.2. Activities and Responsibilities:During the course of my volunteer activities, I was involved in various projects and tasks. Some of the key activities and responsibilities included:a. Tutoring: I assisted children in improving their academic skills by providing individualized attention and guidance. This involved teaching subjects like mathematics, science, and language arts, ensuring they stayed on track with their studies.b. Mentoring: I served as a mentor to a group of children, offering emotional support, guidance, and advice. I aimed to inspire them to pursue their dreams and overcome any obstacles they may face.c. Organizing recreational activities: I coordinated and facilitated various recreational activities such as sports, art, and music workshops. These activities aimed to foster creativity, teamwork, and a sense of community among the children.d. Fundraising: I actively participated in fundraising events to raise funds for the organization. This involved planning, organizing, and executing events such as charity runs, auctions, and donation drives.3. Challenges Faced:Volunteering is not without its challenges. Throughout my experience, I encountered several obstacles that tested my resilience and adaptability. Some of the challenges faced included:a. Language barriers: Many of the children I worked with spoke limited English, which posed a challenge in effectively communicating and providing them with the necessary support.b. Cultural differences: Working with children from diverse cultural backgrounds required sensitivity and understanding to cater to their individual needs and beliefs.c. Time management: Balancing my volunteer responsibilities with my personal commitments was often challenging. I had to prioritize and allocate my time effectively to ensure that I could fulfill my duties without compromising the quality of my work.4. Lessons Learned:Volunteering provided me with valuable lessons that I will carry forward in my personal and professional life. Some of the key lessons learned include:a. Empathy and understanding: Working closely with children from underprivileged backgrounds helped me develop a deeper understanding of their struggles and needs. It taught me the importance of empathy and compassion.b. Adaptability: The diverse nature of the volunteer activities required me to adapt to different situations and challenges. This taught me to be flexible and open-minded in finding solutions to unexpected problems.c. Leadership and teamwork: Organizing and coordinating variousactivities helped me develop leadership skills and teamwork abilities. I learned the importance of effective communication, delegation, and collaboration.5. Sense of Fulfillment:The most rewarding aspect of volunteering was the sense of fulfillment I experienced. Witnessing the progress and happiness of the children I worked with made all the effort worthwhile. Some specific moments that stand out include:a. Seeing a child I tutored improve their grades and gain confidence in their abilities.b. Witnessing a group of children come together to support each other during a challenging time.c. Organizing a successful fundraising event that contributed to the organization's goals and helped improve the lives of many children.Conclusion:Volunteering has been an enriching and transformative experience. It allowed me to contribute to the betterment of my community, learn valuable life lessons, and develop personal and professional skills. The challenges faced and the sense of fulfillment achieved make volunteeringa rewarding endeavor that I highly recommend to others. By dedicating our time and efforts to helping others, we not only make a positive impact on their lives but also enrich our own.。
on cross-culture英语作文
on cross-culture英语作文In the increasingly interconnected world, cross-cultural communication has become an integral part of our daily lives. Whether it's through business dealings, travel experiences, or simply interacting with people from different cultures, understanding the nuances of cross-cultural communication is crucial. This essay explores the importance of cross-cultural communication, the challenges it poses, and strategies to effectively navigate these interactions.The significance of cross-cultural communication cannot be overstated. It is a vital tool for building bridges between people and fostering mutual understanding. Through effective communication, we can overcome language barriers, misunderstandings, and cultural differences to create meaningful connections with others. Cross-cultural communication also plays a pivotal role in global business, facilitating trade and合作, and promoting economic growth. However, cross-cultural communication is not always straightforward. Cultural differences can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts if not properly managed.Language barriers, for example, can hinder effective communication, leading to misunderstandings and misinterpretations. Additionally, cultural norms and values can vary widely across different cultures, affecting how people perceive and respond to situations.To overcome these challenges, it is essential to adopt a flexible and adaptive approach to cross-cultural communication. Firstly, it is important to be aware ofone's own cultural biases and assumptions. Understanding one's own cultural lens can help us avoid projecting our own values and norms onto others. Secondly, it is crucial to actively listen and seek to understand the otherperson's perspective. By asking questions and showing empathy, we can gain a deeper understanding of their cultural background and values.Moreover, it is essential to be tolerant of cultural differences and embrace diversity. Respecting othercultures and their unique ways of communicating can foster a more inclusive and harmonious environment. Finally, it is helpful to have a basic understanding of the language and cultural norms of the other culture. This can be achievedthrough language courses, cultural immersion experiences,or simply by educating oneself through reading and research. In conclusion, cross-cultural communication is an essential skill in today's interconnected world. Itrequires awareness, flexibility, and a willingness to embrace diversity. By overcoming the challenges posed by cultural differences and adopting effective communication strategies, we can build bridges between people and createa more understanding and inclusive society.**跨文化交流：跨越鸿沟**在日益紧密相连的世界中，跨文化交流已经成为我们日常生活的重要组成部分。
《义务教育英语课程标准》的四大变化
《义务教育英语课程标准》的四大变化全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Four Major Changes in the "Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standard"IntroductionAs the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the importance of English proficiency for students in China is becoming more evident. To meet the demands of the 21st century, the "Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standard" has undergone significant changes to ensure that students are equipped with the necessary language skills. In this article, we will explore the four major changes in the revised curriculum standard.Change 1: Emphasis on Communication SkillsOne of the most significant changes in the revised curriculum standard is the increased emphasis on communication skills. In the past, the focus was primarily on grammar and vocabulary acquisition, with little attention given to speaking and listening skills. However, the new standard hasplaced a greater emphasis on developing students' ability to communicate effectively in English. This includes activities such as role-plays, group discussions, and presentations, which aim to improve students' spoken language skills.Change 2: Integration of TechnologyAnother key change in the revised curriculum standard is the integration of technology into English language teaching. With the rise of digital tools and resources, it has become essential for students to develop digital literacy skills alongside their language skills. The new standard promotes the use of technology in the classroom, such as online resources, interactive games, and multimedia materials, to enhance students' learning experience.Change 3: Cultural AwarenessIn today's globalized world, it is crucial for students to develop an understanding and appreciation of different cultures. The revised curriculum standard has incorporated a stronger focus on cultural awareness, encouraging students to learn about the customs, traditions, and values of English-speaking countries. By exposing students to diverse cultural perspectives, the standard aims to foster a sense of empathy and respect for cultural differences.Change 4: Project-Based LearningLastly, the revised curriculum standard has introduced a greater emphasis on project-based learning. This approach involves students working on collaborative projects that require them to apply their language skills in real-world contexts. Through project-based learning, students are able to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication skills, while also gaining a deeper understanding of the English language.ConclusionIn conclusion, the "Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standard" has undergone significant changes to better prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century. By focusing on communication skills, integrating technology, promoting cultural awareness, and implementing project-based learning, the revised standard aims to equip students with the language skills and competencies they need to succeed in an increasingly globalized world.篇2The "Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards" (hereinafter referred to as the Standards) were revised in 2017,bringing about several significant changes. These changes aimed to upgrade the quality of English education in China and better align it with international standards. Below are the four major changes in the Standards:1. Focus on Communicative Competence:One of the key changes in the revised Standards is a shift towards a focus on communicative competence. The new curriculum emphasizes the importance of students being able to communicate effectively in English in real-life situations. This change reflects the global trend in language education towards communicative language teaching, which values the practical use of language over rote memorization.2. Integration of Language Skills:Another important change in the Standards is the integration of language skills. In the past, language skills such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing were often taught in isolation. However, the revised Standards advocate for an integrated approach to language teaching, where these skills are interconnected and taught together. This approach helps students develop a more holistic and comprehensive understanding of the English language.3. Inclusion of Cross-cultural Communication:The revised Standards also place a greater emphasis on cross-cultural communication. In today's globalized world, it is essential for students to be able to understand and appreciate different cultures. The new curriculum includes topics and activities that promote cultural awareness and sensitivity, helping students develop a more nuanced understanding of the world around them. This change reflects the increasing importance of intercultural communication skills in the 21st century.4. Emphasis on Critical Thinking and Creativity:Lastly, the revised Standards encourage the development of critical thinking and creativity in English education. In addition to language proficiency, students are encouraged to think critically, analyze information, and express themselves creatively in English. This change aims to cultivate students' higher-order thinking skills and foster a more innovative and dynamic learning environment. By emphasizing critical thinking and creativity, the Standards prepare students to become confident and competent global citizens.In conclusion, the revised "Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards" have brought about several significantchanges that aim to enhance the quality of English education in China. By focusing on communicative competence, integrating language skills, promoting cross-cultural communication, and emphasizing critical thinking and creativity, the new curriculum prepares students to thrive in an increasingly interconnected and diverse world. These changes represent a positive step towards modernizing English education and equipping students with the skills they need to succeed in the 21st century.篇3Changes in the Compulsory Education English Curriculum StandardsIn recent years, the Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards in China have undergone significant changes to adapt to the evolving needs of students and society. These changes are aimed at improving the quality of English education, promoting innovative teaching methods, and enhancing students' overall language proficiency. In this article, we will explore the four major changes in the Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards.1. Emphasis on Communicative CompetenceOne of the most significant changes in the Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards is the increased emphasis on communicative competence. In the past, English education in China focused primarily on grammar and vocabulary, with little attention paid to practical communication skills. However, the new standards emphasize the importance of developing students' ability to communicate effectively inreal-life situations. This includes activities such as role-plays, group discussions, and pair work, which encourage students to use English in a meaningful way.2. Integration of Language SkillsAnother key change in the Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards is the integration of language skills. In the past, English education in China was often taught as separate components, such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. However, the new standards highlight the importance of integrating these skills in a more holistic approach to language learning. For example, students may be asked to listen to a passage, discuss it with a partner, write a summary, and then present their findings to the class. This integrated approach helps students develop a more comprehensive understanding of the English language.3. Use of TechnologyThe third major change in the Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards is the increased use of technology in the classroom. With the rapid advancement of technology in recent years, there are now more opportunities than ever to incorporate digital tools into English education. The new standards encourage teachers to use multimedia resources, online platforms, and educational apps to enhance students' learning experience. For example, students may use interactive websites to practice vocabulary, watch educational videos to improve listening skills, or participate in online forums to communicate with English speakers from around the world.4. Focus on Cross-cultural CommunicationFinally, the Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards now place a greater emphasis on cross-cultural communication. In today's globalized world, it is essential for students to be able to communicate effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds. The new standards encourage teachers to incorporate activities that promote intercultural understanding and appreciation. This may include learning about different customs and traditions, exploring cultural differences through literature and film, or engaging in pen palexchanges with students from other countries. By fostering a deeper appreciation of diversity, students can become more effective communicators in an increasingly interconnected world.In conclusion, the Compulsory Education English Curriculum Standards in China have undergone significant changes in recent years to better prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century. By focusing on communicative competence, integrating language skills, using technology, and promoting cross-cultural communication, the new standards aim to create a more dynamic and engaging learning experience for students. As English continues to play a crucial role in the global economy and society, these changes are essential in equipping students with the skills they need to succeed in an increasingly interconnected world.。
高中新教材英语课件选择性必修第三册ArtSectionⅠReadingandThinking
Key vocabulary and phrases sorting and expansion
Key vocabulary Masterpiece: Masterpiece
Gallery: Gallery
Key vocabulary and phrases sorting and expansion
communication • Reflection and discussion session
Course
01 Introduction and
Background
The objectives and requirements of this course
Master relevant vocabulary and expressions in the field of art
meaning of the sentence.
02
Inferring the author's intention
infer the author's position, viewpoint, and intention through the
wording, tone, and argumentation used in the article.
Art and Social Culture
Exploring the relationship between art and social culture, such as how art reflects and influences social phenomena and values.
Overview of reading materials and thematic ideas
大学英语第二第一单元作文范文
探索大学英语第二第一单元主题：跨文化交流的重要性In the ever-evolving globalized world, cross-cultural communication has become an integral part of our daily lives. As college students, we are often faced with scenarios where understanding and respecting cultural differences are crucial for successful interactions. The first unit of our college English coursebook, dedicated to this topic, provides valuable insights into the importance of cross-cultural communication and its role in bridging cultural divides.One of the key takeaways from the unit is the recognition of the diversity of cultures and the need for openness and tolerance when engaging with people from different backgrounds. Language, being a key component of culture, often poses challenges in cross-cultural communication. However, with the knowledge gained from this unit, we can approach language barriers with confidence, understanding that they are natural obstacles that can be overcome with patience and respect.The unit also highlights the role of nonverbal communication in cross-cultural interactions. Body language, facial expressions, and gestures often convey messages that words cannot express. Understanding these nonverbal cues is crucial in ensuring smooth communication and avoiding misunderstandings. By paying attention to这些细节，我们可以更好地理解和适应不同文化环境，促进有效的跨文化交流。
on cross-culture英语作文
on cross-culture英语作文Title: The Significance of Cross-Cultural UnderstandingIn today's increasingly interconnected world, cross-culturalunderstanding has become more crucial than ever before. It is a bridge that connects people from diverse backgrounds, fostering mutualrespect, empathy, and ultimately, global harmony. This essay aims to explore the significance of cross-cultural understanding, its benefits, and how we can cultivate it in our daily lives.The Essence of Cross-Cultural UnderstandingCross-cultural understanding refers to the ability to appreciate andcomprehend the values, beliefs, customs, and behaviors of individuals and groups from different cultural backgrounds. It goes beyond mere tolerance; it involves active engagement, empathy, and a willingness to learn from one another. It recognizes that each culture is unique, shaped by history, geography, language, and societal structures, and that these differences enrich our shared human experience.Benefits of Cross-Cultural Understanding1.Enhanced Communication: Effective communication is key to resolving conflicts, building relationships, and achieving common goals.Cross-cultural understanding helps individuals overcome languagebarriers, misunderstandings, and stereotypes, enabling them tocommunicate more effectively across cultural divides.2.3.Promotes Peace and Harmony: In a world fraught with tensions and conflicts, cross-cultural understanding fosters a deeper appreciation for diversity and the value of peaceful coexistence. It encourages individuals to see beyond their immediate differences and work towards shared objectives.4.5.Economic Growth: In the globalized economy, businesses frequently operate across borders, necessitating cross-cultural competence.Understanding cultural nuances can help companies adapt theirproducts, services, and marketing strategies to suit local markets,leading to increased sales and profitability.6.7.Personal and Professional Development: Embracing different cultures broadens one's horizons, enriching personal experiences and enhancingcreativity. In the workplace, cross-cultural skills are highly valued,opening doors to international opportunities and advancing careers.8.Cultivating Cross-Cultural Understanding1.Education: Incorporating multicultural content into curricula is crucial. It exposes students to diverse perspectives, fostering empathy andcuriosity about other cultures.2.3.Travel and Immersion: Firsthand exposure to different cultures through travel or living abroad is invaluable. It allows individuals to experience the daily lives of others, observe cultural practices, and engage inmeaningful conversations.4.5.Media and Technology: The internet and media provide powerfulplatforms for sharing cultural stories and perspectives. Engaging with diverse content can help broaden one's understanding of other cultures. 6.7.Open-Mindedness and Respect: Cultivating an open mind and a deep respect for cultural differences is essential. This involves activelylistening, avoiding assumptions, and being willing to learn from others. 8.9.Dialogue and Exchange Programs: Organizing cultural exchangeprograms, workshops, and forums encourages dialogue andunderstanding between individuals from different backgrounds.10.In conclusion, cross-cultural understanding is a vital asset in today'sglobalized world. It promotes harmony, fosters economic growth, and enriches personal and professional lives. By embracing diversity, seeking out knowledge, and engaging in meaningful conversations, we can builda more interconnected and understanding world.。
高中英语新课标解读
高中英语新课标解读1.注重语言运用能力的培养，强调学生的情感需求和自主研究能力的培养。
2.将课程内容与学生的生活联系更加紧密，加强与其他学科知识的联系。
3.重视学生提取信息和处理信息能力的培养，注重学生分析问题、解决问题能力的培养。
4.强调综合语言运用能力的培养，发展学生的思维能力和分析问题、解决问题的能力。
5.高考外语科目转向重语言能力，加强对学生听力和阅读能力培养的导向。
三、新课程标准的意义新课程标准的推出，将有利于高中英语教学的改革和提高学生的语言能力。
它将促进教师的教学观念和教学方法的转变，促进学生的自主研究和思维能力的发展。
同时，它还将使课程内容更加贴近学生的生活和其他学科知识的联系，提高学生的研究兴趣和研究效果。
最终，新课程标准的实施将有助于提高学生的语言能力，为他们未来的研究和工作打下坚实的基础。
The aim of the reform of high school English curriculum is to ensure that every high school graduate in the new century has a basic English language literacy。
XXX。
This will enable them to have the necessary English language knowledge and basic skillsfor lifelong learning。
as well as a certain degree of desire and ability for independent learning and XXX。
At the same time。
the high school curriculum should also enable students to learn courses that are suitable for their abilities。
跨文化交际的心得体会英文
跨文化交际的心得体会英文Cross-cultural communication is a crucial aspect of our increasingly interconnected world. As I have embarked on various cross-cultural experiences throughout my life, I have gained valuable insights and developed a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances involved in effectively communicating across cultures.One of the most important lessons I have learned is the importance of cultural sensitivity and awareness. Every culture has its own unique values, beliefs, and norms, and it is essential to be respectful and open-minded when interacting with individuals from different backgrounds. This includes being mindful of nonverbal cues, such as body language and gesture, which can vary significantly from one culture to another. For example, while making direct eye contact is considered a sign of respect in some cultures, it may be seen as intrusive or confrontational in others. By being aware of these nuances, we can avoid misunderstandings and build stronger connections with people from different cultures. In addition, language plays a pivotal role in cross-cultural communication. As someone who has learned multiple languages, I have come to appreciate the power of language in shaping our understanding of the world and our relationships with others. Learning a foreign language not only allows us to effectively communicate with people from different cultures, but it also provides us with a deeper insight into their mindset and worldview. For example, the concept of "face" in Chinese culture is crucial to understanding their communication style, which emphasizes harmony and avoiding confrontation. By learning about theselinguistic and cultural nuances, we can adapt our communication style to create a more inclusive and respectful dialogue.Another key aspect of cross-cultural communication is the ability to embrace diversity and be open to different perspectives. It is natural for individuals to be influenced by their own cultural biases and assumptions, but being able to recognize and challenge these biases is essential for effective communication. Through my cross-cultural experiences, I have learned the value of suspending judgment and approaching every interaction with an open mind. By listening attentively and seeking to understand the other person's point of view, we can bridge cultural gaps and foster meaningful connections.Furthermore, building trust and rapport is essential in cross-cultural communication. Trust forms the foundation of any successful relationship, and it is particularly crucial when communicating across cultures where there may be language barriers, different communication styles, or historical conflicts. Trust can be developed through active listening, showing empathy, and demonstrating a genuine interest in the other person's culture. By investing time and effort in getting to know others and building authentic connections, we can establish a solid trust base that enables effective cross-cultural communication.Lastly, I have learned that cross-cultural communication is a continuous learning process. No matter how much we think we know about a particular culture, there will always be new discoveries and insights to be gained. As the world becomes more globalized, the need for cross-cultural understanding andcommunication will only increase. Therefore, it is essential to approach every cross-cultural interaction with a sense of curiosity and humility, recognizing that cultural dynamics are constantly evolving and that there is always more to learn.In conclusion, my experiences in cross-cultural communication have taught me the importance of cultural sensitivity, language proficiency, open-mindedness, building trust, and continuous learning. By embracing these principles, I believe we can bridge cultural gaps, foster understanding, and create a more harmonious and inclusive world.。
06-07《跨文化沟通》试卷A
2006－2007学年第二学期《跨文化沟通》课程考试试卷 AI. Vocabulary: Give the Chinese equivalents of the following words or terms (10%)1．cross-cultural communication: 跨文化交际2．non-verbal communication: 非语言交际3．family structure: 家庭结构4．cultural values: 文化价值观念5．behavioral patterns: 行为模式6．Information Superhighway: 信息高速公路7．multinational corporations: 多国公司；跨国公司8．negotiating style: 谈判风格9．cultural diversity:文化差异（多样性）10. communicative competence: 交际能力II. Read the following and then answer the questions briefly (15%) 共5个小题，每小题3分。
1. Once a little four-year-old American traveling in China was overheardexclaiming, “Look, Mommy, that little Chinese boy is eating ice cream, too.”Question: What does this example show to us?Sometimes similarities between cultures can surprise us as much as the differences.2. A young Chinese woman in the U. S. was complimented (赞美)for the lovely dress that she was wearing. “It’s exquisite. Thecolors are so beautiful!”She was pleased but somewhat embarrassed. She replied, “Oh, it’s just an ordinary dress that I bought in China.”Question: Is her answer appropriate in American culture? And why?No, her answer is not appropriate. The reply could have meant that the one paying the compliment did not know what a really good dress is;otherwise, how could she get so excited about an ordinary dress? The implication was that the American woman’s taste in clothing was questionable.3. When talking about the Chinese countryside, English-speakingpeople in China occasionally asked: “Why do you call rural peoplepeasants? I thought their status had changed and that they are nowrespected. ”Question: What does the word “peasant” mean to the English-speaking people?“Peasant” in English means “a usually uneducated person of low social status” or “an ill-bred person”.4. A Chinese man, Mr. Wang, had just started working in a new company inAustralia. It was morning teatime and he was sitting in a tearoomsmoking a cigarette. Suddenly one of his workmates came in andangrily pointed to a “No Smoking” sign. Mr. Wang was veryembarrassed. He laughed and put his cigarette out. However, this didnot seen to satisfy the man, who started to talk rapidly and angrily.Question: Why did Mr. Wang laugh in such cases? What made the Australian so angry? Smile in such cases means “embarrassment” and “apology” in Chinese culture, but in Australian culture it means “challenge”.5. In the following conversation A and B come from differentcultural background. They are talking about relationships betweenchildren and parents.a) I think it’s terrible that in your country children leave theirparents when they’re so young. Sometimes what shocks me evenmore is that many parents want their children to leave home. I can’tunderstand why children and parents don’t like each other in yourcountry.b) In your country parents don’t allow their children to becomeindependent. Parents keep their children protected until the childrenget married. How are young people in your country supposed tolearn about life that way?Question: What cultural values and beliefs are reflected in these countries?In the eastern culture, people believe that parents should take care of young children. When they are old, their children should take care of them. In other words, mutual care is valued highly. But in the western countries, people attach great importance to self-reliance and independence. This explains why A and B are not able to understandeach other.III. Fill in the following blanks with proper words (10%) 共10个小题，每小题1分。
如何成功地进行跨文化交流英语作文
如何成功地进行跨文化交流英语作文Title: Navigating the Waters of Successful Cross-Cultural CommunicationIn today's globalized world, cross-cultural communication has become an indispensable aspect of our personal and professional lives. It involves interacting with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds, where language, customs, beliefs, and values may significantly differ. Mastering the art of cross-cultural communication is crucial for fostering understanding, building bridges, and fostering collaboration across borders. Here are a few key strategies that can help individuals navigate the complexities of such interactions successfully.1. Embrace Cultural Awareness and SensitivityThe first step towards successful cross-cultural communication is to cultivate a genuine interest and respect for other cultures. This involves recognizing that every culture is unique and has its own set of norms, values, and practices. By actively seeking to understand and appreciate these differences, we can avoid making assumptions or engaging in cultural stereotypes, which can often lead to misunderstandings or offense.2. Develop Open-Mindedness and FlexibilityAn open mind is crucial in cross-cultural communication. Be prepared to encounter ideas, behaviors, or beliefs that may initially seem unfamiliar or even challenging. Instead of immediately rejecting or judging them, try to approach them with curiosity and a willingness to learn. Flexibility is also key, as cultural norms and expectations can vary widely. Adapting your communication style and behaviors to better align with those of your interlocutor can go a long way in fostering positive relationships.3. Enhance Language ProficiencyLanguage is the cornerstone of communication, and proficiency in a shared language can significantly facilitate cross-cultural interactions. While mastering a foreign language may not be feasible for everyone, making an effort to improve your language skills, especially in the language spoken by your interlocutor, can significantly enhance your ability to communicate effectively. Additionally, being aware of nonverbal cues, such as body language and facial expressions, which can vary greatly across cultures, is equally important.4. Practice Active ListeningActive listening is a crucial skill in any communication context, but it becomes even more vital in cross-cultural settings. This involves truly hearing and understanding what the other person is saying, both verbally and nonverbally, without interrupting or formulating a response too soon. By actively listening, you demonstrate respect and show that you value their perspective. This can help build trust and encourage the other person to open up and share more.5. Seek Clarification and Be Clear in Your CommunicationMisunderstandings are common in cross-cultural communication due to language barriers, cultural differences, or simply a lack of clarity. When in doubt, don't hesitate to seek clarification from your interlocutor. Similarly, strive to be as clear and concise as possible in your own communication. Avoid jargon or idioms that may be specific to your culture and instead opt for universal language that is easy to understand.6. Foster Empathy and Build ConnectionsEmpathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. In cross-cultural communication, empathy can help bridge the gap between individuals from different backgrounds. By trying to see things from the other person's perspective and genuinely caring about theirexperiences and feelings, you can foster a sense of connection and understanding. This, in turn, can make the communication process smoother and more effective.In conclusion, successful cross-cultural communication requires a combination of cultural awareness, open-mindedness, language proficiency, active listening, clarity in communication, and empathy. By embracing these strategies, individuals can navigate the complexities of interacting with people from diverse backgrounds, fostering mutual understanding, respect, and collaboration. In a world that is increasingly interconnected, these skills are more valuable than ever.。
跨文化交际英语期末总结
跨文化交际英语期末总结Introduction:Cross-cultural communication is an essential skill in today's interconnected world. As globalization continues to thrive, individuals from diverse backgrounds come into contact with each other frequently. This necessitates the need for effective cross-cultural communication skills to bridge the gap between different cultures and facilitate better understanding and cooperation. In this summary, I will reflect on the key topics and learnings from the English final exam, which focused on cross-cultural communication.1. Cultural awareness and sensitivity:The foundation of successful cross-cultural communication lies in developing cultural awareness and being sensitive to other cultures. Understanding cultural values, beliefs, and norms is crucial to avoid misunderstandings and cultivate respect. During the course, we learned about Hofstede's cultural dimensions model and how it can help us better understand cultural differences. We also explored the importance of non-verbal communication in different cultures, such as body language, gestures, and eye contact.2. Communication styles:Communication styles vary significantly across cultures. Some cultures emphasize direct and explicit communication, while others prefer indirect and implicit communication. It was fascinating to learn about high-context and low-context cultures, where the former relies heavily on context and non-verbal cues, while the latter focuses more on explicit verbal communication. Understanding these differences helps avoid miscommunication and promotes effective cross-cultural communication.3. Language barriers:Language barriers can be significant obstacles to effective communication. Apart from linguistic differences, idioms, slang, and cultural references can also create confusion. During the course, we explored various strategies to overcome language barriers, such as using simple and clear language, avoiding jargon, active listening, and asking clarifying questions. We also discussed the importance of practicing empathy and patience when communicating with individuals who are not native English speakers.4. Intercultural conflict management:Conflict is inevitable in any form of communication, especially when individuals from different cultures are involved. Understanding different conflict resolution styles and cultural perspectives on conflicts enabled us to develop effective strategies for managing intercultural conflicts. We learned about avoiding stereotypes, active listening, finding common ground, and maintaining a constructive approach during conflicts.5. Building cultural competence:Cultural competence is the ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures. It involves developing knowledge, skills, and attitudes that facilitate positive cross-cultural interactions. During the course, we participated in various activities, such as role plays, group discussions, and case studies, to enhance our cultural competence. These activities helped us understand cultural biases, challenge assumptions, and develop a broader perspective towards cultural diversity.6. Ethical considerations:Cross-cultural communication requires a strong ethical foundation. It is essential to respect and value cultural differences, avoid imposing one's own cultural values, and refrain from cultural appropriation. We discussed the importance of cultural relativism, cultural humility, and cultural sensitivity. Understanding the potential consequences of cultural misunderstandings and being mindful of our own biases is crucial for ethical cross-cultural communication.Conclusion:The English final exam on cross-cultural communication was an enlightening experience that provided us with valuable insights and skills necessary for effective intercultural interactions. The course covered a wide range of topics, from cultural awareness to ethical considerations, enabling us to develop a comprehensive understanding of the subject. By applying the knowledge gained from the course, we can enhance our cross-cultural communication skills and contribute to more inclusive and harmonious global interactions.。
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论英语口译中的跨文化意识及其培养On Cross-Cultural Awareness and its Cultivation inInterpretationAbstractWith the development of economic globalization and China’s accelerating opening up, interpreters take on more and more important roles in cross-cultural communicative activities. However, with the frequent cultural exchanges, the interpreter, as the communicative mediator, with mere competent language skills are far from satisfactory. Therefore, studies on interpreters’ cross-cultural awareness are of great value and necessity. This thesis aims to study cross-cultural awareness in interpretation from the perspective of cross-cultural communication. In this thesis, the author analyzes cross-cultural awareness and its functions in interpretation, and also studies reasons causing cross-cultural communicative barriers during the process of interpretation. Finally, the author concludes some strategies to deal with cultural barriers in interpretation, and offers some suggestions to enhance student interpreters’ cross-cultural awareness.The whole thesis consists of five parts. Besides introduction and conclusion, the other three parts are the body and soul of the thesis. The introduction mainly introduces the purpose of the thesis, its writing method, its arrangement etc. In the second part, a few lines are given to introduce the definition of cross-cultural awareness and its researches both in the west and in China. The third part concentrates on cross-cultural awareness and cross-cultural communicative barriers in interpretation. After it, the author offers some strategies to cope with cultural barriers in interpretation according to specific situations. Then, the author advances some proposals with regard to the cultivation of cross-cultural awareness. At last, a conclusion is drawn naturally in the fifth part.Key Words: cross-cultural awareness, interpretation, cultivation论英语口译中的跨文化意识及其培养随着经济全球化的发展和中国对外开放的推进，口译人员在跨文化交际活动中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
然而,在多样文化的交流过程中，作为跨文化交际的中介者，口译人员仅仅具备足够的语言能力是远远不够的。
因此，对译员跨文化意识的研究是很有意义的。
本文从跨文化交际角度出发，研究了译员的跨文化意识；分析了口译中跨文化意识的功能和口译中产生文化障碍的原因；最后，总结了一些解决文化障碍的口译策略，并提出了如何提高学生的跨文化意识建议。
本文共分为五部分。
除引言和结论部分以外，其它的三部分为文章的主体。
引言部分主要介绍了文章的目的、研究方法以及整体结构。
第二部分则叙述了跨文化意识的定义及其中西方学者对其的主要研究成果。
第三部分论述了口译中的跨文化意识及其文化差异。
同时还提出了根据特定的语境来解决文化差异的一些口译策略。
之后，作者提出了提高学生跨文化意识的一些建议。
最后，对全文进行了总结。
关键词: 跨文化意识文化差异培养Contents1. Introduction (5)2. Literature Review (5)2.1 Definition of Cross-cultural Awareness (6)2.2 Studies on Cross-cultural Awareness in Interpretation (6)2.2.1 Studies in the West (6)2.2.2 Studies at Home (8)3. Cross-cultural Awareness in Interpretation (8)3.1 Cross-cultural Awareness in Interpretation (8)3.2 Relations between Cross-cultural Awareness and Interpreter (9)3.2.1 Interpreter as the Carrier of Cross-cultural Awareness (9)3.2.2 Cross-cultural Awareness as Criterion of Interpreter’s Competence (9)3.3 Functions of Cross-cultural Awareness (10)3.3.1 To Enable the Interpreters to Detect Cultural-specific Words and Phrases (10)3.3.2 To Help the Interpreters to Understand the Cultural-loaded Words Properly..103.3.3 To Assist the Interpreters to Shift between Two Different Cultures (10)3.4 Cross-cultural Communicative Barriers in Interpretation (11)3.4.1 Cross-cultural Communicative Barriers during Interpretation (11)3.4.1.1 Greeting and Farewells (11)3.4.1.2 Topics talked about (12)3.4.1.3 Compliments and Praises (12)3.4.1.4 Way of Addressing (13)3.4.1.5 Idioms, Proverbs and Sayings (14)3.4.1.6 Allusions (15)3.4.2 Causes of Cross-cultural Communicative Barriers (16)3.4.2.1 Differences in Life Style and Experience (16)3.4.2.2 Differences of Customs and Practices (17)3.4.2.3 Discrepancies in Religion Belief (18)3.4.2.4 Habits of Thoughts (18)3.4.2.5 Allusions from Classical Works (19)3.5 Strategies to Diagnose Cross-cultural Communicative Barriers (20)3.5.1 To Increase Cross-cultural Awareness (20)3.5.2 Techniques to Overcome Cross-cultural Communicative Barriers (21)3.5.2.1 Transliteration (21)3.5.2.2 Reasonable Explanations (22)3.5.2.3 Translating According to Connotations (22)3.5.2.4 Rewriting (23)3.5.2.5 Mediation (24)4. Cultivation of Cross-cultural Awareness (24)4.1 Comparative Studies on Cultures (24)4.2 Tremendous Interpretation Practices (25)4.3 Neologies Accumulation (25)5. Conclusion (26)References (28)Acknowledgements (30)1. IntroductionAs 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 World Exposure are approaching, a group of young interpreters with both linguistic and cultural competence are in great demand. Interpreters, the carrier of cross-cultural awareness, behave as a bridge in transmitting information and making participates effectively and successfully. Unfortunately, there exist thousands of cases in cross-cultural communication that are ended with a failure. The reason why sometimes embarrassments occur is, in a great extent, due to lack of cross-cultural awareness and ignorance of the cultural differences between the east and west.As matter of fact, many scholars have observed this awareness and have conducted some researchers in cross-cultural awareness. However, most of these studies are a summary of experience. Few researches have been viewed this awareness from the perspective of cross-cultural communication. Therefore, in this essay, the author tries to analyze cross-cultural awareness in interpretation from the perspective of cross-cultural communication with the aim of thoroughly understanding the significances of the cultivation of cross-culture awareness in interpretation and making some efforts to probe in the feasibility of their translation.The principal method used in this essay is contrastive analysis, because contrast is one important and effective approach to get the essence of two similar matters. The whole thesis consists of five parts. Besides introduction and conclusion, the other three parts are the body and soul of the thesis. The introduction mainly introduces the purpose of the thesis, its writing method, its arrangement etc. In the second part, a few lines are given to introduce the definition of cross-cultural awareness and its researches both in the west and in China. The third part concentrates on cross-cultural awareness and cross-cultural communicative barriers in interpretation. After it, the author offers some strategies to cope with cultural barriers in interpretation according to specific situations. Then, the author advances some proposals with regard to the cultivation of cross-cultural awareness. At last,a conclusion is drawn naturally in the fifth part.2. Literature Review2.1 Definition of Cross-cultural AwarenessOver the years many distinguished scholars have observed this awareness and given some different definitions to cross-cultural awareness that are listed as follows: Cross-cultural Awareness is by definition the awareness in communication between persons of different cultural backgrounds. (Robin Setton: 153)Cross-cultural awareness is an awareness of the otherness and difference of others, or rather, of foreign cultures in all their complexity. (Grosman: 51)Cultural-cultural awareness is a cognitive aspect of cross-cultural communication. It refers to the understanding of cultural conventions that affect how people think and behavior. (Chen & Starosta: 407)Cultural Awareness was described to sensitivity to the impact of culturally-induced behavior on language use and communication. (Tomalin & Stepleski: 10)Although they hold a different outlook on cross-cultural awareness, it’s noticed that they all stress on recognizing cultural differences and imply the influence of culture on human behaviors. In this thesis, according to the author’s understanding, cross-cultural awareness is defined as follows:Cross-cultural awareness, in a board sense, refers to a particular way of thinking or an acute sensitive to cultural elements that is shaped consciously or unconsciously during the process of inter-cultural communication; in a narrow sense, cross-cultural awareness to an interpreter is an awareness which enables him/her to truly understand a special phenomenon in one culture and transfer it into another culture’s language in a culturally acceptable way.2.2 Studies on Cross-cultural Awareness in Interpretation2.2.1 Studies in the WestThe history of interpretation could trace back to the ancient time when written translation did not exeist. Due to the need of political, economic and cultural communication of variant regions and nations, people began to use unprepared representation to transfer the information from one language into another language. The preliminary writings started in the late 1950s and most of researches on interpretationtoday focus on conference interpretation, which convers both simultaneous and consecutive interpretation.In the fifties, several remarkable articles were written on oral interpretation by Hebert, Rozna and Ilg. They were based on personal experience and not scientific，but they did identify most of the fundamental issues that are still discussed at the present time. During the period of the sixties and early seventies，a large number of hypotheses, such as Paneth’s thesis, Gerver’s experiments, were formulated regarding the process of interpretation an d the reaction to various factors such as source language，noise，speed of speech, delivery time pressure etc..The most influential study on cross-cultural awareness in interpretation is done by Robert Hanvey in the 1990s. According to Hanvey, cross-cultural awareness is “ an awareness of the diversity of ideas and practices compare, found in human societies around the world, of how such ideas and practices compare, and including some limited recognition of how the ideas and ways of one's own society might be viewed from other vantage points" (Hanvey, 1982:8). There are four levels of cross-cultural awareness as described by Hanvey: 1) An awareness of very visible cultural traits that are interpreted as exotic or bizarre. 2) An awareness of significant and subtle cultural traits that contrast markedly with one’s own and are experienced as frustrating or irrational. 3) An awareness of significant and subtle cultural traits that contrast markedly with one’s own but can be understood cognitively. 4) An awareness of how another culture feels from the standpoint of the insider. (Hanvey 1982:9) Apparently, the four levels are of a gradual development. The first level is about the realization of the existence of diverse cultures that one may find strange. Level 2 is a cultural conflict situation and an outsider may feel it frustrating to interpret it. In Level 3, the outsider is able to analyze these cultural features and can interpret these differences cognitively. Finally, the fourth l evel is stressing the “other” culture, which is achieved through direct experience and the realization of the interdependence among different cultural groups. With the increasingly frequent cultural exchanges among different nations, no one will deny the existence of cultures, neither certainly an interpreter is going to get irritated to another culture. What an interpreter should possess is the fourth level, a level which requires him/her to interpret dreams fromthe target audiences’ standpoint.2.2.2 Studies at HomeThe authentic interpretation research in China just began in the late of 1930s with expansion of communication with other countries. It is slower than the study of interpretation in the West over 50 years. At the beginning，most study limited in the discussion of practical experience and teaching experience.The first group of interpreters in China was all self-taught. They were usually diplomats，or a special group, who developed their skills on the basis of their wide scope of general knowledge and perfect fluency in more than one language. Nowadays，many distinguished Chinese scholars and researchers devote themselves to the study of interpretation. Among them, Xiao Xiaoyan (2006:16) focuses on introducing Dnaiel Gile’s Effort Model of simultaneous interpretation based on cognitive concept. Zhong Weihe (2001:16-19) has a concrete research on principles and training of simultaneous interpretation as well as Cai Xiaohong (1999:24-32) published her doctorate paper aiming at studying the process of consecutive interpretation and its competency development. Even though these researches are done from different perspectives, basically their aims are the same, that is, to communicate effectively and efficiently.As the time goes by, more and more scholars come to see its limitations and at the same time, and some new opinions are put forward instead. Wang Lidi (2004:26) attempts to apply some basic notions and typical methods of schema theory to the process of interpreting and translating in order to highlight the facilitating roles of knowledge schema in source language comprehension，memory, information retrieval and in the re-coding of the message in the target language. Xu Bing (1997:34) thinks that it is the first and foremost for an interpreter to enhance his/her sensitivities to cultural differences in the course of inter-cultural communication. All in all the study and research of cross-cultural awareness is lively and continuously developing with more frequent cross-cultural communication.3. Cross-cultural Awareness and Interpretation3.1 Cross-cultural Awareness in InterpretationAccording to the renowned Chinese scholar Wang Zuoliang (2003:3), “on the surfacea translator is to deal with single words, but fundamentally he/she is faced with two large expanses of culture”. Therefore, in the process of interpreting, interpreters must realize the possible difference in the same thing between source language and target language. For interpreters, a cross-cultural awareness is indispensable and it is especially helpful to them due to the consultation unavailability of the interpreting activity. In order to achieve cross-cultural communication, an interpreter should possess cross-cultural awareness because it is an essential qualification to make him/her know whether or not, how and to what degree to modify their interpretation.3.2 Relations between Cross-cultural Awareness and Interpreters3.2.1 Interpreter as the Carrier of Cross-cultural AwarenessIn the course of cross-cultural communication, interpreters server as a bridge in transmitting information and making participants communicate effectively and successfully. He/she will ecode cultural messages in one language and then decode them in another. The focus of interpreters is not individual words but two diverse cultures. Therefore, profound cultural knowledge is the foundation for interpreters to materialize cross-cultural communication. A qualified interpreter is not only able to pronounce the ABCs correctly, use words and expressions propriety and form the sentences that are grammatically acceptable, but more important, able to identify and comprehend cultural elements as well as conceive creative language accord with specific contexts.For example, if the interpreter is able to realize the cultural factors in interpretation, he/she will not interpret literally the sentence “你想要些什么?” as “What do you want?”, but “What can I help you?” or “May I help you?” which are more polite and acceptable.3.2.2 Cross-cultural Awareness as Criterion of Interpreters’ CompetenceThere are many standards to judge an interpreter’s competence, such as bilingual competence, reactive ability, psychological quality and so on. Cross-cultural awareness is being realized by more and more scholars, and some of whom even consider it as the “yardstick to assess the competence of an interpreter”. (Zhao 1998:134) A qualified interpreter should be able to possess this awareness and apply cross-cultural awareness flexibly. Take the sentence “It’s Greek to me.”for example. If the interpreter has no relative cultural awareness, he/she couldn’t render the message immediately and accurately.He/she may misunderstand the sentence as “那便是我心目中的希腊了”. Cross-cultural awareness could assist interpreters to convey the authentic meaning of the original speech, give them an instant feedback to the differences and make correct strategies accordingly. Therefore, a qualified interpreter will render the above-mentioned expression into “我对它一窍不通.”3.3 Functions of Interpreter’s Cross-cultural Awareness3.3.1 To Enable the Interpreters to Detect Cultural-specific Words and PhrasesWhen culturally-loaded words take place in a speech, cross-cultural awareness helps the interpreter to recognize these words and thus pay close attention to how to transfer these messages rather than leaving them alone. If an interpreter didn’t realize the cultural texture of a word or words, he/she might skip it/them for various reasons, like time pressure or the cohesion of the whole passage. Such treatment can be considered as nothing but a failure of faithfulness from the cultural perspective.3.3.2 To Help the Interpreters to Understand the Culturally-loaded Words ProperlyA correct understanding of the culturally-loaded words will help the interpreter better his understanding of the intended message of the speaker, which paves the way for a successful interpretation and a successful communication. It also makes the interpreter be able to appreciate the cultural phenomena from an insider’s standpoint and thus enrich both his vision and knowledge.3.3.3 To Assist the Interpreters to Shift between Two Different CulturesAfter gaining a correct understanding of the cultural messages, what an interpreter needs to is to swift his or her mind from the source culture to the target one. He/she should first ponder over the audience’s acceptability of culturally-loaded information and then works out proper means to express these messages directly or indirectly. Hence, a well-cultivated cross-cultural awareness will assist interpreters to shift freely between two cultural modes that he/she is dealing with. It enables the interpreter firstly to perceive the cultural differences, secondly to think about audiences’possible reactions if they are literally interpreted and finally to find out a solution that is acceptable to the audiences. To be exact, for example, when in face of the Chinese phase “亚洲四小龙”, first, theinterpreter should activate his/her cultural knowledge to think over different connotations of “dragon” in two cultures; then he/she should consider literal rendition “Four Dragons in Asia”, but only to find out that this version may arouse undesired confusions; finally, he/she will give up that version and take an adaptive one, i.e., “Four Tigers in Asia”. Through the whole procedure, the interpreter all relies on his/her cross-cultural awareness to identify cultural elements, shift from one cultural mode to another and find the appropriate renditions.From above discussions, it’s worth noting that a larger cross-cultural communicative barrier determines a more significant role of cross-cultural awareness. Just owing to the lack of a shared culture, an interpreter may meet a lot of communicative barriers in cross-cultural communication. Thus, in order to get a more thorough understanding of cross-cultural awareness, the author intends to elaborate cross-cultural communicative barriers in interpretation in details in the following passage.3.4 Cross-cultural Communicative Barriers in Interpretation3.4.1 Cross-cultural Communicative Barriers during InterpretationSince different societies possess different cultures, people in a specific culture acquire their culture. Language is the carrier of culture and one of vital instruments used for expressing ideas and feelings. In the process of cross-cultural communication, unfortunately, there are thousands of cases ended up with a failure in the process of interpretation, many of which the failures or barriers, virtually, are caused not by difficulties in pronunciation, extent of vocabulary or grammatical factors and the like, but, rather, by neglecting to convey cultural connotations to the audiences. However, cultural connotation differs from one country to another as a result of diversities in life style, customs and practices, religious beliefs, habits of thoughts and so forth. Hence, as the mediator of communication and culture, an interpreter should be ready to cultivate and better his/her cross-cultural awareness and hold acute insights into cultural factors to narrow the gap. The author, then, thinks that it is a necessity to analyze the causes of cultural impediments in order to enhance this sense of cross-cultural sensitivity.3.4.1.1 Greeting and FarewellsDifferent cultures contribute to different behaviors and characters. China is a countrywith a long history and a splendid culture, and Chinese people are reputed with honesty and simplicity, which have been obviously embedded in their language. When Chinese people meet friends, they usually cheer each other with “吃了吗?”(Have you had your meal?) or “去哪?” (Where are you going ?) etc. to show their friendliness and care for their friends. But as for English people, they will think differently. They will think it is too personal and it has interrupted their privacies. Thus, most English people will simply respond: “Will you treat me, if I don’t?”What’s worse, some may dislike it and replay impatiently: “It’s none of your business!” In communication, they often greet each other by saying: “How do you do?”, “How are you?”, “It’s a lovely day, isn’t it?” and so on.In English speaking countries, when people part, they usually say Good-bye, Bye-bye. Similar expressions are found in almost all languages. But in China, when a guest leaves, the hosts are to see the visitors to the door. It is customary for the guest to say to his hosts :“请留步”. The hosts usually reply: “慢走”, or “走好”. None of these should be translated directly. Stay here would sound strange; Go slowly would be the same. A smile and a gesture of farewell would be enough.3.4.1.2 Topics talked about“There is no secret in China!” a foreign friend complained to the author after being asked a lot of questions about his private life by his neighbors. But the purpose of the neighbor is just to show his concern to him. But it eventually became an offence to the foreign due to cultural differences. By the influence of Chinese culture, Chinese people normally like to discuss things about age, income, asset, marriage, family etc. But in the English speaking countries, this is the sensitive part in their life, it is about their privacy. When we talk to them, we have to pay attention to these sensitive topics. The best topic will be popular things such as weather, travel, sports, news and the like.The interpreter himself/herself should avoid asking the foreigners this kind of embarrassing questions. It is the interpreters’responsibility to remind Chinese people of the embarrassment, when some Chinese speakers who do not know too much about the western cultures and tend to ask questions about the foreigners’ privacy.3.4.1.3 Compliments and PraisesCultural differences also exist in who can be complimented. It would be usually tohear an American woman talking about how hard her husband works and how well he has done, about all the promotions and honors that he has received. She might also do the same thing about her sons or daughters, how bright he or she is, what good marks he or she makes in school, how active the child in his or her group etc.. While in China, this would be considered as bad taste; one doesn’t praise members of one’s own family in front of other. Other example of a Chinese taboo is complimenting a man on his wife’s looks. The remark “you have a lovely wife” would be regarded as almost perfectly natural and even highly appreciated by westerners.Chinese people are well-known for their modest. To English-speaking people, praise is to be accepted, generally with a remark like “Thank you.” They treat compliment and praise as something sincere. However, to Chinese, acceptance of a compliment would imply conceit or lack of manner. So they will modestly reply: “Oh, no, I am not.”3.4.1.4 Way of AddressingIt is easy to find out that the Chinese custom of addressing members of one’s family, relatives or close neighbors such as “二哥”, “三姐”, “四婶” etc. is not easy to render into English. Similarly, the statement Linda’s brother married Mike’s sister isn’t easy to render into Chinese without further information about whether his brother is older or younger than Linda and whether the sister is Mike’s elder or younger sister. The reason is that in Chinese there are many more terms to designate specific relationships. The following chart is only designed to indicate some of the complexities involved.3.4.1.5 Idioms, Proverbs and SayingsIdioms, proverbs and sayings are an important part of the language and culture of a society. They are often hard to understand, especially idioms, and harder to use correctly. The same meaning could be expressed differently in another language. Due to the limitation of memory capacity, time pressure and consultation unavailability, it would be rather difficult to interpret them into a different language offhand. For example, “布衣蔬食” means to “lead a simple life”. But if it’s interpreted word for word as “to wear cotton clothes and eat vegetable”, people from the west will have just the opposition impression because wearing cotton and eating vegetable is a kind of luxury life that people dream of. “This piece of information has not made public yet, so keep it under you hat.” According to the context, the meaning of the English idiom is to “keep the secret”, and the sentence can be rendered as: “这条消息尚未发布,你要保密.”rather than “放在你帽子下”.Take the Chinese东西for example. In a classroom, after practicing 这是什么? (What’s this is?) ---这是书.(It’s a book.), the teacher took up a pen and asked: “这是东西吗?”(Is this a thing?)---是,这是东西. (Yes, it is a thing.). The students then turned to negative answers. Pointing to himself, the teacher asked soon: “我是东西吗?” ---“不,你不是东西.”(No, you are not a thing.) The whole class can not help but bursting out in laughter, since “不是东西” is considered as a demeaning cursing expression in China. A few of these are given below:害人虫: an evil person/an evil creature笑掉大牙: laugh off one’s head胆小如鼠: as timid as a rabbit瓮中之鳖: like a rat in the whole天涯何处无芳草,何必单恋一枝花: There’s as good fish in the sea as ever comeout of it.White sheep: 坏人中的善人To have a hand like a foot: 笨手笨脚To shed crocodile tear: 假装好心To have cards in one’s sleeves: 胸有成竹3.4.1.6 AllusionsIn language, people like to decorate their speech or article with allusions. Such allusions not only make the language richer, but also make communication much more vivid and often easier. Many English allusions involve events or characters from English literature, especially from Shakespeare, which may provoke cultural obstructions in cross-cultural communication. For example:A Shylock --- a cruel, greedy money-grabbing person; one will go to no end to acquire wealth from the Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare.A Sherlock Holmes --- a detective person, who has the super ability to track down or settle any cases through keen observations and scientific analysis. He is the hero of Sir Arthur Conan Dolly’s well-known detective stories.An Uncle Tom--- a person, especially a black, who submits to humiliation and suffering without any act of rebellion. He is the main character in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin.Legends and mythology are another common source of allusions in English. Certain stories from mythology are so common that English-speaking youngsters can recite them. For instance:A Pandora’s Box--- a present or something, which may seem valuable, brings trouble and misfortunate. In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first woman sent to the earth by gods as a form of punishment. Jupiter gave her a box that she was to give to the man who married her. When this box was open, all the evils in it would flow out and since then have caused troubles to mankind.E.g. The project, which seemed so promising, turned out to be a Pandora’s Box.那个项目看起来好像很有希望, 结果却招致许多灾难.A Solomon (所罗门, 睿智之门) ---a very wise man. Solomon was king of the。