国际经济学第五章作业内容

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国际经济学第五章

第二节产品周期理论与技术差异类似，技术变化也是国际贸易的一个重要决定因素，即所谓的技术差异的动态因素。从这一角度出发，一些有关技术变革与国际贸易的理论产生出来。其中，由经济学家维农（Raymond Vernon）首次提出的产品周期理论，就是关于技术变化在国际贸易中作用的一个重要理论。
3．结论：．结论：（1）重叠需求是国际贸易产生的一个独立条件。（2）如果各国的国民收入不断提高，则由于收入水平的提高，新的重复需要的商品便不断地出现，贸易也相应地不断扩大，贸易中的新品种就会不断地出现。
4．关于重叠需求理论的意义及其适用性．（1）重叠需求理论从需求的角度阐述了部门内发贸易发展的原因，因而是对古典贸易理论的补充。（2）林德的重叠需求理论对于解释二次世界大战以后迅速发展的发达国家间，特别是产业内贸易做出了巨大贡献。（3）重叠需求理论与要素禀赋理论各有其不同的适用适用范围。概括而言，要素禀赋理论主要解释发生在发达国范围家与发展中国家之间的产业间贸易产业间贸易（Inter-industry 产业间贸易 trade），即工业品与初级产品或资本密集型产品与劳动密集型产品之间的贸易；而重叠需求理论则适合于解释发生在发达国家之间的产业内贸易产业内贸易（Intra -industry 产业内贸易 trade），即制造业内部的一种水平式贸易。
需求、第五章需求、技术变化与国际贸易
本章简介二十世纪六、七十年代，国际贸易理论的发展进入一个相对平缓时期，要素禀赋理论已经日臻完善，在国际贸易理论中占据着绝对统治地位。但这些理论在对贸易问题的解释方面还存在着一些问题。 1．无论是古典贸易理论，还是要素禀赋理论，都是从供给方面来探讨国际贸易的基础，即从技术差异、要素禀赋差异等供给方面的因素来解释比较优势的决定，而关于需求方面因素对国际贸易的决定作用则并未涉及。 2．基于生产理论的国际贸易理论模型，比较注重于静态分析，总是假设供给方面条件一成不变。而现实中，这些国际贸易的重要决定因素总是随着时间的发展而不停地演变，有鉴于此，一些学者脱离贸易理论发展的“主航道”，从其他方面，来探讨国际贸易的新基础。

《国际经济学》黄卫平版第五章国际贸易政策工具

第五章国际贸易政策工具第一节关税壁垒( 2学时 )一、关税对小国的经济效应1．关税的概念及其分类关税（tariff）是一个国家对通过该国国境的贸易商品课征的税收。

关税是一种间接税，它在贸易商品过境时由进出口商支付，最终作为成本转移到进出口商品价格上由消费者负担。

按照征收目的，关税可分为2类：财政关税（revenue tariff）和保护关税（protective tariff）。

按照征税对象或商品流向，关税可分为3类：进口税（import tariff）；出口税（export tariff）；过境税。

按照征收方法，关税可分为3类：从量税（specific tariff）；从价税（ad valerem tariff）；复合税（compound tariff）。

2．关税对小国的经济效应我们首先在小国假定下，运用局部均衡分析方法来分析征收关税对于进口国的经济效应。

国际经济学中所定义的“小国”，不同于地理意义上的小国概念，它是指该国在国际贸易中所占的比重非常之小，以至于其进出口数量的任何变化都不足以影响国际贸易条件，只能是国际市场上价格的接受者。

PQ1 QQ2Q Q3QQ4QP wP t图3.1 关税对小国的经济效应关税对小国的经济效应包括消费效应、生产效应、贸易效应、财政收入效应；小国关税的净福利效应是一个负值。

二、关税对大国的经济效应现在，我们考察关税对大国的影响。

国际经济学中的“大国”是与“小国”相对的概念，它是指该国在国际贸易中占有很大的比重，其进出口数量的变化能够影响国际市场价格。

大国对进口商品征收关税，也会产生小国情况下的各种经济效应。

与小国情况不同的是，关税产生的价格效应和贸易条件效应。

大国关税的净福利效应是不确定的。

OP4 3 3 1 Q ’w P w P t图3.2 关税对大国的经济效应三、最优关税1．最优关税的概念最优关税（optimum tariff ）是与大国相联系的概念，它是指使一国贸易条件改善的收益超过其进口量减少的损失而产生的净福利最大化时的关税水平。

05《国际经济学》第五章

一、商品价格与要素价格二、短期与长期的比较本章总结
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一、商品价格与要素价格（一）
国际贸易会提高贸易国出口部门特定要素的实际收入，降低与进口相竞争部门特定要素的实际收入，而对可自由流动要素的实际收入的影响则不确定。可自由流动要素的实际收入是否提高取决于要素所有者的消费结构。
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三、特定要素模型的均衡解
WX
VMP′LX 图5—1 VMPLY F WY
VMPLX
WF W′ W OX LX
E′
E
W′ W OY End
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L
L′
LY
特定要素模型的说明（一）
上图是一个上端开口的埃基沃斯方框。方框底边的长度表示劳动总量L，其他两边分别表示X、Y部门中的劳动价格或报酬。在完全竞争条件下，两个部门的要素报酬分别为： wX = PX×MPLX， rX = PX×MPKX wY = PY×MPLY， rY = PY×MPKY
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二、特定要素模型的基本假设
特定要素模型的基本结构与要素禀赋理论相比，除了关于要素流动的假设条件不同外，其他方面基本相同。由于本章的目的主要是解释短期内国际贸易对一国收入分配的影响，所以，这里仅以一国为例，模型不涉及其他国家。模型的基本假设包括：（1）X、Y两种产品生产都使用资本和劳动；（2）规模收益不变；（3）劳动是同质的，可在两个部门间自由流动；
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商品价格与要素价格（三）
（一）劳动实际报酬的变化
由于两个部门的资本是固定不变的，所以，当PX上升导致X部门的劳动投入量增加时，X部门的边际劳动生产率将下降，而Y部门由于劳动投入量减少，边际劳动生产率则上升。这意味着w/PX下降，w/PY上升。也就是说，贸易后该国的工资水平将提高，但提高的幅度小于X商品价格的上涨幅度。所以，对于劳动者来说，若其全部收入均来自于工资，则其实际收入水平在贸易后是否提高取决于其消费结构。如果劳动者的消费偏好于X商品，则其实际生活水平可能会下降；如果劳动者的消费偏好于Y商品，则其实际生活水平可能上升。 End

国际经济学英文版上册第八版章节练习第五章

International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 5 The Standard Trade Model1) The concept "terms of trade" meansA) the amount of exports sold by a country、B) the price conditions bargained for in international markets、C) the price of a country's exports divided by the price of its imports、D) the quantities of imports received in free trade、E) None of the above、Answer: C2) A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than whereA) the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier、B) the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier、C) the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier、D) the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier、E) the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve、Answer: B3) Tastes of individuals are represented byA) the production possibility frontier、B) the isovalue line、C) the indifference curve、D) the production function、E) None of the above、Answer: C4) If P C/P F were to increase in the international marketplace, thenA) all countries would be better off、B) the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve、C) the terms of trade of food exporters improve、D) the terms of trade of all countries improve、E) None of the above、Answer: B5) If P C/P F were to increase,A) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports、B) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced、C) the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports、D) Both A and C、E) None of the above、Answer: B6) If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this wouldA) have no effect on that country's economic welfare、B) increase the country's economic welfare、C) decrease the country's economic welfare、D) change the terms of trade、E) None of the above、Answer: C7) Suppose now that Home experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, cloth,A) this will tend to worsen Home's terms of trade、B) this will tend to improve Home's terms of trade、C) this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of trade、D) this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of trade、E) None of the above、Answer: A8) Suppose that Home is a "small country," and it experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, clothA) this will tend to worsen Home's terms of tradeB) this will tend to improve Home's terms of tradeC) this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of tradeD) this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of tradeE) None of the aboveAnswer: D9) When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we haveA) biased growth、B) unbiased growth、C) immiserizing growth、D) balanced growth、E) imbalanced growth、Answer: D10) Export-biased growth in Country H willA) improve the terms of trade of Country H、B) trigger anti-bias regulations of the WTO、C) worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner)、D) improve the terms of trade of Country F、E) decrease economic welfare in Country H、Answer: D11) If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every productthan does the United States, then such aid willA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade、B) improve the U.S. terms of trade、C) leave the world terms of trade unaffected、D) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries、E) None of the above、Answer: B12) If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then it willA) increase production of its import competing good、B) increase consumption of its export good、C) increase the quantity of its imports、D) experience an export-biased shift in its production possibility frontier、E) None of the above、Answer: C13) After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations-transfers of real income- to France、If themarginal propensity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France's demand was biased toward food (relative to Germany's demand pattern) then we would expect to findA) the world's relative price for food remains unchanged、B) the world's relative price for food increase、C) the world's relative price for food decrease、D) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise、E) None of the above、Answer: B14) During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased toward manufacturesand away from food、The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food、From this information, we would expect to have observedA) falling terms of trade for the less developed countries、B) improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries、C) no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries、D) a decrease in the relative price of food、E) None of the above、Answer: B15) Immiserizing growth could occur toA) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth、B) a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth、C) a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector、D) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth、E) None of the above、Answer: A16) A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experienceA) positive terms of trade、B) deteriorating terms of trade、C) improving terms of trade、D) immiserizing terms of trade、E) None of the above、Answer: C17) If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country's terms of trade improve, we wouldfind thatA) the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports、B) the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports、C) the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports、D) the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports、E) None of the above、Answer: C18) If the U、S、Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,the conventional assumption, following Keynes' analysis would presume that this would tend toA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade、B) improve the U.S. terms of trade、C) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients、D) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients、E) None of the above、Answer: A19) If a country's growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms of tradeand its economic welfare、Discuss、Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes、For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that it experiences a major growthin its components manufacture sector、Since Japan is internationally a large country in these markets,this would tend to hurt its component supplier's terms of trade (and help Japan's)、However, such abias in economic growth may tend to lessen the volume of international trade、At an extreme, Japanmay become an exporter of components and an importer of final goods、If the result is a lessening ofspecialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan's welfare associated withgains from trade、If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs (a possibility)this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relatively long periodof time、20) At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer to Francein the form of reparations、Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improved Germany'seconomic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely、However, theoretically, if France's income elasticity of demand for Germany's exports was higher than Germany's income elasticity of demand for its own exportable,then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improved Germany's termsof trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany in manner unanticipated in theTreaty of Verssaille、Explain、21) If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA) have no effect on terms of trade、B) improve the terms of trade of all countries、C) improve the terms of trade of the United States、D) cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade、E) raise the world price of the good imported by the United States、Answer: C22) If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many of itsimports, this wouldA) have no effect on its terms of trade、B) improve its terms of trade、C) deteriorate its terms of trade、D) decrease its marginal propensity to consume、E) None of the above、Answer: A23) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA) have no effect on its terms of trade、B) improve its terms of trade、C) deteriorate its terms of trade、D) decrease its marginal propensity to consume、E) None of the above、Answer: C24) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners、B) harm Slovenia's real income、C) improve Slovenia's real income、D) improve the real income of its trade partners、E) None of the above、Answer: D25) An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff、Domestically atariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade、A productionsubsidy for the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade for the country、Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect、This analysis seems to contradict the first sentence in this paragraph、Discuss this paradox、Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country's terms of trade、An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower the internationalprice of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country's terms of trade、26) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in the figure above、If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to beexport-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B、Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to the original one),this is clearly an export-biased growth、This ceteris paribus would tend to worsen Albania's terms oftrade、The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus, worsen its real income、However, thegrowth itself acts in the opposite direction、27) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in the figure above、If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to beexport-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b, then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania's terms of trade、If Albania were a small country, the world'sterms of trade would not change at all、In such a case, economic growth (with no induced change inincome distributions) would always increase its real income、。

国际经济学习题及答案2

然而，如果将考虑在内，则这一生产函数对于代表性厂商和整个经济具有不同的含义：代表性厂商将总知识水平视为给定的变量，因此生产函数表现为不变规模收益；但对整个经济(假定它由N个同质的厂商组成)而言，由于对于任何常数有，因此生产函数表现为规模收益递增。在这里，总知识水平成为外部性的来源。此外，罗默还假定的增长率取决于水平和投资数额(产出中没有用于消费的部分)。这样，罗默模型实际上同“干中学”模型一样，通过知识积累的“副产品”性质和知识存量的外部性得到了内生增长。
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80 E E’
70
B M
20
10 ＰB=ｌ
2、答案提示：
当发生规模报酬递增时，产量增长比率大于要素投入增长比率。在规模报酬递增条件下，生产可能性曲线凸向原点，如图所示，沿MN曲线由N移向M，曲线斜率越来越小，表明随着X产品产量的增加，X产品的机会成本减少。
为突出规模报酬递增对贸易的意义，假定A、B两国的要素禀赋、生产技术和消费偏好完全相同。封闭条件下，A、B两国的生产可能性曲线与社会无差异曲线重合，均在E点生产和消费，且两国商品价格同等于Pd，按照传统贸易理论，两国不存在互利贸易的基础。开放条件下，在规模报酬递增的情况下，A国在增加X产品产量的同时，其生产成本趋于降低，生产点从E移向M，直至在M点实现完全专业化生产，同时以高效率产出的X对外进行交换。B国则同样可以借助规模经济所带来的效率在N点完全专业化生产Y产品。又因两国需求一致，故双方按照国际价格Pw(M和N的连线)进行交换，消费点移至代表更高福利水平的E1，A国用Q1M的X产品换取Q1E1的Y产品，B国用Q1’N的Y产品换取Q1E1的X产品，互利贸易得以展开。当贸易实现平衡时，Q1M＝Q1E1，Q1’N＝Q1E1。
由此可以看出，除了第一个假定在性质上基本介于外部性模型和R&D 模型之间外，卢卡斯模型与“干中学”模型和罗默模型并没有本质的不同。

国际经济学英文版上册(第八版)章节练习第五章

精选文档International Economics, 8e (Krugman)Chapter 5The Standard Trade Model1)The concept "terms of trade" meansA)the amount of exports sold by a country.B)the price conditions bargained for in international markets.C)the price of a country's exports divided by the price of its imports.D)the quantities of imports received in free trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C2)A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than whereA)the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.C)the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.D)the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.E)the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3)Tastes of individuals are represented byA)the production possibility frontier.B)the isovalue line.C)the indifference curve.D)the production function.E)None of the above.Answer: C4)If P C /P F were to increase in the international marketplace, thenA)all countries would be better off.B)the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.C)the terms of trade of food exporters improve.D)the terms of trade of all countries improve.E)None of the above.Answer: B5)If P C /P F were to increase,A)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.B)the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.C)the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.D)Both A and C.E)None of the above.Answer: B精选文档6)If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this wouldA)have no effect on that country's economic welfare.B)increase the country's economic welfare.C)decrease the country's economic welfare.D)change the terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C7)Suppose now that Home experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, cloth,A)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of trade.B)this will tend to improve Home's terms of trade.C)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of trade.D)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: A8)Suppose that Home is a "small country," and it experiences growth strongly biased toward its export, clothA)this will tend to worsen Home's terms of tradeB)this will tend to improve Home's terms of tradeC)this will tend to worsen Foreign's terms of tradeD)this will have no effect on Foreign's terms of tradeE)None of the aboveAnswer: D9)When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we haveA)biased growth.B)unbiased growth.C)immiserizing growth.D)balanced growth.E)imbalanced growth.Answer:D10)Export -biased growth in Country H willA)improve the terms of trade of Country H.B) trigger anti -bias regulations of the WTO.C)worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).D)improve the terms of trade of Country F.E)decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D精选文档11) If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and every productthan does the United States, then such aid willA)worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B)improve the U.S. terms of trade.C)leave the world terms of trade unaffected.D)worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.E)None of the above.Answer: B12)If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then it willA)increase production of its import competing good.B)increase consumption of its export good.C)increase the quantity of its imports.D) experience an export -biased shift in its production possibility frontier.E)None of the above.Answer: C13) After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations-transfers of real income - to France. If themarginal propensity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France's demand was biasedtoward food (relative to Germany's demand pattern) then we would expect to findA)the world's relative price for food remains unchanged.B)the world's relative price for food increase.C)the world's relative price for food decrease.D) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.E)None of the above.Answer: B14)During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observedA)falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.B)improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.C)no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.D) a decrease in the relative price of food.E)None of the above.Answer: B15) Immiserizing growth could occur toA) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.B)a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.C)a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.D) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.E)None of the above.Answer: A精选文档16) A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experienceA)positive terms of trade.B)deteriorating terms of trade.C)improving terms of trade.D)immiserizing terms of trade.E)None of the above.Answer: C17)If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country's terms of trade improve, we wouldfind thatA)the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.B)the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.C)the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.D)the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.E)None of the above.Answer: C18) If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-Saharan Africa,the conventional assumption, following Keynes' analysis would presume that this would tend toA) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.B) improve the U.S. terms of trade.C) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.D) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.E) None of the above.Answer: A19)If a country's growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that it experiences a majorgrowth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan is internationally a large country in thesemarkets, this would tend to hurt its component supplier's terms of trade (and help Japan's). However,such a bias in economic growth may tend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme,Japan may become an exporter of components and an importer of final goods. If the result is alessening of specialization and of the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan's welfareassociated with gains from trade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs(a possibility) this may cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relativelylong period of time.20)At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improved Germany'seconomic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France's income elasticity of demand forGermany's exports was higher than Germany's income elasticity of demand for its own exportable,then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improved Germany's termsof trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany in manner unanticipated inthe Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.精选文档21) If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend toA)have no effect on terms of trade.B)improve the terms of trade of all countries.C)improve the terms of trade of the United States.D)cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.E)raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C22)If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many of itsimports, this wouldA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: A23) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)have no effect on its terms of trade.B)improve its terms of trade.C)deteriorate its terms of trade.D)decrease its marginal propensity to consume.E)None of the above.Answer: C24) If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports, thismustA)cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.B)harm Slovenia's real income.C)improve Slovenia's real income.D)improve the real income of its trade partners.E)None of the above.Answer: D25)An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domestically atariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A production subsidyfor the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade forthe country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. This analysis seems tocontradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country's terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower the internationalprice of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country's terms of trade.精选文档26) Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier inthe figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in good B.Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to the original one),this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend to worsen Albania's terms oftrade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus , worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.27)Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania's economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in thefigure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to beexport -biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B,how would this growth affect Albania's terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country ?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b, then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania's terms of trade. If Albania were a small country, the world'sterms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with no induced change inincome distributions) would always increase its real income.。

国际经济学第五章规模经济与产业内贸易理论

第五章规模经济与产业内贸易理论（New Trade Theory）
本章结构
❖ 外部规模经济与国际贸易
规模经济的含义内部规模经济与国际贸易外部规模经济与国际贸易
❖ 不完全竞争与国际贸易（产业内贸易）
垄断竞争市场与差异产品下的产业内贸易寡头垄断与国际贸易：同质产品产业内贸易
绪言：新贸易理论的兴起
二、外部规模经济的基本原理
外部规模经济：主要来源于行业内企业数量的增加所引起的产业规模的扩大。由于同行业内企业的增加和相对集中，在信息收集、产品销售等方面的成本会降低。
成本
长期平均成本曲线
成本下降规模报酬递增
成本不变规模报酬不变
成本上升规模报酬递减
规模经济
规模不经济
产量
(diseconomies of scale )
图 5－4 企业的长期平均成本与规模经济
规模不经济的原因：波特在《竞争优势》提到，规模大到一定程度将会产生规模不经济，如工厂员工过多会产生强大的工会，将会使劳工成本上升，而且规模大时管理费用也要增加。在一些行业，如高档时装，因为稀缺才贵，规模就不经济了。所以并非规模大成本就
三、不完全竞争(Imperfect Competition)、价格歧视与国际贸易
一、以比较优势原理为核心的传统贸易理论，已不能解释战后以来国际贸易发展中的一些新现象：
❖ 自20世纪60年代以来，约2/3甚至更多的世界贸易是发生在技术、资源和偏好均比较相似的发达国家之间，而发展中国家与发达国家之间的贸易，以及发展中国家之间的贸易，在世界贸易中所占的比重则不足三分之一。
❖ 发达国家之间的贸易主要以制成品贸易为主，其中大部分贸易发生在机械、运输设备等行业内部，即，发达国家之间的贸易以产业内贸易为主，而且这种类型的贸易主要集中于一些制造业部门。

国际经济学作业及答案

第一章国际贸易理论的微观基础1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。

第二章古典贸易理论1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。

表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入A BX Y 621512表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A BX Y 10455答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。

《国际经济学》第五章保护贸易理论

识。
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三、简要评价
不足： 1.重商主义包含了明显的错误，比如将货币与其他商
品对立起来理解财富、货币是衡量一个国家富强程度的唯一标准； 2.对社会经济现象的探索仅限于流通领域； 3.认为国际贸易是零和博弈。
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第二节幼稚产业保护理论
幼稚产业保护理论 ——李斯特
1841年在《政治经济学的国民体系》中，发展了汉密尔顿的保护关税思想，建立了一套以生产力理论为基础、以保护关税制度为核心、为后进国家服务的保护贸易理论。
——发展生产力是制定国际贸易政策的出发点。
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3、普遍的自由贸易理论是狭隘ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้本位主义和个人主义，完全抹煞了国家和国家利益的存在；
——私人利益与国家利益并不总是一致的。 4、保护贸易政策只是一种手段，为了培养自由竞争的能力，而不是目的。 • 各国经济成长分为五个阶段
原始未开化时期、畜牧业时期、农业时期、农工业时期、农工商业时期。
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一、理论观点
1、普遍的自由贸易理论是无边无际的世界主义经济学，完全忽视了国家的存在，不考虑如何满足国家的利益，而以所谓增进全人类利益为出发点；
——对每一个国家来说，民族利益高于一切。 2、自由学派只考虑交换价值，即通过对外贸易增进财富，而没有考虑到国家的精神和政治利益、眼前和长远利益以及国家的生产力；
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第五节战略性贸易理论及其他保护贸易的依据
核心思想
•
一国政府在不完全竞争和规模经济条件下，
通过生产补贴、出口补贴、税收优惠、保护国内
市场等政策性手段，扶持本国战略性产业的成长，
增强本国具有潜在规模经济优势的产品出口竞争
力，以获取规模经济和高额垄断利润，并借机打

国际经济学作业

第二章古典贸易理论1、某国是一个劳动力没有生产效率的国家。

在该国，生产一单位任何商品所需要的劳动量都比别的国家多。

该国的领导人认为，由于劳动力如此缺乏效率，本国不会在国际贸易中获得收益。

他们的想法正确吗？请解释原因。

2、假定在短期内每个国家的劳动力不能在产业间流动，因此每个国家一定是在封闭条件下的生产点生产，在这种情形下允许进行国际贸易仍然有利可图吗？为什么？你的答案与交换所得和专业化生产所得有怎样的联系？3、假定A国和B国的劳动禀赋均为400。

A国生产1个单位的X商品需要5个单位的劳动，而生产1个单位Y商品需要4个单位的劳动。

B国生产1个单位的X商品需要4个单位的劳动，而生产1个单位的Y商品需要8个单位的劳动。

a. 画出两个国家的生产可能性边界。

b. 哪个国家在哪种商品上有绝对优势？为什么？绝对优势理论表明了怎样的贸易方向？为什么？c. 根据绝对优势，如果允许自由贸易，专业化生产在多大程度上发生？为什么？每种商品各自生产多少？d. 不使用绝对优势定理而用相对优势定理回答b和c的问题。

e. b和c的答案和d的答案有何不同？为什么？4、考虑一个由两个国家组成的世界，一个大陆国，一个岛国。

每个国家有1000单位的劳动力，而且劳动力是唯一的投入品。

在大陆国，生产一台电脑需要10单位劳动，生产一单位纺织品需要20单位劳动。

在岛国，生产一台电脑需要20单位劳动，生产一单位纺织品需要10单位劳动。

a.画出每个国家的生产可能性边界。

标出纵轴和横轴的截距以及斜率。

b.大陆国生产一台电脑的机会成本是什么？为什么？大陆国生产一单位纺织品的机会成本是什么？为什么？岛国国生产一台电脑的机会成本是什么？为什么？岛国生产一单位纺织品的机会成本是什么？为什么？c.在自给自足的情况下，电脑的相对价格在大陆国和岛国各是多少？为什么？d.哪个国家在哪种商品上有比较优势？为什么？e.如果大陆国和岛国根据比较优势进行专业化生产，那么大陆国和岛国将各生产多少台电脑，多少单位纺织品？为什么？f.经过几年的贸易，大陆国和岛国通过了新的法律，规定每个国家在每个行业中必须使用一半劳动力。

国际经济学第五章作业

2..3.An increase in the terms of trade increases welfare when the PPF is right-angled. The production point is the corner of the PPF. The consumption point is the tangency of the relative price line and the highest indifference curve . An improvement in the terms of trade rotates the relative price line about its intercept with the PPF rectangle , The economy can then reach a higher indifference curve . Intuitively , although there is no supply response , the economy receives more for the export it supplies and pays less for the imports it purchases .3.The difference from the standard diagram is that the indifference curves are right angles rather than smooth curves .Here , a terms of trade increase enables an economy to more to a higher indifference curve , moves the consumption point further out along the ray.5.The terms of trade of japan, a manufactures(M) exporter and a raw materials (R) importer,is the world relative price of manufactures in terms of raw materials (pm/pr). The terms of trade can be determined by the shifts in the world relative supply and demand (manufactures relative to raw materials) curves. Note that in the following answers,world relative supply (RS) and relative demand (RD) are always M relative to R. We consider all countries to be large,such that changes affect the world relative price.A.Oil supply disruption from the Middle East decreases the supply of raw materials, whichincreases the world relative supply. The world relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating japan's terms of trade.B.Korea's increased automobile production increases the price of raw materials, which increase the world RS. The relative supply curve shifts out, decreasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorating japan's terms of trade.C.U.S. Development of a substitute for fossil fuel decreases the demand for raw materials. This increases world RD, and the world relative demand curve shifts out, increasing the world relative price of manufactured goods and improving japan's terms of trade. This occurs even if no fusion reactors are installed in japan since world demand for raw materials falls.D.A harvest failure in Russia decreases the supply of raw materials, which increases the world RS. The world relative supply curve shifts out. Also Russia's demand for manufactures decreases, which reduces world demand so that the world relative demand curve shifts in. These forces decrease the world relative price of manufactured goods and deteriorate japan's terms of trade.E.A reduction in Japan's tariff on raw materials will raise its internal relative price of manufactures. This price change will increase Japan's RS and decrease japan's RD, which increases the world RS and decrease the world RD(i.e., world RS shifts out and world RS shifts in). The world relative price of manufactures declines and japan's terms of trade deteriorate.6.The declining price of service relative to manufactured goods shifts the isovalue line clockwise so that relatively fewer services and more manufactured goods are produced in the U.S., thus reducing U.S. welfare..7. a. A’s terms of trade worsen, A’s welfare many increase, less likely, decrease, and B’s welfare increases.b. A’s terms of trade improve, A’s welfare many increases, and B’s welfare decreases.c. B’s terms of trade improve, B’s welfare many increases, and A’s welfare decreases.d. B’s terms of trade worsen, A’s welfare many increase, less likely, decrease, and A’s welfare increases.8.Immiserizing growth occurs when the welfare deteriorating effects of a worsening in an economy’s terms of trade swamp the welfare improving effects of growth. For this to occur, an economy must undergo very biased growth, and the economy must be a large enough actor in the world economy such that its actions spill over to adversely alter the terms of trade to a large degree. This combination of event is unlikely to occur in practice.9.9 India opening should be good for the U.S. if it reduces the relative price of goods that China sends to the U.S. and hence increases the relative price of goods that the U.S. exports. Obviously, any sector in the U.S. hurt by trade with China would be hurt again by India, but on net, the U.S.wins. Note that here we are making different assumptions about what India produces and what is tradable than we are in Question #6. Here we are assuming India exports products the U.S. currently imports and China currently exports.China will lose by having the relative price of its export good driven down by the increased production in India.10. Aid which must be spent on exports increases the demand for those export goods and raises their price relative to other goods. There will be a terms of trade deterioration for the recipient country. This can be viewed as a polar case of the effect of a transfer on the terms of trade. Here, the marginal propensity to consume the export good by the recipient country is 1. The donor benefits from a terms of trade improvement. As with immiserizing growth, it is theoretically possible that a transfer actually worsens the welfare of the recipient.11.When a country subsidizes its exports,the world relative supply and relative demand schedules shift such that the terms of trade for the country worsen.A countervailing import tariff in a second country exacerbates this effect,moving the terms of trade even further against the first country.The first country is internal relative prices.The second country definitely gains form the first country's export subsidy,and may gain further from its own tariff.If the second country retaliated with an export subsidy,then this would offset the initial improvement in the terms of trade;the"retaliatory" export subsidy definitely helps the first country and hurts the second.。

国际经济学第五章作业内容

第五章作业内容1、假设挪威与瑞典相互贸易，挪威出口鱼，而瑞典出口沃尔沃汽车。

假定两国的消费偏好相同，但是生产可能性边界不同：挪威由于有较长的沿大西洋的海岸线，因此捕鱼效率高；瑞典的资本相对丰裕，故而汽车的生产效率高。

据此，根据标准贸易模型论述这两国的贸易利益。

2、在第一个问题的贸易情景中,由于过度捕鱼,挪威现在捕获的鱼量低于前些年。

这一变化不仅引起了挪威潜在产鱼数量的减少，而且导致了国际市场上鱼的相对价格的上涨。

a. 分析过度捕鱼导致挪威福利的下降。

b. 如果过度捕鱼可以提高挪威的福利水平，这将是如何实现的呢？3、在某些情况下，相对供给和价格的变动之间可能没有联系。

例如：如果生产要素在部门之间完全不可流动，生产可能性边界就会成为直角形状，两种产品的产出也不取决于它们的相对价格。

在这种情况下，贸易条件的改善是否会提高一国的福利水平？请画图进行分析。

4、与供给方面要素不可流动性相当的就是需求方面的产品不可替代性。

试想一个国家的消费者购买的产品的比例是固定的。

例如，不论两种产品的相对价格是多少，每买1磅粮食就买1码棉布。

画图分析贸易条件的改善是否会提高这个国家的福利水平。

5、日本原本出口制造品进口原材料如石油、粮食。

分析以下情况日本贸易条件的变化。

a、中东战争使石油供应紧缺；b、韩国扩展了汽车的生产能力，并在美国和加拿大进行销售；c、美国的工程师建立了核反应堆以代替石油燃料发电厂；d、俄罗斯农业歉收；e、日本降低牛肉和柑橘的进口关税。

6、互联网使得诸如编程及技术支持等服务贸易增加,并且使得服务相对于制造品的价格下降。

印度尤其被认为是技术性服务的出口者，这曾经是美国的出口强项。

把制造品和服务看成可贸易品，为美印经济建立标准贸易模型，分析引起服务外包的可出口性服务的相对价格下降会降低美国的福利，而增加印度的福利。

7、A国和B国有两种生产要素——资本和劳动，用于生产两种产品——X和Y。

两国的技术水平一样，X是资本密集产品，A国是资本充裕的国家。

国际经济学第五章

封闭条件下的供给曲线
S
d
征税后的总供给曲线
S d + w+ t S d +w
F
B
C
D
d
tG
Q2
图5-3
总供给曲线= 本国供给 S d+ 外国供给 S w
O
封闭条件下的需求曲线
Q3
Q
大国关税效应的局部均衡分析
P A
效应
③生产
⑤收入效应
Sd S d + w+ t S d +w
(由本国消费者承担）
3、评价： ①作用：在其他条件相同和不变的条件下，NRP越高，其保护效应越大，关税壁垒的作用就越强。
②局限性：按照生产过程中的加工深度，我们可将产品分为: 制成品即最终产品 (名义保护率所考虑的) 中间产品 (名义保护投入品原材料率忽略了)
（二）有效保护率（Effective Rate of Protection——ERP）
X（出口商品）
小国关税效应的一般均衡分析
结论：社会福利水平降低。所以，贸易小国征收关税对其福利水平的影响是负面的。
（二）大国征收关税的经济效应
所谓贸易大国，是指一个国家进口的某种商品量很大，以至其进口与否对该商品的世界价格有很大影响。见图5-3。
P A
(国内价格) Pt ①价格效应 P W
S
A.首先表现为国内生产增加了 Q2 Q0 。
B. 生产者剩 P 余由 W GH 增加 SW +t 到Pt FH ，即图 t SW 中生产者剩余 D 的面积增加 Q a。了
F
B
a
G
Q2
b

国际经济学作业答案-第五章

Chapter 5 The Standard Trade ModelMultiple Choice Questions1. The concept “terms of trade” means(a) the amount of exports sold by a country.(b) the price conditions bargained for in international markets.(c) the price of a country’s exports divided by the price of its imports.(d) the quantities of imports received in free trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C2. A country cannot produce a mix of products with a higher value than where(a) the isovalue line intersects the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line is tangent to the production possibility frontier.(c) the isovalue line is above the production possibility frontier.(d) the isovalue line is below the production possibility frontier.(e) the isovalue line is tangent with the indifference curve.Answer: B3. Tastes of individuals are represented by(a) the production possibility frontier.(b) the isovalue line.(c) the indifference curve.(d) the production function.(e) None of the above.Answer: C4. If P C/P F were to increase in the international marketplace, then(a) all countries would be better off.(b) the terms of trade of cloth exporters improve.(c) the terms of trade of food exporters improve.(d) the terms of trade of all countries improve.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: B5. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth exports.(b) the cloth exporter would increase the quantity of cloth produced.(c) the food exporter would increase the quantity of food exports.(d) Both (a) and (c).(e) None of the above.Answer: B6. If P C/P F were to increase,(a) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would increase.(b) world relative quantity of cloth supplied and demanded would decrease.(c) world relative quantity of cloth supplied would increases.(d) world relative quantity of cloth demanded would decrease.(e) None of the above.Answer: C7. When the production possibility frontier shifts out relatively more in one direction, we have(a) biased growth.(b) unbiased growth.(c) immiserizing growth.(d) balanced growth.(e) imbalanced growth.Answer: A8. Export-biased growth in Country H will(a) improve the terms of trade of Country H.(b) trigger anti-bias regulations of the WTO.(c) worsen the terms of trade of Country F (the trade partner).(d) improve the terms of trade of Country F.(e) decrease economic welfare in Country H.Answer: D9. Immiserizing growth is(a) likely to occur if the exporting country is poor.(b) likely to occur if the exporting country is rich.(c) likely to occur when terms of trade change.(d) likely to occur if relative supplies are elastic.(e) None of the above.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持10. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, this must(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: E11. If the poor USAID recipient countries have a higher marginal propensity to consume each and everyproduct than does the United States, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B12. If the U.S. has a higher marginal propensity to consume (MPC) imports as compared to both its MPC forexportables and nontradables, then such aid will(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) leave the world terms of trade unaffected.(d) worsen the terms of trade of both donor and recipient countries.(e) None of the above.Answer: B13. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will tend to(a) have no effect on terms of trade.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the United States.(d) cause a deterioration of U.S. terms of trade.(e) raise the world price of the good imported by the United States.Answer: C14. If the U.S. (a large country) imposes a tariff on its imported good, this will(a) have no effect on economic welfare.(b) improve the terms of trade of all countries.(c) improve the economic welfare of the United States.(d) harm the economic welfare of U.S.’ trading partners.(e) None of the aboveAnswer: D15. A country will be able to consume a bundle which is not attainable solely from domestic production onlyif(a) the world terms of trade differ from its domestic relative costs.(b) the country specializes in one product.(c) the country avoids international trade.(d) the world terms of trade equal the domestic relative costs.(e) None of the above.Answer: A16. Terms of trade refers to(a) what goods are imported.(b) what goods are exported.(c) the volume of trade.(d) the prices at which trade occurs.(e) None of the above.Answer: D17. If a country’s (net-barter) terms of trade increase (“improve”) we know from this th at economic welfarein this country(a) increases(b) increases, but only relative to that of its trade partners(c) is unchanged(d) decreases(e) None of the aboveAnswer: E18. If points a and b are both on the production possibility frontier of a country, then(a) consumers are indifferent between the two bundles.(b) producers are indifferent between the two bundles.(c) at any point in time, the country could produce both.(d) Both cost the same.(e) The country could produce either of the two bundles.Answer: E19. If the economy is producing at point a on its production possibility frontier, then(a) all of the country’s workers are specialized in one product.(b) all of the county’s capital is used for one product.(c) all of the county’s workers ar e employed.(d) all of its capital is used, but not efficiently.(e) None of the above.Answer: Cword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持20. If at point A on the production possibility frontier, and the community indifference curve cuts throughpoint a from northwest to southeast, then the optimal autarky production bundle is(a) at point A.(b) to the right of point A.(c) to the left of point A.(d) to the northeast of point A.(e) to the southwest of point A.Answer: B21. A bundle indicated by a point to the northeast of the production possibility frontier is(a) unattainable at a point in time.(b) unattainable at a point in time without international trade.(c) unattainable at a point in time without domestic trade.(d) unattainable as a consumption point.(e) None of the above.Answer: B22. If two countries with diminishing returns and different marginal rates of substitution between twoproducts were to engage in trade, then(a) the shapes of their respective production possibility frontiers would change.(b) the marginal rates of substitution of both would become equal.(c) the larger of the two countries would dominate their trade.(d) the country with relatively elastic supplies would export more.(e) None of the above.Answer: B23. If a country began exporting product A and importing product B, then, as compared to the autarky (no-trade) situation, the marginal cost of product A will(a) increase.(b) decrease.(c) shift outward.(d) shift inward.(e) None of the above.Answer: A24. If, beginning from a free trade equilibrium, the (net barter) terms of trade improve for a country, then itwill(a) increase production of its import competing good.(b) increase consumption of its export good.(c) increase the quantity of its imports.(d) experience an export-biased shift in its production possibility frontier.(e) None of the above.Answer: C25. If a small country were to levy a tariff on its imports then this would(a) have no effect on that country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s economic welfare.(c) decrease the coun try’s economic welfare.(d) change the terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C26. An increase in a country’s net commodity terms of trade will always(a) increase the country’s economic welfare.(b) increase the country’s real income.(c) increas e the country’s quantity of exports.(d) increase the country’s production of its import competing good.(e) None of the above.Answer: E27. After WWI, Germany was forced to make large reparations—transfers of real income- to France. If themarginal prope nsity to consume was equal in both countries, and if France’s demand was biased toward food (relative to Germany’s demand pattern) then we would expect to find(a) the world’s relative price for food remains unchanged.(b) the world’s relative price for fo od increase.(c) the world’s relative price for food decrease.(d) the world relative price for both food and non-food rise.(e) None of the above.Answer: B28. If we add to Question 27 that France exported manufactures, whereas Germany exported food, then thereparations from Germany to France would(a) improve France’s international terms of trade.(b) cause France’ terms of trade to deteriorate.(c) cause both France’ and Germany’s terms of trade to deteriorate.(d) cause both France’ and Germany’s term s of trade to improve.(e) None of the above.Answer: B29. If a country lent money to another, this must(a) lower the terms of trade of the recipient country.(b) lower the terms of trade of both countries.(c) improve the terms of trade of the recipient country.(d) improve the terms of trade of the donor country(e) None of the above.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持30. During the 19th Century, economic growth of the major trading countries was biased towardmanufactures and away from food. The less developed countries of that time were net exporters of food.From this information, we would expect to have observed(a) falling terms of trade for the less developed countries.(b) improving (rising) terms of trade for the less developed countries.(c) no change at all in the terms of trade of the less developed countries.(d) a decrease in the relative price of food.(e) None of the above.Answer: B31. Immiserizing growth could occur to(a) a poor country experiencing export-biased economic growth.(b) a poor country experiencing import-biased economic growth.(c) a poor country experiencing growth in its non-traded sector.(d) a poor country experiencing capital-intensive biased growth.(e) None of the above.Answer: A32. A large country experiencing import-biased economic growth will tend to experience(a) positive terms of trade.(b) deteriorating terms of trade.(c) improving terms of trade.(d) immiserizing terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: C33. In the period preceding the recent Financial Crisis in Asia, the South East Asian countries were receivinglarge inflows of financial capital. Following John Maynard Keynes’ theory, this should have caused(a) a glut in their banking asset situation.(b) an improvement in their terms of trade.(c) deterioration in their terms of trade.(d) a fluctuation upward and then downward in their terms of trade.(e) None of the above.Answer: B34. If Slovenia is a small country in world trade terms, then if it imposes a large series of tariffs on many ofits imports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: A35. If Slovenia is a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on many of itsimports, this would(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: B36. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it imposes a large set of tariffs on its imports, thismust(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: E37. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports,this must(a) have no effect on its terms of trade.(b) improve its terms of trade.(c) deteriorate its terms of trade.(d) decrease its marginal propensity to consume.(e) None of the above.Answer: C38. If Slovenia were a large country in world trade, then if it instituted a large set of subsidies for its exports,this must(a) cause retaliation on the part of its trade partners.(b) harm Slovenia’s real income.(c) improve Slovenia’s real income.(d) improve the real income of its trade partners.(e) None of the above.Answer: D39. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expect unionsrepresenting skilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: Eword格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持40. If the United States exports skilled-labor intensive products and services, then we should expect unionsrepresenting unskilled labor to(a) lobby in favor of tariffs.(b) lobby against the imposition of tariffs.(c) be indifferent to the issue of tariffs.(d) lobby in favor of improved terms of trade.(e) Not enough information.Answer: B41. If a there are no international loans or capital flows, then if a country’s terms of trade improve, we wouldfind that(a) the value of its exports exceeds the value of its imports.(b) the value of its exports becomes less than that of its imports.(c) the value of its exports exactly equals that of its imports.(d) the quantity of its exports equals that of its imports.(e) None of the above.Answer: C42. If the U.S. Agency for International Development transfers funds to poor countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica, the conventional assumption, following Keynes’ analysis would presume that this would tend to(a) worsen the U.S. terms of trade.(b) improve the U.S. terms of trade.(c) worsen the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(d) improve the terms of trade of the African aid recipients.(e) None of the above.Answer: AEssay Questions1. Other things bei ng equal, a rise in a country’s terms of trade increases its welfare. What would happen ifwe relax the ceteris paribus assumption, and allow for the law of demand to operate internationally?Answer: Let us assume that the terms of trade (or technically the net commodity terms of trade) improve, thus the relative price of a country’s exports increase. This would, logically, lead to ashift away by world consumers to substitute goods. If the demand for a country’s exports iselastic, the quantity decrease would be proportionally larger than the per unit price increase.This term of trade effect would actually lower the country’s real income and economic welfare.2. If a country’s growth is biased in favor of its import, this should unequivocally improve its terms oftrade and its economic welfare. Discuss.Answer: Suppose Japan experiences economic growth biased in favor of its import substitutes. For example, assume that Japan imports components and exports final goods, but that itexperiences a major growth in its components manufacture sector. Since Japan isinternationally a large country in these markets, this would tend to hurt its componentsupplier’s terms of trade (and help Japan’s). However, such a bias in economic growth maytend to lessen the volume of international trade. At an extreme, Japan may become an exporterof components and an importer of final goods. If the result is a lessening of specialization andof the volume of trade, then this effect will lower Japan’s welfare associated with gains fromtrade. If an actual change in the pattern of comparative advantage occurs (a possibility) thismay cause dynamic dislocations whose harm overpowers static gains for a relatively longperiod of time.3. It is impossible for economic growth in a small country to lower that country’s economic welfare,regardless of the bias of the growth. Explain.Answer: This is a true statement. The reason economic growth may hurt a country is if the terms of trade effect counters and dominates the growth effect. In the case of the small country there isno terms of trade effect.4. At the conclusion of World War I, Germany, as a punishment, was obliged to make a large transfer toFrance in the form of reparations. Is it possible that the actual reparations may have improvedGermany’s economic welfare?Answer: Such a result is not likely. However, theoretically, if France’s income elasticity of demand for Germany’s exports was higher than Germany’s income elasticity of demand for its ownexportable, then the real income transfer associated with these reparations may have improvedGermany’s terms of trade, and improved its balance of payments, thus helping Germany inmanner unanticipated in the Treaty of Verssaille. Explain.5. An export subsidy has the opposite effect on terms of trade to the effect of an import tariff. Domesticallya tariff will raise the price of the import good, deteriorating the domestic terms of trade. A productionsubsidy for the export product will lower the local price of the export good, lowering the domestic terms of trade for the country. Hence the export subsidy and the import tariff have the same effect. Thisanalysis seems to contradict the first sentence in this paragraph. Discuss this paradox.Answer: While this (Lerner) equivalence may well occur domestically, internationally the tariff will improve a country’s terms of trade. An export subsidy on the other hand will in fact lower theinternational price of the (now readily available) export good, hence hurting a country’s termsof trade.6. If a country’s net barter terms of trade improve (increase), it is possible that this could decrease the valueof its exports demanded, and hence harm its economic welfare. Discuss this possibility. What alternative measure for “terms of trade” does this suggest?Answer: An “improvement” in the terms of trade occurs when the price of a country’s exports rises by more than the price of its imports. If demand for this country’s exports is inelastic, then thiscould decrease demand for its exports in the world. This is treated under the topics of theMarshal-Lerner conditions for the effects of a depreciation on the balance of payments. Thissuggests that we may wish to use some kind of “income terms of trade,” the would explicitlyconsider both changes in relative tradeables prices, and also quantities of export (the latter notdealt with by the net barter terms of trade).word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持Quantitative/Graphing Problems1. Albania refused to engage in international trade for ideological reasons. To maximize its economicwelfare it would choose to produce at which point in the diagram above? Suppose the P A/P B at point a was equal to 1. Given this information, in which good (A or B) does Albania enjoy a comparativeadvantage?Now that the Cold War is over, Albania is interested in obtaining economic welfare gains from trade.The relevant international relative price is P A/P B = 2. Albania would therefore choose to produce atwhich point (a, b, or c)? Given this additional information, in which good does Albania enjoy acomparative advantage?Answer: Albania would choose to produce at point a. With no reference to world terms of trade, one cannot establish Albania’s comparative advantage.Later, when Albania discovers that the relative price of A equals twice the price of B, it knowsthat it has a comparative advantage in A. Therefore Albania would produce at production pointb.2. Now, suppose that the relative price of A is actually not higher than Albania’s autarkic level of 1, butquite the opposite (e.g. P A/P B = 0.5). Would Albania still be able to gain from trade? If so, where would be its production point? Given the information in this question, where is Albania’s comparativeadvantage?Answer: Yes. As long as the world’s terms of trade differed from thos e of Albania, that country stands to gain from international trade. In this particular case, its point of production with trade wouldbe at point c.3. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the rightmost production possibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point c, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income?Answer: If point c is the production point with trade, then Albania has a comparative advantage in goodB. Therefore, from the shape of the new production possibility frontier (as compared to theoriginal one), this is clearly an export-biased growth. This ceteris paribus would tend toworsen Albania’s terms of trade. The terms of trade effect would, again ceteris paribus,worsen its real income. However, the growth itself acts in the opposite direction.4. Suppose, as a result of various dynamic factors associated with exposure to international competition,Albania’s economy grew, and is now represented by the ri ghtmost production possibility frontier in the Figure above. If its point of production with trade was point b, would you consider this growth to be export-biased or import biased? If Albania were a large country with respect to the world trade of A and B, how would this growth affect Albania’s terms of trade? Its real income? What if Albania were a small country?Answer: If the production with trade point was point b,then the observed growth is a case of import-biased growth, and would improve Albania’s t erms of trade. If Albania were a small country,the world’s terms of trade would not change at all. In such a case, economic growth (with noinduced change in income distributions) would always increase its real income.word格式-可编辑-感谢下载支持5. Suppose Albania is exporting product B, and experienced economic growth biased in favor of product Bas seen in the Figure above. We are also told that Albania’s new consumption point is at point d. Would you still consider the economic growth, which took place biased in favor of B? If Albania were a large country how would this growth affect its terms of trade?Answer: This is a relatively difficult case. On the one hand, the growth is still technically export biased.However, Albania’s consumption clearly shifted in favor of its import product, A. In this case,the deterioration in the terms of trade would be much more pronounced than before, and maylead to a case of immiserizing growth. However, for this to occur, there must have been amajor shift in the taste patterns (the old community indifference map is not longer applicable).Therefore, when we try to judge the direction and magnitude of the welfare change, we arecomparing the old versus new taste preferences, which raises the classic index numberproblem.。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)课后习题详解(第5章标准贸易模型)【圣才出品】

第5章标准贸易模型一、概念题1．偏向型增长（biased growth）答：偏向型增长是指生产可能性边界在一个方向上扩张的幅度大于在另一方向上扩张的幅度的一种经济增长方式。

经济发生偏向型增长的原因有：某个生产部门技术的进步；某种生产要素供给的增加或国家利用资源效率的提高等等。

在其他条件不变时，偏向型增长的直接影响是导致偏向扩张的产品的世界相对供给增加。

例如，图5-1（a）说明了偏向于X产品的经济增长，图5-1（b）说明了偏向于Y产品的经济增长。

图5-1 偏向型增长2．内部价格（internal price）答：内部价格是“外部价格”的对称，是指在国际贸易中相对于国际市场价格的产品的国内市场价格。

在各国的贸易活动中，政府经常借助于各种关税或补贴等政策措施来实现有利于本国经济的目标。

这些贸易政策会导致同种产品在国内市场和国际市场上具有不同的价格，其中产品在国内市场上的价格称为“内部价格”，而相对于国内市场价格的国际市场价格称为“外部价格”。

3．出口偏向型增长（export-biased growth）答：出口偏向型增长是指一国的经济增长主要源于出口产品生产能力提高的增长方式，表现在生产可能性边界上就是使生产可能性边界扩张偏向于出口产品。

一国的经济增长意味着该国生产能力的提高，从而使该国能够生产更多的产品。

对于不同产品而言，其生产能力的提高幅度可能是不相同的。

如果一国出口产品生产能力的提高幅度超过了其他类产品，那么这种经济增长方式就是出口偏向型增长。

4．等价值线（iso value lines）答：等价值线是描述市场产出价值的曲线，同一条等价值线的产出价值相等且不变。

例如，如图5-2所示，有两种产品A和B，价格分别是A P和B P，产量是A Q和B Q，那么等价值线是由等式A A B B+=所确定的。

V越大，等价值线的位置离原点越远，对应的产P Q P Q V出价值就越高。

图5-2 等价值线5．出口补贴（export subsidy）答：出口补贴是指国家为了降低出口商品的价格，提高其在国际市场上的竞争能力，对出口商品给予的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇。

国际经济学第五章作业内容word精品

第五章作业内容1、假设挪威与瑞典相互贸易，挪威出口鱼，而瑞典出口沃尔沃汽车。

据此，根据标准贸易模型论述这两国的贸易利益。

2、在第一个问题的贸易情景中,由于过度捕鱼,挪威现在捕获的鱼量低于前些年。

这一变化不仅引起了挪威潜在产鱼数量的减少，而且导致了国际市场上鱼的相对价格的上涨。

a. 分析过度捕鱼导致挪威福利的下降。

b. 如果过度捕鱼可以提高挪威的福利水平，这将是如何实现的呢？3、在某些情况下，相对供给和价格的变动之间可能没有联系。

例如：如果生产要素在部门之间完全不可流动，生产可能性边界就会成为直角形状，两种产品的产出也不取决于它们的相对价格。

在这种情况下，贸易条件的改善是否会提高一国的福利水平？请画图进行分析。

4、与供给方面要素不可流动性相当的就是需求方面的产品不可替代性。

试想一个国家的消费者购买的产品的比例是固定的。

例如，不论两种产品的相对价格是多少，每买 1 磅粮食就买 1 码棉布。

画图分析贸易条件的改善是否会提高这个国家的福利水平。

5、日本原本出口制造品进口原材料如石油、粮食。

分析以下情况日本贸易条件的变化。

a 、中东战争使石油供应紧缺；b 、韩国扩展了汽车的生产能力，并在美国和加拿大进行销售；c 、美国的工程师建立了核反应堆以代替石油燃料发电厂；d 、俄罗斯农业歉收；e 、日本降低牛肉和柑橘的进口关税。

6、互联网使得诸如编程及技术支持等服务贸易增加, 并且使得服务相对于制造品的价格下降。

印度尤其被认为是技术性服务的出口者，这曾经是美国的出口强项。

7、A国和B国有两种生产要素资本和劳动，用于生产两种产品X和丫。

两国的技术水平一样，X是资本密集产品，A国是资本充裕的国家。

克鲁格曼国际经济学11版第五章答案

克鲁格曼国际经济学11版第五章答案一、国际经济学的主要问题1.国际经济学的主要问题（1）国际经济学研究国家之间经济和金融的相互依存性。

（2）国际经济学也分析一国与世界其他国家间商品劳务和资金的流向，分析直接约束这个流向的政策，以及这些政策对国家的福利所产生的效应。

2.国际经济学特别关注的问题（1）国际贸易理论国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得。

（2）国际贸易政策国际贸易政策考察贸易限制的原因和效果。

（3）外汇市场外汇市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架。

（4）国际收支国际收支测度一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。

（5）开放经济宏观经济学开放经济宏观经济学研究在出现不均衡（赤字或盈余）时国际收支的调节机制。

更重要的是，它分析一国经济内外部之间的关系，以及在不同国际货币制度下，一国经济与世界其他国家经济的互相依存性和相互关系。

3.国际经济学的微观与宏观划分（1）国际经济学的微观经济部分国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观经济部分，因为它们把单个国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。

（2）国际经济学的宏观经济部分国际收支涉及总收入和总支出，影响国家收入水平和价格总指数的调整政策及其他经济政策，因而它们是国际经济学的宏观经济部分。

这些内容常被称为开放经济宏观经济学或国际金融。

4.国际经济关系与地区经济关系的差异国际经济关系不同于地区间的经济关系（例如，同一国家内不同地区间的经济关系），国家经常对商品、劳务和生产要素在国际间的流动施加某些限制，而一般不限制其在国内各地区间的流动。

此外，国际间的流动也因语言、风俗习惯和法律的不同而受到某些限制；国际间商品、劳务及资源的流动亦增加了外汇收入及支出，从而引起外汇价格的变动。

二、国际经济理论和政策的目的国际经济理论经常假设两国、两商品、两要素的世界模型，并进一步假设初始时没有贸易限制，存在充分的国内要素流动而无国际流动，所有商品和要素市场处于完全竞争状态，无运输成本。

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