同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
同济大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(有答案)
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同济大学考博英语模拟试卷7(题后含答案及解析)
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. WritingReading ComprehensionSince the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the progressive era of the early 1900’s, it is not surprising that the President of the United States at the time was among the first to articulate its political dimensions. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters “muckrakers”, after a character from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress who humbly cleaned “the filth off the floor”. Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrakers as “often indispensable to the well-being of society”. There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or businessman. Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of “good”to recognize and do battle with the forces of “evil”. So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Partly a product of its muckraking roots, this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposes published in the early 1970’ s. The most celebrated of these exposes were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public’s loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President’s resignation.1．When the author talks about the political dimensions of the investigative journalism he refers to____.A．John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and one of its characters “Muckrakers”B．its function of cleaning the dirt off the floor in public placesC．its relentless exposures of political and social evilsD．its indispensable status to the well-being of society正确答案：C解析：本题应选C。
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试样题I V ocabulary （10%）For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence.1. The directions were so ____ that it was impossible to complete the assignment.A) ingenious B) ambitious C) notorious D) ambiguous2. Our ________ host always enjoys having friends to share his Lucullan suppers.A) cursive B)martial C) fractious D) convivial3. Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children ____a violent act previously seen on television.A) modifying B) stimulating C) accelerating D) duplicating4. This kind of material can _____heat and moisture.A) delete B) compel C) repel D) constrain5. The damage to his car was ____; therefore, he could repair it himself.A) considerable B) appreciable C) negligible D) invisible6. The ____of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logical consequence of some physical aspect in the life style of the people.A) implementation B) expedition C) demonstration D) manifestation7. One of the responsibilities of the Coast guard is to make sure that all ships _______ follow traffic rules in busy harbors.A) cautiously B) dutifully C) faithfully D) skillfully8. The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to be _______ the welfare of his animals.A) critical about B) indignant at C) indifferent to D) subject to9. The chairman of the board _______ on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.A) compelled B) posed C) pressed D) tempted10. Using extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in _______ and lack of unity in style.A) conflict B) confrontation C) disturbance D) disharmony11. Corrupt politicians who condone the activities of the gamblers are equally _______.A) cryptic B)esoteric C)culpable D)occult12. I don’t know the details for I just gave your manuscript only a(n) _______ gl ance.A) cursory B)cumbrous C)onerous D)obscure13.the Red Cross society helped _________ families to survive the war in the Persian Gulf.A) demure B)destitute C)assiduous D)sedate14. the man felt ________ when the girl turned down his proposal of marriage.A) despondent B) fabulous C)dilapidated D)fortuitous15. the boy gave a ______ look at his classmate’s test paper when the teacher turned.A) frivolous B)furtive C)frenetic D)frigid16. Rubber boots are ___________ to water.A) imperious B)impetuous C)impervious D)impeccable17. Missiles were mounted at various points to _______ the enemy aircrafts.A) integrate B)jeopardize C)intercept D)interrogate18. Being careless, she had her arm _____ by the barbed wire.A) lacerated B)lamented C)juggled D)bemoaned19. The wrestler’s _______ maneuvers made it difficult for his opponent to obtain a hold.A) hermetic B)protean C)titanic D)procrustean20. Psychoanalysis can help a patient recall long-forgotten experiences lost in the ______ recess of his mind.A) labyrinthine B)chimerical C)iridescent D)mercurialII Reading Comprehension (50%)Passage 1There is widespread belief that the emergence of giant industries has been accomplished by an equivalent surge in industrial research. A recent study of important inventions made since the turn of the century reveals that more than half were the product of individual invent-ors working alone, independent of organized industrial research. While industrial laboratories contributed such important products as nylon and transistors, independent inventors developed air conditioning, the automatic transmission, the jet engine, the helicopterminsulin, and streptomycin. Still other inventions, such as stainless steel, television, silicons, and plexiglass were developed through the combined efforts of individuals and laboratory teams.Despite these findings, we are urged to support monopoly power on the grounds that such power creates an environment supportive of innovation. We are told that the independent inventor, along with the small firm, cannot afford to undertake the important research needed to improve our standard of living while protecting our diminishing resources; that only the prodigious assets of the giant corporation or conglomerate can afford the kind of expenditures that can produce the technological advances vital to economic progress. But when we examine expenditures for research, we find that of the more than $ 35 billion spent each year in this country, almost two-thirds is spent by the federal government. More than half of this government expenditure is funneled into military research and product development, accounting for the enormous increase in spending in such industries as nuclear energy, aircraft, missiles, and electronics. There are those who consider it questionable that these defense-linked research projects will account for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, do much to protect our diminishing resources. Recent history has demonstrated that we may have to alter our longstanding conception of the process actuated by competition. The price variable, once perceived as the dominant aspect of the competitive process is now subordinate to the competition of the new product, the new business structure, and the new technology. While it can be assumed that in a highly competitive industry not dominated by a single corporation, investment in innovation--a risky and expensive budget item--might meet resistance from management and stockholders who might be more concerned with cost-cutting, efficient organization, and large advertising budgets, it would be an egregious error to assume that the monopolistic producer should be equated with bountiful expenditures for research. Large-scale enterprises tend to operate more comfortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from in-vestment in innovation. In some cases, where inter-industrycompetition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress.The conglomerates are not, however, completely exempt from strong competitive pressures; there are instances in which they, too, must compete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the author"s belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change.D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their company is faced with strong competition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants.B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry.C. they are part of the military-industrial complex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development.D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage?A. Important inventions have been produced, in the past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams.B. The federal government"s research funds are funneled into pure research as well as military research.C. The development of the automatic transmission is not credited to organized industrial research.D. Industrial giants may deliberately suppress innovations to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence.20. The author"s purpose in this passage is to____.A. advocate an increase in governmental support of organized industrial research.B. point out a common misconception about the relationship between the extent of industrial research and the growth of monopolistic power in industry.C. describe the inadequacies of small firms in dealing with the important matter of research and innovation.D. show that America"s strength depends upon individual ingenuity and resourcefulness.III Translation from English into Chinese (20%)Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy---ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward reward the heavens（这句话似乎不完整）. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a haled burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.This has been my life. I have found it worth living, and I would gladly live it again if the chance were offered to me.有三种简单却强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们分别是：对爱的渴望，对知识的探求，以及对人类的苦难不可抑制的怜悯。
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析)
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷18(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. WritingReading ComprehensionThere is perhaps no other event in the natural world that is as characteristic of a season as a full chorus of spring peepers. It is not only that the voices of living things are calling once more after the long silence of winter,there is something about the atmosphere in which the chorus takes place that epitomizes the season. There is a certain moist smell in the air on rainy spring nights,slow mists rise from rafts of ice floating in dark marshes,everywhere on roads through wet areas the small white forms of migrating spring peepers,wood frogs,green frogs,and pickerel frogs appear,and all around you the air will be filled with a high bell-like ringing,a little like a distant horse-drawn sleigh. That distant chorus is the voice of the spring peeper,a small tree frog no larger than the end of a little finger. Throughout history naturally have referred to it as the voice of spring. In actuality you may be a long way from the pond or marsh that the peepers are calling from. The voice of spring peepers can carry as much as a mile on still spring nights,and once you learn to recognize the song,there will be nights when it is difficult to escape their incessant calling. The sound will accompany you through spring,a sort of background music to the events that will be taking place around you during the season.1．What is the best title for this passage?A．Spring Comes to the CountryB．The V oice of springC．Migration of FrogsD．A Rainy Spring Night正确答案：B解析：本文讲述了春天具有代表性的chorus，即各类青蛙尤其是spring peepers的叫声，选项B“春天的声音”概括了文意。
同济大学考博冲刺班用的5套翻译模拟题目
1IV. Translate the following passage into Chinese (10%)A Liberal EducationT. HuxleyWhat is education? Above all things, what is our ideal of a thoroughly liberal education?—of that education which, if we could begin life again, we would give ourselves—of the education which, if we could mold the fates to our own will, we would give our children? Well, I know not what may be your conceptions upon this matter but I will tell you mine, and I hope I shall find that our views are not very discrepant.Suppose it were perfectly certain that the life and fortune of every one of us would, one day or other, depend upon his winning or losing a game at chess. Don’t you think we should all consider it to be a primary duty to learn at least the names and the moves of the pieces; to have a notion of a gambit, and a keen eye for all the means of giving and getting out of check? Do you not think that we should look with a disapprobation amounting to scorn upon the father who allowed his son, or the state which allowed its members, to grow up without knowing a pawn from a knight?Yet, it is a plain and elementary truth that the life, the fortune, and the happiness of every one of us, and, more or less, of those who are connected with us, do depend upon our knowing something of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and complicated than chess. It is a game which has been played for untold ages, every man and woman of us being one of the two players, in a game of his or her own. The chessboard is the world, the pieces are the phenomena of the universe, the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is always fair, just, and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance. To the man who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows delight in strength. And one who plays ill is checkmated—without haste, but without remorse.My metaphor will remind some of you of the famous picture in which Retzsch has depicted Satan playing at chess with man for his soul. Substitute for the mocking fiend in that picture a calm, strong angel who is playing for love, as we say, and would rather lose than win—and I should accept it as an image of human life.2IV. Translate the following passage into Chinese (10%)Labor, Leisure, and the New ClassJ. GalbraithNearly all societies at nearly all times have had a leisure class -- a class of persons who were exempt from toil. In modern times, and especially in the United States, the leisure class, at least as any identifiable phenomenon, has disappeared. To be idle, is no longer considered rewarding or even entirely respectable.But we have barely noticed that the leisure class has been replaced by another, much larger class to which work has none of the older connotation of pain, fatigue, or other mental or physical discomfort. We have failed to appreciate the emergence of this New Class, as it may be simply called, largely as the result of one of the oldest and most effective obfuscations in the field of social science. This is the effort to assert: that all work -- physical, mental, artistic, or managerial -- is essentially the same.In fact, the difference in what labor means to different people could not be greater. For some, and probably a majority, it remains a stint to be performed. It may be preferable,especially in the context of social attitudes toward production, to doing nothing. Nevertheless it is fatiguing or monotonous or, at a minimum, a source of no particular pleasure. The reward rests not in the task but in the pay.For others, work is an entirely different matter. It is taken for granted that it will be enjoyable. If it is not, this is a source of deep dissatisfaction or frustration. No one regards it as remarkable that the advertising man, tycoon, poet, or professor, who suddenly finds his work unrewarding, should seek the counsel of a psychiatrist. One insults the business executive or the scientist by suggesting that his principal motivation in life is the pay he receives. Pay is not unimportant. Among other things it is a prime index of prestige. Prestige -- the respect, regard, and esteem of others -- is, in turn, one of the more important sources of satisfaction associated with this kind of work. But in general, those who do this kind of work expect to contribute their best, regardless of compensations. They would be disturbed by any suggestion to the contrary.Such is the labor of the New Class. No aristocrat ever contemplated the loss of feudal privileges with more sorrow than a member of this class would regard his descent into ordinary labor where the only reward was the pay. In the years following World War II, a certain number of grade-school teachers left their posts for substantially higher paid factory work. The action made headlines because it represented an unprecedented desertion of an occupation which was assumed to confer the dignity of the New Class. The college professor, who is more securely a member of the New Class than the school teacher, would never contemplate such a change even as an exercise in eccentricity and no matter how inadequate he might consider his income.3IV. Translate the following passage into Chinese (10%)CivilizationClive BellI have not yet defined civilization; but perhaps I have made definition superfluous. Anyone, I fancy, who has done me the honour of reading so far will by now understand pretty well what 1 mean. Civilization is a characteristic of societies. In its crudest form it is the characteristic which differentiates what anthropologists call "advanced'' from what they call "low" or "backward" societies. So soon as savages begin to apply reason to instinct, so soon as they acquire a rudimentary sense of values – so soon, that is, as they begin to distinguish between ends and means, or between direct means to good and remote -- they have taken the first step upward. The first step towards civilization is the correcting of instinct by reason: the second, the deliberate rejection of immediate satisfactions with a view to obtaining subtler. The hungry savage, when he catches a rabbit, eats it there and then, or instinctively takes it home, as a fox might, to be eaten raw by his cubs; the first who, all hungry though he was, took it home and cooked it was on the road to Athens. He was a pioneer, who with equal justice may be described as the first decadent. The fact is significant. Civilization is something artificial and unnatural. Progress and Decadence are interchangeable terms. All who have added to human knowledge and sensibility, and most of those even who have merely increased material comfort, have been hailed by contemporaries capable of profiting by their discoveries as benefactors, and denounced by all whom age, stupidity, or jealousy rendered incapable, as degenerates. It is silly to quarrel about words: let us agree that the habit of cooking one's victuals may with equal propriety be considered a step towards civilization or a falling away from the primitive perfection of the upstanding ape.From these primary qualities, Reasonableness and a Sense of Values, may spring a host of secondaries: a taste for truth and beauty, tolerance, intellectual honesty, fastidiousness, a senseof humour, good manners, curiosity, a dislike of vulgarity, brutality, and over-emphasis, freedom from superstition and prudery, a fearless acceptance of the good things of life, a desire for complete self-expression and for a liberal education, a contempt for utilitarianism and philistinism, in two words -- sweetness and light. Not all societies that struggle out of barbarism grasp all or even most of these, and fewer still grasp any of them firmly. That is why we find a considerable number of civilized societies and very few highly civilized, for only by grasping a good handful of civilized qualities and holding them tight does a society become that.4IV. Translate the following passage into Chinese (10%)Language and ThoughtThe Psychology of ThinkingRobert ThomsonIt is evident that there is a close connection between the capacity to use language and the capacities covered by the verb "to think". Indeed, some writers have identified thinking with using words: Plato coined the aphorism, "In thinking the soul is talking to itself"; J. B. Watson reduced thinking to inhibited speech located in the minute movements or tensions of the physiological mechanisms involved in speaking; and although Ryle is careful to point out that there are many senses in which a person is said to think in which words are not in evidence, he has also said that saying something in a specific frame of mind is thinking a thought.Is thinking reducible to, or dependent upon, language habits? It would seem that many thinking situations are hardly distinguishable from the skilful use of language, although there are some others in which language is not involved. Thought cannot be simply identified with using language. It may be the case, of course, that the nonlinguistic skills involved in thought can only be acquired and developed if the learner is able to use and understand language. However, this question is one which we cannot hope to answer in this book. Obviously being able to use language makes for a considerable development in all one's capacities but how precisely this comes about we cannot say.At the common-sense level it appears that there is often a distinction between thought and the words we employ to communicate with other people. We often have to struggle hard to find words to capture what our thinking has already grasped, and when we do find words we sometimes feel that they fail to do their job properly. Again when we report or describe our thinking to other people we do not merely report unspoken words and sentences. Such sentences do not always occur in thinking, and the hint of unconscious or subliminal activities going on just out of range. Thinking, as it happens, in more like struggling, striving, or searching for something than it is like talking or reading. Words do play their part but they are rarely the only feature of thought. This observation is supported by the experiments of the Wurzburg psychologists who showed that intelligent adaptive responses can occur in problem-solving situations wi thout the use of either words or images of any kind. “set” and “determining tendencies” operate without the actual use of language in helping us to think purposefully and intelligently.IV. Translate the following passage into Chinese (10%)5Society and the IndividualJohn Stuart MillThe object of this Essay is to assert one very simple principle as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind is warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise, or even right. These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, or persuading him, but not for compelling him, or visiting him with any evil in case he do otherwise. To justify that, the conduct from which it is desired to deter him must be calculated to produce evil to some one else. The only part of the conduct for any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign.It is, perhaps, hardly necessary to say that this doctrine is meant to apply only to human beings in the maturity of their faculties. We are not speaking of children, or of young persons below the age which the law may fix as that of manhood or womanhood. Those who are still in a state to require being taken care of by others must be protected against their own actions as well as against external injury. For the same reason, we may leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage, The early difficulties in the way of spontaneous progress are so great, that there is seldom any choice of means for overcoming them; and a ruler full of the spirit of improvement is warranted in the use of any expedients that will attain an end, perhaps otherwise unattainable. 译文1：开明教育托马斯·赫胥黎什么是教育? 首先，什么是我们理想中完美的开明教育?为了这样的教育，如果我们可以重新开始生活的话，我们愿意奉献自己的一生?为了这样的教育，如果我们可以按照自己的意愿铸造命运的话，我们愿意奉上我们的孩子?自然，我不知道你们对这个问题的看法，但是我愿意把我的观点告诉你们，我希望我们的观点不会相去甚远。
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷10(题后含答案及解析)
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷10(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Writing Reading ComprehensionTides are created mainly by the pull of the moon on the earth. The moon’s pull causes water in the oceans to be a little deeper at a point closest to the moon and also at a point farthest from the moon,on the opposite side of the earth. These two tidal “waves”follow the apparent movement of the moon around the earth and strike nearly every coast line at intervals of about twelve hours and twenty-five minutes. After reaching a high point,the water level goes down gradually for a little more than six hours and then begins to rise towards a new high point. Hence,most coast lines have two tides a day,and the tides occur fifty minutes later each day. Differences in the coast line and in channels in the ocean bottom may change the time that the tidal wave reaches different points along the same coast line. The difference in water level between high and low tide varies from day to day according to the relative positions of the sun and the moon because the sun also exerts a pull on the earth,although it is only about half as strong as the pull of the moon. When the sun and the moon are pulling along the same line,the tides rise higher,and when they pull at right angles to one another,the tide is lower. The formation of the coast line and variations in the weather are additional factors which can affect the height of tides. Some sections of the coast are shaped in such a way as to cause much higher tides than in other areas. A strong wind blowing towards the shore may also cause tides to be higher.1．Which of the following may be concluded from the information presented in the passage?A．Some coast lines do not have two tides each day.B．Tides usually rise to the same level day after day.C．Tides are not affected by the shape of a coast line.D．The sun has as much effect on tides as does the moon.正确答案：A解析：题目问：从文章所提供的信息可以推导出什么?文章第五句“Hence，most coast lines have two tidesa day，and the tides occur fifty minutes later each day．”通过这句话可知，并非全部的海岸线每天都会有两次涨潮。
同济大学2009年考博英语真题及答案详解
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同济大学考博英语-2
同济大学考博英语-2(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension{{/B}}(总题数：4，分数：40.00){{B}}Passage One{{/B}}The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences. Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components, you must also know how they interrelate. By specializing too early, many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems. That's why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences. In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.The preceding passage placed you in the future. To understand how and when social science broke up, you must go into the past. Imagine for a moment that you're a student in 1062, in the Italian city of Bologna, site of one of the first major universities in the western world. The university has no buildings. It consists merely of a few professors and students. There is no tuition fee. At the end of a professor's lecture, if you like it, you pay. And if you don't like it, the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier, say to Greece in the sixth century B. C., we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens, arguing with his companions. He asks them questions, and then other questions, leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason (this became known as the Socratic method). Times have changed since then; universities sprang up throughout the world and created colleges within the universities. Oxford, one of the first universities, now has thirty colleges associated with it, and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty. As knowledge accumulated, it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain it all. In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know, and the definition of the Renaissance man (people were even more sexist then than they are now) was of one who was expected to know about everything.Unfortunately, at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow {{U}}exponentially{{/U}} while the size of the brain has grown only slightly. The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything. Today we must specialize. That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it, in turn, has been broken down into various subfields, such as anthropology and sociology.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the main idea of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Social science is unified. √B.Social science is a newborn science.C.What is social science.D.Specialization in social science is not good.解析：[解析] 文章第1句即为题旨所在：“The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences.”(2).What can we learn from the second paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.B.The universities in Italy have no buildings.C.Socrates created the "Socratic method". √D.Greece is not as civilized as Italy.解析：[解析] Socratic method以苏格拉底的名字命名，并且为他所第一个使用。
同济大学考博英语-4
同济大学考博英语-4(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension(总题数：5，分数：40.00)Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The child's happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents' happiness? Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart.A good "old-fashioned" spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn't even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good.Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents' confidence in their own authority. And it hasn't taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on childcare, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don't know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents' lives are regulated according to the needs of heir offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey'? Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine 'indeed.The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there's some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood appear like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.（分数：8.00）(1).What is implied in the first sentence?A. There is no defense for Victorian harshness.B. Parents are grateful to Freud for his advice.C. Parents can be too strict with their children.D. Child-care books prove sensible and practical.（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 题干问：“第1句暗示了什么?”正确选项为C“父母对孩子再严格也不过分”，尽管作者说很少有人去辩护维多利亚时代父母对孩子的态度，但是如果你是父母，你还得跟那个年代的父母学习对孩子的严格要求，因此这句话说明父母必须对孩子进行严格管教。
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷12(题后含答案及解析)
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷12(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．By such demarcation, strong, representative national societies can then be left to do what they do best--______young scientists’development at national meetings, and represent their disciplines at the national levelA．fosterB．founderC．foundD．foul正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是：foster养育，促进；founder创立者；found 建立，创办；foul堵塞，弄脏。
空格所在处的意思是：促进年轻科学家的发展。
根据句子意思推出正确答案是A选项。
例句如下：Foster study and practice of creativity thinking ability of students in mathematics teaching．(在数学教学中培养学生创造性思维能力的研究与实践。
) 知识模块：词汇2．His talent for music remained latent until his wife bought him a guitar.A．hiddenB．sophisticatedC．delicateD．profound正确答案：A解析：本题中，latent的意思是“潜伏的，隐藏的”。
A项hidden“隐藏的”符合题意，如：That old cottage is hidden among trees．(那座古老的农舍隐藏在树林中。
同济大学考博英语真题及答案
同济大学考博英语真题及答案真题一题目：请简要阐述人工智能在当今社会的应用。
答案：人工智能在当今社会的应用非常广泛。
它被用于语音识别、图像识别、自动驾驶、智能推荐等方面。
通过深度研究和机器研究算法，人工智能可以模仿人类的思维和决策能力，帮助我们解决很多实际问题。
真题二题目：请简要分析国际贸易对经济发展的影响。
答案：国际贸易对经济发展有很大的影响。
它可以促进资源的有效配置，提高生产效率，扩大市场规模，增加就业机会，并促进技术创新和经济增长。
通过国际贸易，各国可以互相补充，形成合作共赢的局面。
真题三题目：请简要介绍全球气候变化的主要原因。
答案：全球气候变化的主要原因包括人类活动和自然因素。
人类活动导致了大量的温室气体排放，如二氧化碳、甲烷等，加剧了温室效应，导致地球表面温度上升。
自然因素包括太阳辐射变化、火山爆发等。
这些因素共同作用，导致了全球气候的变化和变暖。
真题四题目：请简要解释专利的作用和意义。
答案：专利具有保护创新和鼓励技术进步的作用和意义。
通过获得专利，发明人可以在一定时期内独享其发明的权利，防止他人未经许可使用、制造、销售该发明。
这激励了创新和技术研发，并推动了经济的发展和进步。
真题五题目：请简要分析全球经济一体化对各国的影响。
答案：全球经济一体化对各国有着深远的影响。
它促进了国际贸易和资本流动，增加了经济联系和交流。
各国通过合作共赢，实现资源的互补和优势互补，共同发展和繁荣。
然而，全球经济一体化也带来了竞争压力和风险，需要各国进行合理的经济政策调整和风险管理。
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷19(题后含答案及解析)
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷19(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Writing Reading ComprehensionWhat is so special about intuitive talent?Extensive research on brain skills indicates that those who score as highly intuitive on such test instruments as the Myers Briggs Type Indicator tend to be the most innovative in strategic planning and decision making. They tend to be more insightful and better at finding new ways of doing things. In business,they are the people who can sense whether a new product idea will “fly”in the market place. They are the people who will generate ingenious new solutions to old problems that may have festered for years. These are the executives that all organizations would love to find. But,surprisingly,organizations often thwart,block,or drive out this talent—the very talent they require for their future survival! At the very least,most organizations lack well-established human-capital programs designed to search for and consciously use their employees’intuitive talent in the strategic-planning process. As a result,this talent is either not used,suppressed,or lost altogether. Typically,highly intuitive managers work in an organizational climate that is the opposite of that which would enable them to flourish and to readily use their skills for strategic decision making. This climate can be characterized as follows:New ideas are not readily encouraged. Higher managers choose others who think much as they do for support staff. Unconventional approaches to problem solving encounter enormous resistance. Before long,the intuitive executive begins to emotionally withdraw,slowly but surely reducing his or her input and often leaving the organization altogether. To achieve higher productivity in the strategic-planning and decision-making process,clearly what is needed is an organizational climate in which intuitive brain skill;and styles can flourish and be integrated with more-traditional management techniques. The organization’s leadership must have a special sensitivity to the value of intuitive input in strategic decision making and understand how to create an environment in which the use of intuition will grow,integrating,it into the mainstream of the organization’s strategic-planning process.1．Which of the following does NOT describe intuitive talents?A．They are innovative in strategic planning.B．They are good at finding new approaches on old problems.C．They are the executives that all organizations would love to find.D．They are fully utilized.正确答案：D解析：题目问：以下哪项不能描述直觉才能?第二段“…those who score ashighly intuitive…tend to bethe most innovative in strategic planning and decision making…They are the people who will generateingenious new solutions to old problems that may have festered for years．These are the executives thatall organizations would love to find．”通过这段话可知，由于大多数企业的人力资源项目未能建立，导致没有充分使用具备直觉才能的人才。
同济大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析(精)
同济大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析The war was the most peaceful period of my life.The window of my bedroom faced southeast.My mother had curtained it,but that had small effect.I always woke up with the first light and,with all the Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi responsibilities of the previous day melted,felt myself rather like the sun,ready to shine and feel joy.Life never seemed so simple and clear and full of possibilities as then.I stuck my feet out under the sheets-I called them Mrs.Left and Mrs.Right-and invented dramatic situations for them in which they discussed the problems of the day.At least Mrs. Right did;she easily showed her feelings,but I didn“t have the same control of Mrs.Left,so she mostly contented herself with nodding agreement.They discussed what Mother and I should do during the day,what Santa Claus should give a fellow for Christmas,and what steps should be taken to brighten the home.There was that little matter of the baby,for instance.Mother and I could never agree about that.Ours was the only house in the neighborhood without a new baby,and Mother said we couldn“t afford one till Fa ther came back from the war because if cost seventeen and six.That showed how foolish she was.The Geneys up the road had a baby,and everyone knew they couldn”t afford seventeen and six.It was probably a cheap baby,and Mother wanted something really good,but I felt she was too hard to please.TheGeneys“baby would have done us fine.Having settled my plans for the day,I got up,put a chair under my window,and lifted the frame high enough to stick out my head.The window overlooked the front gardens of the homes behind ours,and beyond these it looked over a deep valley to the tall,red-brick house up the opposite hillside,which were all still shadow,while those on our side of the valley were all lit up,though with long storage shadows that made them seem unfamiliar,stiff and painted.After that I wentsintosMother“s room and climbedsintosthe big bed.She woke and I began to tell her of my schemes.By this time, though I never seem to have noticed it,I was freezing in my nightshirt, but I warmed up as I talked until the last frost melted.I fell asleep beside her and woke again only when I heard her below in the kitchen, making breakfast.1、How did the author feel early in the morning?A、He felt frightened by the war.B、He felt cheerful.C、He felt puzzled by the dramatic situations around him.D、He felt burdened with responsibilities.2、When he woke up in the morning,he would____.A、visit Mrs.Left and Mrs.RightB、roll up the curtainsC、try to work out his plans for the dayD、make Mrs.Left argue with Mrs.Right3、What did the author think of his mother?A、She was stubborn.B、She was poor.C、She was not very intelligent.D、She did not love him very much.4、Where was the author“s father during the war?A、He was out on business.B、He was working in another town.C、He went traveling.D、He was fighting in the front.5、In which month did the story probably take place?A、In January.B、In September.C、In December.D、In November.Keys to Passage2B C A D C本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷14(题后含答案及解析)
同济大学考博英语模拟试卷14(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．When you’re driving on a motorway, you must obey the signs telling you to get into the right______.A．wayB．trackC．roadD．lane正确答案：D解析：本题考查对词义的辨析。
从词义上看，lane表示“车道，航线，小路”，符合句意，如：bus lane(公共汽车专用车道)。
此外，其余各项的意思分别为：“路，路线，路途”；“轨迹，车辙，航迹”；“路，道路，公路，大道”。
知识模块：词汇2．You must insist that students give a truthful answer______with the reality of their world.A．relevantB．simultaneousC．consistentD．practical正确答案：C解析：从句意上分析，consistent with表示“与……一致的”，符合题意，如：This statement is not consistent with what you said at yesterday’s meeting．(这个说法与你昨天会上的发言不相符。
) 知识模块：词汇3．The government is trying to do something to______ better understanding between the two countries.A．raiseB．promoteC．heightenD．increase正确答案：B解析：四个选项的含义分别是：A项“提高”；B项“提拔，晋升(职位)，促进”；C项“加高，增加，使出色”；D项“增加”。
同济大学考博英语模拟题2
同济大学博士研究生入学考试模拟试题一Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab gray suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can: anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hash't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might he reversed, The old--if they are prepared to admit it--could earn a thing or two from their children. one of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions, It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the continual threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?1. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Enjoyment will be the only Pursuit in our Life.B. The Older Generation is Constantly Under Fire.C. Violence Cannot Apply to All Aspects of Life.D. The Younger Generation Knows Not the Less.2. What does the author intend to demonstrate with "office hours" adopted by the old (Paragraph 2) ?A. A type of enforced systems.B. A symbol for human initiatives.C. A sort of freedom deprivation.D. A token for the old' obsoleteness.3. It is evident that the author illustrates his point mainly by______A. exemplifying the misdeeds of the old.B. refuting general assumptions.C. quoting famous sayings and proverbs.D. resorting to statistical evidence.4. When mentioning "the rat-race" (Paragraph 2), the author is pouring scorn on the old for their______A. undignified competition for social status.B. failure to solve human conflicts by violence.C. guilty for not learning the art of enjoymentD. adherence only to their challenged values.Passage 2Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrongfor a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment The American Medical Association's policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper "Active and Passive Euthanasia" I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die --if one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction "leave the traditional position untouched".Is my argument really irrelevant? I don' t see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if' it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.But traditionalists like professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia--the direct killing of patients--is not morally permissible; so, if thy argument is sound, their view must ,be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument "leave the traditional position untouched".However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary.5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is______A. to air his opinions on Sullivan's fallacies.B. to attack the traditional view on euthanasia.C. to explain why his argument is relevant.D. to draw a line between killing and letting die.6. According to the author, the views held by traditional orthodox Catholics on euthanasia is______A. rather confusing.B. partially true.C. quite convincing.D. totally groundless.7. Which of the following best defines the word "omission" (Paragraph 6) ?A. InvolvementB. Sympathy.C. Suspension.D. Appraisal.8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. orthodox Catholics accept some kinds of killing in some circumstances.B. Sullivan contends that there is difference between killing and letting die.C. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.D. The author doesn't agree that he left the traditional position untouched.Passage 3Science writer Tom Standage draws apt parallels between the telegraph and the gem of late 20th-century technology, the Internet. Both systems grew out of the cutting edge science of their time. The telegraph's land lines, underwater cables, and clicking gadgets reflected the 19th century's research in electromagnetism. The Internet's computers and high-speed connections reflect 20th-century computer science, information theory, and materials technology.But, while gizmos make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happen. Standage's insight in this regard adds depth to his technological history. It underscores the relevance to our own time of the struggles of Samuel Morse in America, William Cooke in England, and other telegraph pioneers. They made thetechnology work efficiently, sold it to a skeptical public, and overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles. The solutions they found smooth the Internet's way today.Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet data is sent from one server computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners.Then there is the social impact. The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individuals scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the Start report quickly without the Internet. In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers that had focused on local affairs. A provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever.Some prophets naively hailed this as a force for world peace. They predicted that tensions over cultural and ethnic differences would relax as people interacted in real time. Visionaries say the same about the Internet. While communications can smooth this process, they don't automatically make it happen. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, peace takes the will to make it work and sustained effort by all parties.9. In the opening paragraph, Tom Standage takes advantage of the strategy of______A. making a comparison.B. posing a contrast.C. drawing an analogy.D. enumerating details.10. The word "gizmos" (Paragraph 2) most probably means______A. scientists.B. devices.C. pioneers.D. institutions.11. Why is it that the global telegraph network truly revolutionary?A. It renders virtual communities worldwide feasible.B. It facilitated the breakup of pervasive provincialism.C. It makes real time global news service possible.D. It accelerated the liberalization of world trade.12. As used in the context, the denotation of "provincialism" (Paragraph 4) is closely associated with______A. rigidity in thinking.B. interests in global affairs.C. limitedness in outlook.D. residence in the provinces.13. It can be concluded front the text that the contribution of technological progresses to world peace will ultimately depend upon______A. smooth applications.B. universal access.C. global news services.D. human factors.Passage 4In an effort to alleviate America's increasing dependence on foreign oil and mitigate the worst effects of the current power crisis, Sens Frank Murkowski and John Breaux recently introduced the National Security Energy Act of 2001.While the bill contains a wide array of provisions, including everything from $ 1 billion for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program to the promotion of alternative fuel vehicles, the most controversial measure calls for opening a small portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for oil and gas exploration.Liberals have already gone to war over the measure, charging that the potential resources in ANWR are negligible, that drilling in ANWR will have calamitous effects on the environment, and that any oil and gas that does come out of the area will arrive too late to solve any of the energy challenges consumers currently face.Yet such arguments simply don' t stand up to the evidence. In the first place, no one actually knows howmuch oil is available. A 1998 survey by the U. S. Geological Survey estimated that there are between 4. 3 and 11.8 billion barrels of oil within the area that could be recovered. Even using the low estimate, this would still be enough to supply all of the energy needs of the United States for nearly two-thirds of a year, more than enough to merit further exploration into the ANWR environment.Moreover, there is little evidence that the environment will be harmed by such activity. The New York Times Science Section recently pointed out that innovations in technology and technique have greatly reduced the environmental "footprint" left by oil exploration in general, and Mr. Murkowski estimates that the development resulting from even a large ANWR oil field would cover only about three square miles. Since drilling began in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, the herds of nearby caribou have greatly increased in size. Populations of nesting migratory birds have also gotten larger, "Over the past 20 years, the population of polar bears has remained exceedingly healthy," according to Mr. Murkowski.Helping the public is the primary reason for such drilling, even if the oil won't reach the market for months after the first well is capped. In the long-term, oil from ANWR will help lower energy prices, alleviate long-term energy shortages and reduce America's dependence on foreign oil.Currently, about 55 percent of America's dally oil consumption of almost 20 million barrels comes from foreign sources--700, 000 from Iraq. According to the Department of Energy, this dependence could grow to 64 percent by 2020. By then, the Center for Strategic and International Studies suggests, "fully 50 percent of estimated total global oil demand will be met from countries that pose a high risk of internal instability."America needs long-term solutions to its domestic energy needs and a smart start would be by exploring the resources at ANWR.14. According to the text, drilling in ANWR should be started______A. in the wake of a power crisis.B. despite its harmful effects.C. in the interests of the publicD. in the light of solid evidence.15. The word "mitigate" (Paragraph 1) most probably means______A. lessen.B. augment.C. migrate.D. modify.16. Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?A. It is no easy job to solve the problem of energy shortages in the US.B. Oppositions to the resources exploitations at ANSR are far-fetched.C. Drilling at ANWR will alleviate US dependence on foreign oil supplies.D. Evidence shows up that the ANSR program will harm the environment.Passage 5Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan laid forth the intellectual basis for the likely continued aggressive easing in monetary policy in the weeks ahead in his semi-annual monetary policy report to Congress.The broader point in his prepared testimony is that the improved information and production controls evident in the new economyinduce companies to respond more quickly and in tandem to changes in their business. Mistakes are still made as is evidenced by the unwanted buildup of inventories at the end of last year, but any mistakes are more aggressively addressed than in the past, as is evidenced by manufacturers' recent slashing of production. Moreover, the increasingly dramatic shifts in economic activity are particularly hard on confidence. Consumers and businesses literally freeze up due to the heightened uncertainty, and run from any perceived risks and curtail their spending and investment. If confidence deflates by enough, then a recession will ensue.Confidence has also been under extraordinary pressure in recent months due to surging energy prices and weaker stock prices. Higher energy bills have acted much like a tax increase, save the checks are largely being written to foreign energy producers. The lower stock prices are having a magnified impact due to the dramatic increase in stock wealth since the mid-1990s.The conduct of monetary policy must adjust to all of this, and thus respond more quickly and aggressivelythan in the past in an effort to shore up confidence. This explains the dramatic and unprecedented action (at least by a Greenspan-led Federal Reserve) to cut the federal funds rate target by 100 basis points in January: This also suggests that substantially more easing is on the way in the weeks ahead. Just when and by how much will depend on whether confidence continues to fall.The chairman made a point to note that policymakers have significant latitude to ease policy aggressively since inflation remains low and tame. Despite surging energy prices, inflation and inflation expectations remain contained.The Federal Reserve's economic projections for this year provided as part of the testimony support this non-recessionary view. Real GDP is expected to grow by between 2% and 2. 5% between the fourth quarter of 2000 and the fourth quarter of this year. Since this is below the economy's potential growth, the jobless rate will rise to approximately 4. 5% by year's end. Inflation will moderate somewhat in response.Recession risks are rising and as high as they have been since the last downturn almost a decade ago. The key buffer between a soft economy and a recessionary one is confidence, and today's testimony by the Federal Reserve chairman clearly indicates that policymakers will be as aggressive as they need to be to ensure that confidence erodes no further. With just a bit of luck they will succeed.17. The best title for this passage may be______A. Greenspan's Testimony.B. A New Economy.C. New Monetary Policy.D. A Confidence Builder.18. Which of the following can best be applied to the Fed Reserve's conduct of monetary policy?A. Boldness.B. Confidence.C. Caution.D. Moderateness.19. According to the passage, the new economy is characterized by______A. aggressive investment in stock markets.B. swift response of the chairman to recessions.C. wider latitude to ease monetary policy.D. better information and production controls.20. All of the following may contribute to the deflation of confidence EXCEPT______A. Lower stock markets.B. Less production controls.C. Surging energy prices.D. More risk perceptions.Part ⅢTranslation from English into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite--namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than-the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the, industrial countries would suffer if they cut heir links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second--the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic ,the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong.At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.Part ⅣWritingDirections: According to some Western media, with the rise of Chinese population, Chinese government will not produce sufficient food to feed its people. Write an essay of about 250-300 words to criticize their ideas.Your essay must be based on the instructions as follows:1. Criticize their views2. Justify your point of view参考答案与解析1．D [解析] 题干问：“下面哪项是这篇文章的最佳标题?”正确选项为D“其实年轻人知道的并不少”，这个思想贯穿于文章的段落之间，而“know”是文章重复最多的概念。
2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．How can personal income tax be levied to______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?A．interestB．benefitC．profitD．concern正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是interest“使感兴趣”；benefit“使受益”；profit “获利”；concern“影响，涉及”。
句意是：征收个人所得税，怎样能够在惠及更多人的同时，还能保证国家财政不受太大的影响呢?所以正确答案是B选项，如The plants benefited from the rain(植物得益于这场雨)。
2．To fund the______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A．beneficentB．expensiveC．costlyD．luxurious正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是beneficent“行善的，慈善的”；expensive“昂贵的”；costly“昂贵的”；luxurious“奢华的”。
句意是：为了向公益事业提供资金，同时也为了提升全国运动会的市场价值，组委会成立了市场开发部(MDD)。
同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题
同济大学管理科学与工程博士英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Tongji University Ph.D. in Management Science and Engineering English ExamPart 1. Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow.The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on BusinessArtificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly growing field that has the potential to transform the way businesses operate. From chatbots and virtual assistants to predictive analytics and machine learning, AI technologies offer a wide range of applications that can help companies achieve greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation. However, implementing AI successfully requires a strategic approach and careful planning.One of the key benefits of AI is its ability to automate repetitive tasks and processes, freeing up employees to focus on more strategic and creative work. For example, AI-poweredchatbots can handle customer inquiries and support requests, reducing the burden on human customer service agents. This not only improves response times and customer satisfaction but also allows employees to devote more time to complexproblem-solving and relationship-building tasks.Another advantage of AI is its ability to analyze large volumes of data quickly and accurately, enabling companies to make more informed decisions. By using machine learning algorithms to identify patterns and trends in data, businesses can gain valuable insights into customer behavior, market trends, and operational performance. This can help companies optimize their processes, develop targeted marketing strategies, and improve their overall competitiveness in the market.However, implementing AI is not without its challenges. Companies must invest in the right technology, hire the right talent, and create a supportive organizational culture to reap the full benefits of AI. Additionally, there are ethical considerations to be aware of, such as data privacy and security concerns, potential job displacement, and bias in AI algorithms. Businesses must address these issues proactively to ensure that AI is used responsibly and ethically.Overall, the impact of AI on business is undeniable. Companies that embrace AI technologies and incorporate them into their operations stand to gain a competitive edge in today's fast-paced, data-driven business environment. By leveraging AI to automate tasks, analyze data, and drive innovation, companies can stay ahead of the curve and meet the evolving needs of their customers and stakeholders.Questions:1. What are some of the key benefits of AI for businesses?2. What are some of the challenges companies may face when implementing AI?3. Why is it important for businesses to address ethical considerations when using AI?Part 2. WritingWrite an essay on the following topic: "The Future of Work: How AI and Automation are Changing the Workplace."In your essay, discuss the impact of AI and automation on the future of work. Consider how these technologies are transforming job roles and responsibilities, the skills that will be in high demand in the future, and the challenges andopportunities AI presents for workers and employers. Finally, offer your perspective on how individuals and organizations can prepare for the changing landscape of work in the digital age.Remember to support your arguments with relevant examples and evidence.Overall, the Tongji University Ph.D. in Management Science and Engineering English exam aims to assess candidates' reading comprehension, critical thinking, and writing skills. Good luck!篇2Title: Tongji University Doctoral Entrance Exam for Management Science and EngineeringIntroduction:Tongji University is one of the leading universities in China, known for its prestigious programs in management science and engineering. As a part of the admission process for its doctoral program in management science and engineering, the university conducts an entrance exam to assess the candidates' knowledge and skills in the field. The exam is designed to test the candidate's understanding of key concepts, analytical abilities, and research potential.Exam Format:The entrance exam for the doctoral program in management science and engineering at Tongji University typically consists of multiple-choice questions, short answer questions, and essay questions. The exam is divided into different sections, covering a wide range of topics in management science and engineering, such as operations research, statistics, decision theory, and optimization.Sample Questions:1. Define operations research and explain its importance in business decision-making.2. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research methods in management science?3. Discuss the role of decision theory in strategic planning and organizational decision-making.4. Explain the concept of optimization and provide an example of its application in operations management.5. Analyze the impact of technology on the field of management science and engineering.Preparation Tips:To prepare for the Tongji University doctoral entrance exam for management science and engineering, candidates should review key concepts and theories in the field, practice solving problems, and work on improving their analytical and critical thinking skills. Additionally, candidates should stay updated on the latest trends and developments in management science and engineering to demonstrate their research potential during the exam.Conclusion:The Tongji University doctoral entrance exam for management science and engineering is a rigorous assessment that requires candidates to demonstrate their knowledge, analytical abilities, and research potential in the field. By preparing thoroughly and staying updated on key concepts and theories, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam and secure admission to one of the leading management science and engineering programs in China.篇3Tongji University Management Science and Engineering Ph.D. English ExamInstructions: Choose the best answer for each question below.1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a successful project manager?A. Good communication skillsB. Technical expertiseC. Problem-solving abilitiesD. Inflexibility2. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method?A. Case studyB. Focus groupC. SurveyD. Ethnography3. What is the first step in the decision-making process?A. Implement the decisionB. Identify the problemC. Generate alternativesD. Evaluate alternatives4. Which of the following is NOT a type of cost estimation technique?A. Bottom-up estimatingB. Analogous estimatingC. Parametric estimatingD. Specific estimating5. Which of the following is an example of a project constraint?A. Customer requirementsB. Project scheduleC. Project budgetD. All of the above6. What is the purpose of a project risk management plan?A. To avoid all project risksB. To transfer all project risksC. To minimize project risksD. To ignore project risks7. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of project management software?A. Improved communicationB. Enhanced collaborationC. Increased project complexityD. Better cost control8. What is the main goal of project closure?A. Celebrate project successB. Document lessons learnedC. Release project resourcesD. Start a new project9. What is a project deliverable?A. A project milestoneB. A project objectiveC. A project requirementD. A project output10. Which of the following is NOT a component of a project charter?A. Project budgetB. Project scopeC. Project timelineD. Project risk analysis11. What is the purpose of a project kickoff meeting?A. To celebrate project completionB. To identify project stakeholdersC. To provide status updatesD. To launch the project12. Which of the following is NOT a technique for estimating project duration?A. Critical path methodB. Monte Carlo simulationC. PERT analysisD. SWOT analysis13. What is the purpose of a project status report?A. To document project historyB. To inform project stakeholdersC. To request project changesD. To close the project14. Which of the following is NOT a project management knowledge area?A. Project integration managementB. Project procurement managementC. Project social managementD. Project quality management15. What is the main goal of project quality management?A. Deliver a high-quality projectB. Minimize project riskC. Maximize project budgetD. Increase project scopeAnswers:1. D (Inflexibility)2. C (Survey)3. B (Identify the problem)4. D (Specific estimating)5. A (Customer requirements)6. C (To minimize project risks)7. C (Increased project complexity)8. C (Release project resources)9. D (A project output)10. A (Project budget)11. D (To launch the project)12. D (SWOT analysis)13. B (To inform project stakeholders)14. C (Project social management)15. A (Deliver a high-quality project)This concludes the Tongji University Management Science and Engineering Ph.D. English Exam. Thank you for your participation.。
同济大学博士生综合英语考试
The Two CulturesThe separation between the literary and scientific has been getting deeper; there is now precious little communication between the two cultures, but only different kinds of incomprehension and dislike between them.The traditional culture literary is rapidly declining-standing on its precarious dignity, because the traditional culture is conservative and intolerant, whereas the scientific culture which is not restrictive and confident is expansive.There are a good many scientists indistinguishable from literary persons, and vice versa. Nevertheless, as a first approximation, the scientific culture is real enough, and so is its difference from the traditional culture.The scientists are on the up and up, they have the strength of a social force behind them, both the young scientist and old scientists work in dignity in their universities, concentrating on their research.There is a touch of the frontier qualities about the whole scientific culture, and the climate of personal relations is singularly bracing. Although both the scientists and the cultures are egotisms, the difference between them is that unlike the cultures, the scientists’ egotisms are driven by a common purpose.It is hard to describe the how much the traditional culture gets through literary culture. Although a good many scientists have the tastes of literary persons, the literary culture infiltration is much less.Compared with other forms of arts, such as graphic, poetry and novels, music may be the only one art which is cultivated among scientist.The prestige of the traditional culture is high enough for some of them to make a gallant shot at the younger rank-and-file of scientists for they do not read at all. The novelist’ name to the traditional culture is a token of esotery literary excellence, but most technicians do not think so.The different attitudes toward novelist is a measure of the incommunicability of the two cultures, the tradition culture think the scientists are losing a great deal, but the some of that loss is inevitable.The scientists believe that one can’t comprehend the world unless you know the structure of science; probably it is true, because without any scientific understandingmay miss a whole body of experience.so the intellectual of science is penetrating deeper.The greatest enrichment the scientific culture gives us is a moral one. The scientific culture is almost totally immune from the particular temptation made up of moral vanity, self-indulgence and material benefits. But because the two cultures scarcely touch, the tradition culture lack of those moral.On Self-RespectFrom retrospection that the writer once held an opinion that innocence ends when one is stripped of the delusion that one likes oneself, the writer introspects misplaced self-respect.When the writer was a nineteen-year-old girl, she failed to be elected to Phi Beta Kappa, which she had already predicted, but she still couldn’t stand it when the result came.The writer defines the essence of self-respect, she deems that self-respect has nothing to do with approval of others and reputation, because the people with courage can be self-respect without approval of others and reputation.Doing things without self-respect is just like an unwilling audience to an interminable documentary that details his failings over and over again; while the self-respect one has the courage of their mistakes.Happiness or not depends on whether one respect themselves.It is improper for some people deem that one leads a cozy life must own self-respect, the self-respect has nothing to do with superstition which can offer guard to against danger. Self-respect concerns a separate peace, a private reconciliation.People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes, they known the price of things, they don’t complain unduly of the unfairness, and they exhibit certain toughness, a kind of moral nerve. So self-respect stems from the willingness to accept responsibility for one’s own life.When our grandparents were young, they had instilled the sense that one lives by doing things one does not particularly want to do, they had to put fears and doubts to one side, and had to weigh immediate interests and long-term interests. Thus, whether or not they had self-respect, they knew all about what is self-respect.Self-respect person can recognize that anything worth having its price. They are always willing to accept the risk and willing to invest something of themselves, they may not play at all, but when they do play, they know the odd.Self-respect can be equalized to a discipline, a habit of mind which can be developed, trained and coaxed forth, but can never be faked out.Self-respect is a kind of ritual, helping us to remember who and what we are. So in order to remember who and what we are, we must have known what self-respect is.People will possess everything such as the ability of discriminating, loving, and to remain indifference if they are armed of the intrinsic worth which constitutes self-respect.If we are alienation from ourselves, we will easily despise others and remain blind to our fatal weaknesses, also, we are peculiarly in thrall to everyone we see. So self-respect frees us from the expectations of others, give us back to ourselves, and enrich our interior abundance.On Self-RespectEvery one of us maybe misunderstand the essence of self-respect, especially in vigorous youth or earlier days. It is normal that feeling of less confident occurred often when the young man suffered light or serious setback. There was about the persevering young man at times a certain strain of tenderness, evoked by experiences, disappointments, and hardships in his own life. We will never be mature and happy if we care much about what people thought in our times.The dismal fact is that self-respect has nothing wo do with both the approvals of others and reputation. Just only we respect ourselves can we no longer lies down the notoriously uncomfortable bed the one we make ourselves. Self-respect has nothing to do with the face of things, but concerns instead a separate peace, a private reconciliation. People with self-respect have the courage of their mistakes. Parents with self-respect can set up a good example for their children especially when they are childish.The kind of self-respect is a discipline, a habit of mind that can never be faked but can be developed, trained, coaxed forth. But, those small disciplines are valuable only insofar as they represent longer ones. To have the sense of one`s intrinsic worthwhich constitutes self-respect is potentially to have everything: the ability to discriminate, and to remain indifferent. To lack self-respect is to be looked within oneself., paradoxically incapable of either love or indifference.Only the man who has self-respect can be freed from the expectations of others and give them to themselves. It is just the power of self-respect.作文模版现象解释型Nowadays, there are more and more…….in……, especially the…….it is estimated that…….why have there so many……?may be the reasons can be listed as follows:The first one is…….besides,…..the third one is…..to sum up, the main cause of …..is due to…….It is high time that something were done upon it. for one thing,…..on the other hand,…..all these measures will certainly reduce the number of…..不同观点列举型There is a widespread concern over the issue that …….but it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand，___原因一____. On the other hand, __原因二___. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______. As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects asfollows.Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____. Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______. To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ .It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, __途径一______. In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____. Above all, to solve the problem of _作文题目, we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say,方法谚语警句性议论文It is well known to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means ____谚语的含义_______. The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case in point is ___例子一______. Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____. With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____. The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and job.图表作文的框架As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage in thetable(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadilyrising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____. From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________. There are at least two good reasons accounting for ______. On the one hand, ________. On the other hand, _______ is due to the fact that ________. In addition, ________ is responsible for _______. Maybe there are some other reasons to show ________. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing. As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded。
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同济大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Technically,any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal chemical taken by drug addicts.They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs.This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi psychologists. The phrase substance abuse is often used instead of drug abuse to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses?First of all,most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions.Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance,with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect,and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs(substances)that affect the central nervous system and alter perception,mood,and behavior are known as psychoactive substances.Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped according to whether they are stimulants,depressants,or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up or activate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down.Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception,distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producing hallucinations.These are the substances often called psychedelic(from the Greek word meaning mind-manifestation) because they seemed to radically alter one‘s state of consciousness.59.Substances abuse(line5,paragraph1)is preferable to drug abuse in that________.(A)substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used(B)drug abuse is only related to a limited number of drugtakers(C)alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine(D)many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60.The word pervasive(line1,paragraph2)might mean________.(A)widespread(B)overwhelming(C)piercing(D) fashionable61.Physical dependence on certain substances results from________.(A)uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time(B)exclusive use of them for social purposes(C)quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases(D)careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62.From the last paragraph we can infer that________.(A)stimulants function positively on the mind(B)hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health(C)depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances(D)the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groups答案及试题解析59.（D）意为：除海洛因或可卡因外，许多其他物质也是有害的。
第一段最后一句指出，许多医生（physician）和心理学家常使用物质滥用而不是药物滥用这一概念，他们想以此说明：滥用像烟酒这样的物质与滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。
A意为：如果非法使用，物质可能改变我们身体或大脑的功能。
第一段第一句对药物这一概念下了一个定义：从专业角度来讲，除食品以外，任何改变我们的身体或大脑功能的物质都是药物。
但是，正如第二句所指出的，许多人错误地认为药物这一概念仅指某种医药或嗜毒者用的非法化学药品。
B意为：药物滥用仅限指一少部分人的吸毒行为。
C意为：烟酒同海洛因和可卡因一样致命。
这里，fatal（致命的）一词太夸张了，与原文中所说的有害（harmfully）相去甚远。
60.（A）该词意为：普通的，广泛的。
事实上，由第二段第一句的冒号后部分所表达的内容，我们可以推断出该词的意思。
该句可译为：在我们生活的社会里，医用或社交用物质（药物）广泛存在，如：用阿斯匹林制止头痛，用酒交际，早晨用咖啡振作一下精神，抽支烟定定神（或：松弛一下）。
B意为：压倒一切的，占主流的。
C意为：尖锐的，尖的。
D意为：时髦的，流行的。
61.（A）意为：长时间无节制地嗜用它们。
根据第二段第四、五句，频繁使用（repeated use）某种物质（药物）会使身体对之上瘾或形成依赖。
依赖起先表现为耐药量（tolerance）的增加：要达到满足，需要的剂量越来越多；停止服用后，一些不舒服的反应就会出现。
可见，用药量和用药时间是造成药物依赖的两个重要因素。
B意为：仅将它们用于社交目的。
文章第二段第一句确实提到了像酒这样的物质可以用于社交目的，但这不等于说只有用于社交目的的物质才可以使人上瘾。
C意为：将它们大量地用来治病。
量大仅是可能产生药物依赖的原因之一，而频繁使用也是形成药物依赖的重要条件。
D意为：粗心使用它们而产生不良症状。
62.（B）意为：幻觉剂本身就危害健康。
根据第三段第四、五句，幻觉剂主要影响人的感知觉，以各种方式（包括产生幻觉）将它扭曲、改变。
它们被称作引起幻觉的药物，因为它们似乎从根本上改变了人的意识状态。
A意为：兴奋剂对心智有积极影响。
第三段前三句指出，影响中枢神经系统、改变感知觉和行为的药物属于对神经起显著作用的（psychoactive）物质，它们通常分为兴奋剂、抑制剂或幻觉剂。
兴奋剂具有开始加快或激活中枢神经的作用，而抑制剂则具有减缓作用。
但是，无论是哪种作用，其影响都是有害的。
参阅第一段最后一句。
C意为：抑制剂是对神经起显著作用的物质中最坏的一种。
第三段提到了三钟影响人的意识与行为的物质（见上文），但并未指出哪种效果最坏。
D意为：三种对神经起显著作用的物质经常被一起使用。
这一点第三段也未提到。
翻译句子1.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs)is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.[参考译文]我们生活在一种药品（毒品）的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里：一片用来止头疼的阿司匹林，一些用来社交的酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用来定神的香烟。