长难句分析

语篇学语法——从句

I arrived in London on a foggy day, to go to a very important meeting. The place①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town. All traffic came to a stop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them. The meeting would begin at 9:00, so I decided to go there on foot.

Minutes later, I was completely lost. I stood there and though t③ that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time. Then I heard a young man’s voice coming out of the fog, “I suppose⑤you are lost. Can I help you?”I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting. Afterward I told him⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started. We walked quite fast, turning corners and crossing roads.

⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wondered⑨why he found his way so easily. “I know this part of London quite well,”he said.

“But in such a fog it’s impossible to see anything,”I said.

“I am blind, sir.”he answered, “In the fog, it is exactly the same for me as usual.”

在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。

1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构。

2. 并列句：由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的，通常用并列连词

来连接两个或两个以上的句子，

3. 复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子。

根据从句在句子中充当的成分，可以将其分为6类，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。

名词性从句

1. 主语从句：

e.g: (1) What you need is more practice.

(2) When the meeting will be held has not been announced.

(3) That he will not attend the meeting is clear.

(4) Whether it will do us harm or good is unknown.

2. 表语从句：

e.g: (1) That is what I want to say.

(2) My opinion is that we should make a decision right now.

(3) The problem is who should be responsible for this car accident.

(4) What I want to knowis who is in charge of the work.

(5) It looks as if it’s going to rain.

3. 宾语从句：

(1) I stood there and thought ③that I would have to phone to the meeting to explain④that I was not able to arrive there on time.

(2) I suppose ⑤you are lost.

(3) Afterward I told him ⑦where I wanted to go, took his arm, and we started.

(4) I wondered ⑨why he found his way so easily.

Eg：Your composition is quite good except that there are some spelling mistakes.

What we should take with usdepends on where we’ll stay.

形容词性从句

5. 定语从句：

限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系密切，如果将定语从句删掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号。

如上文中：The place①where the meeting was going to be hel d was on the other side of the town.

I was very glad to have a ma n ⑥who could take me to the meeting.

非限制性定语从句：对先行词做进一步的解释或说明，如果删除掉，不影响整个句子的基本意思，通常用逗号与主句部分分开。例如：

(1) A student, whose name I don’t know, comes to see you.

(2) They will fly to London, where they plan to stay for a week.

(3) Tom didn’t pass the maths exam, which made his parents angry.

(4) One of the most scenic areas is the Loire Valley, where you can visit the old castles in which the kings and queens of France used to live.

副词性从句

6. 状语从句：可以表示地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、让步、方式、比较、条件等。

时间状语从句：常用于引导时间状语从句的连词有：

例如上文中的第⑧句：⑧As I followed him through the dark streets, I wonderedwhy he found his way so easily.