顾客感知价值外文翻译
顾客感知价值与服务质量管理研究框架
顾客感知价值与服务质量管理研究框架一、论文结构1.1 总体结构的设想1.1.1研究目的和意义20世纪90年代以来,顾客价值(Customer Value)理论的最新研究成果不断涌现,它们对该理论体系的补充和完善做出了很大的贡献.但由于多从理论方面进行的探索,使企业在运用这种方法操作时普遍存在这样或那样的缺陷。
该研究就是要尽量弥补这些的不足,这是本研究的一个重要目的。
另外,本人一直对顾客价值、服务质量和顾客满意方面的研究抱有浓厚的兴趣,并希望通过该课题的成功研究为企业提供更多、更有效的服务和帮助。
这也是本研究的重要动机.本研究将对中国企业如何探查并构建顾客价值的层级结构,如何进行顾客价值的创造和流畅管理和服务质量管理进行了全面系统的探讨。
该课题的研究不仅是对顾客价值(Customer Value)理论待研究领域的有益探索,更有利于对企业营销实践活动的指导和借鉴。
1.1.2 研究框架〖图1-1〗本研究框架(由作者整理)1.1.3写作提纲1。
导言1。
1写作目的1。
2相关研究现状1。
3研究方法1.4创新点与进一步展开的研究2. 顾客感知价值与服务质量2。
1服务的本质2。
2服务质量的概念与构成2.3顾客感知服务质量的模型2。
4顾客感知服务质量的决定要素2.5动态的顾客期望3.感知服务质量管理的主要模型以及评价3.1SERVQUAL评价模型3。
2服务质量差距管理模型4.顾客价值的构建与探查4.1顾客期望价值变量的确定4。
2顾客价值构成要素的确定5。
服务质量管理5.1全面服务质量管理5。
2服务补救管理5。
3服务补救的概念5。
4识别服务补救的需要5.5服务补救的时机选择5.6服务补救的基本步骤与程序结论1.2 主要解决的问题近年来,“顾客价值(Customer Value)”这一概念在营销管理领域的应用随着服务营销的兴起而再度成为学术研究的热点.国外很多营销学者进行了较深入的研究,并提出了很有见解性的观点。
而且国内学者也开始涉猎顾客价值这一领域的研究。
提高顾客感知价值策略探析
提高顾客感知价值策略探析【摘要】有效提高顾客感知价值已成为企业现阶段进行市场竞争最为重要的手段之一,而提高顾客感知价值需要采取一系列合理、可行的策略。
本文在总结国内外企业提高顾客感知价值的成功做法的基础上,对我国企业应当采取的系列策略进行了较全面的探讨。
为使这些策略能真正得以实施,本文还提出了这些策略的实践原则。
【关键词】顾客感知价值策略一、探索顾客感知价值的内涵和必要性顾客感知价值即顾客价值,它是指顾客基于所得与所失的感知,对产品效用所做的总体评价,即感知利得(perceived benefits)与感知利失(perceived sacrifices)的比值(Zeithaml、Parasuraman、Berry,1990)。
感知利得一般是指消费者在购买和使用产品过程中感知到的产品物理和服务属性以及可获得的技术支持感;感知利失包括买方购买某一种需要承担的全部成本,如购买价格、获得成本、运输、安装、订购、维修费用以及维护与供应商的关系所花的精力和时间等(白琳、陈圻,2006)。
研究企业竞争必须探讨企业竞争优势形成的源泉。
产品结构理论认为:一个企业能有竞争优势,在于企业能正确地选择行业并在该行业中处于有利位置。
但很多实证研究证明,同一产业内企业之间长期利润率的分散程度要比不同产业之间利润率的分散程度大得多。
资源基础理论则认为:企业能有竞争优势在于企业具有一定的资源优势。
但在现代市场竞争环境下,企业的资源优势不可能长期不被模仿、代替,同时,判断什么是优质、专有资源本身存在着许多困难。
现代企业竞争的客观事实表明:顾客价值才是企业成长的本源和企业胜败兴衰的决定因素,这一点已逐渐成为企业的共识。
接下来的问题是,企业要获得顾客,必须采取一系列合理、有效的策略,使顾客在选择和使用本企业的产品或服务的过程中有很高的感知价值,只有这样,顾客才能对企业满意,然后逐步形成对企业的忠诚,从而成为企业最宝贵的资源。
但从客观现实来看,很多企业在实施顾客价值策略时,暴露出运用方面的很多问题。
游客感知价值英文
游客感知价值英文全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:Tourist Perceived ValueTourist perceived value is a concept commonly used in the tourism industry to describe the worth or value that tourists perceive they are receiving in exchange for their money, time and effort while traveling. It is a subjective assessment made by tourists based on their individual expectations, preferences, previous experiences, and the overall quality of the tourist experience.第二篇示例:Visitor Perception of ValueAs more and more people indulge in the joy of traveling, the concept of value in travel has become increasingly important. While traditional factors such as cost and convenience still play a significant role in a traveler's decision-making process, there is a growing acknowledgment of the importance of visitor perception of value.第三篇示例:【游客感知价值英文】In recent years, the value of tourism has become increasingly important as a driver of economic growth and development in many countries around the world. As more and more people travel for leisure and business, the demand for unique and authentic travel experiences has also increased. One key aspect of the tourism industry that has gained significance is the perception of value by tourists.Tourists' perception of value refers to the subjective assessment of the benefits and costs associated with a travel experience. It is influenced by a wide range of factors, including the quality of the service provided, the price of the product or service, and the overall satisfaction with the experience. Understanding and measuring tourists' perception of value is crucial for destinations and businesses in the tourism industry to attract and retain customers.There are several key dimensions of value that influence tourists' perception. These include:- Functional value: This refers to the tangible benefits that tourists receive from a travel experience, such as the quality ofaccommodation, transportation, and attractions. Tourists expect to receive good value for the money they spend on these basic services.- Emotional value: This refers to the emotional benefits that tourists derive from a travel experience, such as the sense of relaxation, happiness, and fulfillment. Positive emotional experiences can lead to greater satisfaction and loyalty among tourists.- Social value: This refers to the social benefits that tourists gain from interacting with other people during their travels, such as forming new relationships, sharing experiences, and building social connections. Social value can enhance the overall quality of the travel experience.- Symbolic value: This refers to the symbolic orstatus-related benefits that tourists associate with a travel experience, such as the prestige of staying at a luxury hotel or visiting a famous landmark. Symbolic value can enhance tourists' self-esteem and social status.- Experiential value: This refers to the unique and memorable experiences that tourists have during their travels, such as participating in cultural activities, trying new foods, andexploring natural attractions. Experiential value can create lasting memories and emotional connections with a destination.Tourists' perception of value is shaped by their expectations, preferences, and past experiences. It is influenced by factors such as the level of competition in the tourism industry, the quality of the destination's infrastructure and services, and the overall image and reputation of the destination. To enhance tourists' perception of value, destinations and businesses in the tourism industry can focus on improving the quality of their products and services, offering competitive prices, and creating unique and authentic travel experiences.In conclusion, tourists' perception of value plays a critical role in the success of the tourism industry. By understanding and meeting tourists' expectations and preferences, destinations and businesses can enhance their competitiveness and attract more visitors. Tourists' perception of value is a key driver of customer satisfaction, loyalty, and word-of-mouth promotion. It is essential for destinations and businesses in the tourism industry to prioritize and invest in creating value for tourists to ensure long-term success and sustainability.第四篇示例:Tourist Perceived ValueTourist perceived value is a concept that plays a significant role in the tourism industry. It refers to the perceived benefits and satisfaction that tourists receive from their travel experience in relation to the cost and effort involved in the trip. In other words, it is the perceived worth that tourists assign to a destination or a tourism product based on their overall experience.There are several factors that contribute to tourists' perceived value, including the quality of the destination, the services and facilities available, the authenticity of the experience, and the overall cost of the trip. For example, if a tourist visits a destination with stunning natural beauty, rich cultural heritage, and excellent hospitality, they are likely to perceive high value from their visit. On the other hand, if the destination is poorly maintained, lacks basic facilities, and has unfriendly locals, tourists are likely to perceive low value from their visit.Tourists' perceived value can also be influenced by their expectations, motivations, and personal preferences. For instance, a luxury traveler may value comfort, exclusivity, and personalized service, while an adventure traveler may value excitement, challenge, and new experiences. Therefore, it isimportant for tourism providers to understand the different needs and preferences of tourists in order to deliver a valuable and memorable experience.In today's competitive tourism market, it is essential for destinations and tourism providers to focus on enhancing tourists' perceived value in order to attract and retain visitors. This can be achieved by providing high-quality services and facilities, offering authentic and unique experiences, pricing products and services competitively, and engaging with tourists to gather feedback and improve the overall visitor experience.Moreover, digital technologies and social media play a crucial role in shaping tourists' perceived value. Online reviews, ratings, and recommendations from fellow travelers can greatly influence the perceived value of a destination or a tourism product. Therefore, destinations and tourism providers need to actively manage their online presence and reputation in order to enhance tourists' perception of value.In conclusion, tourist perceived value is a key concept in the tourism industry that influences tourists' decision-making, satisfaction, and loyalty. By focusing on enhancing tourists' perceived value through quality services, authentic experiences, competitive pricing, and active online presence, destinations andtourism providers can create positive and memorable travel experiences that will attract repeat visitors and positive word-of-mouth recommendations.。
顾客感知价值_顾客满意和行为倾向的关系研究述评
顾客感知价值、顾客满意和行为倾向的关系研究述评白琳(安徽大学工商管理学院,合肥230039)摘要:本文介绍了顾客感知价值、顾客满意和行为倾向的概念内涵和三者关系研究的4种模型,并针对这4种模型介绍了国外相应的实证研究成果,最后指出了当前研究的不足和造成差异性结论的原因。
关键词:顾客感知价值;顾客满意;行为倾向引言近些年,顾客感知价值、顾客满意和行为倾向三者的关系研究一直是备受关注的话题,也是西方消费者行为研究中非常活跃的领域。
Ostrom和Iacobucci(1995)指出:“把顾客感知价值、顾客满意和行为倾向这些消费者判断同时放在一个研究构架中以比较它们之间的相互作用无疑将是非常有意义的。
”关注度的提高和研究范围的不断扩大使得该研究领域出现了百花齐放的景况,但同时也由于信念、理论研究背景和实践背景的不同,学者们在提出架构的时候就己经有先入之见,形成了不同的流派。
相应的,构建的模型也就倾向于自己的观点,从而导致研究结论的差异甚至相悖,也产生了很多至今尚未解决的问题(Spiteri&Dion,2004)。
Cronin (2000)认为这些现有的研究成果其实并无对错之分,只是各自强调的重点不同,研究不同,结论自然也大相径庭。
其实一种结论要提升到理论的层次,要具有普遍意义,必然经过各种不同情况的检验,学者们在各自不同的领域做实证是对一种营销理论发展完善的重要手段,而且也极有可能在各类行业中驱动消费者的动因本来就不同,这也有待于各行各业的实证检验。
目前国内学者还较少涉足这一领域的研究,既缺乏理论的探讨,也鲜有实证的验证,因此本文在对其概念内涵简单介绍的基础之上,对其理论系统和实证研究的不同观点和成果进行梳理,供国内学者参考,以其为该领域的进一步研究起到借鉴的作用。
理论背景和概念内涵1、顾客感知价值顾客感知价值(Customer Perceived Value,CPV)一直以来都受到学者和企业经营者的高度关注,为顾客创造和提供良好的感知价值已成为企业获得竞争优势的新源泉(Gale,1994;Woodruff,1997;Slater&Narver,2000)。
Customer Perceived Value
什么是顾客感知价值(Customer Perceived Value)人们买的不是东西,而是他们的期望。
消费者希望在交易过程中实现一定的顾客价值。
顾客价值的本质是顾客感知,即顾客对与某企业交互过程和结果的主观感知,包括顾客对其感知利得与感知利失之间的比较和权衡。
顾客感知价值是指顾客对企业提供的产品或服务所具有价值的主观认知,它不同于传统意义上的顾客价值概念。
后者是指企业认为自己的产品或服务可以为顾客提供的价值,属于企业内部认知导向;而前者是指顾客对企业所提供的产品或服务的价值判断,属于外部顾客认知导向。
感觉和知觉是认识活动的初级阶段,感觉是人们对于事物属性的反映,如事物的色彩、味道、温度等方面的信息在头脑中的反映,构成人们的感觉。
不同的人用不同的方法同时看到同一事物的结论是不一样的。
同样,同一个人在不同的时间用不同的方式看同一事物,结论自然也不同。
感觉是为了获得结果对输入的信息进行识别、分析和选择的过程。
人们通过感官“看、听、闻、尝和摸”等接受信息。
虽然获得了大量的零碎的信息,但只有一部分成为知觉。
知觉是在感觉的基础之上,对事物属性的综合性反映。
我们选择一些信息同时放弃其它大量的信息,这是因为我们无法在同一时间里去注意所有的信息。
这种现象就是选择性注意(selective attention):人们每时每刻,都暴露在许多刺激之下,在面对众多的刺激下人们较可能注意与目前的需求有关的刺激、较可能注意其所期望的刺激、较可能注意某些大幅度偏离正常状况的刺激。
感觉和知觉合称为感知。
消费者的感知心理活动是进行其他消费心理活动的基础。
消费者的感知有时会和现实不一致,但是这个“感知”却对消费者的行为有重要意义。
顾客感知价值的研究20世纪70年代以来,企业在顾客层面上的竞争不断推陈出新,从以产品为中心、注重产品质量,到“以顾客为导向”、争取顾客满意与忠诚,直至90年代提出顾客感知价值概念。
顾客感知价值的研究自20世纪9O年代以来越来越成为国外学者与企业家共同关注的焦点,这正是企业不断追求竞争优势的合理与必然结果。
国际市场营销中英对照词汇
国际市场营销重点中英对照词汇总顾客价值total customer value, TCV顾客让渡价值customer delivered value, CDV顾客满意customer satisfraction预期期望值expectation实际感知效果perceived performance美国顾客满意度指标American Customer Satisfaction Index, ACSI 体系市场营销环境marketing environmentSTP 战略SWOT 分析PEST 分析Michael Porter's Five Forces Model 迈克尔波特的“五力模型”(1. Bargaining power of suppliers; 2. Bargaining power of buyers; 3. Entry of competitor; 4. Threat of substitues; 5. Rivalry Among the Existing Player. )民族主义nationalism自我参照标准self-reference criterion自我中心主义ethnocentrism国际法international law文化冲突cultural shock文化偏见cultural prejudice基督教Christianity伊斯兰教Islam印度教Hinduism佛教Buddhism北美自由贸易协定NAFTA东南亚国家联盟(东盟)ASEAN亚太经合组织APEC石油输出国组织OPEC国际货币基金组织IMF世界贸易组织WTO国际贸易法规委员会UNCTRAL国际标准化组织ISO英美法系British System大陆法系Civil Law System国民总收入/国民生产总值GNP (Gross National Product)国内总收入GDP (Gross Domestic Product)人均收入per captial income恩格尔系数(E)Engel's cofficient出口进入Exporting (indirect ~; direct ~)合同进入Contractual Agreement投资进入Investment \FDI ( joint venture合资企业, wholly-owned subsidiary独资企业)许可证贸易Licensing特许经营Franchising工程承包Turkey Entry\ operations合同制造Contract Manufacturing管理合同Management Contracting产品生命周期PLC产品项目item产品线product line产品组合product mix (宽度width; 深度depth; 长度length;相关性consistency)波士顿矩阵BCG Matrix\Box (Boston Consulting Group)明星产品Stars金牛产品Cash Cow问题产品Question Marks/Problem Children瘦狗产品DogsGE 分析(美国通用电气组合动态分析法General Electric Company)品牌名称brand name品牌标志brand mark品牌含义(attributes 属性;benefits 利益;value 价值;culture 文化;personality 个性;user 使用者)OBM(Own Brand Manufacturer)制造商自有品牌OB (Dealer Brand) 中间商品牌OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) 特许品牌策略/原始设备制造商/原产地委托加工/贴牌生产ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) 原始设计商固定成本fixed cost变动成本variable cost平均成本average cost边际成本marginal cost机会成本opportunity cost总成本total cost边际收入marginal revenue边际利润marginal profit边际效应marginal utility需求价格弹性price elasticity of demand成本加成定价法cost-plus pricing目标利润定价法target profit pricing边际成本定价法marginal-cost pricing需求导向定价法demand-oriented pricing竞争导向定价法competition-oriented pricing统一定价策略Extension Pricing Strategy多元定价策略Adaptation Pricing Strategy协调定价策略Invention Pricing Strategy撇脂定价策略Skimming Pricing Strategy渗透定价策略Penetration Pricing Strategy满意价格策略(折中/温和/君子价格)Satisfaction Pricing Strategy 倾销Dumping平行进口Parallel Import目标转移定价International Transfer Pricing Strategy渠道中间商middleman进口/出口中间商import/export intermediary批发商wholesaler零售商retailer零级/一级/二级/多级渠道zero/one/two/multi-level channel渠道决策“6Cs”: (费用cost; 资金capital; 控制control; 市场区域coverage; 特征character; 连续性continuity)标准化分销渠道standard distribution channel差异化分销渠道adapted distribution channel密集分销intensive distribution选择分销selecitve distribution独家分销exclusive distribution促销组合Promotion Mix (advertising 广告;personal selling 人员推销;sales promotion 营业推广;public relations 公共关系)国际营业推广international sales promotion (针对消费者的销售推广consumer promotion; 针对中间商的营业推广intertrade promotion; 针对销售人员的营业推广salesforce promotion)标准化广告策略Standadization Advertising Strategy差异化广告策略Adaptation Advertising Strategy模式化广告策略Pattern Advertising StrategyPOP 广告Point of Purchasing Advertising社会媒体Social Media内容营销Content Marketing直复营销Direct Marketing ( 直销direct selling;直邮营销Mail Selling; 电话营销Telemarketing; 电视营销Cable Selling; 网络营销Online Marketing)。
顾客对银行的感知价值
顾客对银行的感知价值1.顾客感知价值:是指顾客对企业提供的产品或服务所具有价值的主观认知。
根据我个人理解顾客感知价值是:顾客在消费体验过程中从自身角度进行的价值判断,是顾客对其所使用产品或服务所得与所付出进行权衡的结果,通过产品或服务所具有的功能价值和情感价值表现出来。
2.顾客感知价值的核心:是指感知利益(Perceived Benefits)与感知付出(PerceivedSacrifices )之间的权衡。
这一概念包含着两层涵义:首先,价值是个性化的,因人而异,不同的顾客对同一产品或服务所感知到的价值并不相同;其次,价值代表着一种收益与成本间的权衡,顾客会根据自己感受到的价值做出购买决定,而绝不是仅仅取决于某单一因素。
3.顾客感知价值的构成:认为顾客感知价值包括功能价值、情感价值、社会价值三个维度。
a)功能价值(Functional Value)依附于产品的物理属性,强调品牌的功能表现和解决问题的能力,可满足顾客生理、安全需要,包括质量价值和价格价值;b)情感价值(Emotional Value)是顾客在服务过程中在感觉和情感状态中的效用,包括顾客感到愉悦、兴奋、轻松、沮丧等;c)社会价值(social Value)源于产品的非物理属性,涉及该品牌使用者的整体形象,体现了潜在的社会认同、自我表现、交际与自尊需求,这是顾客认同的、能流露在外并得到他人认可的外显性价值。
d)象征性价值(symbolic value)。
它是指在使用产品或享受某项服务时能给消费者带来心理上的认同感,通过感情的外在流露来得到他人的认可。
象征性价值反映了消费者的身份、地位,能够满足消费者社会交往、社会认同、自我表现的需求。
如:不同阶层、不同收入的人群,选择的理财产品不同,同样的投资,有人选择存款;有些人选择购买国债;同样还有人会请银行的专职人员来为自己理财。
如果是大客户,在银行享受vip服务,显然带来的象征价值不同。
e)体验性价值(experiential value)。
顾客感知价值理论文献综述
顾客感知价值理论文献综述一、本文概述随着市场竞争的日益激烈,顾客感知价值(Customer Perceived Value, CPV)已逐渐成为企业获取竞争优势、提升市场份额和增强盈利能力的重要策略。
本文旨在对顾客感知价值理论进行系统的文献综述,深入剖析其理论内涵、影响因素以及在企业实践中的应用。
通过回顾国内外学者在顾客感知价值领域的研究成果,本文期望能够为企业在激烈的市场竞争中如何有效提升顾客感知价值提供理论支持和实践指导。
具体而言,本文首先将对顾客感知价值的定义和内涵进行界定,明确其在市场营销理论中的地位和作用。
本文将从产品、服务、品牌形象等多个方面探讨影响顾客感知价值的因素,分析这些因素如何共同作用,影响顾客的购买决策和忠诚度。
本文还将重点关注顾客感知价值理论在企业实践中的应用,如产品定价、促销策略、服务改进等,以揭示该理论对企业战略制定和运营管理的指导意义。
通过本文的文献综述,我们期望能够为企业决策者提供一个全面、深入的视角,以更好地理解顾客需求和期望,进而制定有效的市场策略,提升顾客感知价值,从而在激烈的市场竞争中脱颖而出。
二、顾客感知价值的理论基础顾客感知价值理论起源于市场营销领域,其核心在于理解消费者如何从自身角度出发,对产品或服务进行价值评估。
这一理论的形成和发展,离不开多个学科的理论支撑和实践经验的积累。
经济学中的消费者行为理论为顾客感知价值提供了基础。
消费者行为理论指出,消费者在做出购买决策时,会基于自身需求、预算和偏好,对产品或服务的效用进行评估。
这种效用评估正是消费者感知价值的体现。
因此,顾客感知价值理论在经济学框架下,关注的是消费者如何根据自身需求和经济条件,对产品或服务进行价值判断。
心理学中的认知心理学也为顾客感知价值理论提供了重要支持。
认知心理学研究人类如何获取信息、处理信息并做出决策。
在顾客感知价值理论中,消费者的价值判断是一个心理过程,涉及到消费者对产品或服务的认知、情感反应和决策过程。
顾客感知价值外文翻译
附件3外文翻译原文1Experiential MarketingThe purpose of this paper is to show peculiarities of traditional and experiential marketing and describe why experiential marketing is better way to understand consumer behaviourparative analysis shows the main characteristics of traditional and experiential marketing. Traditional marketing characteristics are there: product functional characteristics and superiority, narrow determinate product categories, point of view to the consumer as a rational thinker, application analytical, quantitative and verbal methods, mechanical standpoint to the consumer“Stimulus- Reaction”. Experiential marketing present these characteristics: orientation to the consumer experience, looking to the consumer experience holistically, point of view to the consumer as rational thinker and emotional too, exclectizm of methodical, “from Stimulus to Reaction”. As we can see out of traditional marketing characteristics this standpoint to the consumer is insufficient, because it evaluate just one side of consumer behaviour: rational conduct so looking the biggest benefit from purchase. Meanwhile experiential marketing estimate both sides of consumer: rational and emotional, this standpoint to the consumer is more personal, individual.Key words: traditional marketing, experiential marketing, product superiority, consumer, emotions, rationalityIn this article, I contrast traditional marketing with a new approach to marketing called Experiential MarketingNowadays then the world is very quickly change, coming new tech-nologies, communication, comes changes in to the marketing too. In the Great Britain, USA and similar counties markets are overfill with products and services. There are big competitions so principles and actions of traditional marketing do not work. How attract new consumers, cause? These opportunities have experiential marketing.Some propositions of traditional marketing are discussed. In the traditional marketing commodity is understanding as accomplice of attributes. K. Lancaster expressed this standpoint the first time in 1966. Then this standpoint was developing by F. Kotler, T. Nagle. In the newest science literature we can find good description as a complex of characteristics and superiority Many consumer behaviour researches such as Kotona, Engel, Black-well, Minard 1999 consumer estimate like rational thinker. This standpoint is based on concept of information remaking. This concept widely comes from cognitive psychology.Marketing-mix inventor Neil Borden 1964 asserts that united components in the marketing-mix are not. Marketing-mix theory was criticising due to its mechanical point of view stimulus- reaction. Now is proved that between stimulus and reaction is process.The notion of experience has entered the field of consumption and marketing through Holbrook and Hirschman’s 1982 pioneering article. Twenty years after, this notion has gained ground to be recognised as important for what it can contribute to marketing knowledge of the consumer. As a consequence, it is the pillar of the socalled experience economy and experiential marketing. Building on Arnould and Price’s well-known 93’s “River Magic” paper on extraordinary experiences, marketers tend to engage consumers in a memorable way, offering them extraordinary experiences. For them, experiences provide consumers a way to engage physically, mentally, emotionally, socially and spiritually in the consumption of the product orservice making the interaction meaningfully real.Experiential marketing is everywhere. In a variety of industries, companies have moved away from traditional "features-and-benefits" marketing toward creating experiences for their customers. This shift toward experiential marketing has occurred as a result of three simultaneous developments in the broader business environmentWith the experience economy era,with the increased competition is narrowing rather than as a natural advantage;Enterprises in product, pricing, channels and promotion, marketing services, operating at the level of competition, due to the operation of the market norms of transparency and information, and made to imitate and learn from each other at an increasing rate, I would like to establish long-term competitive advantage has become increasingly impossible;The various communication activities, and enhance the customer experience needs,so that customers receive the material and spiritual concept of the dual meet marketing - Experiential marketingIn many cases, customers may have turned a deaf ear to product advertising overwhelming. Because there are too many ads, and many advertising commitments to honor the integrity of a number of emerging issues, with the changes in values, the confidence of customers for the advertisers are increasingly reduced. In fact, customer care is reflected in the details of the real experience, a good brand in the details for customers to get real comfortable experience times in fact, a hundred times better than advertising Consumer value is the core of marketing attention to what customers value is the fundamental question of winning. Traditional textbook lists four kinds of consumer value, namely, functional value, emotional value, social value and personal value. At present, the company has "experience" to the "experience economy" brought about by the new value. "Consumerexperience" has become the first five kinds of consumer value, namely, the pursuit of consumer purchases and the value of the experience.1. Focus on Functional Features and BenefitsTraditional marketing is largely focused on features andbenefits.Traditional marketers assume that customers business customers or end consumers in a variety of markets industrial, consumer, technology, serviceWeigh fimctional features in tenns of their importance, trade off features by comparing them, and select the product with the highest overall utility defined as the sum of weighted features2.Product Category and Competition are Narrowly DefinedIn the world of a traditional marketer, McDonald's competes against Burger King and Wendy's and not against Pizza Hut Friendly's or Starbucks. Chanel fragrances compete ^igainst Dior fragrances and not against those of Lancome or L'Oreal, or against fragrances offered by the Gap or another mass-market retailer. For a traditional marketer, competition occurs primarily within narrowly defined product categories - the battleground of product and brand Managers.3. Customers are Viewed as Rational Decision MakersThroughout this century, economists, decision scientists and marketers have viewed customer decision-making as straightforward problem solving. As Engel, Blackwell and Miniard 1994 explain, problem solving refers to thoughtful, reasoned action undertaken to bring about need satisfaction.Customer decision-making processes typically ^lre assumed to involve severalsteps: need recognition, information search, evaluation of altematives, purchase and consumption.4. Methods and Tools are Analytical, Quantitative and Verbal Standardtraditional marketing methodologies are analytical, quantitative and verbal. Think about regression models. The input to most regression models and their stepchild the logit model consists of verbal ratings collected in interviews or surveys. The purpose is to predict purchase or choice based on a number of predictors and to assess their relative importance weights. Or consider positioning mapsA Focus on Customer ExperiencesIn contrast to its narrow focus on functional features andbenefits,experiential liarketing focuses on customer experiences. Experiences occur as a result of encountering, undergoing or living through tilings. Experiences provide sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and relational values that replace functional values.Strategic Experiential ModulesThe SENSE module - or SENSE marketing - appeals to the senses with the objective of creating sensory experiences, through sight, sound, touch, taste and smell. SENSE marketing may be used to differentiate companies and products, to motivate customers and to add value to products FEEL marketing appeals to customers' inner feelings and emotions, with the objective of creating affective experiences that range from mildly positive moods linked to a brandTHINK marketing appeals to the intellect with the objective of creating cognitive, problem-solving experiences that engage customers creatively THINK appeals to target customers' convergent and diver^gent thinking through surprise,intrigue and provocation.ACT marketing enriches customers' lives by targeting their physical experiences, showing them altemative ways of doing thingsRELATE marketing contains aspects of SENSE, FEEL, THINK and ACTMarketing. However, relate marketing expands beyond the individual's Personal。
顾客感知价值
顾客感知价值(customer-perceivedvalue)指与其他竞争产品相比,顾客拥有或使用某一种市场提供物的总利益与总成本之间的差异。
例如,“溢价牛仔”最近将牛仔裤的价格抬上了天。
一条佩奇溢价牛仔(paigepremiumdenim)的牛仔裤起价169美元。
一位购买了一条佩奇牛仔裤的女士认为物有所值。
佩奇的主人和设计者亚当斯·凯勒(adams-geller)运用她作为一名牛仔裤模特时学到的知识,完全从女性的角度设计牛仔裤。
佩奇说道:“我们中的大多数人没有完美的基因,但是我们可以带给你另一件最好的东西:完美的牛仔裤。
”她的牛仔裤“会提升臀部,使你的腿显得修长,大腿和臀部显得苗条——对所有女性关心的细节和质量都一丝不苟”。
总而言之,佩奇牛仔裤是一种真正的价值——它将更好也更长久地适合你。
当决定是否购买时,顾客会在拥有一条佩奇牛仔裤的这些利益和其他感知价值与获得它所付出的金钱和心理代价之间进行权衡。
顾客常常不能准确地或客观地判断价值和成本。
他们根据自己感知的价值作出判断。
例如,与一条你从盖普公司(gap)的货架上拉出来的便宜的牛仔裤相比,佩奇牛仔裤真正提供了卓越的质量和那么完美的修身效果吗?即使是这样,它值这么高的价格吗?这都是个人价值感知的事情,但大多数女性给予了肯定的回答。
一位女士说,对于她,溢价牛仔看起来总是恰好合身,价格因此不那么重要。
“我工作,所以我有钱买得起它,”她说,“我认为它值那么多钱。
”。
顾客感知价值 (2)
n owadays, customers buys from the firm that offers highest customers perceived value.socustomers perceived value are one of the important factors of business . I think nike’s kobe Bryant shoes is doing very well about this.Nike’s kobe Bryant shoes has 6 different apperence .,from zoom kobe 1 to zoom kobe 6,the designers of nike’s kobe Bryant shoes are devoted to improving its performance all the way ,now,our shoes has high breathability, ,besides, kobe Bryant shoes can protect the foot better. so ,customers can be given more benifits from nike’s kobe Bryant shoes , by this way ,customers have high customer perceived value about nike’s kobe Bryant shoes. if they want to buy the shoes, they think nike’s kobe Bryant shoes is a better choice. however, customers wear nike’s kobe Bryant shoes also may receive some status and image values.customers perceived value is not just about price ,also related to spirit . As we all know ,kobe Bryant is a superstar at the area of basketball . he has many fans, so ,he has a good brand effect .many his fans are willing to buy same shoes with kobe to achieve spiritual satisfaction.so ,the customers has high customer perceived value about shoes Customers think the feeling is very important ,so does our company .we have watched the ad “if you really want it”just now . which makes us has full of energy and Will give us confidence when we are in trouble .I think many people like its design and has a good empression on it .through ad ,kobe Bryant shoes increase its customers perceived value once again.When deciding whether to buy a nike’s kobe Bryant shoes ,customers not only weigh these and other perceived values against the money ,effort, ,and psychic costs of using the service .but also they will compare the value of buying nike’s kobe Bryant shoes against the value of buying other shoes----like , liling ,anta, and so on .but through the devotions of designers ,kobe bryant shoes’s performance has improved ,it will meet the demands of customers continuely. For example , compared with anta and liling , kobe Bryant shoes has high breathability than that shoes ,besides, kobe Bryant shoes can protect the foot better.。
经济学顾客价值PPT课件
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实践开拓的意义
• 理论是为实践服务的。通过对顾客价值的理论 研究,有利于开拓企业实践中的各个领域。
• 顾客价值是企业市场细分、 市场定位以及企业营销战略 的基础。
• 认识顾客价值:或识别顾客价值,避 免“营销近视症”。
• 创造顾客价值:围绕顾客价值创造展 开市场营销活动。
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3.权衡性
顾客价值总的来说都是所得与付出之间的一种权衡, ——积极与消极之间的一种权衡或比较
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四、顾客价值研究的意义
• 顾客价值研究从上世纪90年代以来,已经有了 较多的论述,但尚有许多问题处于讨论的阶段, 并且还有许多问题需要进一步研究:
• 顾客价值内涵 • 顾客价值分类 • 顾客价值的测度 • 基于顾客价值管理的营销战略
精神 成本
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二、顾客价值的影响因素
• 伍道以及汤尼将可能对顾客价值感知过程产生影 响的因素归结为四类,包括:
1.基于产品的因素
感知产品功效、感知风险、感知代价等
2.基于顾客的因素
价值观、经验、个人情况等
3.基于市场的因素
实用性、竞争性、感知资产
4.基于消费过程的因素 消费环境、所处的消费周期阶段等
• 顾客总成本(total customer cost)是指顾客为了购买产品或 服务所耗费的时间、精神、体力以及货币资金等,顾客总成本 包括货币成本、时间成本、精神成本和体力成本。
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产品 价值
货币 成本
服务 价值
人员 价值
顾客总价值
顾客让渡价值
顾客总成本
时间 成本
体力 成本
形象 价值
顾客价值(Customer+Value)理解
顾客的BUSINESS 顾客和顾客的BUSINESS里核心性事项是什么 要寻找的:
可以测量吗 / 可以行动吗 改善的或新PROCESS形成的要素
Customer Value-21
VOC 介绍
VOC 是:
营业/买卖 – 来往 感谢 解法的提示 约会 顾客满足度询问调查的不足点弥补
3. 品质要素的动态性
• 品质要素是根据时间的流逝‘魅力性评价 → 一元性评价 →当然性评价’ 来变化越来越 乱, 这样的品质要素的性格叫做动态性.
• 为了持续性的竟争上的确保及维持对于产品及服务是不断地找出新魅 力性要素来追求,对于一元性品质要素提高充足度而继续努力.
Customer Value-16
从顾客的观点认识的品质怎样测定? 顾客认识的品质 “可能实施”部分怎样仔细分?
Keeping Customers
The Value Concept
Customer Value-4
The Value Concept
顾客是各种竞争供应者中怎样选择?
1. 顾客是把产品以价值采购.
2. 价值 = 价格比较品质
Stage2. 满足顾客
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้顾客
Stage3.
Stage4.
满足市场 管理顾客价值
竟争社比较的 与战略联接的
目标
品质与价值
Customer Value-9
顾客价值管理
Customer Value-10
Kano's "3 Arrow Diagram"
为了从顾客观点区分品质要素的 Tool
满足
顾客感知价值研究之文献综述
顾客感知价值研究之文献综述顾客感知价值研究之文献综述摘要关于顾客感知价值的研究的国外文献较为丰富,国内关于这方面的文献多属介绍性的研究,因此本文主要对国外的相关文献进行了述评.本文主要从顾客感知价值的定义、内涵、特点、构面、测量及前因等方面对国内外相关文献进行了综述,并在此基础之上得出了一些管理启示。
关键词:顾客感知价值感知利得感知利失一、引言在竞争异常激烈和信息不对称的状况不断改善的市场中,在一定的搜寻成本以及有限的知识、灵活性和收入等因素的限定下,顾客成为价值最大化的追求者,于是,在作出最终购买决策时感知价值成为其一个决定性的影响变量。
因此,对于顾客感知价值的研究就自然具有了重要的理论意义和实践价值。
顾客感知价值的研究兴起于20世纪90年代,来源于人们不断寻求新的更持久的竞争优势的努力。
Porter所提出的“顾客价值链”概念成为顾客感知价值理论发展的基础,随后出现了顾客活动周期、价值系统、关系管理链、价值群、动态顾客价值、可感知价值等相关理论和概念(白长虹2001)[1].企业寻求竞争优势的实践和相关理论的发展要求研究者从顾客角度深入研究顾客价值的含义、构成、来源,顾客对企业提供价值的认识、评价和取舍等问题。
顾客感知价值关注的是外部顾客对企业所提供价值的主观判断,能为顾客提供更高感知价值的企业将获得更大的竞争优势(范秀成和罗海成2003)[2]。
国内外关于顾客感知价值的研究文献非常丰富,众多的理论与实证研究深刻揭示了顾客感知价值的概念、内涵、特点、结构、前因等,如Zaithaml(1988) [3]。
二、顾客感知价值的定义与内涵一直以来对顾客感知价值都存在着不同的定义,总的来说主要分为两种:一种是以Sweeney 和Soutar为代表,他们从总体的角度来分析顾客感知价值,把顾客感知价值分为情感价值、社会价值、质量价值、价格价值等(格罗鲁斯2002)[4];另一种是以Zeithaml为代表,从比较的角度来分析顾客感知价值,把顾客感知价值定义为感知利得和感知利失之间的比较(白长虹2001)[1].菲利普·科特勒对顾客感知价值的定义为:顾客感知价(Customer Perceived value ,CPV)是指预期顾客评估一个供应品和感知值的所有价值与所有成本之差[5]。
客户12种感知价值
客户12种感知价值客户眼中的价值是怎样的呢?很多企业都试图增加价值,但是如果客户没有感受到他正在获得价值,这家公司的努力就无法得到客户忠诚的回报。
价值是客户的选择,也是其忠诚度的晴雨表。
打算购买某种产品或服务的客户会纵观一遍他们的选择,找出他们可能肝考虑购买的所有品牌和产品,建立一个可供选择的集合。
最后,客户会购买他感觉提供最多的产品或者服务。
价值是由客户决定而不是由企业决定,是客户可感知价值(Customer Perceived Value,CPV)。
因此,企业为客户设计、创造、提供价值时应该从客户导向出发,把客户对价值的感知作为决定因素。
价值是我的全部付出所能得到的全部。
一些客户描述价值时考虑的暨有其付出的因素(时间、金钱、努力),还有其得到的利益。
1、价格的价值这是价值最为基本的来源。
它的特征是客户会为了较低的价格流向同类提供商的某一家那里。
将价值等同于价格的客户是传统的价格追求者。
这就是长途电话服务和诸如抵押之类的金融产品通常在价格层次上进行竞争的原因。
2、便利的价值如果公司使得客户可以很容易地获取他们需要的产品或服务,并且可以方便地与他们进行交易的时候,这种形式的价值就被创造出来了。
便利或者方便可以通过在客户需要的时间营业、保持位置的便利、提供多种获取服务等方法创造出来。
3、选择的价值在客户的选择中给他们增加更多选项或者更多获得这些选项的方法就是为他们创造了价值。
客户可以与公司继续交往,并能够从各式各样的选项中进行选择。
因为这样做,节省了客户的时间、精力和心理成本。
每当我们允许客户选择如何同我们进行交易,选择如何为购买进行支付,选择采取何种方式运输产品,或者选择他们如何获取信息时,价值就会被创造出来。
4、员工的价值这种形式的价值与公司接待客户的水平和方式有关。
高质量的服务往往能够使客户成为回头客,而这种质量往往要归功于员工的行为和态度。
服务的一般定义包括了服务过程中的很多方面,例如反应时间、排队等待的时间、提供服务的速度、是否谦逊和礼貌等。
杨晓叶翻译——精选推荐
院系:工商管理学院专业班级:营销0602班学生姓名:杨晓叶指导教师:李翔学号: 1061340225 译文成绩:≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈≈华北电力大学毕业设计(论文)译文部分原文著作(期刊)名称:Linking Marketing Strategy to Customer Value:Implications for Technology Marketers作者:Robert R. Harmon,Greg Laird原文出版单位:Innovation in Technology Management原文出版时间:2002年原文出版地点:Innovation in Technology Management营销战略应用于客户价值:技术营销的启示摘要客户价值需求和主要的公司价值生产活动之间的强烈的抽象联系是产生优秀客户关系根据的基础。
对于一个特定的产品类别,客户们经常对产品、品牌以及供应商产生期待。
然后这些价值期待经常转而影响客户的兴趣和对特定产品和服务的购买打算。
本文阐述了一个模型,这个模型是将市场战略连接到驱使购买技术产品决定的客户价值上。
1 引言在Hammer和Champy1993年出版的公司再造中为一场横扫已经横扫美国大多数企业的火中又加了一把。
这种现象有许多说法,其中包括对这个公司进行“重建”、“重铸”、“缩减”、“扁平化”、“正规化”、以及“再造”。
这项活动超过十年,最终的成绩确并不是很惊人。
超过50%的再造努力经营成果未达到预期的估计结果。
就像Baldrige Award 那样申请著名质量奖,和出席全面质量管理(TQM)会议那样,从19世纪90年代就已经剧烈下降。
公司已经放弃了整个过程,完全放弃了全面质量管理和流程的再造方案。
什么出了错?主要是由于企业的再造使得经营成本在短期内减少。
但是重点是没有减少未对客户创造价值做出贡献的费用。
不幸的是,许多被降低的成本是来自人事裁员,而不是从产品或工艺的改善方面降低的。
顾客感知价值理论文献综述
顾客感知价值理论文献综述作者:胡瑞静来源:《现代商贸工业》2011年第07期摘要:顾客感知价值起源于20世纪80年代的西方,是伴随着市场经济的飞速发展、市场竞争的加剧,消费者占据消费主权,企业为了使顾客满意、获得更多的消费者、加强自身竞争优势而产生的。
通过回顾和整理国内外学者对顾客感知价值的研究,以期望对企业在如何应对顾客感知价值方面有所启发。
关键词:顾客感知价值;特性;驱动因素中图分类号:F24文献标识码:A文章编号:1672-3198(2011)07-0127-021 引言感知价值是营销中一个非常重要的概念,尤其是在市场竞争越来越白热化的时期,顾客感知价值对企业来说变得越来越重要。
很多企业在经营的过程中都运用到了顾客感知价值的思想。
目前,国内外学者对顾客感知价值进行了深入的研究。
理论界对顾客感知价值的研究,从总体上来说,分为两个大的方向,一个是从企业的角度出发,分析顾客资源对企业所能产生的价值,另外一个是从顾客的角度出发,研究顾客的需求和感知,分析顾客想从企业获得什么,以此指导企业的生产经营活动。
本文是从顾客的角度对顾客感知价值进行分析。
2 顾客感知价值的涵义目前,学者对顾客感知价值进行了大量的研究,他们分别从不同的视角对顾客感知价值进行了阐述,但直到现在还没有统一的概念。
顾客感知价值的思想最早可追溯到1954年德鲁克的思想,他指出顾客购买和消费的不是产品,而是价值。
这一思想是德鲁克在其1954年出版的《管理实践》中提出的,但他并未对其进行深入的研究。
Porter(1985)在《竞争优势》一书中提出了“买方价值链”的概念,并指出企业为买方创造的价值如果要得到溢价的回报,它必须为买方所觉察,虽然Porter并没有明确给出顾客感知价值的概念,但为后人研究顾客感知价值提供了理论基础。
Zeithaml(1988)从顾客心理的角度,展开了他对顾客感知价值理论的研究。
Zeithaml认为顾客感知价值是顾客在市场交易中根据所得利益和付出的成本进行比较的感知,对产品进行的总体评价。
顾客感知价值
Reviewing and conceptualisingcustomer-perceived valueConnie Chang, Meiji University, Japan*Sally Dibb, The Open University Business Schooi, UK顾客感知价值关心的是希望做出合理购物选择的消费者,从业者迫切,研究人员试图澄清顾客感知价值的概念基础和它同其他市场变量之间关系。
本文从营销学、经济学、价值论和心理学中合成文献,提供了顾客感知价值概念的整体回顾。
借助这些资源促进对顾客感知价值更深的理解和概念化。
具体地说,本文旨在了解服务和新的购物环境下的顾客感知价值,如在线设置。
对研究人员和经理们的影响都考虑在内。
关键词:顾客感知价值、价值论、心理学、经济学、营销学介绍消费者所购买产品和服务是消费者购买过程的结果,在这期间个人评估得到所需产品和服务的效益与成本。
在这个过程中,对这些项目做出的价值判断成为消费者决策的核心时,价值关心的是:希望做出合理购物选择的消费者、希望提高客户对价值认知的从业者、试图澄清顾客感知价值的概念基础和它同其他市场变量之间关系的研究人员。
之前的工作引发了对复杂性和发散构造的关注(Rust & Oliver, 1994)。
并不是独立地成为截然不同的概念,顾客感知价值是与价格、质量、付出的代价和满意度密切相关的,而与个人价值观联系相对更弱(Holbrook, 1999; Rokeach, 1973)。
这个概念可以从不同的角度被检查:客户的观点,股东的观点,关于价值链,或来自b2b的观点。
本文采用的是Gale (1994)的论点:他把价值看作客户对由组织提供的产品/服务的看法,同竞争公司提供的可用的产品/服务进行比较。
作为客户的视图提供的产品/服务的组织而那些可以从相互竞争的公司。
不管是来自不同学科的研究者还是商业从业人员,均对顾客感知价值越来越感兴趣。
顾客价值理论
顾客价值理论载瑟摩尔的可感知价值理论美国服务营销领域的著名学者瓦拉瑞尔·A ·载瑟摩尔(Valarie A.Zaithaml,1988)认为,顾客价值就是顾客感知价值CPV(Customer PerceivedValue),是顾客所能感知到的利益与其在获取产品或服务时所付出的成本进行权衡后对产品或服务效用的总体评价他从以下四个方面来阐释顾客感知价值:价值就是低廉的价格;价值就是我想从产品中所获取的东西;价值就是我付钱买回的质量;价值就是我的全部付出所能得到的全部。
这一概括包含着两层含义:首先,价值是由顾客决定的,具有个性化的特点。
不同的顾客对同一产品和服务所感知到的价值并不相同;其次,价值代表着一种效用(收益F)与成本(代价C)间的权衡,顾客会根据自己感受到的价值(V)做出购买决定,而不是仅仅取决于某个单一因素。
科特勒的可让渡价值理论菲利普·科特勒(Philip Kotler)是从顾客让渡价值和顾客满意的角度来阐述顾客价值的。
科特勒指出,顾客能够判断哪些供应品将提供最高价值。
在一定的搜寻成本和有限的知识、灵活性和收入等因素的限定下,顾客是价值最大化的追求者。
他们形成t种价值期望,并根据它行动。
他们会了解供应品是否符合他们的期望价值,这将影响他们的满意和再购买的可能性。
他认为,对顾客研究的前提是,顾客将从那些他们认为能提供最高顾客让渡价值的公司购买商品。
顾客让渡价值(customer delivered value)是指总顾客价值与总顾客成本之差。
总顾客价值(total customer value)就是顾客从某一特定产品或服务中获得的一系列利益,它包括产品价值、服务价值、人员价值和形象价值等。
顾客总成本(total customer cost)是指顾客在评估、获得和使用该产品或服务时而引起的顾客预计费用,顾客总成本包括货币成本、时间成本、精神成本和体力成本。
注:(此图中间第二个框为顾客总成本)格朗鲁斯的顾客价值过程理论1996 年以来,克里斯汀·格朗鲁斯(Chrigtian Gronroos)从关系营销的角度阐述顾客价值的内涵。
时尚品牌的“让客价值”(Customerdeliveredvalua)
时尚品牌的“让客价值”(Customerdeliveredvalua)让客价值(Customer delivered valua)一、什么是让客价值“让客价值”是指顾客总价值(tota1 customer valua)与顾客总成本(total customer cost)之间的差额。
顾客总价值是指顾客购买某一产品与服务所期望获得的一组利益,它包括产品价值、服务价值、人员价值和形象价值等。
顾客总成本是指顾客为购买某一产品所耗费的时间、精神、体力以及所支付的货币资金等,因此,顾客总成本包括货币成本、时间成本、精神成本和体力成本等。
由于顾客在购买商品时,总希望把有关成本包括货币、时间、精神和体力等降到最低限度,而同时又希望从中获得更多的实际利益,以使自己的需要得到最大限度的满足。
因此,顾客在选购商品时,往往从价值与成本两个方面进行比较分析,从中选择出价值最高、成本最低,即“让客价值”最大的商品作为优先选购的对象。
企业为在竞争中战胜竞争对手,吸引更多的潜在顾客,就必须向顾客提供比竞争对手具有更多“让客价值”的商品,这样,才能使自己的商品进入消费者的“选择集合”之中,最终使顾客购买本企业的产品。
为此,企业可从两个方面改进自己的工作:一是通过改进产品、服务、人员与形象,从而提高产品的总价值;二是通过降低生产与销售成本,减少顾客购买商品的时间、精神与体力的耗费,从而降低货币与非货币成本。
二、顾客购买的总价值使顾客获得更大“让客价值”的途径之一,是增加顾客购买的总价值。
顾客总价值由产品价值、服务价值、人员价值和形象价值构成,其中每一项价值因素的变化均对总价值产生影响。
(一)产品价值产品价值是由产品的功能、特性、品质、品种与式样等所产生的价值。
它是顾客需要的中心内容,也是顾客选购商品的首要因素,因而一般情况下,它是决定顾客购买总价值大小的关键和主要因素。
产品价值是由顾客需要来决定的,在分析产品价值时应注意。
(l)在经济发展的不同时期,顾客对产品的需要有不同的要求,构成产品价值的要素以及各种要素的相对重要程度亦会有所不同。
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附件3外文翻译原文1Experiential MarketingThe purpose of thispaper is to show peculiaritiesoftraditional and experientialmarketingand describewhy experiential marketing is better way to understand consumer behaviourparativeanalysis shows the main characteristicsof traditionaland experiential marketing. Traditional marketing characteristics are there:productfunctional characteristics andsuperiority, narrow determinate product categories, point of view to the consumer as a rationalthinker,applicationanalytical, quantitative and verbal methods, mechanicalstandpointto the consumer“Stimulus-Reaction”. Experiential marketing presentthese characteristics:orientation to the consumer experience, looking to the consumer experience holistically, point ofview to the consumer as rational thinker and emotional too,exclectizmof methodical, “from Stimulus to Reaction”. As we can seeout of traditional marketing characteristicsthis standpoint totheconsumer is insufficient, because itevaluatejust oneside of consumer behaviour: rational conduct so looking the biggest benefit frompurchase.Meanwhile experiential marketing estimate both sides of consumer: rationaland emotional, this standpoint to theconsumer is more personal, individual.Key words: traditional marketing, experientialmarketing, product superiority, consumer, emotions, rationalityIn this article, I contrast traditional marketingwith a new approach to marketing called Experiential MarketingNowadaysthenthe worldis very quickly change, coming new tech-nologies, communication,comes changes in to the marketing too. In the Great Britain, USA and similar countiesmarkets are overfill with products and services.There are big competitions so principlesand actionsof traditionalmarketing do notwork. Howattract new consumers, cause? Theseopportunities have experientialmarketing.Some propositions oftraditional marketing are discussed. Inthe traditional marketingcommodity isunderstanding as accomplice of attributes. K. Lancaster expressed thisstandpoint the first time in 1966.Then this standpoint was developing by F. Kotler, T. Nagle. In the newest science literature wecanfindgood descriptionas a complex of characteristicsandsuperiority Many consumer behaviour researchessuch as Kotona, Engel, Black-well,Minard1999consumer estimatelike rational thinker. Thisstandpoint isbasedon concept of information remaking.This concept widely comes from cognitive psychology.Marketing-mix inventor NeilBorden 1964 asserts that united components in the marketing-mix are not. Marketing-mixtheory wascriticisingdueto itsmechanicalpoint of view stimulus-reaction. Now is proved that between stimulus and reaction is process.The notion of experience has entered the fieldof consumption and marketingthrough Holbrook and Hirschman’s1982 pioneeringarticle. Twenty yearsafter, this notion has gained groundto be recognised asimportant forwhat it can contribute to marketing knowledgeof the consumer. As aconsequence,itis the pillar of the socalledexperience economy and experiential marketing. Buildingon Arnould and Price’s well-known 93’s “RiverMagic” paper on extraordinary experiences,marketers tend toengage consumers ina memorable way,offering them extraordinary experiences. For them, experiences provide consumers a way to engage physically,mentally, emotionally, socially andspiritually inthe consumptionof the product orservice making the interaction meaningfully real.Experiential marketing is everywhere.In avariety of industries, companieshave moved away from traditional "features-and-benefits" marketing toward creating experiences for their customers. This shift toward experiential marketing has occurred as a result of three simultaneous developments in the broaderbusiness environmentWiththe experience economy era,with theincreased competition is narrowing rather than as a natural advantage;Enterprises in product,pricing, channels and promotion,marketing services, operating atthelevel of competition, duetothe operation of the marketnorms of transparency and information, and made to imitate and learn from each other at anincreasing rate, Iwouldlike toestablish long-termcompetitiveadvantagehas become increasinglyimpossible;The various communication activities, and enhancethe customer experience needs,so that customers receive thematerial andspiritual concept of the dual meet marketing -Experiential marketing In many cases, customers mayhaveturned a deaf ear toproduct advertising overwhelming. Because there are too manyads,and manyadvertisingcommitments to honor the integrity ofanumber ofemerging issues, with thechanges in values, the confidence of customers for theadvertisers are increasingly reduced. Infact, customercare is reflected in the details of the real experience, a goodbrand in the details for customers toget realcomfortable experience times in fact,a hundred times better than advertising Consumer value is the core of marketingattention to whatcustomers value is the fundamental questionof winning.Traditional textbooklists fourkindsof consumer value, namely, functional value, emotional value,socialvalueand personalvalue.Atpresent,the company has"experience" tothe"experience economy" brought about by thenew value."Consumer experience" has become the first five kinds of consumer value, namely, the pursuitof consumer purchases and the value ofthe experience.1. Focus on Functional Features and BenefitsTraditional marketing is largelyfocused on features and benefits.Traditional marketersassume that customers businesscustomers orend consumersin a variety of markets industrial, consumer, technology,serviceWeigh fimctional features in tenns of theirimportance, trade off features by comparing them, and select the product with the highest overall utility definedas the sum of weighted features2.Product Category and Competition are Narrowly Defined In the world of a traditional marketer, McDonald's competes against BurgerKing andWendy'sand not against Pizza Hut Friendly's or Starbucks. Chanelfragrances compete ^igainst Dior fragrances and not againstthose ofLancome or L'Oreal, or against fragrances offered by theGap or another mass-market retailer.For a traditional marketer, competition occurs primarily within narrowly defined productcategories - the battleground of product and brand Managers.3. Customers are Viewedas Rational Decision MakersThroughout this century, economists,decision scientists and marketers have viewed customerdecision-makingasstraightforward problemsolving. As Engel,Blackwell and Miniard 1994 explain, problemsolving refers to thoughtful, reasoned actionundertaken to bringabout need satisfaction.Customer decision-making processes typically ^lre assumed to involve severalsteps:need recognition, information search, evaluation of altematives, purchase and consumption.4.Methods and Toolsare Analytical, Quantitativeand VerbalStandard traditional marketing methodologies are analytical, quantitative andverbal.Think about regressionmodels. Theinput to most regression models and their stepchild the logit model consists of verbal ratings collected in interviews orsurveys. The purpose is topredict purchase or choice basedon anumberofpredictors and to assess their relative importance weights. Orconsider positioning mapsA Focus on Customer ExperiencesIn contrastto its narrowfocuson functionalfeatures and benefits,experientialliarketing focuses on customer experiences. Experiencesoccur as aresult ofencountering, undergoingor living through tilings. Experiences provide sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioural, and relational values thatreplace functional values.Strategic Experiential ModulesThe SENSE module -or SENSE marketing -appeals to the senseswith the objective of creating sensory experiences, throughsight, sound, touch, taste and smell.SENSEmarketing maybe used to differentiate companies and products, to motivate customers and to add valueto productsFEEL marketing appeals tocustomers' innerfeelings andemotions, with theobjective of creating affective experiences that range from mildly positive moodslinkedto a brandTHINK marketing appeals to the intellect with the objective of creatingcognitive, problem-solvingexperiences that engage customers creatively THINK appealsto target customers' convergent and diver^gent thinking through surprise,intrigue and provocation.ACTmarketing enrichescustomers' livesbytargeting their physical experiences, showing them altemative waysofdoingthings RELATE marketing containsaspects of SENSE, FEEL, THINK and ACTMarketing. However, relate marketing expands beyond the individual's Personal。