非谓语动词-动词不定式知识点总结

非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)---动词不定式知识总结

非谓语动词是指在句子中不充当谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)，即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其他成分。动词不定式既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词、形容词和副词的句法功能。

Ⅰ、不定式的构成及变形：

动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。

1. 不定式的一般式

不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。

He appears to be very happy.（同时发生）

To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi.（to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）2. 不定式的进行式

不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。

It happened to be raining when I got there.

3. 不定式的完成式

不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。

I'm sorry to have lost your key.

4. 不定式的完成进行式

不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。

He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.

不定式的时态意义：

He is said to be studying abroad.（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行）

He is said to have studied abroad.（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）

5. 不定式的被动形式

当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。

一般式to be done

These are the books to be given out to the students.

完成式to have been done

The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.

6. 不定式的否定形式

不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。

We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。

注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义

I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。

I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。

Ⅱ、不定式句法功能

不定式可以作句子的主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等成分。

1.作主语

To hear from you is nice.

To be a good teacher is not easy.

不定式作主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主语，而不定式置于谓语动词后。

It’s nice to hear from you.

It’s not easy to be a good teacher.

2.作宾语

通常用于afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish等动词后面。

I forgot to lock the door.

Please remember to write to me.

记忆口诀：三个希望两答应（hope，wish，want，agree，promise）

一个要求莫拒绝（demand，refuse）

设法学会做决定（manage，decide）

不要假装在选择（pretend，choose）

3.作表语

My job is to pick up letters.

He seemed to have heard nothing.

4.作定语

在the first, the second, the third, the last等之后通常接不定式作定语。作定语时须放在被修饰的名词之后：

He is always the first one to get up.

I have a few words to say on this question.

主动形式表被动含义：

I have a book to read.

It is easy to read.

Have you anything to send?

比较：Have you anything to be sent?

She is the last to come.

He is looking for a room to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

5.作宾补

通常用于advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn等词后。

He ordered her to leave at once.

He was forced to obey his mother’s order.

6.作状语

不定式作状语时通常表示目的，不定式用作目的状语有两个可能的位置，一是在句首，二是在句末。一般